id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56de71114396321400ee28fc | Heresy | In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heret... | What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc? | {
"text": [
"The Cathar Crusade"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
56de71114396321400ee28fd | Heresy | In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heret... | What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion? | {
"text": [
"Heresy"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e8 | Heresy | Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Ear... | Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life? | {
"text": [
"Galileo Galilei"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e9 | Heresy | Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Ear... | What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church? | {
"text": [
"the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56de71424396321400ee2901 | Heresy | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings? | {
"text": [
"Pope St. Gregory"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de71424396321400ee2902 | Heresy | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | What were the Jews described as enemies of? | {
"text": [
"Christ"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
56de71424396321400ee2903 | Heresy | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic? | {
"text": [
"Jewish"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
56de71424396321400ee2904 | Heresy | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together? | {
"text": [
"Roman-Christian law"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ee | Heresy | In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deeme... | What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy? | {
"text": [
"Eastern Christianity"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ef | Heresy | In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deeme... | After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy? | {
"text": [
"Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f4 | Heresy | In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (s... | What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy? | {
"text": [
"\"On the Jews and Their Lies\""
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f5 | Heresy | In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (s... | What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer? | {
"text": [
"blasphemous"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f7 | Heresy | In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (s... | What is said to be a special spiritual problem? | {
"text": [
"Jewish circumcision"
],
"answer_start": [
553
]
} |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fc | Heresy | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas... | What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy? | {
"text": [
"European Reformation"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fd | Heresy | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas... | During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy? | {
"text": [
"Henry VIII"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fe | Heresy | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas... | What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England? | {
"text": [
"Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8ff | Heresy | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas... | Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547? | {
"text": [
"Edward VI"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b900 | Heresy | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treas... | In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy? | {
"text": [
"1612"
],
"answer_start": [
1234
]
} |
56de71ee4396321400ee2911 | Heresy | Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ... | During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place? | {
"text": [
"1659, 1660, and 1661"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56de71ee4396321400ee2912 | Heresy | Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ... | Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs? | {
"text": [
"Anglican Puritans"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
56de71ee4396321400ee2913 | Heresy | Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ... | What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place? | {
"text": [
"purer absolute theocracy"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
56de71ee4396321400ee2914 | Heresy | Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ... | What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area? | {
"text": [
"Quaker sect"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
56de71ee4396321400ee2915 | Heresy | Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ... | Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy? | {
"text": [
"Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox"
],
"answer_start": [
729
]
} |
56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b906 | Heresy | The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition. | What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end? | {
"text": [
"1826"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b907 | Heresy | The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition. | Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition? | {
"text": [
"Cayetano Ripoll"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90a | Heresy | Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "... | Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times? | {
"text": [
"Christian"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90b | Heresy | Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "... | Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism? | {
"text": [
"Protestant"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90c | Heresy | Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "... | What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy? | {
"text": [
"Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
56de723e4396321400ee291b | Heresy | Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theo... | What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times? | {
"text": [
"Spanish inquisition"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
56de723e4396321400ee291c | Heresy | Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theo... | Who was the author of the short story "The Theologians"? | {
"text": [
"Jorge Luis Borges"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
56de723e4396321400ee291d | Heresy | Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theo... | What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard? | {
"text": [
"Christian heresy"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56de7251cffd8e1900b4b910 | Heresy | Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians." | What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics? | {
"text": [
"Shia Qizilbash"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56de7251cffd8e1900b4b911 | Heresy | Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians." | What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite? | {
"text": [
"70"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56de725c4396321400ee2921 | Heresy | In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were decl... | What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution? | {
"text": [
"Sharia law"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56de725c4396321400ee2922 | Heresy | In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were decl... | What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran? | {
"text": [
"Salman Rushdie"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
56de7280cffd8e1900b4b914 | Heresy | Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Ju... | What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as? | {
"text": [
"heretical"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
56de7280cffd8e1900b4b915 | Heresy | Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Ju... | What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith? | {
"text": [
"right-wing groups"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
56de7280cffd8e1900b4b917 | Heresy | Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Ju... | Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism? | {
"text": [
"The liberal wing"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
56de728f4396321400ee2925 | Heresy | The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the offi... | What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned? | {
"text": [
"squirreling"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56de728f4396321400ee2926 | Heresy | The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the offi... | What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission? | {
"text": [
"The Religious Technology Center"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
56de739f4396321400ee2929 | Heresy | In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra... | What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary? | {
"text": [
"innovation"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
56de739f4396321400ee292a | Heresy | In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra... | What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as? | {
"text": [
"an abstraction"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
56de739f4396321400ee292c | Heresy | In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra... | Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against? | {
"text": [
"endoheretics"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
56de739f4396321400ee292d | Heresy | In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra... | What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become? | {
"text": [
"orthodoxy"
],
"answer_start": [
696
]
} |
56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92c | Heresy | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e... | What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs? | {
"text": [
"The Dinosaur Heresies"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92d | Heresy | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e... | What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years? | {
"text": [
"the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92e | Heresy | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e... | What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence? | {
"text": [
"Jurassic Park"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92f | Heresy | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e... | What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as? | {
"text": [
"active poses"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b930 | Heresy | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely e... | What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work? | {
"text": [
"endoheretic"
],
"answer_start": [
692
]
} |
56de73eb4396321400ee2933 | Heresy | Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained accept... | What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline? | {
"text": [
"exoheretic"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56de73eb4396321400ee2934 | Heresy | Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained accept... | What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice? | {
"text": [
"scientific journals"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
56de73eb4396321400ee2935 | Heresy | Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained accept... | What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance? | {
"text": [
"extinction event and punctuated equilibrium"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b936 | Heresy | The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy,... | By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on? | {
"text": [
"an established orthodoxy"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b937 | Heresy | The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy,... | What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios? | {
"text": [
"metaphors"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b2 | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil... | In which year was the Warsaw Pact established? | {
"text": [
"1955"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
} |
56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b3 | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil... | Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b4 | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil... | Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact? | {
"text": [
"the Cold War"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
56deff93c65bf219000b3eb7 | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil... | How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"seven"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
56deff93c65bf219000b3eb8 | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the mil... | The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"West Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
56de83744396321400ee29bf | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"NATO"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56de83744396321400ee29c0 | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? | {
"text": [
"Czechoslovakia"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
56de83744396321400ee29c1 | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress? | {
"text": [
"Solidarity"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
56deffef3277331400b4d87d | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? | {
"text": [
"Czechoslovakia"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
56deffef3277331400b4d87e | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? | {
"text": [
"1989"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
56deffef3277331400b4d87f | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"Solidarity"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
56de83e34396321400ee29c6 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance wh... | In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place? | {
"text": [
"Hungary"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56df006ec65bf219000b3ec0 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance wh... | Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"Václav Havel"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
56de848fcffd8e1900b4b9d0 | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Tr... | Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country? | {
"text": [
"the USSR"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
56df00c33277331400b4d88d | Warsaw_Pact | The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Tr... | Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"the USSR"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d8 | Warsaw_Pact | The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the glo... | Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe? | {
"text": [
"socialism and communism"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d9 | Warsaw_Pact | The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the glo... | Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line? | {
"text": [
"Brezhnev"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9da | Warsaw_Pact | The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the glo... | The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy? | {
"text": [
"Western Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
639
]
} |
56df02483277331400b4d8a1 | Warsaw_Pact | Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO... | The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself? | {
"text": [
"West Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56df02483277331400b4d8a2 | Warsaw_Pact | Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO... | Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament? | {
"text": [
"the USSR"
],
"answer_start": [
817
]
} |
56df03473277331400b4d8ab | Warsaw_Pact | The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refus... | Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification? | {
"text": [
"Molotov"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
56df03473277331400b4d8ac | Warsaw_Pact | The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refus... | When was reunification first proposed as an idea? | {
"text": [
"1952"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} |
56df047bc65bf219000b3edf | Warsaw_Pact | One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as "unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective secur... | The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition? | {
"text": [
"the USA"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef3 | Warsaw_Pact | Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO "must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella." He opposed the request to... | Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO? | {
"text": [
"Hastings Ismay"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef4 | Warsaw_Pact | Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO "must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella." He opposed the request to... | To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO? | {
"text": [
"burglar"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
56df0bf73277331400b4d919 | Warsaw_Pact | In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO. | In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States? | {
"text": [
"1954"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56df114cc65bf219000b3f1d | Warsaw_Pact | Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US Department of State... | Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany? | {
"text": [
"France"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
56df11aac65bf219000b3f1f | Warsaw_Pact | On 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive t... | In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO? | {
"text": [
"1954"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
56df11aac65bf219000b3f20 | Warsaw_Pact | On 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive t... | Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member? | {
"text": [
"Norway"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
56df12383277331400b4d93e | Warsaw_Pact | On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries "reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems" established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the ... | In which month of 1955 was this pact declared? | {
"text": [
"May"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
56df12853277331400b4d94f | Warsaw_Pact | One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany. | Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"East Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56df12853277331400b4d950 | Warsaw_Pact | One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany. | What was the name of the East German armed forces? | {
"text": [
"the National People's Army"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
56df12ec3277331400b4d953 | Warsaw_Pact | The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all ... | How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership? | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56df13573277331400b4d957 | Warsaw_Pact | In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops ... | In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"1963"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
56df13573277331400b4d959 | Warsaw_Pact | In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops ... | In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia? | {
"text": [
"1966"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3b | Warsaw_Pact | For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the inte... | What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting? | {
"text": [
"containment"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3c | Warsaw_Pact | For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the inte... | Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues? | {
"text": [
"Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
56df14683277331400b4d95d | Warsaw_Pact | In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens. | In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"1956"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56df14683277331400b4d95f | Warsaw_Pact | In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens. | Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt? | {
"text": [
"Imre Nagy"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56df14d0c65bf219000b3f49 | Warsaw_Pact | The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion. | In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action? | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56df14d0c65bf219000b3f4a | Warsaw_Pact | The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion. | Which country did the Pact conquer? | {
"text": [
"Czechoslovakia"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
56df18663277331400b4d981 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assista... | In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance? | {
"text": [
"Hungary"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
56df18663277331400b4d982 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assista... | In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government? | {
"text": [
"1989"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} |
56df18663277331400b4d983 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assista... | For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist? | {
"text": [
"36"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
56df18c9c65bf219000b3f55 | Warsaw_Pact | On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. | Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO? | {
"text": [
"Albania"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56df18c9c65bf219000b3f56 | Warsaw_Pact | On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. | In which year did Poland join NATO? | {
"text": [
"1999"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
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