id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57345902acc1501500babe24 | Richmond,_Virginia | In 1990 religion and politics intersected to impact the outcome of the Eighth District election in South Richmond. With the endorsements of black power brokers, black clergy and the Richmond Crusade for Voters, South Richmond residents made history, electing Reverend A. Carl Prince to the Richmond City Council. As the ... | In what district did A. Carl Prince win election to the city council? | {
"text": [
"Eighth"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
57345902acc1501500babe25 | Richmond,_Virginia | In 1990 religion and politics intersected to impact the outcome of the Eighth District election in South Richmond. With the endorsements of black power brokers, black clergy and the Richmond Crusade for Voters, South Richmond residents made history, electing Reverend A. Carl Prince to the Richmond City Council. As the ... | What political organization supported the city council candidacy of A. Carl Prince? | {
"text": [
"Richmond Crusade for Voters"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
5734596aacc1501500babe2b | Richmond,_Virginia | The city of Richmond operates 28 elementary schools, nine middle schools, and eight high schools, serving a total student population of 24,000 students. There is one Governor's School in the city − the Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies. In 2008, it was named as one of Newsweek ... | How many high schools are there in Richmond? | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
5734596aacc1501500babe2c | Richmond,_Virginia | The city of Richmond operates 28 elementary schools, nine middle schools, and eight high schools, serving a total student population of 24,000 students. There is one Governor's School in the city − the Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies. In 2008, it was named as one of Newsweek ... | How many primary and secondary school students attend school in Richmond? | {
"text": [
"24,000"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
5734596aacc1501500babe2d | Richmond,_Virginia | The city of Richmond operates 28 elementary schools, nine middle schools, and eight high schools, serving a total student population of 24,000 students. There is one Governor's School in the city − the Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies. In 2008, it was named as one of Newsweek ... | For whom is the Governor's School in Richmond named? | {
"text": [
"Maggie L. Walker"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
5734596aacc1501500babe2e | Richmond,_Virginia | The city of Richmond operates 28 elementary schools, nine middle schools, and eight high schools, serving a total student population of 24,000 students. There is one Governor's School in the city − the Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies. In 2008, it was named as one of Newsweek ... | Where was Richmond's Governor's School rated by Newsweek in 2012? | {
"text": [
"16"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
5734596aacc1501500babe2f | Richmond,_Virginia | The city of Richmond operates 28 elementary schools, nine middle schools, and eight high schools, serving a total student population of 24,000 students. There is one Governor's School in the city − the Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies. In 2008, it was named as one of Newsweek ... | When did Patrick Henry School of Science and Arts open its doors? | {
"text": [
"2010"
],
"answer_start": [
591
]
} |
573459cbacc1501500babe35 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education, including Virginia Commonwealth University (public), University of Richmond (private), Virginia Union University (private), Virginia College (private), South University - Richmond (private, for-profit), Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School o... | What type of university is the University of Richmond? | {
"text": [
"private"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
573459cbacc1501500babe36 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education, including Virginia Commonwealth University (public), University of Richmond (private), Virginia Union University (private), Virginia College (private), South University - Richmond (private, for-profit), Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School o... | What is a for-profit university in Richmond? | {
"text": [
"South University - Richmond"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
573459cbacc1501500babe37 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education, including Virginia Commonwealth University (public), University of Richmond (private), Virginia Union University (private), Virginia College (private), South University - Richmond (private, for-profit), Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School o... | What does BTSR stand for? | {
"text": [
"Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
573459cbacc1501500babe38 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education, including Virginia Commonwealth University (public), University of Richmond (private), Virginia Union University (private), Virginia College (private), South University - Richmond (private, for-profit), Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School o... | Where is John Tyler Community College located? | {
"text": [
"Chesterfield County"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
573459cbacc1501500babe39 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education, including Virginia Commonwealth University (public), University of Richmond (private), Virginia Union University (private), Virginia College (private), South University - Richmond (private, for-profit), Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School o... | What is Richmond's public university? | {
"text": [
"Virginia Commonwealth"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
57345a6cacc1501500babe3f | Richmond,_Virginia | The Greater Richmond area is served by the Richmond International Airport (IATA: RIC, ICAO: KRIC), located in nearby Sandston, seven miles (11 km) southeast of Richmond and within an hour drive of historic Williamsburg, Virginia. Richmond International is now served by nine airlines with over 200 daily flights providin... | How many kilometers away from Richmond is Richmond International Airport? | {
"text": [
"11"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
57345a6cacc1501500babe40 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Greater Richmond area is served by the Richmond International Airport (IATA: RIC, ICAO: KRIC), located in nearby Sandston, seven miles (11 km) southeast of Richmond and within an hour drive of historic Williamsburg, Virginia. Richmond International is now served by nine airlines with over 200 daily flights providin... | About how long does it take to drive from Richmond International Airport to Williamsburg? | {
"text": [
"an hour"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
57345a6cacc1501500babe41 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Greater Richmond area is served by the Richmond International Airport (IATA: RIC, ICAO: KRIC), located in nearby Sandston, seven miles (11 km) southeast of Richmond and within an hour drive of historic Williamsburg, Virginia. Richmond International is now served by nine airlines with over 200 daily flights providin... | How many airlines operate out of Richmond International? | {
"text": [
"nine"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
57345a6cacc1501500babe42 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Greater Richmond area is served by the Richmond International Airport (IATA: RIC, ICAO: KRIC), located in nearby Sandston, seven miles (11 km) southeast of Richmond and within an hour drive of historic Williamsburg, Virginia. Richmond International is now served by nine airlines with over 200 daily flights providin... | What percentage increase in passenger traffic did Richmond International experience between 2005 and 2006? | {
"text": [
"13"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
57345a6cacc1501500babe43 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Greater Richmond area is served by the Richmond International Airport (IATA: RIC, ICAO: KRIC), located in nearby Sandston, seven miles (11 km) southeast of Richmond and within an hour drive of historic Williamsburg, Virginia. Richmond International is now served by nine airlines with over 200 daily flights providin... | What direction do you travel to get from Richmond to Sandston? | {
"text": [
"southeast"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
57345b47879d6814001ca54d | Richmond,_Virginia | Richmond is a major hub for intercity bus company Greyhound Lines, with its terminal at 2910 N Boulevard. Multiple runs per day connect directly with Washington, D.C., New York, Raleigh, and elsewhere. Direct trips to New York take approximately 7.5 hours. Discount carrier Megabus also provides curbside service from ou... | What is the street address if the Greyhound bus terminal in Richmond? | {
"text": [
"2910 N Boulevard"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
57345b47879d6814001ca54e | Richmond,_Virginia | Richmond is a major hub for intercity bus company Greyhound Lines, with its terminal at 2910 N Boulevard. Multiple runs per day connect directly with Washington, D.C., New York, Raleigh, and elsewhere. Direct trips to New York take approximately 7.5 hours. Discount carrier Megabus also provides curbside service from ou... | How long does a bus trip from Richmond to New York City take? | {
"text": [
"7.5 hours"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
57345b47879d6814001ca54f | Richmond,_Virginia | Richmond is a major hub for intercity bus company Greyhound Lines, with its terminal at 2910 N Boulevard. Multiple runs per day connect directly with Washington, D.C., New York, Raleigh, and elsewhere. Direct trips to New York take approximately 7.5 hours. Discount carrier Megabus also provides curbside service from ou... | What is the lowest fare on Megabus? | {
"text": [
"$1"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
57345b47879d6814001ca550 | Richmond,_Virginia | Richmond is a major hub for intercity bus company Greyhound Lines, with its terminal at 2910 N Boulevard. Multiple runs per day connect directly with Washington, D.C., New York, Raleigh, and elsewhere. Direct trips to New York take approximately 7.5 hours. Discount carrier Megabus also provides curbside service from ou... | How much did the Department of Transportation give to Richmond for its Rapid Transit System? | {
"text": [
"$25 million"
],
"answer_start": [
668
]
} |
57345b47879d6814001ca551 | Richmond,_Virginia | Richmond is a major hub for intercity bus company Greyhound Lines, with its terminal at 2910 N Boulevard. Multiple runs per day connect directly with Washington, D.C., New York, Raleigh, and elsewhere. Direct trips to New York take approximately 7.5 hours. Discount carrier Megabus also provides curbside service from ou... | What city in Maryland does Megabus travel to? | {
"text": [
"Baltimore"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
57345be2879d6814001ca557 | Richmond,_Virginia | Local transit and paratransit bus service in Richmond, Henrico, and Chesterfield counties is provided by the Greater Richmond Transit Company (GRTC). The GRTC, however, serves only small parts of the suburban counties. The far West End (Innsbrook and Short Pump) and almost all of Chesterfield County have no public tran... | What counties does the GRTC link to Richmond? | {
"text": [
"Henrico, and Chesterfield"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
57345be2879d6814001ca558 | Richmond,_Virginia | Local transit and paratransit bus service in Richmond, Henrico, and Chesterfield counties is provided by the Greater Richmond Transit Company (GRTC). The GRTC, however, serves only small parts of the suburban counties. The far West End (Innsbrook and Short Pump) and almost all of Chesterfield County have no public tran... | Along with Short Pump, what comprises the far part of the West End? | {
"text": [
"Innsbrook"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
57345be2879d6814001ca559 | Richmond,_Virginia | Local transit and paratransit bus service in Richmond, Henrico, and Chesterfield counties is provided by the Greater Richmond Transit Company (GRTC). The GRTC, however, serves only small parts of the suburban counties. The far West End (Innsbrook and Short Pump) and almost all of Chesterfield County have no public tran... | According to a GRTC report, what is an example of what most of its riders lack? | {
"text": [
"private vehicle"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
57345be2879d6814001ca55a | Richmond,_Virginia | Local transit and paratransit bus service in Richmond, Henrico, and Chesterfield counties is provided by the Greater Richmond Transit Company (GRTC). The GRTC, however, serves only small parts of the suburban counties. The far West End (Innsbrook and Short Pump) and almost all of Chesterfield County have no public tran... | What is GRTC an initialism of? | {
"text": [
"Greater Richmond Transit Company"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
57345c6a879d6814001ca55f | Richmond,_Virginia | The Richmond area also has two railroad stations served by Amtrak. Each station receives regular service from north of Richmond including Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and New York. The suburban Staples Mill Road Station is located on a major north-south freight line and receives all service to and from all points so... | What station services all southern rail traffic passing through Richmond? | {
"text": [
"Staples Mill Road Station"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
57345c6a879d6814001ca560 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Richmond area also has two railroad stations served by Amtrak. Each station receives regular service from north of Richmond including Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and New York. The suburban Staples Mill Road Station is located on a major north-south freight line and receives all service to and from all points so... | What is the name of the railroad station inside Richmond proper? | {
"text": [
"Main Street Station"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
57345c6a879d6814001ca561 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Richmond area also has two railroad stations served by Amtrak. Each station receives regular service from north of Richmond including Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and New York. The suburban Staples Mill Road Station is located on a major north-south freight line and receives all service to and from all points so... | In what year was Richmond's railroad station renovated? | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} |
57345c6a879d6814001ca562 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Richmond area also has two railroad stations served by Amtrak. Each station receives regular service from north of Richmond including Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and New York. The suburban Staples Mill Road Station is located on a major north-south freight line and receives all service to and from all points so... | Along with Williamsburg, what city's rail traffic uses the Main Street Station? | {
"text": [
"Newport News"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
} |
57345c6a879d6814001ca563 | Richmond,_Virginia | The Richmond area also has two railroad stations served by Amtrak. Each station receives regular service from north of Richmond including Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and New York. The suburban Staples Mill Road Station is located on a major north-south freight line and receives all service to and from all points so... | Why does the Main Street Station only receive rail traffic from Newport News and Williamsburg? | {
"text": [
"track layout"
],
"answer_start": [
624
]
} |
57345ceb879d6814001ca569 | Richmond,_Virginia | Electricity in the Richmond Metro area is provided by Dominion Virginia Power. The company, based in Richmond, is one of the nation's largest producers of energy, serving retail energy customers in nine states. Electricity is provided in the Richmond area primarily by the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and Surry... | Who is Richmond's electricity supplier? | {
"text": [
"Dominion Virginia Power"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
57345ceb879d6814001ca56a | Richmond,_Virginia | Electricity in the Richmond Metro area is provided by Dominion Virginia Power. The company, based in Richmond, is one of the nation's largest producers of energy, serving retail energy customers in nine states. Electricity is provided in the Richmond area primarily by the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and Surry... | How many states does Dominion Virginia Power operate in? | {
"text": [
"nine"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
57345ceb879d6814001ca56b | Richmond,_Virginia | Electricity in the Richmond Metro area is provided by Dominion Virginia Power. The company, based in Richmond, is one of the nation's largest producers of energy, serving retail energy customers in nine states. Electricity is provided in the Richmond area primarily by the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and Surry... | Along with Surry Nuclear Generating Station, what is Richmond's main electricity generator? | {
"text": [
"North Anna Nuclear Generating Station"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
57345ceb879d6814001ca56c | Richmond,_Virginia | Electricity in the Richmond Metro area is provided by Dominion Virginia Power. The company, based in Richmond, is one of the nation's largest producers of energy, serving retail energy customers in nine states. Electricity is provided in the Richmond area primarily by the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and Surry... | In what town is a coal-fired plant that provides power to Richmond located? | {
"text": [
"Chester"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
57345ceb879d6814001ca56d | Richmond,_Virginia | Electricity in the Richmond Metro area is provided by Dominion Virginia Power. The company, based in Richmond, is one of the nation's largest producers of energy, serving retail energy customers in nine states. Electricity is provided in the Richmond area primarily by the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and Surry... | What type of power plant is Darbytown? | {
"text": [
"natural gas"
],
"answer_start": [
481
]
} |
57345d6a879d6814001ca573 | Richmond,_Virginia | The wastewater treatment plant and distribution system of water mains, pumping stations and storage facilities provide water to approximately 62,000 customers in the city. There is also a wastewater treatment plant located on the south bank of the James River. This plant can treat up to 70 million gallons of water per ... | How many kilometers of sewer lines exist in Richmond? | {
"text": [
"61"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
57345d6a879d6814001ca574 | Richmond,_Virginia | The wastewater treatment plant and distribution system of water mains, pumping stations and storage facilities provide water to approximately 62,000 customers in the city. There is also a wastewater treatment plant located on the south bank of the James River. This plant can treat up to 70 million gallons of water per ... | How much water is contained in Shockoe Retention Basin? | {
"text": [
"44-million-gallon"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
} |
57345d6a879d6814001ca575 | Richmond,_Virginia | The wastewater treatment plant and distribution system of water mains, pumping stations and storage facilities provide water to approximately 62,000 customers in the city. There is also a wastewater treatment plant located on the south bank of the James River. This plant can treat up to 70 million gallons of water per ... | How many Richmond inhabitants get their water from the wastewater treatment plant? | {
"text": [
"62,000"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
57345d6a879d6814001ca576 | Richmond,_Virginia | The wastewater treatment plant and distribution system of water mains, pumping stations and storage facilities provide water to approximately 62,000 customers in the city. There is also a wastewater treatment plant located on the south bank of the James River. This plant can treat up to 70 million gallons of water per ... | How much sewage and stormwater can the treatment plant adjacent to the James River treat daily? | {
"text": [
"70 million gallons"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
57341ab74776f4190066187b | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of ... | Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals? | {
"text": [
"relatively few"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
57341ab74776f4190066187c | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of ... | Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what? | {
"text": [
"Infectious disease"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
57341ab74776f4190066187d | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of ... | What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on? | {
"text": [
"ability of that pathogen to damage the host"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
57341ab74776f4190066187e | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of ... | What can a host's immune system do to a host? | {
"text": [
"cause damage"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} |
57341ab74776f4190066187f | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of ... | What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of? | {
"text": [
"host defenses"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
57341bef4776f41900661897 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious? | {
"text": [
"satisfy Koch's postulates"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
57341bef4776f41900661898 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates? | {
"text": [
"patients and not in healthy controls"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
57341bef4776f41900661899 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | What is Koch's second postulate? | {
"text": [
"patients who contract the agent also develop the disease"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
57341bef4776f4190066189a | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases? | {
"text": [
"because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
57341bef4776f4190066189b | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | What is the causative spirochete of syphilis? | {
"text": [
"Treponema pallidum"
],
"answer_start": [
658
]
} |
57341c75d058e614000b695b | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/commu... | What is a contagious disease a subset of? | {
"text": [
"infectious disease"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
57341c75d058e614000b695c | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/commu... | What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease? | {
"text": [
"especially infective or easily transmitted"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
57341c75d058e614000b695d | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/commu... | Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation? | {
"text": [
"medical"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
57341c75d058e614000b695e | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/commu... | What is not always respected in popular use? | {
"text": [
"specialized connotation of the word \"contagious\""
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
57341d3f4776f419006618a9 | Infection | Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a su... | When does infection begin? | {
"text": [
"when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies."
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
57341d3f4776f419006618aa | Infection | Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a su... | What group is not easily infected? | {
"text": [
"humans"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
57341d3f4776f419006618ab | Infection | Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a su... | What group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections? | {
"text": [
"weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
57341d3f4776f419006618ac | Infection | Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a su... | What individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections? | {
"text": [
"Individuals who have a suppressed immune system"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
57341d3f4776f419006618ad | Infection | Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a su... | What is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells? | {
"text": [
"intracellular"
],
"answer_start": [
762
]
} |
57341dc0d058e614000b696a | Infection | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | What does wound colonization refer to? | {
"text": [
"nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
57341dc0d058e614000b696b | Infection | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds? | {
"text": [
"replicating"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
57341dc0d058e614000b696c | Infection | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by? | {
"text": [
"extrinsic organisms"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
57341dc0d058e614000b696d | Infection | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | What species colonizes the mammalian colon? | {
"text": [
"anaerobic bacteria"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
57341dc0d058e614000b696e | Infection | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | What's the difference between an infection and a colonization? | {
"text": [
"only a matter of circumstance"
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
} |
57341e404776f419006618c3 | Infection | Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's "R... | Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected? | {
"text": [
"Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57341e404776f419006618c4 | Infection | Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's "R... | What is there limited quality data for evaluating despite the huge number of wounds seen in a clinical practice? | {
"text": [
"symptoms and signs"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
57341e404776f419006618c5 | Infection | Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's "R... | What is increased pain an indicator of? | {
"text": [
"infection"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
57341e404776f419006618c6 | Infection | Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's "R... | What does not rule out infection? | {
"text": [
"absence of pain"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
57341fdd4776f419006618d3 | Infection | Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases ... | Disease can arise when an organism inflicts what on the host? | {
"text": [
"damage"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
57341fdd4776f419006618d4 | Infection | Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases ... | What can a microorganism cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of? | {
"text": [
"toxins"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
57341fdd4776f419006618d5 | Infection | Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases ... | What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do? | {
"text": [
"paralyzes muscles"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
57341fdd4776f419006618d6 | Infection | Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases ... | What releases toxins which product shock and sepsis? | {
"text": [
"staphylococcus"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
57341fdd4776f419006618d7 | Infection | Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases ... | What percentage of people infected with polio develop disease? | {
"text": [
"less than 5%"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
5734203ed058e614000b6983 | Infection | Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can mainta... | What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of? | {
"text": [
"the infectious organism"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
5734203ed058e614000b6984 | Infection | Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can mainta... | How can some viruses main a persistent infection? | {
"text": [
"by infecting different cells of the body"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
5734203ed058e614000b6985 | Infection | Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can mainta... | What never leave the body when acquired? | {
"text": [
"Some viruses"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
5734203ed058e614000b6986 | Infection | Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can mainta... | Where does the herpes virus hide? | {
"text": [
"in nerves"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} |
573420d9d058e614000b6996 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge... | What does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying? | {
"text": [
"an infectious agent either directly or indirectly"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
573420d9d058e614000b6997 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge... | Many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation? | {
"text": [
"clinical"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
573420d9d058e614000b6998 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge... | How are minor infectious diseases treated? | {
"text": [
"without knowledge of the specific causative agent"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
573420d9d058e614000b6999 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge... | What can be identified given sufficient effort? | {
"text": [
"all known infectious agents"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} |
573420d9d058e614000b699a | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge... | Why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious agent? | {
"text": [
"greatly outweighed by the cost"
],
"answer_start": [
703
]
} |
573421ecd058e614000b69b2 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | How is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated? | {
"text": [
"by medical history and physical examination"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
573421ecd058e614000b69b3 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow? | {
"text": [
"detailed identification"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
573421ecd058e614000b69b4 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining? | {
"text": [
"microscopic features"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
573421ecd058e614000b69b5 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | What can organisms be directly identified by? | {
"text": [
"its genotype"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
573421ecd058e614000b69b6 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | What technique can be used to produce images of internal abnormalities? | {
"text": [
"X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
573422a84776f4190066191d | Infection | Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bact... | What type of culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease? | {
"text": [
"Microbiological"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
573422a84776f4190066191e | Infection | Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bact... | What type of medium is provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture? | {
"text": [
"growth"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
573422a84776f4190066191f | Infection | Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bact... | What are most pathogenic bacteria easily grown on? | {
"text": [
"nutrient agar"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
573422a84776f41900661920 | Infection | Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bact... | What is it called when a visible mound forms on the surface of a plate? | {
"text": [
"a colony"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
573422a84776f41900661921 | Infection | Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bact... | What is a region of dead cells resulting from viral growth called? | {
"text": [
"a \"plaque\""
],
"answer_start": [
1459
]
} |
573423284776f4190066192d | Infection | In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified usin... | What are live animals required by? | {
"text": [
"some microbes"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
573423284776f4190066192e | Infection | In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified usin... | What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in? | {
"text": [
"animals"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
573423284776f4190066192f | Infection | In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified usin... | What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in? | {
"text": [
"embryonated"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
573423294776f41900661931 | Infection | In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified usin... | What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease? | {
"text": [
"the causative agent"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
573423bed058e614000b69d0 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light mi... | What is microscopy used for? | {
"text": [
"diagnosis of infectious disease"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
573423bed058e614000b69d1 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light mi... | What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point? | {
"text": [
"microscopic examination"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
573423bed058e614000b69d2 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light mi... | What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under? | {
"text": [
"light microscope"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
573423bed058e614000b69d3 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light mi... | When is microscopy exquisitely specific? | {
"text": [
"when used in combination with antibody based techniques."
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
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