id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572f580c947a6a140053c896 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | At the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, a thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA s... | What president announced the new CIA director? | {
"text": [
"Truman"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
572f58d704bcaa1900d76881 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the U... | Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him? | {
"text": [
"Truman"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
572f58d704bcaa1900d76882 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the U... | What did the Department of defense want from the CIA? | {
"text": [
"military intelligence and covert action"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
572f58d704bcaa1900d76883 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the U... | What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do? | {
"text": [
"create global political change favorable to the US"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
572f58d704bcaa1900d76884 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the U... | What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering? | {
"text": [
"the Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
572f59d8b2c2fd1400568063 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | US army general Hoyt Vandenberg, the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO), as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE). Initially the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million, the largesse of a small number of patrons in congress. Vandenbe... | Who created the Office of Special Operations? | {
"text": [
"Hoyt Vandenberg"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
572f59d8b2c2fd1400568064 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | US army general Hoyt Vandenberg, the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO), as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE). Initially the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million, the largesse of a small number of patrons in congress. Vandenbe... | What was the Office of Special Operations initial budget? | {
"text": [
"$15 million"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
572f59d8b2c2fd1400568065 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | US army general Hoyt Vandenberg, the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO), as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE). Initially the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million, the largesse of a small number of patrons in congress. Vandenbe... | Who was the OSO trying to track and gain intelligence on? | {
"text": [
"the Soviet forces"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} |
572f59d8b2c2fd1400568066 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | US army general Hoyt Vandenberg, the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO), as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE). Initially the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million, the largesse of a small number of patrons in congress. Vandenbe... | What does ORE stand for? | {
"text": [
"Office of Reports and Estimates"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
572f5ad0b2c2fd1400568073 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | On 18 June 1948, the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2 calling for covert action against the USSR, and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against "hostile foreign states or groups" that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government. To this end, the Office of Policy Coordination wa... | Directive 10/2 called for actions against who? | {
"text": [
"the USSR"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
572f5ad0b2c2fd1400568074 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | On 18 June 1948, the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2 calling for covert action against the USSR, and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against "hostile foreign states or groups" that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government. To this end, the Office of Policy Coordination wa... | In what year was directive 10/2 issued? | {
"text": [
"1948"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
572f5ad0b2c2fd1400568075 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | On 18 June 1948, the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2 calling for covert action against the USSR, and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against "hostile foreign states or groups" that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government. To this end, the Office of Policy Coordination wa... | Who was the head of the OPC? | {
"text": [
"Frank Wisner"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
572f5ad0b2c2fd1400568076 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | On 18 June 1948, the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2 calling for covert action against the USSR, and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against "hostile foreign states or groups" that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government. To this end, the Office of Policy Coordination wa... | Most CIA stations had how many chiefs? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
572f5c68a23a5019007fc5a1 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | The early track record of the CIA was poor, with the agency unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of Romania and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet blockade of Berlin, and the Soviet atomic bomb project. In particular, the agency failed to predict the Chinese entry into the Korean War with 300,00... | How many troops did the Chinese enter into the Korean War? | {
"text": [
"300,000"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
572f5c68a23a5019007fc5a2 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | The early track record of the CIA was poor, with the agency unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of Romania and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet blockade of Berlin, and the Soviet atomic bomb project. In particular, the agency failed to predict the Chinese entry into the Korean War with 300,00... | Who compromised hundreds of airdrops? | {
"text": [
"Kim Philby"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
572f5c68a23a5019007fc5a3 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | The early track record of the CIA was poor, with the agency unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of Romania and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet blockade of Berlin, and the Soviet atomic bomb project. In particular, the agency failed to predict the Chinese entry into the Korean War with 300,00... | Who was a Russian translator and Soviet Spy? | {
"text": [
"Bill Weisband"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
} |
572f52dc947a6a140053c880 | Pain | Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely us... | What type of stimuli causes pain? | {
"text": [
"intense or damaging"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
572f52dc947a6a140053c881 | Pain | Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely us... | What type of feeling is pain? | {
"text": [
"distressing"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
572f52dc947a6a140053c882 | Pain | Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely us... | Why has defining pain been a challenge? | {
"text": [
"complex, subjective phenomenon"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
572f52dc947a6a140053c883 | Pain | Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely us... | What organization's definition is widely used? | {
"text": [
"The International Association for the Study of Pain"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
572f52dc947a6a140053c884 | Pain | Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely us... | In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered? | {
"text": [
"a symptom"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
572f539cb2c2fd1400568023 | Pain | Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significan... | What is the most common reason people go to the doctor in first world countries? | {
"text": [
"Pain"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572f539cb2c2fd1400568024 | Pain | Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significan... | How can pain effect a person's quality of life and general functioning? | {
"text": [
"interfere"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
572f539cb2c2fd1400568025 | Pain | Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significan... | Excitement and distraction are what type of factors which affect pain's intensity? | {
"text": [
"Psychological"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
572f539cb2c2fd1400568026 | Pain | Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significan... | What has pain sometimes been used as an argument to allow terminally ill patients the right to do? | {
"text": [
"end their lives"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
} |
572f5441a23a5019007fc547 | Pain | In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g.,... | What year did the IASP respond to the need to create a more useful system for describing pain? | {
"text": [
"1994"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
572f5441a23a5019007fc548 | Pain | In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g.,... | How many classes of pain does the IASP system note? | {
"text": [
"5"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
572f5441a23a5019007fc549 | Pain | In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g.,... | Who has criticized the IASP's system? | {
"text": [
"Clifford J. Woolf and others"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
572f5441a23a5019007fc54a | Pain | In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g.,... | What do some people feel the IASP's system is inadequate for? | {
"text": [
"guiding research and treatment"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
572f5441a23a5019007fc54b | Pain | In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g.,... | How many classes of research does Woolf encourage? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
572f6c5904bcaa1900d76921 | Pain | Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persisten... | What is usually temporary? | {
"text": [
"Pain"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572f6c5904bcaa1900d76922 | Pain | Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persisten... | How long does pain tend to last? | {
"text": [
"only until the noxious stimulus is removed"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
572f6c5904bcaa1900d76923 | Pain | Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persisten... | What is pain which resolves quickly called? | {
"text": [
"acute"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
572f6c5904bcaa1900d76924 | Pain | Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persisten... | What has the distinction between acute and chronic pain been arbitrarily measured by? | {
"text": [
"interval of time from onset"
],
"answer_start": [
462
]
} |
572f6c5904bcaa1900d76925 | Pain | Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persisten... | What might chronic pain sometimes be referred to as? | {
"text": [
"cancer pain"
],
"answer_start": [
1040
]
} |
572f6d0aa23a5019007fc603 | Pain | Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, s... | Stimulating nociceptors will induce which type of pain? | {
"text": [
"Nociceptive"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572f6d0aa23a5019007fc604 | Pain | Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, s... | How is nociceptive pain classified? | {
"text": [
"according to the mode of noxious stimulation"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
572f6d0aa23a5019007fc605 | Pain | Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, s... | The thermal category of pain deals with which two temperature ranges? | {
"text": [
"heat or cold"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
572f6d0aa23a5019007fc606 | Pain | Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, s... | Crushing, tearing and shearing are examples of which type of pain? | {
"text": [
"mechanical"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
572f6d0aa23a5019007fc607 | Pain | Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, s... | What is the term for nociceptors which respond to more than one type of stimuli? | {
"text": [
"polymodal"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
} |
572f6db904bcaa1900d76935 | Pain | Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is dif... | What type of of pain is visceral a division of? | {
"text": [
"Nociceptive"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572f6db904bcaa1900d76936 | Pain | Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is dif... | What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning? | {
"text": [
"Visceral"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
572f6db904bcaa1900d76937 | Pain | Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is dif... | What can visceral pain be accompanied by? | {
"text": [
"nausea and vomiting"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
572f6db904bcaa1900d76938 | Pain | Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is dif... | Which type of pain is dull, aching and hard to pin-point? | {
"text": [
"Deep somatic"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
572f6db904bcaa1900d76939 | Pain | Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is dif... | What type of pain are first degree burns classified as causing? | {
"text": [
"Superficial"
],
"answer_start": [
732
]
} |
572f6f8b947a6a140053c954 | Pain | The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 65 percent reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quali... | What percentage of people who've had upper limbs amputated feel phantom pain? | {
"text": [
"nearly 82%"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
572f6f8b947a6a140053c955 | Pain | The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 65 percent reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quali... | What is the percentage of of phantom pain felt by lower limb amputees? | {
"text": [
"54%"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
572f6f8b947a6a140053c956 | Pain | The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 65 percent reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quali... | After six months, what percentage of people who had limbs amputated still felt pain in those limbs? | {
"text": [
"65 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
572f6f8b947a6a140053c957 | Pain | The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 65 percent reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quali... | What may happen with intact body parts if there is continuous pain for a long period? | {
"text": [
"become sensitized"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
572f6f8b947a6a140053c958 | Pain | The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 65 percent reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quali... | What may accompany urination for amputees? | {
"text": [
"phantom limb pain"
],
"answer_start": [
625
]
} |
572f706ab2c2fd140056811b | Pain | Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours; and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom l... | What happens when an anesthetic injection is directed into the nerves a limb stump? | {
"text": [
"may relieve pain"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
572f706ab2c2fd140056811c | Pain | Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours; and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom l... | How long can an anesthetic, at max, relieve pain for, despite wearing off in only hours? | {
"text": [
"permanently"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
572f706ab2c2fd140056811d | Pain | Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours; and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom l... | What is injected in small amounts into the soft tissue between vertebrae to produce local pain? | {
"text": [
"hypertonic saline"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
572f706ab2c2fd140056811e | Pain | Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours; and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom l... | Vibrating the stump of an amputee's limb can produce what in some patients? | {
"text": [
"relief"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
572f70f1b2c2fd1400568123 | Pain | Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. T... | What is paraplegia? | {
"text": [
"loss of sensation and voluntary motor control"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
572f70f1b2c2fd1400568124 | Pain | Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. T... | What can cause paraplegia? | {
"text": [
"serious spinal cord damage,"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
572f70f1b2c2fd1400568125 | Pain | Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. T... | What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage? | {
"text": [
"burning or tingling"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
572f70f1b2c2fd1400568126 | Pain | Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. T... | The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain? | {
"text": [
"phantom body"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
572f70f1b2c2fd1400568127 | Pain | Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. T... | What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief? | {
"text": [
"Surgical"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} |
572f71d1b2c2fd140056812d | Pain | People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, b... | When people have long-term pain, what do they frequently display? | {
"text": [
"psychological disturbance"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
572f71d1b2c2fd140056812e | Pain | People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, b... | What triad are the inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis classified as? | {
"text": [
"neurotic"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
572f71d1b2c2fd140056812f | Pain | People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, b... | Clinical evidence indicates that neuroticism is caused by what? | {
"text": [
"chronic pain"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
572f71d1b2c2fd1400568130 | Pain | People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, b... | If long-term pain can be relieved by therapy, what does a person's neurotic triad score do? | {
"text": [
"fall"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
572f71d1b2c2fd1400568131 | Pain | People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, b... | What shows improvement in many patients once their pain has been resolved? | {
"text": [
"Self-esteem"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
} |
572f742404bcaa1900d76975 | Pain | Breakthrough pain is transitory acute pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's normal pain management. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time ... | What is the term for pain which is acute and note alleviated by normal pain management? | {
"text": [
"Breakthrough"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572f742404bcaa1900d76976 | Pain | Breakthrough pain is transitory acute pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's normal pain management. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time ... | How do cancer patients usually control their background pain? | {
"text": [
"medications"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
572f742404bcaa1900d76977 | Pain | Breakthrough pain is transitory acute pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's normal pain management. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time ... | Who is breakthrough pain common among? | {
"text": [
"cancer patients"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
572f742404bcaa1900d76978 | Pain | Breakthrough pain is transitory acute pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's normal pain management. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time ... | What class of medication is fentanyl an example of? | {
"text": [
"opioids"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
572f742404bcaa1900d76979 | Pain | Breakthrough pain is transitory acute pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's normal pain management. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time ... | What activity in relation to breakthrough pain requires heavy use of opiods? | {
"text": [
"Management"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
572f7534a23a5019007fc641 | Pain | Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation o... | IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part? | {
"text": [
"unpleasantness"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
572f7534a23a5019007fc642 | Pain | Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation o... | What is it possible to induce which is, contrary to expectations, devoid of unpleasantness? | {
"text": [
"a state described as intense pain"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
572f7534a23a5019007fc643 | Pain | Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation o... | Which type of injection has caused patients to report they have pain but aren't bothered by it? | {
"text": [
"morphine"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
572f7534a23a5019007fc644 | Pain | Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation o... | How much do some patients going through psychosurgery suffer from the sensation of pain? | {
"text": [
"little, or not at all"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
572f7534a23a5019007fc645 | Pain | Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation o... | What perspective towards pain are some people with perfectly normal nerves born with? | {
"text": [
"Indifference"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
572f75edb2c2fd1400568149 | Pain | A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "congenital insensitivity to pain". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced l... | An abnormality of the nervous system can render a small number of people insensitive to what? | {
"text": [
"pain"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
572f75edb2c2fd140056814a | Pain | A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "congenital insensitivity to pain". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced l... | What is it known as when someone is born without being able to feel pain because of their nervous system? | {
"text": [
"congenital insensitivity to pain"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
572f75edb2c2fd140056814b | Pain | A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "congenital insensitivity to pain". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced l... | What happens to children with congenital insensitivity to pain? | {
"text": [
"repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
572f75edb2c2fd140056814c | Pain | A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "congenital insensitivity to pain". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced l... | What is the life expectancy for people who can't feel pain? | {
"text": [
"reduced"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
572f75edb2c2fd140056814d | Pain | A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "congenital insensitivity to pain". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced l... | What gene is responsible for coding for a sodium channel necessary for conducting pain nerve stimuli? | {
"text": [
"SCN9A"
],
"answer_start": [
814
]
} |
572f7a2704bcaa1900d769d1 | Pain | In 1644, René Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain, a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual, mystical experience to a physical, mechanical sensation[citation needed]. Descartes's work, along with Avicen... | When was Descartes pontificating about his theories regarding pain? | {
"text": [
"1644"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
572f7a2704bcaa1900d769d2 | Pain | In 1644, René Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain, a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual, mystical experience to a physical, mechanical sensation[citation needed]. Descartes's work, along with Avicen... | What did Descartes think pain was? | {
"text": [
"a disturbance"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
572f7a2704bcaa1900d769d3 | Pain | In 1644, René Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain, a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual, mystical experience to a physical, mechanical sensation[citation needed]. Descartes's work, along with Avicen... | What theory perceives pain as being a specific sensation? | {
"text": [
"Specificity"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
572f7a2704bcaa1900d769d4 | Pain | In 1644, René Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain, a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual, mystical experience to a physical, mechanical sensation[citation needed]. Descartes's work, along with Avicen... | What state does the intensive theory conceive pain as being? | {
"text": [
"emotional"
],
"answer_start": [
671
]
} |
572f7a2704bcaa1900d769d5 | Pain | In 1644, René Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain, a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual, mystical experience to a physical, mechanical sensation[citation needed]. Descartes's work, along with Avicen... | Who migrated to the theory of specificity en mass? | {
"text": [
"psychologists"
],
"answer_start": [
1018
]
} |
572f7ad604bcaa1900d769e5 | Pain | In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theor... | What year was peripheral pattern theory developed? | {
"text": [
"1955"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
572f7ad604bcaa1900d769e6 | Pain | In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theor... | Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory? | {
"text": [
"John Paul Nafe"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
572f7ad604bcaa1900d769e7 | Pain | In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theor... | What did DC Sinclair and G Weddell propose a property of all skin fiber endings is? | {
"text": [
"identical"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
572f7ad604bcaa1900d769e8 | Pain | In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theor... | What does the gate control theory specify the diameter of which is responsible for the amount of pain sensation? | {
"text": [
"nerve fibers"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
572f7ad604bcaa1900d769e9 | Pain | In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theor... | Why were peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory left behind? | {
"text": [
"superseded by more modern theories of pain"
],
"answer_start": [
843
]
} |
572f7b9704bcaa1900d769f7 | Pain | In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions: "sensory-discriminative" (sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain), "affective-motivational" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness), and "cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as apprais... | How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
572f7b9704bcaa1900d769f8 | Pain | In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions: "sensory-discriminative" (sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain), "affective-motivational" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness), and "cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as apprais... | The affective-motivational dimension of pain is characterized by what urge? | {
"text": [
"urge to escape the unpleasantness"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
572f7b9704bcaa1900d769f9 | Pain | In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions: "sensory-discriminative" (sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain), "affective-motivational" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness), and "cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as apprais... | What did Melzack and Casey theorize could influence the perception of the magnitude of pain? | {
"text": [
"cognitive activities"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} |
572f7b9704bcaa1900d769fa | Pain | In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions: "sensory-discriminative" (sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain), "affective-motivational" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness), and "cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as apprais... | War game excitement appears to block what aspect of pain? | {
"text": [
"dimensions"
],
"answer_start": [
860
]
} |
572f7b9704bcaa1900d769fb | Pain | In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions: "sensory-discriminative" (sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain), "affective-motivational" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness), and "cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as apprais... | What did Melack's and Casey's paper end with a call towards? | {
"text": [
"action"
],
"answer_start": [
1071
]
} |
572f849e947a6a140053ca0e | Pain | Wilhelm Erb's (1874) "intensive" theory, that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor, has been soundly disproved. Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others, nociceptors, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At... | What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor? | {
"text": [
"pain"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
572f849e947a6a140053ca0f | Pain | Wilhelm Erb's (1874) "intensive" theory, that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor, has been soundly disproved. Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others, nociceptors, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At... | What types of stimuli can't some sensory fibers differentiate between? | {
"text": [
"noxious and non-noxious"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
572f849e947a6a140053ca10 | Pain | Wilhelm Erb's (1874) "intensive" theory, that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor, has been soundly disproved. Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others, nociceptors, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At... | What type of stimuli do nociceptors response to? | {
"text": [
"noxious, high intensity"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
572f849e947a6a140053ca11 | Pain | Wilhelm Erb's (1874) "intensive" theory, that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor, has been soundly disproved. Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others, nociceptors, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At... | What does stimuli generate to send signals along a nerve fiber? | {
"text": [
"currents"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
572f849e947a6a140053ca12 | Pain | Wilhelm Erb's (1874) "intensive" theory, that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor, has been soundly disproved. Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others, nociceptors, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At... | How many different types of ion channels have so far been identified? | {
"text": [
"Dozens"
],
"answer_start": [
679
]
} |
572f8609a23a5019007fc6db | Pain | The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along an A-delta or C fiber. Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber, and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (myelin), it carries its signal faster (5–30 m/s) than the unmyelinated C fiber (0.5–2 m/s). Pain evoked by the ... | How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord? | {
"text": [
"along an A-delta or C fiber"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
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