id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
573136bb497a881900248c57 | Tuvalu | In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptat... | What is the per person per day targeted use of water for Tuvalu? | {
"text": [
"50 and 100L"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
573136bb497a881900248c58 | Tuvalu | In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptat... | What organization called for Tuvalu to improve its water and sanitation systems? | {
"text": [
"United Nations"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
573136bb497a881900248c59 | Tuvalu | In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptat... | What group ultimately sponsored the Tuvalu water resources policy? | {
"text": [
"Global Environment Fund"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
57313831497a881900248c71 | Tuvalu | Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (a... | What geological situation makes Tuvalu prone to storm damage? | {
"text": [
"low elevation"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
57313831497a881900248c72 | Tuvalu | Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (a... | To what climate change condition does Tuvalu's low elevation make it susceptible? | {
"text": [
"sea level rise"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
57313831497a881900248c73 | Tuvalu | Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (a... | What is the highest elevation on Tuvalu? | {
"text": [
"4.6 metres"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
57313831497a881900248c74 | Tuvalu | Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (a... | Where on Tuvalu is the highest elevation? | {
"text": [
"Niulakita"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
57313831497a881900248c75 | Tuvalu | Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (a... | Where does Tuvalu rank among other countries as to lowest elevation? | {
"text": [
"second-lowest"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
573139b9497a881900248c85 | Tuvalu | Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a majo... | What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti? | {
"text": [
"Cyclone Bebe"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
573139b9497a881900248c86 | Tuvalu | Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a majo... | What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979? | {
"text": [
"Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
573139b9497a881900248c87 | Tuvalu | Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a majo... | How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97 cyclone season? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
573139b9497a881900248c88 | Tuvalu | Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a majo... | What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu? | {
"text": [
"Cyclone Ofa"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
573139b9497a881900248c89 | Tuvalu | Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a majo... | What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season? | {
"text": [
"Cyclone Gavin"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
57313b9a497a881900248ca3 | Tuvalu | In March 2015, the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On Nui the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated. The flooding in Nui and Nukufetau ca... | What were the wave heights during Cyclone Pam on Tuvalu? | {
"text": [
"3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
57313b9a497a881900248ca4 | Tuvalu | In March 2015, the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On Nui the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated. The flooding in Nui and Nukufetau ca... | In what year did Cyclone Pam strike Tuvalu? | {
"text": [
"March 2015"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
57313b9a497a881900248ca5 | Tuvalu | In March 2015, the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On Nui the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated. The flooding in Nui and Nukufetau ca... | During Cyclone Pam which island had the most damage? | {
"text": [
"Nui"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} |
57313b9a497a881900248ca6 | Tuvalu | In March 2015, the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On Nui the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated. The flooding in Nui and Nukufetau ca... | What percentage of Tuvalu crops were destroyed during Cyclone Pam? | {
"text": [
"90%"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
57313b9a497a881900248ca7 | Tuvalu | In March 2015, the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On Nui the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated. The flooding in Nui and Nukufetau ca... | The loss of what caused the Vasafua islet to become a sand bar due to Cyclone Pam? | {
"text": [
"coconut palms"
],
"answer_start": [
831
]
} |
57313d51e6313a140071cd72 | Tuvalu | The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid, food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris. Government and Non-Government Organisations provided assistance technical, funding and material support to Tuvalu to assist with ... | What did the Tuvalu government assess after Cyclone Pam? | {
"text": [
"damage"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
57313d51e6313a140071cd73 | Tuvalu | The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid, food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris. Government and Non-Government Organisations provided assistance technical, funding and material support to Tuvalu to assist with ... | What event on Tuvalu made assistance to the population necessary? | {
"text": [
"Cyclone Pam"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
57313d51e6313a140071cd74 | Tuvalu | The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid, food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris. Government and Non-Government Organisations provided assistance technical, funding and material support to Tuvalu to assist with ... | What assistance did many international groups give to Tuvalu? | {
"text": [
"recovery"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
57313d51e6313a140071cd75 | Tuvalu | The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid, food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris. Government and Non-Government Organisations provided assistance technical, funding and material support to Tuvalu to assist with ... | For what action was government assistance necessary after the Tuvalu cyclone?? | {
"text": [
"cleaning-up"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
57313f0aa5e9cc1400cdbdab | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertaint... | What subject is arguable concerning Tuvalu? | {
"text": [
"sea level"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
57313f0aa5e9cc1400cdbdac | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertaint... | What was the amount of sea level change on Tuvalu estimated by the 2011 report? | {
"text": [
"5 mm"
],
"answer_start": [
661
]
} |
57313f0aa5e9cc1400cdbdad | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertaint... | What device was used to produce the measurements of sea level change on Tuvalu? | {
"text": [
"satellite"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
57313f0aa5e9cc1400cdbdae | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertaint... | Prior to what year were the reports used to assess sea level rise? | {
"text": [
"pre-1993"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
57313f0aa5e9cc1400cdbdaf | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertaint... | What is assumed about the sea level reports and records of Tuvalu? | {
"text": [
"degree of uncertainty"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
5731411605b4da19006bcf54 | Tuvalu | The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to incr... | What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise? | {
"text": [
"resilience"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
5731411605b4da19006bcf55 | Tuvalu | The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to incr... | What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase? | {
"text": [
"reefs"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
5731411605b4da19006bcf56 | Tuvalu | The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to incr... | What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs? | {
"text": [
"faster rate"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
5731411605b4da19006bcf57 | Tuvalu | The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to incr... | What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs? | {
"text": [
"ocean acidification"
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
5731411605b4da19006bcf58 | Tuvalu | The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to incr... | Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones? | {
"text": [
"on the islands"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
573142d9e6313a140071cd98 | Tuvalu | While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji, in 2006 Maatia Toafa (Prime Minister from 2004–2006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013 Enele Sopoaga... | What do some people want to do with the people of Tuvalu? | {
"text": [
"relocation"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
573142d9e6313a140071cd99 | Tuvalu | While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji, in 2006 Maatia Toafa (Prime Minister from 2004–2006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013 Enele Sopoaga... | What did the Tuvalu Prime Minster say was not enough of an immediate threat to cause evacuation of the population? | {
"text": [
"rising sea levels"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
573142d9e6313a140071cd9a | Tuvalu | While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji, in 2006 Maatia Toafa (Prime Minister from 2004–2006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013 Enele Sopoaga... | When did Prime Minster Maatia Toafa make his comments about not evacuating Tuvalu? | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
573142d9e6313a140071cd9b | Tuvalu | While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji, in 2006 Maatia Toafa (Prime Minister from 2004–2006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013 Enele Sopoaga... | What did Enele Sopoaga think evacuation of the people should be? | {
"text": [
"never be an option"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
5730af4a069b53140083224b | Immaculate_Conception | The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only, saying that Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes, the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition). The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states "that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the... | What is the Immaculate Conception a representation of the avoidance of ? | {
"text": [
"original sin only"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
5730af4a069b53140083224f | Immaculate_Conception | The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only, saying that Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes, the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition). The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states "that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the... | What normally followed the delivery of a child by a woman in Mary time period ? | {
"text": [
"sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth."
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
} |
5730b8da2461fd1900a9cff3 | Immaculate_Conception | The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal". The Council of Trent decreed: "If anyone shall say that a man... | What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in regards to the decision on Mary ? | {
"text": [
"let him be anathema.\""
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
5730b8da2461fd1900a9cff4 | Immaculate_Conception | The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal". The Council of Trent decreed: "If anyone shall say that a man... | What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ? | {
"text": [
"The Council of Trent"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
5730ba5c8ab72b1400f9c716 | Immaculate_Conception | The doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal concepti... | Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ? | {
"text": [
"Saint Joachim and Saint Anne"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
5730ba5c8ab72b1400f9c718 | Immaculate_Conception | The doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal concepti... | When did these contradictory views start to emerge ? | {
"text": [
"since the 4th century"
],
"answer_start": [
574
]
} |
5730bc432461fd1900a9d023 | Immaculate_Conception | Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour. When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime. He stated that Mary, rather than being cleansed after sin, was completely prevented from contracting... | What is the child of Mary known to be famous for according to Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti ? | {
"text": [
"Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race."
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
5730c36ab7151e1900c0152c | Immaculate_Conception | Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider th... | What Empire held Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ? | {
"text": [
"Greek theologians of Byzantium"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
5730c36ab7151e1900c0152e | Immaculate_Conception | Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider th... | What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ? | {
"text": [
"the circumcision"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
5730c36ab7151e1900c0152f | Immaculate_Conception | Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider th... | Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ? | {
"text": [
"Luke"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
5730c671aca1c71400fe5a9f | Immaculate_Conception | It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century. It is also agreed that "no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture". But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers. ... | Who is often held as the model for all things holy and pure that is not Mary ? | {
"text": [
"Eve before the fall"
],
"answer_start": [
677
]
} |
5730c671aca1c71400fe5aa1 | Immaculate_Conception | It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century. It is also agreed that "no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture". But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers. ... | What did this person also state about all of mankind in regards to wayward transgressions ? | {
"text": [
"his argument is that all men are sinners;"
],
"answer_start": [
1004
]
} |
5730ca8fb7151e1900c01537 | Immaculate_Conception | Although the doctrine of Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians, it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East. Although hymnographers and scholars, like the Emperor Justini... | What Byzantine Ruler ho ruled from from 527 to 565 was also a well trained thinker of concepts ? | {
"text": [
"Emperor Justinian I,"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
5730ca8fb7151e1900c01538 | Immaculate_Conception | Although the doctrine of Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians, it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East. Although hymnographers and scholars, like the Emperor Justini... | In what way did this Ruler refer to Mary in his writings ? | {
"text": [
"to call Mary \"prepurified\""
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
5730ca8fb7151e1900c01539 | Immaculate_Conception | Although the doctrine of Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians, it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East. Although hymnographers and scholars, like the Emperor Justini... | What event happened to Theotokos that was of significant religious note ? | {
"text": [
"she was \"purified\" at the Annunciation"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
5730ca8fb7151e1900c0153a | Immaculate_Conception | Although the doctrine of Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians, it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East. Although hymnographers and scholars, like the Emperor Justini... | How did some view the the person whose name includes a Christian rite of passage from the Bible? | {
"text": [
"holier than all 'Men' born of woman"
],
"answer_start": [
707
]
} |
5730e84cf6cb411900e2453d | Immaculate_Conception | By 750, the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East, under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne. In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans, whether these introduced it directly from the East or too... | What was the name of this festival ? | {
"text": [
"under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
5730eac6b7151e1900c015d1 | Immaculate_Conception | On 28 February 1476, Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477, with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477, in which he referred to the feast as that of the Co... | Who was the Holy Roman Church leader that authorized the change ? | {
"text": [
"Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
5730eac6b7151e1900c015d3 | Immaculate_Conception | On 28 February 1476, Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477, with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477, in which he referred to the feast as that of the Co... | What word substitution did he use in the authorization to appease all of the worshipers and view points when speaking of the inception of Mary ? | {
"text": [
"but applied instead the adjective \"miraculous\" to her conception."
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
5730eac6b7151e1900c015d4 | Immaculate_Conception | On 28 February 1476, Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477, with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477, in which he referred to the feast as that of the Co... | What was the opposite of a sinner who committed a venial type? It would be the most grave type of all . | {
"text": [
"mortally sinful"
],
"answer_start": [
763
]
} |
5730ed13497a881900248a5e | Immaculate_Conception | In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the A... | Who was the teacher who committed the act ? | {
"text": [
"Mariano Spada"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
5730ed13497a881900248a5f | Immaculate_Conception | In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the A... | What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ? | {
"text": [
"appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867"
],
"answer_start": [
790
]
} |
5730ed13497a881900248a60 | Immaculate_Conception | In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the A... | Who gave the teacher the new job ? | {
"text": [
"Pope Pius IX"
],
"answer_start": [
765
]
} |
5730ef4105b4da19006bcc60 | Immaculate_Conception | It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who, in the 12th century, explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception. A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West. St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instit... | Who began to query the position of the conception of Mary following the 11th century ? | {
"text": [
"St Bernard of Clairvaux"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
5730ef4205b4da19006bcc63 | Immaculate_Conception | It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who, in the 12th century, explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception. A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West. St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instit... | What did the query starter believe had been done by Mary's direct maternal line that contradict the conception theory of immaculate for Mary ? | {
"text": [
"conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation"
],
"answer_start": [
672
]
} |
5730f13e497a881900248a7e | Immaculate_Conception | The celebrated John Duns Scotus (d. 1308), a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure, argued, on the contrary, that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was d... | What consequences did he believe that this would have on Mary's reputation ? | {
"text": [
"immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ;"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
5730f375a5e9cc1400cdbb31 | Immaculate_Conception | Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception. In 1439, the Council of Basel, which is not reckoned an ecumenical council, stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith. By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught... | Where did the mass majority stand in relation to having or not having the Mary inception festivals ? | {
"text": [
"Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception."
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5730f375a5e9cc1400cdbb34 | Immaculate_Conception | Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception. In 1439, the Council of Basel, which is not reckoned an ecumenical council, stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith. By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught... | In what year was the famous friar named Tom given a position as a saint of the Holy Roman Catholic Church ? | {
"text": [
"Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
5730f375a5e9cc1400cdbb35 | Immaculate_Conception | Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception. In 1439, the Council of Basel, which is not reckoned an ecumenical council, stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith. By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught... | What happened to Tom at one of the 1567 that changed his title ? | {
"text": [
"declared \"Doctor Angelicus\" of the Church in 1567"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
5730f90c497a881900248ab3 | Immaculate_Conception | The papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus, mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3:15 as referring to a woman, Mary, who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him. It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of d... | What holy document takes the view of Mary back to the creation of man and woman ? | {
"text": [
"papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
5730f90c497a881900248ab4 | Immaculate_Conception | The papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus, mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3:15 as referring to a woman, Mary, who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him. It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of d... | What specific part the Bible does this document reference for Mary ? | {
"text": [
"Genesis 3:15"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
5730fa52e6313a140071cb27 | Immaculate_Conception | Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration" of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin. All the same, the historical and authentic tradition of... | What does this group believe of the story of a Virgin mother for Mary and those who follow its teaching ? | {
"text": [
"dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an \"over-elaboration\""
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
5730fa52e6313a140071cb29 | Immaculate_Conception | Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration" of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin. All the same, the historical and authentic tradition of... | What is the theological study of Mary called ? | {
"text": [
"Mariology"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
5730fc20e6313a140071cb30 | Immaculate_Conception | Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a... | Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ? | {
"text": [
"Martin Luther"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5730fc20e6313a140071cb31 | Immaculate_Conception | Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a... | What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church ? | {
"text": [
"Protestant Reformation"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
5731036405b4da19006bccda | Immaculate_Conception | The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ", by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission, concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions. But the r... | What was written by the a all inclusive group convened by the holy church centered in Rome ? | {
"text": [
"Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
5731036405b4da19006bccdb | Immaculate_Conception | The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ", by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission, concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions. But the r... | What document did this group create once it was convened ? | {
"text": [
"The report \"Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ\""
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5731036405b4da19006bccdc | Immaculate_Conception | The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ", by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission, concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions. But the r... | What did the document attempt to clarify ? | {
"text": [
"teaching about Mary in the two definitions"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
5731070b05b4da19006bcce5 | Immaculate_Conception | Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam, the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate, her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doct... | What does the book of Muslim faith state in regards to how every person is born ? | {
"text": [
"in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
573108b205b4da19006bcd01 | Immaculate_Conception | Further claims were made that the Roman Catholic Church derives its doctrine from the Islamic teaching. In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1788, Edward Gibbon wrote: "The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother." That he w... | Who is the author of the texts entailed in the fifth part of the the collection about the Roman Catholic Church ? | {
"text": [
"Edward Gibbon"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
573108b205b4da19006bcd02 | Immaculate_Conception | Further claims were made that the Roman Catholic Church derives its doctrine from the Islamic teaching. In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1788, Edward Gibbon wrote: "The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother." That he w... | What was the group of volumes titled ? | {
"text": [
"Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
573108b205b4da19006bcd03 | Immaculate_Conception | Further claims were made that the Roman Catholic Church derives its doctrine from the Islamic teaching. In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1788, Edward Gibbon wrote: "The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother." That he w... | Where does the author state that the Roman Catholic Church received her facts and confirmations ? | {
"text": [
"Mohametan Bible"
],
"answer_start": [
875
]
} |
57310b70497a881900248b23 | Immaculate_Conception | The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te" (You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of ... | What color garment is used in traditional chants to represent the purity of Mary's conception ? | {
"text": [
"Your clothing is white as snow,"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
57310b70497a881900248b24 | Immaculate_Conception | The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te" (You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of ... | The rituals for the correct way to enjoy Mass is listed in what text ? | {
"text": [
"The Roman Missal"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57310b70497a881900248b25 | Immaculate_Conception | The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te" (You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of ... | What official writings give specific prayers for each hours of the day for Catholics ? | {
"text": [
"Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
57310b70497a881900248b26 | Immaculate_Conception | The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te" (You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of ... | What type of melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic changes have been made by composers but are based on the works that are monophonic and unaccompanied sacred song? | {
"text": [
"polyphonic settings have been composed"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
57310cad05b4da19006bcd2b | Immaculate_Conception | The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe, and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head... | What does Mary stand upon in this symbol? | {
"text": [
"moon is under her feet"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
57310cad05b4da19006bcd2c | Immaculate_Conception | The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe, and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head... | What does Mary where atop her hair that twinkles in the symbol ? | {
"text": [
"a halo of twelve stars surround her head"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
5730b68b069b5314008322a9 | Namibia | Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP bein... | What is the cost of primary and secondary education in Namibia? | {
"text": [
"free"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
5730b68b069b5314008322aa | Namibia | Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP bein... | How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school? | {
"text": [
"400,325"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
5730b68b069b5314008322ab | Namibia | Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP bein... | How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in secondary schools? | {
"text": [
"115,237"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
5730b68b069b5314008322ac | Namibia | Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP bein... | What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999? | {
"text": [
"32:1"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
5730b68b069b5314008322ad | Namibia | Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP bein... | What develops the curriculum as well as other educational resources in Namibia? | {
"text": [
"National Institute for Educational Development"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
5730b76c8ab72b1400f9c6e6 | Namibia | Namibia (i/nəˈmɪbiə/, /næˈ-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German: Republik Namibia (help·info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the ... | What is the Afrikaans name for Namibia? | {
"text": [
"Namibië"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
5730b76c8ab72b1400f9c6e7 | Namibia | Namibia (i/nəˈmɪbiə/, /næˈ-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German: Republik Namibia (help·info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the ... | Where in Africa is Namibia? | {
"text": [
"southern"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
5730b76c8ab72b1400f9c6e8 | Namibia | Namibia (i/nəˈmɪbiə/, /næˈ-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German: Republik Namibia (help·info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the ... | What ocean borders Namibia? | {
"text": [
"Atlantic Ocean"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
5730b76c8ab72b1400f9c6e9 | Namibia | Namibia (i/nəˈmɪbiə/, /næˈ-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German: Republik Namibia (help·info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the ... | How far away is Namibia to the Zambezi River? | {
"text": [
"200 metres"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
5730b76c8ab72b1400f9c6ea | Namibia | Namibia (i/nəˈmɪbiə/, /næˈ-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German: Republik Namibia (help·info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the ... | When did Namibia gain independence from South Africa? | {
"text": [
"21 March 1990"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
5730b7f28ab72b1400f9c6f0 | Namibia | The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the L... | When did Bantu immigrate to Namibia? | {
"text": [
"14th century"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
5730b7f28ab72b1400f9c6f1 | Namibia | The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the L... | When did Namibia become German Imperial protectorate? | {
"text": [
"1884"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
5730b7f28ab72b1400f9c6f2 | Namibia | The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the L... | When did Namibia stop being a German colony? | {
"text": [
"end of World War I"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
5730b7f28ab72b1400f9c6f3 | Namibia | The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the L... | What year did the League of Nations mandate Namibia to South Africa? | {
"text": [
"1920"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
5730b7f28ab72b1400f9c6f4 | Namibia | The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the L... | When did South Africa impose the apartheid policy on Namibia? | {
"text": [
"1948"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
5730b8912461fd1900a9cfe7 | Namibia | Uprisings and demands by African leaders led the UN to assume direct responsibility over the territory. It recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) as the official representative of the Namibian people in 1973. Namibia, however, remained under South African administration during this time as South... | What does SWAPO stand for? | {
"text": [
"South West Africa People's Organisation"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
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