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NOnogra 10x10 M Cup
Each number before the rows and above the columns means a block of boxes in that row or column to be shaded.
- Each numerical value corresponds exactly to the length of a block.
- If there are several numbers, their sequence corresponds to the order of the blocks.
- There must be at least one empty (not blacked out) box between two blocks.
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Social Media Guidelines
Social Media 101
What is Social Media?
Social media platforms allow you to share information and create communities through online networks of people. It's a way to have two-way conversations online. Some of the most common types of social media include social networking sites (like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn) and content-sharing platforms (like YouTube, Pinterest, or TikTok).
Where Can I Connect with Girl Scout Volunteers on Social Media?
There are many small groups for Girl Scout service units, troops, and beyond. You can also interact with the council-wide Girl Scout volunteer community on social media.
Girl Scouts of Southern Appalachians Social Media
@GirlScoutCSA
@GirlScoutCSA
@girlscoutcsa
@girlscoutcsa
Volunteer Resources
GSCSA Volunteer Network
@GirlScoutsoftheSouthernAppalachians
Social Media & the Girl Scout Promise and Law
As a Girl Scout, the Girl Scout Promise and Law should guide all your actions—and that's true for when you're using social media, too. While we've included some ideas to keep in mind below, this isn't a comprehensive list. When in doubt, ask yourself, "Is this action in line with the Girl Scout Promise and Law?"
l Be honest and fair. Be transparent about your role as a Girl Scouts of Southern Appalachians volunteer when communicating about Girl Scout-related issues online.
l Be friendly, helpful, considerate and caring. Treat others as you want to be treated. Don't use social media to attack others, including but not limited to volunteers, troop members and member families, and staff.
l Be courageous and strong. Careful monitoring of social media is important in maintaining a welcoming and supportive community. If you see posts, comments, or behavior that concern you, please notify customer care. Don't be afraid to speak up or ask questions.
l Be responsible for what you say and do. Remember that what you post online will be around for a long time (think of it as your online carbon footprint), and nothing is truly private anymore. Use discretion, and if you have questions about whether or not you should post something, ask customer care.
l Respect yourself and others. Please do not publish Girl Scout youth full names online—safety is a top priority! Respect other people's privacy and your own personal boundaries by using discretion when choosing to connect with a fellow volunteer or Girl Scout caretaker. (For service unit or troop Facebook groups, the privacy settings allow you to give access only to those who are involved with the service unit or troop.)
l Respect authority. If your actions on social media—as with any other actions taken as a Girl Scout volunteer—do not support the Girl Scout Promise and Law, Girl Scouts of Southern Appalachains reserves the right to take corrective action.
l Use resources wisely.
l Make the world a better place and be a sister to every Girl Scout. Please keep this in mind regardless of how you are communicating!
As a volunteer, your online presence can reflect positively or negatively on Girl Scouts. It's always recommended to set your personal Facebook profile to "private" (only your Facebook friends can see it), especially if you have Girl Scouts of Southern Appalachians listed as an organization that you volunteer for or represent. Please remember that your Facebook profile picture can always be viewed publicly, so use discretion when choosing how the world sees you.
What If I'm Contacted by the Media or a Public Figure?
If you're contacted by a member of the media or a public figure through a social media site and asked to comment on an issue, please refer them to Gretchen Crawley, Chief Communications Officer, at firstname.lastname@example.org, or at 1-800-474-1912 ext. 1036.
2
Best Practices for Girl Scout Troop & Service Unit Social Media Groups
Many Girl Scout troops and service units set up their own social media groups. Here are some best practices to keep in mind for a positive experience.
Managing Your Group
Before you begin developing a Girl Scout social media account, designate two adults who will be responsible for managing the account—one who is the primary manager, and one who can be a backup. Having multiple managers can help distribute responsibilities, create a positive online space, and prepare contingencies for any technical issues.
Naming Your Group or Profile
It's a good idea to give a descriptive name to your group or profile so viewers can easily identify the troop, service unit, and council. (ex: Girl Scout Troop XXXXX or Girl Scouts of Southern Appalachains Service Unit XXXXX),
Social Media and Privacy
l Names: If you wish to post names on the page, first names are recommended. You should not post any Girl Scout youth's entire name.
l Addresses: Do not identify personal addresses of any Girl Scout. However, you can list the address of event locations.
l Contact Information: It's a good idea to create a generic email address (like email@example.com), instead of using contact information that's related to a specific person.
l Photos: Safety needs to be the top priority, so don't post photos without permission.
l As part of purchasing membership, most signed Girl Scout Membership Forms include permission for photos to be used for Girl Scout purposes—if in doubt, ask the Girl Scout's caretaker. If you have a photo that includes non-Girl Scouts, they can fill out an Photo Release Consent Form.
Posting Content
Anything you post on your group or profile may reflect on Girl Scouts. Ask yourself, "What information would be appropriate for a stranger to see on my page?"
Make sure that the youth members and adults in your Girl Scout troop or service unit who may be contributing content realize that this is a Girl Scout page, not a personal page. Please be particularly careful about inappropriate references to race, religion, age, sex, national origin, sexual orientation, marital status, learning disability, physical or mental disability, or political affiliation—they have no place on a Girl Scout page.
3
Youth and Social Media
Girl Scouts can fill out the Internet Safety Pledge, and you can use your group or page as a great way to discuss online safety with them. We strongly encourage you to talk with your Girl Scouts about issues of privacy and educate them about not sharing personal information, photos, contact information, etc. with strangers online. Parents/guardians must review and approve a girl's website or social media content before it goes live.
l For girls under 13 years old, a parent or guardian must manage the girl's website or social media posts and be responsible for all content, communication, and information posted.
l Parents/guardians must review and approve any pictures and videos before they are posted to a girl's website or social media page. If the girl is under 13 years old, a parent or guardian must personally post the pictures and videos to the girl's website themselves—girls under 13 are not permitted to do this.
Advertising and Product Sales
Girl Scouts may use the Internet to share their fall and cookie program sale links, stories, and learnings with the following guidelines:
l The Girl Scout Cookie Program and Fall Product Sale are youth-led programs and online marketing and sales effort should always be led by a Girl Scout while also being supervised by their guardian.
l If a Girl Scout is engaging in digital marketing and sales activity beyond friends and family, they should continue to adhere to all Safety Activity Checkpoints, available through GSUSA.
l Girl Scouts engaging in online sales and marketing must review and apply the Digital Marketing Tips for Cookie Entrepreneurs and Their Families, available through GSUSA.
Guidelines are reviewed annually, please refer to the latest product program materials and email your questions to firstname.lastname@example.org.
Social Media Bullying or Other Incidents
If any Girl Scout member's actions on social media—as with any other kind of actions taken as a Girl Scout—do not support the Girl Scout Promise and Law, Girl Scouts of Southern Appalachians reserves the right to take corrective action.
If you have any concerns at all—about a specific post, person, or conversation—please contact customer care immediately. We are here to help make sure that all Girl Scouts have a safe and supportive online environment!
More Questions?
If you have any other questions, please get in touch by calling 1-800-474-1912 or emailing us at email@example.com.
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ALTERING THE PROPERTIES OF COLOR USING WATERCOLOR PAINT:
When you are using an opaque painting medium, such as oil or acrylic, you usually alter the properties of a color by mixing it with another color. This is also done when using watercolor, however the painting surface itself also plays a role in altering the color in a different way than opaque mediums. Generally speaking you will use the white of the paper to work with adjustment to the values of color. By adding more or less water to your color, you allow the light valued paper to show through creating your value. This can be seen in the examples below where the darker value is to the right. As you move to the left, more paper can been seen showing through altering the value. This is not to suggest that values are not created when two colors are mixed, but ultimately the paper still plays a role in the final value. This is why it is important to test your mixtures on a scrap sheet of watercolor paper when you are working on a painting. Keep in mind that watercolor paint tends dry a little lighter than it looks when it is wet. Once you have created several color charts and swatches you will begin to be able to judge the values of your mixtures more accurately.
One other issue that many texts on watercolor fail to address about working with a transparent medium is how the intensity of a color changes when the white paper shows through. In the examples below, you can see that the right end appears much more intense than the left end, which is more transparent. | a629ed83-555b-446e-a2ea-6decfef2a3e3 | CC-MAIN-2024-46 | https://tomsclassnotes.com/assets/altering-watercolor.pdf | 2024-11-06T10:45:18+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-46/segments/1730477027928.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20241106100950-20241106130950-00379.warc.gz | 531,423,353 | 313 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.99962 | eng_Latn | 0.99962 | [
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MILK ON THE MOOOVE
FROM FARM TO YOU
STUDENT WORKSHEET
1 FROM THE FARM
HOW ARE COWS CARED FOR ON THE FARM?
• Dairy farmers provide their cows with safe, clean living conditions.
• Each cow is provided with a healthy diet and medical care.
HOW MUCH DOES A COW EAT AND DRINK EACH DAY?
• Cows eat more than 100 pounds of food and drink at least 50 gallons of water each day.
HOW MUCH MILK DOES A COW MAKE EACH DAY?
• A cow can produce anywhere from 7 to 9 gallons of milk per day. That’s 128 glasses of milk!
2 TO THE DAIRY PROCESSOR
HOW DOES MILK STAY CLEAN AND SAFE?
• Milk is never touched by human hands.
• All milk is tested before leaving the dairy farm, at the dairy processor, and again before it goes to your school or home.
HOW IS FLAVORED MILK MADE?
• Flavored syrups are added to pure, fresh milk.
• Flavored milk contains the same vitamins and minerals as white milk.
HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FROM THE TIME MILK LEAVES THE FARM UNTIL IT REACHES THE STORE?
• It takes 2 days or less for milk to travel from the farm, to the dairy processor and finally to you to enjoy!
3 TO YOU
WHAT FOODS ARE MADE FROM MILK?
• Yogurt
• Cheese
• Ice cream
• Many other nutrient-rich foods
HOW MANY SERVINGS OF DAIRY SHOULD CHILDREN EAT EACH DAY?
• Three servings for children 9 and older.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR CHILDREN TO DRINK MILK?
• Milk contains 9 essential vitamins and minerals to help build strong bones and teeth.
To view the video or for additional materials, visit thedairyalliance.com
WHY IS MILK IMPORTANT?
MILK CONTAINS 9 IMPORTANT VITAMINS AND MINERALS AND THE PROTEIN YOU NEED EVERY DAY:
- **CALCIUM**: helps build strong bones and teeth.
- **POTASSIUM**: helps keep your heart healthy by steady blood flow.
- **PHOSPHORUS**: helps strengthen bones and generates energy in the body’s cells.
- **PROTEIN**: builds and repairs muscle tissue after exercise.
- **VITAMIN D**: helps your bones absorb calcium so they can be strong.
- **RIBOFLAVIN**: also known as vitamin B2, helps convert food to energy.
- **VITAMIN A**: helps your eyes and skin stay healthy and prevents you from getting sick.
- **NIACIN**: helps your body process sugars and fatty acids.
- **VITAMIN B12**: helps build your red blood cells so they can carry oxygen from the lungs to working muscles.
INCREDIBLE DAIRY FACTS
- An average cow produces 100 glasses of milk a day.
- All dairy cows are females.
- Cows chew at least 50 times per minute.
- Cows can detect smells up to 6 miles away.
- Americans eat the equivalent of 10 acres of pizza a day.
- Mozzarella is the most commonly-used cheese in restaurants.
- Vanilla is America’s favorite ice cream flavor.
- A cow weighs about 1,400 pounds. That’s the same as a small car!
- A Holstein cow’s spots are like a fingerprint or snowflake. No two cows have exactly the same spots.
IT TAKES:
- 1 lb. of milk to make 1 lb. of yogurt.
- 12 lbs. of milk to make 1 lb. of ice cream.
- 10 lbs. of milk to make 1 lb. of cheese.
MOO-VELOUS COW JOKES!
What game do cows play at parties? **MOUSICAL CHAIRS!**
What do you call a cow in an earthquake? **A MILKSHAKE!**
What do you call a grumpy cow? **MOO-DY!**
Where do baby cows eat? **IN THE CALF-ATERIA!**
What did the bored cow say when she got up in the morning? “**IT’S JUST AN UDDER DAY!”**
Circle the items made from **MILK**
Can you name 6 foods made from milk?
(Hint: foods made from dairy, like pizza.)
1. _______________________
2. _______________________
3. _______________________
4. _______________________
5. _______________________
6. _______________________
DAIRY CHALLENGE
THE DAIRY ALLIANCE
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Stormwater begins as water that falls to the ground from a rain or snow shower. When the falling water reaches a grassy or natural area it is soaked into the soil, but when it reaches a solid surface where it cannot be soaked up, such as a rooftop or a street, it continues to flow along until it eventually reaches a stream or lake. This water flowing along the ground picks up pollutants that it comes into contact with, and carries those pollutants into our streams and lakes. This dirty or polluted runoff is called stormwater runoff.
How do we keep stormwater runoff out of our streams and lakes? Activities and systems that control the amount of stormwater and how clean it is are called stormwater control measures. One example of a stormwater control measure is a landscape feature called a constructed wetland. A constructed wetland is built lower than ground level so that runoff flows into it, and it is full of plants and grasses. When the runoff flows into the wetland, the pollutants are filtered out by the plants and soil. The cleaner runoff flows out of the wetland to the stormwater drainage system or directly into a stream or lake. The constructed wetland can also be a tool to teach people about how to clean polluted stormwater runoff.
Today, new construction projects are required to manage stormwater by building stormwater control measures. However, some older developments do not have measures in place to clean up stormwater runoff. These older areas can often be a good candidate for building
Example 1—The City recently restored a portion of Ellerbe Creek in Durham’s Northgate Park to improve the health of the stream and improve fish habitat.
a new stormwater control measure. Building a new stormwater control measure in an already developed area is a type of stormwater control measure retrofit.
Retrofits are used to clean up stormwater runoff from existing developments like neighborhoods, businesses, streets, parking lots, and rooftops that do not have other measures in place. The goals of putting in a retrofit are to slow down and lower the amount of runoff, and clean it up before it enters streams and lakes. Polluted streams and lakes cause problems with the natural ecosystem, our drinking water supply, and recreational uses such as fishing and swimming.
It is important to pick a stormwater retrofit that works for the location. For example, if there is not enough space for a large wetland, a smaller rain garden may be used.
**Examples of stormwater retrofitting:**
- Replacing pavement with another material or a natural area that will absorb runoff
- Planting street trees with filters along sidewalks
- Directing roof gutter downspouts to flow into grassy or natural areas instead of onto pavement
- Changing a dry pond into a constructed wetland to better clean up stormwater runoff
- Replacing paved drainage ditches with vegetated ditches
- Constructing rain gardens in low areas of yards and open space
- Restoring a stream to improve its health (SEE EXAMPLE 1 PREVIOUS PAGE)
- Installing a green roof (SEE PHOTOS IN EXAMPLE 2 ABOVE)
**more information**
For more stormwater information, please contact:
City of Durham Department of Public Works
Stormwater Services
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Healthy Walking Tips
Choose proper footgear.
Invest in a good pair of walking shoes—treat your feet well!
Stretch before and after walking to prevent injury.
Ease into and out of the stretch and hold for a count of ten.
Exercise smart.
Set appropriate and realistic goals. Pace yourself, and increase your exercise program gradually. Drink fluids on hot days to avoid dehydration or heat exhaustion. Bringing water with you can be a great idea.
Wear layered clothing.
Loose-fitting and durable, weather resistant clothes are best.
Carry a few essentials.
A fanny pack with identification and “pocket change” along with a few first aid essentials work great.
Protect yourself from the sun.
Wear sunglasses, hat and sunscreen.
The Benefits of Dog Walking
Walking with your dog strengthens the bond between you and your pet, and it is also the healthy thing to do. Dogs, like people, benefit from exercise to help control weight and to maintain a healthy heart, lungs and muscles. Aging pets must be kept as agile and fit as possible but may not be inclined to exercise without encouragement. Even if your pet is active in your yard, it is more active during a walk. The pleasure of your company is one of your dog’s greatest motivations to exercise. In addition to exercise, dogs also need social interaction, positive attention from its owner, and mental stimulation. Many of these needs can be met by simply taking your dog for a walk.
Here are other important tips:
• Walk your dog on a secure leash.
• Be sure to pick up after your pet.
• During warm weather carry water for your pet.
• Identification is a MUST. Every dog should wear their license tag for identification and safety.
• Pause when your dog needs a rest.
For more information about pet visit the animal controls website at www.metrokc.gov/pets
Safety Tips
Be visible!
At dusk, dawn and/or night, wear reflectorized clothing for visibility. During the day, wear bright, light clothing.
Be careful.
Always look both ways before crossing the street. When crossing, wait for a safe gap in traffic and make eye contact with the driver of any approaching vehicle.
Make sure drivers see you.
Don’t dart out or suddenly enter the street. If you are emerging from behind a parked car or other obstacle, slowly step out and make sure you are visible. If there are no sidewalks, walk facing traffic.
Be alert.
Be aware of all traffic, particularly vehicles making a “right on red.”
Walk with a friend.
Walking with someone is safer than walking on your own. Encourage a friend or family member to join you.
This walking map of the Juanita neighborhood is provided to you by the City of Kirkland and the North and South Juanita Neighborhood Associations in cooperation with Public Health – Seattle & King County. We want to remind you that physical activity is one of the best ways to prevent disease, and walking is one of the easiest ways to get started and stay healthy.
Walking also helps build community. A simple wave as you walk by your neighbors working in the yard helps strengthen community connections. Walking, instead of driving, also reduces traffic congestion and pollution.
It is our hope that this map of neighborhood parks and walking routes will inspire you and give you new ideas of places to walk. We would also like to thank the North and South Juanita Neighborhood Associations for their support of this map. For more information about the City of Kirkland’s services and programs please visit our website at www.ci.kirkland.wa.us. For more information on health services or healthy living please visit the Public Health website at www.metrokc.gov/health.
Larry Springer,
Mayor
City of Kirkland
Dr. Alonzo Plough,
Director and Health Officer
Public Health-Seattle & King County
Route Descriptions
This map depicts paths that are low to moderate in difficulty. Not all are ADA accessible. Walkers assume risk for their own safety when walking the routes indicated on this map. The descriptions below should give you an idea of difficulty and potential obstacles.
The Red Route
This route is 2 miles long and takes approximately one hour to walk. This route includes lots of ups and downs and trail connections. You’ll stroll through residential neighborhoods and right by the North Kirkland Community Center. At this time, there is no trail connection on the south side of Juanita High School. The city is coordinating with neighboring property owners to determine interest in this connection.
The Yellow Route
This route is 1.3 miles long and takes approximately 40 minutes to walk. It passes by McAuliffe Park, which is a nice rest stop or exploration point. The streets are residential in character, with some hilly sections. Sidewalks are available along the whole route.
The Orange Route
This route is 3 miles long and takes approximately 90 minutes to walk. Enjoy the scenery and breathtaking views from Juanita Beach Park and then grab a coffee or bite to eat at Juanita Village. The rest of the walk takes you through nearby residential neighborhoods. This walk is almost exclusively along sidewalks, except for a short stretch on 94th Avenue NE that includes some walking on the shoulder.
The Green Route
This route is 1 mile long and takes approximately 30 minutes to walk. It’s a steep up and down with two sets of stairs. It takes through a mix of residential and commercial neighborhoods. Stroll through The Enclave, a residential community to an interesting territorial viewpoint. Then proceed down the stairs to a walking loop nestled within the office development. Here there are good connections to nearby shopping.
The Purple Route
This route is 2.25 miles long and takes approximately one hour. It includes uphill and downhill segments and a portion of unpaved trail. This route connects to the AG Bell trail connector. It goes up a paved, lighted path behind Juanita Bay Club, through wetlands, through residential neighborhoods and along a lovely, unpaved trail on the NE 108th Street right of way. This loop connects to Crestwoods Park via a stairway at the south end of 108th Avenue NE.
The Blue Connectors
These connections link the walking loops. While these connections are mostly along sidewalks or paved trails, they do include some unpaved trails near the A.G. Bell School.
Legend
Juanita Neighborhood Walking Loops
- The Red Route
- Proposed Loop
- The Orange Route
- Proposed Loop
- The Yellow Loop
- The Green Loop
- The Purple Loop
- Blue Connector
- Proposed Connection
- Uphill Slope
- Stairs
- Viewpoint
- Low Traffic Street
- High Traffic Street
- Interstate
- Railroad
- City of Kirkland Limits
- Park or Open Space
- School
- Lake
- Commercial and Business Districts
- Unincorporated King County
Produced by the City of Kirkland
© 2012, the City of Kirkland, all rights reserved.
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As one of the elective subjects at the senior secondary level, Technology and Living (TL) provides a progression of challenging experiences for students who wish to build on their knowledge base through in-depth study of the learning elements and concepts relating to food or clothing. Students have the option of selecting either Food Science and Technology strand or Fashion, Clothing and Textiles strand as their area of study.
Eddie LI
Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Scheme in Fashion and Textiles –The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
I graduated from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) with a major in Fashion Design. I took HKDSE Technology and Living (TL) (Fashion, Clothing and Textiles strand) in secondary school because I love clothes. I would like to know more about the production process of garments, design elements and different characteristics of textiles. I also took Visual Arts to complement TL because it can improve my aesthetic sense.
The textile knowledge and skills that I had learnt from TL was useful for my study in Fashion Design at the university. It helped me gain a deeper understanding of topics in my further study at the university.
During my study of TL in secondary school, I had more observations on garments such as the function of polyester for outdoor coats and how wool keeps the body warm. I could easily connect my observations to the knowledge I had learnt from TL lessons. These thinking processes sparked my interest in fashion, so I decided to apply for the fashion design course offered by PolyU without hesitation.
The TL course I studied in secondary school provided me basic knowledge about garments. It helps me have a better understanding of the clothes that I am wearing every day.
I would suggest students who are interested in fashion design to take HKDSE TL because designing a garment is not only about drawing pictures on paper. A designer should have vast knowledge on textile materials, pattern cutting, sewing techniques and most importantly, research and study skills. TL course allows students to know the process of how to design a garment, as well as how to present the idea and realise the idea. The real design process is beyond most people’s imagination. Learning the basic knowledge and skills from TL in secondary school can provide students opportunities to think and explore carefully whether fashion design is suitable for them or not. As a designer, we have to spend loads of time carrying out research for inspiration and new ideas, conducting many experiments for finding suitable textile materials and cutting patterns for various shapes. These are not easy processes.
I would like to pursue a master’s degree in fashion design, but before that, getting real-world work experience in the fashion industry is very important. Starting from working as an assistant fashion designer at the moment provides me a valuable opportunity to know more about ready-to-wear garment production, which is totally different from just making my own collection.
My Fashion Collection
My Line for Final Year Project
Several months have passed since I took the HKDSE TL (Fashion, Clothing and Textiles strand) examination. Now looking back, choosing TL as one of the electives at senior secondary was undoubtedly one of the best decisions of my life. Being fortunate enough to be able to continue my studies in the field of fashion in university, taking TL was definitely an important step in preparing myself for my future career.
It has been my dream since I was eight to pursue my studies and a career in fashion - that was why I was extremely thrilled when I found out my school (St. Catharine’s School for Girls) offered TL as an elective subject, it was like a dream come true. It later occurred to me that the subject had further heightened my passion for fashion and turned my aspiration into reality of pursuing a fashion-related degree at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. If it weren’t for all the TL lessons, never would I have been able to develop a design portfolio that showcased my fashion design sketches and actual garments for university interview. I still remember clearly the feeling of pure joy when I finished making my first garment. Not only was the choice to study TL that I would not regret, but it was also one for which I would eternally be grateful.
TL at both junior and senior secondary levels provided me with a wide range of knowledge and experience that allowed me to get a better glimpse of the fashion industry as well as many different aspects of our society. I was able to acquire the fundamental knowledge and skills that are essential in the industry, such as garment construction techniques, the basic understanding of textiles and consumer behavior. I also learnt about fashion history and how cultural or political factors can influence fashion trends, which granted me a well-rounded perspective of the global fashion scene. TL was my most favourite subject in school as there were plenty of different activities in the lessons to further develop and challenge myself, including experiments and creating sketches.
My passion and interest in the subject played a big part in making studying so much easier as well as helping me achieve a 5** in the HKDSE TL. There is no shortcut to success - not to say that my results were a huge success; but I found studying TL enjoyable, which I think was a major factor contributing to my examination results. During the three years of study in S4-6, I applied the knowledge and skills acquired in class into my daily life. With the constant excitement to explore and learn more about fashion and textiles, I would often study different fabrics, care labels and the construction of different garments whenever I had the chance, such as when ironing my clothes and scavenging through the racks of clothing stores, that helped consolidate what I had learnt in class.
I am glad that I chose to study TL, I couldn’t be any prouder of myself for making such an informed decision. I am looking forward to having more new experiences in my first year at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University to pursue my dreams and develop my potential to the fullest. If you are just as enthusiastic as me about fashion, I would like to recommend you take TL as an elective subject to discover your true passion and potential in fashion. Are you ready to take the step that would bring you closer to realising your dream?
Hi everyone! I have been studying the Food Science and Technology strand of Technology and Living (TL) as one of my senior secondary electives since Secondary Four and had taken 2018 HKDSE TL.
I remember when I was in Secondary Three, I struggled with frustration choosing either TL or other more popular and traditionally preferred subjects such as Chemistry and Biology. At that time, I had a misconception that studying science subjects would give me a competitive edge to university or workforce. However, I love reading cookbooks for pleasure and have always been fascinated by cooking and the food science behind it from an early age, so I genuinely have a strong interest in studying TL in the hope of knowing more about food science and the underlying scientific principles. At the end, I chose to seek advice from my teachers and parents at times of subject choice making, and they encouraged me to follow my interest and passion. Therefore, TL became one of my electives.
I learned a lot over the course of three years through in-depth study of TL in the senior secondary years. The foundation knowledge and skills gained during the three years of studying TL at the junior secondary level had certainly given me an edge. TL has helped me to develop problem solving skills and an understanding of the subject matter on nutrition and health-related issues that influence the well-being of and quality of life for individuals, families, communities, and the environment. For instance, I always give advice to my family and friends on how to follow a healthy and nutritious diet and balanced lifestyle that help maintain well-being. Moreover, a wide variety of interesting activities were organised by our school regularly to promote the study of TL, such as cooking competitions, cooking interest clubs, health talks and exhibitions about food safety and balanced diet, etc. These events further aroused my interest in TL and deepened my TL knowledge.
Many people are under the false impression that studying TL will not have a bright future as it is a relatively less popular subject. But the truth is many different degree programmes and jobs are favourable to TL students in the fields such as nutrition, food safety, food technology, product development etc. TL suits both the practical and academically minded students. It is not only an interesting subject, but also practical and closely related to our daily lives that will benefit us for life.
Suzanne YU
Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Food Safety and Technology – The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Studying the Food Science and Technology strand of Technology and Living (TL) in my senior secondary school life has been a great stepping stone to prepare for my further study and explore more on my potential and interest. Since Secondary One, I have already had immense interest in food, cooking and nutrition. Through different theory lessons and practical experiences in TL in the junior and secondary school years, I have progressively become more knowledgeable in nutrition, thus arousing my interest to continue my study in nutrition at university.
The three years of study of TL at the senior secondary level had equipped me with a solid foundation in the area of some basic knowledge in nutrition such as the function of each micro- and macro-nutrient, and the effect of different pesticides and additives to food. I am now a final year student (4th year) of BSc (Hons) majoring in Food Safety and Technology at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, studying about food related inspection methods and systems, food storage method and food safety management.
Last summer, I went to Shenzhen for summer internship. I worked in a government authority handling inspection of imported and exported food. It was a totally different experience compared to working in Hong Kong. With all specific terms translated to Chinese, I was frustrated at first that I totally did not understand the meaning and Chinese name of each inspection machine. However, it has truly
broadened my horizon that I was surprised by the large scale and the professionalism of the inspection industry in the Mainland. The valuable experiences have developed my knowledge, skills, values and attitudes for this industry.
Along with gaining the knowledge and skills academically, studying TL also has a great impact on my daily life. I have had gained considerable theoretical knowledge in TL to check the food labels, ingredient lists and dietary claims for making more informed decisions about healthier food choices for myself and my family. It also helped raise my awareness of the myths, misconceptions and inaccuracies about health, diet and nutrition claims spread through social media, blogs and forums, which I will share the true facts with my family.
Upon graduation of my undergraduate degree, I would like to pursue my interest by entering the food industry to be a Quality Assurance manager to manage quality and safety standards of food products by conducting regular food inspection and audit. Moreover, my second goal is to study abroad on nutrition and aim at being a nutritionist to help people achieve optimal health and improve their quality of life by providing professional advice about health and food choices. Thus, I believe studying TL was a good start which laid a solid foundation for my further study and future career. Living in the technologically advanced era, food choices and food manufacturing have been a great concern to modern society. Also, obesity has become a great risk in the society with junk food available everywhere. Thus, performing food inspection to ensure food safety for consumption and food nutrition to focus on a healthy diet has become an undoubtedly important aspect in the society.
To my fellow students, I would recommend all of you to follow your dreams, be determined and never give up your goal even if you have a minor setback in life. All roads lead to Rome.
If interested, please browse the ETV production of Technology and Living:
Paving the Way for Professional Careers
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What is child sexual abuse?
A person sexually abuses a child when he or she exposes the child to sexual acts or behavior. Child sexual abuse can involve (Finkelhor, Hammer, & Sedlak, 2008):
- Sex acts that involve penetration
- Touching the child's breasts or genitals
- Making a child touch the perpetrator's breasts or genitals
- Voyeurism (that is, when a perpetrator looks at a child's naked body)
- Exhibitionism (that is, when a perpetrator shows a child his or her naked body)
In addition, other forms of child sexual abuse may include the following:
- Showing a child pornography or using a child in the production of pornography (Putnam, 2003).
- Child sexual exploitation, such as trafficking or child prostitution
- Internet-based child sexual abuse, such as creating, depicting, and/or distributing sexual images of children online; or stalking, grooming, and/or engaging in sexually explicit behaviors with children online
Children who have been sexually abused may also experience verbal, emotional, or physical abuse (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby, & Kracke, 2009). Perpetrators may use force or, more commonly, manipulation (e.g., threatening to harm a child's family or pets, telling the child that no one will believe him or her) to abuse a child and keep him or her from telling others. Child sexual abuse is a crime and an abuse of trust, power, and authority that may contribute to serious short- and long-term problems for the child.
Who are the victims of child sexual abuse?
Gender: Both boys and girls are vulnerable to child sexual abuse. Research has shown that girls are abused three times more often than boys, whereas boys are more likely to die or be seriously injured by their abuse (Sedlak & Broadhurst, 1996).
Age: Children of all ages, from birth to age 17, may be sexually abused. In a recent survey, adolescents ages 14 to 17 were by far the most likely to be sexually victimized; nearly one in six adolescents (16.3 percent) was sexually victimized in the past year, and more than one in four (27.3 percent) had been sexually victimized during their lifetimes (Finkelhor et al., 2009).
Who are the perpetrators of child sexual abuse?
Gender: Based on law enforcement reports, 96 percent of people who sexually abuses a child were male (Snyder, 2000).
Age: Most perpetrators are adults. Law enforcement reports showed, 76.8 percent of those who perpetrated sexual assaults were adults; 23.2 percent were juvenile people who sexually abuse children with 19.5 percent of perpetrators between the age of 12-17 (Snyder, 2000).
Relationship to the child: Children are most often sexually abused by people with whom they are acquainted. Family members were the perpetrators of 34 percent of law enforcement reports against juveniles (Snyder, 2000).
How common is child sexual abuse?
• In a year, about one in 12 children are sexually abused (Finkelhor, Ormrod, Turner, & Hamby, 2005).
• Overall, 6.1 percent of all children surveyed had been sexually victimized in the past year and nearly one in 10 (9.8 percent) over their lifetimes (Finkelhor et al., 2009).
• About one in three girls and one in seven boys will be sexually abused before the age of 17 (Briere & Elliott, 2003).
What are the warning signs that a child may be sexually abused?
• Evidence shows that child sexual abuse is not always obvious and many children do not report that they have been abused (Finkelhor et al., 2008). Many children are embarrassed or feel guilty. Some fear the consequences of a disclosure and the ramifications it will have on the family and the people who sexually abuse children. Children often love and trust the people who sexually abuse them, creating further barriers and complications in coming forward. They may feel confused because of the ways in which their bodies may have reacted to the abuse. Victims may also have a fear that there is something wrong with them or that they caused the abuse.
A child may show any or none of the following warning signs if he or she is being abused (Jensen, 2005):
• Bodily signs (e.g., bed-wetting, stomachaches, headaches, sore genitals).
• Emotional signs (e.g., fear, sadness, mood changes, acting out, refusing to be left alone with certain people).
• Sexual signs (e.g., inappropriate sexual behavior with objects or other children).
• Verbal signs (e.g., voicing knowledge about sexuality that is not age- or developmentally appropriate).
These indicators may be cause for further attention and concern on the part of parents, caregivers, teachers, and others involved in children’s lives.
Risk factors for the perpetration of child sexual abuse
Over the past 20 years, researchers have identified six categories of risk factors for the perpetration of child sexual abuse. These categories include (Whitaker et al., 2008):
1. Family risk factors (history of abuse, poor family functioning including more harsh discipline, and poor family attachment/bonding)
2. Externalizing behaviors (aggression/violence, anger/hostility, substance abuse, non-violent criminality, paranoia/mistrust)
3. Internalizing behaviors (history of mental illness, anxiety and low self-esteem)
4. Social deficits (low social skills, loneliness, difficulties with intimate relationships)
5. Sexual problems (deviant sexual interest)
6. Cognitions/attitudes tolerant of adult child sex and minimizing the perpetrator’s culpability
People who sexually abuse children demonstrated substantial differences from non-offenders in all six categories.
**How can I reduce the risk of children being abused?**
**Strategies for parents and concerned community members**
- Develop positive, open communication with children: talk to them about their day, friends, feelings, concerns, etc. When they talk to you, listen and be supportive.
- Model and teach about healthy relationships. Help children to create and express boundaries about being touched.
- Teach children about healthy sexual development.
- Teach children that secrets about touching and being touched are not safe secrets to keep.
- Help children to identify adults they trust whom they can confide in.
- Monitor children’s internet use. Talk to them about the dangers of internet predators.
- If a child or adolescent exhibits inappropriate sexual behavior, talk with a professional to assess the need for help.
- Support child abuse prevention programs in schools and other community settings.
- Educate yourself about child sexual abuse. Share what you learn with other adults.
- If you suspect a child is being abused, contact the police or your local child protective services agency, the ChildHelp National Child Abuse Hotline, at 1-800-4-A-CHILD (1-800-422-4453) or local sexual violence program.
**Resources**
Child Welfare Information Gateway: http://www.childwelfare.gov
Stop It Now!: http://www.stopitnow.org
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children: http://www.missingkids.com
National Sexual Violence Resource Center: http://www.nsvrc.org
The Hero Project – A Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape project: http://www.hero-project.org
References
Briere, J., & Elliott, D. M. (2003). Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in general population. *Child Abuse & Neglect*, 27, 1205-1222. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.008
Finkelhor, D., Hammer, H., & Sedlak, A. J. (2008). *Sexually assaulted children: National estimates and characteristics* (NCJ 214383). National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children, 7, 1-12. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/214383.pdf
Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. L. (2005). The victimization of children and youth: A comprehensive, national survey. *Child Maltreatment*, 10, 5-25. doi:10.1177/10775590504271287
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Ormrod, R., Hamby, S., & Kracke, K. (2009). *Children's exposure to violence: A comprehensive national survey* (NCJ 227744). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Retrieved from Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227744.pdf
Jenson, T. K. (2005). The interpretation of signs of child sexual abuse. *Culture & Psychology*, 11, 469-498. doi:10.1177/1354067X05058588
Putnam, F. W. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. *Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry*, 42, 269-278. doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00006
Sedlak, A. J., & Broadhurst, D. D. (1996). *Executive summary of the third national incidence study of child abuse and neglect*. Washington, DC: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children & Families: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/statsinfo/nis3.cfm
Snyder, H. N. (2000). *Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement: Victim, incident and offender characteristics* (NCJ 182990). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Retrieved from Bureau of Justice Statistics: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/saycrle.pdf
Whitaker, D. J., Le, B., Hanson, K., Baker, C. K., McMahon, P. M., Ryan, G., Klein, A., & Rice, D. D. (2008). Risk factors for the perpetration of child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis. *Child Abuse & Neglect*, 32, 529-548. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.08.005
This overview was compiled by Emily Dworkin, with contributions from Hallie Martyniuk, and is part of a *Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Information Packet*. Contact the National Sexual Violence Resource Center for more information: http://www.nsvrc.org or 877-739-3895.
This project was supported by Cooperative Agreement #5VF1CE001751-02 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. © National Sexual Violence Resource Center 2011. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:e33a44a5-c547-4e99-ad76-c82f6aba61ac> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/Publications_NSVRC_Overview_Child-sexual-abuse-prevention.pdf | 2018-12-10T19:58:03Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823442.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210191406-20181210212906-00004.warc.gz | 435,310,915 | 2,343 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.927304 | eng_Latn | 0.991478 | [
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LOCAL POLICIES, CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOREST MANAGEMENT IN PERI-URBAN FORESTS: A NECESSARY INTEGRATION
Executive summary for the media
April 2021
The project LIFE MixForChange
We have increasingly more forest that is more dense
The wooded forest area in Catalonia in 2015 occupied 49% of the total (1.6 million hectares). From 1970 until now, the forest area has grown by 36%. Furthermore, due to the low utilization rate (28% of the annual volume increase in Catalonia and 17% in Spain as a whole if Galicia is not included), the amount of wood accumulated in Catalan forests has doubled between 1990 (80 Mm³) and 2015 (151 Mm³). We can conclude that we have more forest than ever and at the same time it is more abandoned than ever. Insufficient application of sustainable forest management leads to increased vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, especially fires, drought, pests and diseases.
What are peri-urban forests?
Peri-urban forests are forests located in the immediate surroundings of a city or town, they are considered forest land and share space or limits with facilities, industrial zones, urbanizations and residual agriculture zones. They are forests where forest and urban characteristics are mixed, and are of great importance at the social, recreational and ecological levels. The particularities of these forests make it necessary to consider criteria and management objectives that are different from those of forests in rural conditions.
The objective of this guide is to explain to the public the characteristics, interests and threats of peri-urban forests in the context of climate change as well as the importance of sustainable forest management and adaptation criteria necessary to face these threats.
Peri-urban forests improve quality of life and promote the bioeconomy
Peri-urban forests improve the environment and quality of life of the surrounding cities and towns by providing ecosystem services, that is, improvements that society receives due to the functioning of ecosystems. All forests provide ecosystem services. The particularity of peri-urban forests is their proximity to the population, which increases the demand for these services.
Municipalities must promote healthy and balanced peri-urban forests to guarantee their citizens quality ecosystem services.
Forests play a key role in the development of the bioeconomy, because they generate a large variety of renewable biological resources (wood, cork, wood chips, pine nuts, game and livestock meat...) generate jobs and host leisure and educational activities.
Climate change and forest management
The effects of climate change on forest systems are highly variable depending on the geographical area. In the Mediterranean region, the main impacts, which affect and can cause each other, are droughts, forest fires and pests and diseases.
Today’s forests are the result of millennia of interaction with societies that have used them with multiple and sometimes simultaneous demands: provision of wood, firewood, charcoal, pine nuts, aromatic and medicinal plants, hunting, recreation, landscape, opening of spaces for agricultural, livestock, mining or urban use. Therefore, the characteristics of any current forest, from its species composition and age structure to the infrastructures that we can find (tracks, terraces, remains of charcoal bunkers) are the result of this interaction, which has varied in type and intensity throughout history.
The entire area, whether urban, agricultural or forest, belongs to someone. In Spain and Catalonia, the forest area is mostly privately owned (73% in both cases). Therefore, when we are in a forest we must bear in mind that the trees, mushrooms and paths belong to someone and therefore we must use them respectfully. Similarly, the forest owner has a legitimate right to manage and use their forest in accordance with current regulations, guaranteeing its sustainability.
Sustainable and multifunctional forest management is a concept that emphasizes the need to consider the maximum number of ecosystem services that a forest generates. Forest management cannot optimize the generation of all ecosystem services across the entire area simultaneously. Trees grow continuously, so periodic interventions must be made to avoid situations of excessive density and its associated problems of mortality and fire risk. Silviculture is the science that defines the most suitable type and intensity of interventions in each case. Silviculture is planned with a Forest Management Instrument (FMI).
Adaptation to climate change and the EU
The European Green Deal is a strategy aimed at transforming the EU into an equitable and prosperous society, with a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy, with no net greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and where economic growth is decoupled from the use of resources. This Deal establishes an action plan to promote the efficient use of resources based on a clean and circular economy, and to restore biodiversity and reduce pollution. To achieve the EU's climate and energy targets, it is essential to make investments in sustainable projects and activities.
In 2021, the new European Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change was defined with three priorities: integrating adaptation into macro-fiscal policy, adopting nature-based adaptation solutions and carrying out local adaptation actions.
Another key measure is the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy, which brings together thousands of local and regional authorities with a voluntary commitment to implement the EU climate and energy objectives in their territories, including reducing CO₂ emissions by 40%, increasing renewable energy by 27% and increasing efficiency by 27% by 2030. The adhered local entities commit to these objectives of mitigation and adaptation to climate change through the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans (SECAP). Local authorities can analyse their risks and vulnerability to forest fires, droughts and loss of biodiversity.
| Service type | Basis | Examples |
|--------------|-------|----------|
| Support | Basic processes for the rest of the services | Biodiversity, soil formation, photosynthesis, water and nutrient cycles, ecological connectivity |
| Provision | Renewable, biological, raw materials or goods | Wood for furniture, construction and energy; mushrooms, game meat, medicinal plants, cork, pine nuts, fresh water, among others. |
| Regulation | To help reduce impacts | Climate regulation, soil protection (avoid erosion and landslides), filter of pollutants and noise, protection against floods, carbon fixation |
| Socio-cultural | Aesthetics, leisure and culture | Landscape, leisure activities, sport, tourism, environmental education |
The role of the local administration in promoting forest adaptation to climate change
The local municipal administration has a large knowledge of the territory it manages and of the actors in it. In addition, it has direct access to citizens and can effectively determine their demands and thus define the direction that the town wants to take on the economic, ecological and social levels. Thus, it plays a key role as a catalyst in actions for promoting the application of forest management that is adaptive to climate change, environmentally and economically sustainable, and that guarantees the vitality of the forest and the generation of ecosystem services.
Local administrations can promote a wide variety of measures in this line, defined and implemented in a coordinated manner and following a development plan with an associated calendar and budget. Among the main measures, detailed in the guide, are those to promote the sustainability of the forest (promote sustainable and multifunctional management, planning and forest management or extensive livestock); interaction with other actors, financial support, communication and also training, dissemination and awareness activities.
Changes in the peri-urban landscape. The area surrounding Gavà (Barcelona) in 1956 (above) and 2020 (below). A large part of the old farmland has become homes, industrial areas or forests. In 1956 the fields separated the forests from the houses, but now they are intimately mixed. Source: ICGC.
The complete document can be consulted at: http://www.mixforchange.eu/en/publications/
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COMMON CORE BASICS
Building Essential Test Readiness Skills for High School Equivalency Exams
READING
Contents
To the Student v
Pretest 1
Pretest Answer Key 9
Pretest Evaluation Chart 10
UNIT 1 INFORMATIONAL TEXTS
CHAPTER 1 Functional Texts 12
1.1 Memos and Forms 14
1.2 How-To and Instructions 22
1.3 Websites 30
1.4 Workplace Documents 38
1.5 Graphic Documents 48
1.6 Reference Texts 58
1.7 Comparing Texts in Different Media 68
Chapter 1 Review and Check Your Understanding 78
Chapter 1 Essay Writing Practice 82
CHAPTER 2 Expository Texts 84
2.1 Textbooks and Other Educational Materials 86
2.2 Magazine and Newspaper Articles 94
2.3 Technical Texts 102
Chapter 2 Review and Check Your Understanding 108
Chapter 2 Essay Writing Practice 112
CHAPTER 3 Persuasive Texts 114
3.1 Ads 116
3.2 Editorials 124
3.3 Blogs 132
3.4 Reviews and Commentaries 140
Chapter 3 Review and Check Your Understanding 148
Chapter 3 Essay Writing Practice 152
UNIT 2
LITERARY TEXTS
CHAPTER 4 Literary Nonfiction 154
4.1 Nonfiction Prose 156
4.2 Biography 164
4.3 Autobiography 172
Chapter 4 Review and Check Your Understanding 180
Chapter 4 Essay Writing Practice 184
CHAPTER 5 Fiction 186
5.1 Plot and Setting 188
5.2 Character 198
5.3 Point of View 206
5.4 Literal and Figurative Language 214
5.5 Theme 220
5.6 Text Structure 232
Chapter 5 Review and Check Your Understanding 242
Chapter 5 Essay Writing Practice 246
Posttest 248
Posttest Answer Key 261
Posttest Evaluation Chart 263
Answer Key 264
Glossary 297
Index 306
Acknowledgments 315
Common Core Basics: Building Essential Test Readiness Skills, Reading will help you learn or strengthen the skills you need when you take any Common Core State Standards–aligned reading test. To answer some questions, you will need to focus on nonfiction documents such as instructions, memos, ads, editorials, magazines, and blogs. To answer other questions, you will need to concentrate on elements of fiction and of nonfiction prose such as biography.
Before beginning the lessons in this book, take the Pretest. This test will help you identify which skill areas you need to concentrate on most. Use the chart at the end of the Pretest to pinpoint the types of questions you have answered incorrectly and to determine in which skills you need to work on. You may decide to concentrate on specific areas of study or to work through the entire book. It is highly recommended that you do work through the whole book to build a strong foundation in the core areas in which you will be tested.
Common Core Basics: Building Essential Test Readiness Skills, Reading is divided into five chapters:
- **Chapter 1: Functional Texts** introduces you to memos, forms, workplace documents, instructions, websites, graphic documents, and reference texts.
- **Chapter 2: Expository Texts** shows you the features of textbooks, newspaper and magazine articles, and technical texts.
- **Chapter 3: Persuasive Texts** teaches you about the language used in ads, editorials, blogs, and reviews—all designed to change your opinion about an issue.
- **Chapter 4: Literary Nonfiction** provides practice reading nonfiction prose, biographies, and autobiographies.
- **Chapter 5: Fiction** describes the elements of fiction—plot, setting, characters, point of view, literal and figurative language, theme, and text structure.
In addition, *Common Core Basics: Building Essential Test Readiness Skills, Reading* has a number of features designed to familiarize you with standardized tests and to prepare you for test taking.
- The **Chapter Opener** provides an overview of the chapter content and a goal-setting activity.
- **Lesson Objectives** state what you will be able to accomplish after completing the lesson.
- **Vocabulary** critical for understanding lesson content is listed at the start of every lesson. All boldfaced words in the text can be found in the Glossary.
- The **Key Concept** summarizes the content that is the focus of the lesson.
• In the lessons, Core Skills and Reading Skill are emphasized with direct instruction and practice in the context of the lesson. The Core Skills align to the Common Core State Standards.
• In the lessons, the special features 21st Century Skills, Technology Connections, Workplace Connections, and Research It will help you activate high-level thinking skills by using real-word application of these skills.
• Think about Reading questions check your understanding of the content throughout the lesson.
• Write to Learn activities provide you with a purpose for practicing your writing skills.
• End-of-lesson Vocabulary Review checks your understanding of important lesson vocabulary, while the Skill Review checks your understanding of the content and skills presented in the lesson.
• Skill Practice and Writing Practice exercises appear at the end of every lesson to help you apply your learning of content and skill fundamentals.
• The end-of-chapter Review and Essay Writing Practice test your understanding of the chapter content and provide an opportunity to strengthen your writing skills.
• Check Your Understanding charts allow you to check your knowledge of the skills you have practiced.
• The Answer Key explains the answers for the questions in the book.
• The Glossary and Index contain lists of key terms found throughout the book and make it easy to review important skills and concepts.
After you have worked through the book, take the Posttest to see how well you have learned the skills presented in this book.
Good luck with your studies! Keep in mind that knowing how to read and analyze various types of reading materials is a skill worth learning.
KEY CONCEPT: Workplace documents are written papers (print or digital) used in offices, factories, and other places where people work. They include instructions or forms.
At your job, you may have read and written many e-mails. Have you ever read job applications or instructions for how to do something? In the workplace, these types of documents are very common. It is important to understand the purpose of documents such as employee handbooks and agendas.
Workplace Documents
People encounter workplace documents almost daily, whether they are employed in a government office, a store, a factory, or a school. Documents such as e-mails, employee handbooks (which explain company rules), agendas (which tell what will be discussed at meetings), and safety guidelines provide information needed on the job. The design, or appearance, of the documents should help the reader understand the information that is presented.
Some workplace documents are listed here. They fall into two groups: documents you might encounter on a daily basis and documents providing specific information about your job or your workplace.
| Everyday Communication | Specific Workplace Documents |
|------------------------|-----------------------------|
| E-mail | Job announcement |
| Memo | Job description |
| Business letter | Job performance review form |
| Meeting agenda | Self-assessment form |
| Request form | Employee handbook |
| | Safety guidelines |
It is important to identify, or recognize, the purpose of a workplace document and the audience it was written for.
Why was the document written? (What is its purpose?)
Who is supposed to read it? (Who is the audience?)
Once you know a document’s purpose and audience, it is helpful to identify the structure of the document. In other words, how is information organized? Recognizing the structure of the document makes it easier to find the information you need. Bullet points, numbered steps, section heads, and charts or tables are commonly used to organize information in workplace documents.
DETERMINE AUTHOR’S PURPOSE
An author’s purpose for writing a text varies, or changes, depending on what is being communicated. Authors generally write to entertain, to inform or teach, or to persuade or convince their readers.
It is important to figure out the purpose of any workplace document you read. Ask yourself: Who wrote the document? What information does it contain? What does the author want me to do after reading the document?
Directions: As you read each document, identify the author’s purpose for writing the document.
To: Marketing team
From: Fernando Torres
Subject: Model IP300 product launch meeting
Marketing team,
Good morning! I just want to remind everyone about today’s meeting. Let’s gather at 2:00 in the conference room on the third floor. Please bring some fresh ideas for the upcoming launch of our new Model IP300!
Fernando Torres
Director, New Product Development
Marketing Meeting Agenda
Here is the agenda for today’s 2:00 meeting.
1. Team Update: Shelly (10 min)
2. Results of Online Survey: Jermaine (10 min)
3. Introduction of IP300 New Product Launch: Fernando (20 min)
4. Brainstorming Session: all team members (30 min)
5. Discussion of Next Steps: Fernando (10 min)
Fernando Torres
Director, New Product Development
In a notebook, answer the following questions about each document. Who is the author? What is the author’s purpose for writing? Who is the audience? What does the author want the audience to do after reading the document? Compare and contrast the documents. How are they similar? How are they different?
TECHNOLOGY CONNECTION
Online Workplace Documents
Workplace documents are increasingly available online or in digital form. In some cases, paper documents are being replaced by digital alternatives, or substitutes. Because e-mail is faster and more convenient than typing and mailing business letters, e-mail has replaced most typewritten letters.
Employers can e-mail their workers interactive documents, such as questionnaires. Employees read, fill out, and return these forms without ever handling a piece of paper.
In your notebook, compare and contrast reading text on paper with reading text on a computer screen. How are the experiences different? How are they similar? Explain why the workplace is more likely to use online documents than paper documents.
**CONERENCE ROOM RESERVATION REQUEST**
*This form must be submitted at least 3 business days before the event date.*
### General Information
| Department | Event Date(s) |
|------------|---------------|
| Contact person | Start Time |
| E-mail | End Time |
| Phone | Estimated Attendance |
| Fax | Equipment Required |
| Title of Event |
### Event Type
- Please check the word(s) that best describe your event.
- [ ] Meeting
- [ ] Lecture
- [ ] Film/Movie
- [ ] Seminar
- [ ] Webinar (online presentation)
- [ ] Breakfast
- [ ] Reception
- [ ] Lunch
- [ ] Dinner
---
**THINKING ABOUT READING**
**Directions:** What is the purpose of the Conference Room Reservation Request document? How will using this document make work easier for company employees? Answer these questions in the space provided.
---
**Reading Skill**
Determine Author's Purpose
The form on this page is a common type of workplace document. Think about the author’s purpose for creating this form. The form requests information from its reader. Other forms that require you to fill in information include W-4 forms for payroll tax deductions and application forms for health insurance.
Many of these forms are available online. Often they are designed to be completed and returned through the Internet or by e-mail.
Compare and contrast online forms with the same forms printed on paper. Is one version more convenient than the other?
In a notebook, write about a time you filled in a form on paper. Do you think you could have provided the same information by using an online form? Why or why not? How is completing a paper form similar to and different from completing an online form?
Directions: As you read this document, identify the author, audience, and purpose in the workplace. Doing this will help you answer the questions that follow.
From: Carolyn Smith <firstname.lastname@example.org>
To: Brian Yamamoto <email@example.com>
Cc:
Subject: Board of Directors Meeting
2:42 p.m.
Brian,
Happy Monday! I hope you had a nice weekend.
We need to start thinking about next week’s meeting with the Board of Directors. I’d like to schedule time today or tomorrow to sit down and talk about your presentation. We can brainstorm to come up with some ideas. Maybe we’ll think of something amazing!
Do you think we’ll need a computer for the meeting? Do you want to project anything on screen? Will you show a video? If so, we’ll have to request the equipment so it’s set up on time.
On an unrelated note, did you remember to complete your timesheet for last week? I need to approve it by the end of the day.
Thanks!
Carolyn
Carolyn Smith
Director, Resources
ABC Corporation
123 Main St., New York, NY
THINK ABOUT READING
Directions: Answer these questions about the e-mail from Carolyn Smith to Brian Yamamoto.
1. What is the purpose of this e-mail?
A. A supervisor wants to ask about an employee’s weekend.
B. A supervisor is checking with an employee about an upcoming meeting.
C. An employee is checking with a supervisor about an upcoming meeting.
D. An employee is asking a supervisor a question about his time sheet.
2. What is the purpose of the questions that Carolyn asks in the third paragraph?
A. to remind Brian to fill out his time sheet
B. to find a time to set up a meeting
C. to convince Brian to include visual media
D. to help Brian plan ahead and prepare for the meeting
3. Which of the following best describes this workplace document?
A. everyday oral communication
B. official report of a workplace event
C. everyday written communication
D. technical document
4. Which details in the document identify the author? What is the author’s relationship to the audience?
Vocabulary Review
Directions: Match each vocabulary word with its definition.
1. _______ agenda
2. _______ alternative
3. _______ design
4. _______ document
5. _______ employee handbook
6. _______ identify
7. _______ structure
A. text that explains a company’s rules and workers’ benefits
B. to recognize something
C. list of subjects for discussion
D. the look or appearance of an item
E. a text or piece of writing
F. the form and organization of a text
G. a replacement of one thing for another
ABC Company Safety and Health Policy
The purpose of this policy is to develop the highest possible standard of safety in all operations of ABC Company. Our management gives top priority to the prevention of occupational injury or illness.
It is our intention here at ABC Company to initiate and maintain comprehensive accident-prevention and safety-training programs. Employees are responsible for their health and safety and for the health and safety of their coworkers. By accepting mutual responsibility to operate safely, each of us contributes to the well-being of all employees.
Sincerely,
Shaundra Wright
CEO
ABC Company
ABC Company Safety Program Outline
Safety Orientation: All new employees will be given a safety orientation, or introduction, so they will be familiar with our safety rules and accident-prevention program.
All employees must follow these basic safety rules:
• Never do anything that is unsafe. If a task is unsafe, report it to your supervisor. We will find a safer way to do that job.
• Do not remove or disable any safety device.
• Never operate equipment until you have been trained and authorized to use that equipment.
• Use your personal protective equipment when required.
• Obey all safety warning signs.
• Working under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs or using them at work is prohibited.
• Neither firearms nor explosives are allowed on company property.
• Running and fighting are prohibited.
• Clean up spills immediately. Replace all tools and supplies after use.
• If you are injured or become ill on the job, report this to your supervisor immediately.
• All supervisors must have first-aid training.
Skill Review (continued)
1. What is the purpose of the first document? Who is the intended audience?
2. Compare and contrast the two workplace documents. How are they similar? How are they different?
3. Summarize each of the two documents. State the main points simply and clearly.
4. How does the structure of each document help the audience understand the information presented?
Department of Public Safety Recruitment Announcement
Recruitment for State Training Center
Classification Personnel Clerk (contractual, no benefits)
Salary $13.50 per hour
Closing Date Open until filled
Position Duties This position will provide support to the Human Resources Department. The employee will perform a variety of clerical tasks to assist the department in efficiently providing human resources services for all employees.
Education Graduation from an accredited high school or possession of a high school equivalency certificate
Experience One year of general clerical or administrative support
Special Qualifications Must have computer experience, including use of Microsoft Office, and must possess the following skills:
- Knowledge of business English, including accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation
- Knowledge of standard office procedures and use of equipment
- Ability to understand and interpret, or explain, personnel policies and rules
- Ability to prepare and maintain personnel records
- Ability to follow departmental procedures
- Ability to maintain confidentiality for all personnel-related activities
- Ability to communicate and maintain effective working relationships with employees, management, public officials, and the general public
Skill Practice (continued)
1. Which of the following words are evidence that this job requires a certain level of schooling?
A. “The employee will perform a variety of clerical tasks”
B. “Graduation from an accredited high school”
C. “One year of general clerical or administrative support”
D. “Ability to maintain confidentiality”
2. What is the purpose of this document?
A. to describe workplace duties to an employee
B. to announce new responsibilities to employees
C. to search for a new employee
D. to inform employees about changing roles and expectations
3. According to the document, which of the following skills is required for this job?
A. advanced computer expertise
B. public speaking
C. a second language
D. organizational skills
4. Who is the intended audience of this document?
A. current employees of the Department of Public Safety
B. current supervisors for the Department of Public Safety
C. a future employee of the Department of Public Safety
D. a future supervisor for the Department of Public Safety
Writing Practice
Directions: Choose a workplace document from the lesson or another workplace document you are familiar with. Write a summary of the document. Then write a paragraph in which you state the author’s purpose for writing the document and explain what the audience is supposed to do after reading the document.
Common Core Basics helps build the foundational skills necessary to succeed on high school equivalency exams and beyond. Common Core Basics includes Core Subject Modules in five areas:
READING | WRITING | MATHEMATICS | SCIENCE | SOCIAL STUDIES
Each Core Subject Module builds key skills, strategies, and content knowledge critical for Common Core-based high school equivalency exam success with
- Key CCSS concepts and objectives explicitly taught and reinforced
- Guidance for supporting higher order reasoning and thinking skills
- 21st Century skill instruction tied to workplace and real-life tasks
- Vocabulary instruction on Tier 2, Tier 3, and key test-taking words
- Constructed and extended response practice (Reading, Writing, and Social Studies)
- Inquiry-based learning opportunities (Math and Science)
- End-of-lesson and chapter assessments
ALSO AVAILABLE
PowerUP! Getting Started with Computers and Keyboarding
This online program develops basic computer and keyboarding skills needed for online test taking, college classes, and the 21st Century workplace. With PowerUP!, students learn
- Basic computer navigation skills
- Digital essay writing skills and practice
- Computer-based testing skills and practice
- Typing mastery
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Creating Defensible Space to Help Survive a Wildfire Ember Storm
During an ember storm, flying embers can ignite anything combustible in their path, including your home and anything near it, such as plants or patio furniture. Defensible homes should have nothing ignitable within the first 5 feet, and reduced fuels out to 100 feet or the property line (whichever is closer).
Creating and maintaining defensible space around a house—while hardening the home against wind- or heat-driven embers, flames, and heat—will increase the likelihood that it survives a wildfire. Defensible space also helps firefighters be safer while protecting property.
If a home is difficult to find, is surrounded by dense vegetation, or doesn’t provide enough safe space for firefighters to work, it may be too dangerous to attempt to save.
This brochure is a guide to help you create your defensible space and find additional information and resources.
Embers are responsible for most damage during wildfires. They can accumulate on your home, deck, or porch and ignite plants, mulch, leaves, fencing, or furniture. They can also be forced into gaps in the home (e.g. attic vents or an open or broken window) and burn the home from the inside out. When this happens, there can be little damage to the surrounding vegetation, leaving people puzzled as to what caused the home to burn.
Embers cause the majority of wildfire home ignitions.
THREE WAYS YOUR HOME CAN BE EXPOSED TO FIRE
**EMBER STORM**
Embers are small pieces of burning material that can travel more than a mile ahead of a wildfire. They can create spot fires when they land on combustible materials, such as leaves in your gutter or plants under your windows.
**RADIANT HEAT**
Radiant heat generated from burning structures or plants can be hot enough to ignite a house without direct flame contact. This is particularly challenging in densely populated areas, where the heat from one burning home can ignite the next.
**DIRECT FLAME**
Depending on time and exposure, direct flame contact can ignite your home. The forward front of a wildfire is often not hot enough to ignite a house, but plants under windows ignited by embers or direct flame can break glass, allowing fire to enter the house.
Home and Property
We’ve learned from recent fires. Hardening your home and keeping the 5 feet closest to your house clear of flammable materials greatly improves the chance of surviving a fire.
Maintaining defensible space is the law within 100 feet of a home in wildfire-prone areas, and highly recommended elsewhere. If a garage, shed, your neighbor’s house, or the property line is closer than 100 feet, it is especially important to “harden” the home itself to reduce vulnerability to radiant heat, and to work together with your neighbors to reduce risk—a great way to build community while protecting assets.
See the California Fire Safe Council, Home Hardening brochure for more information on structure protection.
Ladder Fuels and Fuel Continuity
Fire needs fuel to burn. A fuel ladder occurs when grass or other surface fuel carries flames into shrubs or small trees and then the fire climbs into larger trees—a continuous vertical line of fuel. Surface and ladder fuel is almost always necessary to sustain fire in upper tree branches. Defensible space breaks up the continuity of fuel both horizontally and vertically, to interrupt the spread of fire to your home.
Example of a fuel ladder
Continuous vegetation reaches into upper tree branches, providing a “ladder” for the fire to climb.
Helpful Resources
The California Fire Safe Council (CFSC) helps coordinate a strong network of partnerships with local, regional, state, and national organizations in order to help California residents acquire the education, resources, and tools they need to be better prepared for wildfire.
Defensible Space is the law in wildfire-prone areas. Contact CAL FIRE or your local fire department for specific defensible space information and local ordinances.
ReadyForWildfire.org/Defensible-Space
Contact your local Fire Safe Council to get involved.
FireSafeCouncil.org
Sign up for CAL FIRE Alerts:
ReadyForWildfire.org/Ready-for-Wildfire-App
Look for an emergency alert system in your county.
ALWAYS CALL 911 FOR EMERGENCIES
This publication is made possible through a grant from the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region Cooperative Fire Program. The California Fire Safe Council is an equal opportunity provider.
HOMES SURVIVE WILDFIRE THROUGH A COMBINATION OF THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
1) Awareness and management of combustible materials on the property, especially within the first 5 feet of the home.
2) Incorporation of fire- and ember-resistant construction materials, installation details, and maintenance.
3) Careful landscape selection, placement, and maintenance.
For best practices to protect your home and other structures, see the California Fire Safe Council, Hardened Homes brochure.
Defensible Space is the law in wildfire-prone areas. These condensed recommendations address legal requirements and best practices for preparing and protecting your property.
For more information contact CAL FIRE or your local fire department.
ZONE 0
0 feet – 5 feet from buildings, decks, and other structures
The goal is to avoid home ignition from blowing embers.
- Use noncombustible materials such as rock, stone pavers, cement, bare earth, gravel, or sand.
- Remove all plants and shrubs near windows.
- Remove leaves and needles from your roof and rain gutters.
- Clear vegetation and items that could catch fire from around and under decks.
- Remove dead branches that overhang or touch your roof. Keep branches 10 feet away from your chimney.
- Remove all leaves, needles, or other debris that fall in this zone.
ZONE 1
5 feet – 30 feet from buildings, decks, and other structures
The goal is to reduce heat and movement of flame.
- Remove all dead plants, grass, and weeds.
- Actively prune live shrubs.
- Relocate woodpiles outside of this zone.
- Avoid extensive use of mulch, which can convey fire to the house.
- Limit fallen leaves, needles, twigs, bark, cones, and small branches to a depth of 2 inches.
- Move all gas and propane tanks outside of this zone.
ENTIRE PROPERTY
5 feet – 100 feet from buildings, decks, and other structures, or to the property line
Create islands of vegetation with horizontal spacing between shrubs and trees.
Create vertical spacing between grass, shrubs, and trees.
Choose low-growing, irrigated, non-woody plants such as vegetables, succulents, erosion-control grasses, flowers, or lawn to create landscaping in this zone.
Mow or remove dead or dried vegetation.
Trim trees regularly to maintain a minimum of 10 feet of clearance between branches of adjoining trees or shrubs.
Mow any grass to a maximum height of 4 inches.
To protect water quality, maintain vegetation near waterways; do not clear to bare soil. Vegetation removal can cause soil erosion that damages streams, especially on steep slopes. Remove dead trees and shrubs, leaving the roots in place, if practical.
Break up dense shrub cover on slopes by creating small islands of pruned shrubs staggered horizontally.
Prior to evacuation, pull patio furniture, play sets, and gas BBQ tanks as far as possible from any structure, and bring cushions inside.
LANDSCAPING TIPS
Proper Placement Makes A Difference
Remember, any plant can burn under the right conditions. For all plants, maintenance is key.
When choosing species to plant in your 5- to 30-foot defensible space zone, look for plants with these characteristics:
- Able to store water in leaves and stems.
- Produce limited dead and fine material.
- Maintain high moisture content with limited watering.
- Low-growing or open form.
- Open loose branches with a low volume of total vegetation.
- Low levels of volatile oils or resins.
- Slow growing with little maintenance needed.
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Disasters don’t have to decimate a community. Recovery and rebuilding can catalyze positive change in a community, increasing sustainability, adding housing, creating new opportunity zones for business, and altering land use patterns.
But these decisions are not easy when a community is hurting and wants to go home. Pre-disaster visioning can position rebuilding as a process for expediting long-term goals while meeting the immediate needs of disaster victims, accelerating the community beyond its pre-disaster state.
**OPPORTUNITY AREAS**
**Sustainability and Resilience** – As homes and buildings are rebuilt, opportunities exist to add new sustainability and resilience features such as energy efficiency, renewable energy and hazard mitigation. These features go above and beyond current codes. This requires pre-disaster planning, ensuring that new codes are adopted quickly, before rebuilding starts, and guidance is developed to help homeowners navigate a new regulatory landscape.
**Housing and Development** – Natural disasters may present opportunities to reconsider where housing and development occur, and to accelerate the production of new housing or other community assets. However, this requires special policy tools such as buyout programs, redevelopment districts and having plans already in place.
**Community Building** – Disasters can tear apart communities or become an opportunity to strengthen them. After a disaster, leaders have the opportunity to create inclusive, locally-led movements that acknowledge residents’ traumatic experiences while allowing them to optimistically envision their future.
**RESOURCES**
**COUNTY OF SONOMA**
Following the October, 2017 wildfires, the County established the Office of Recovery and Resiliency to develop a plan to help the community recover from the fires while improving capacity to respond to future disasters.
[https://sonomacounty.ca.gov/Office-of-Recovery-and-Resiliency/](https://sonomacounty.ca.gov/Office-of-Recovery-and-Resiliency/)
**RECOVERY TOOLKIT FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS (ABAG, 2016)**
Local, state, and national best practices for preparing for disaster recovery.
[http://resilience.abag.ca.gov/resilience/toolkit/](http://resilience.abag.ca.gov/resilience/toolkit/)
**NATIONAL DISASTER RECOVERY FRAMEWORK (FEMA, 2016)**
National model for recovery planning that cities can do before a disaster.
[https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1466014998123-4bec8550930f774269e0c5968b120ba2/National_Disaster_Recovery_Framework2nd.pdf](https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1466014998123-4bec8550930f774269e0c5968b120ba2/National_Disaster_Recovery_Framework2nd.pdf)
Coordinating how cities and counties alert and evacuate residents in a disaster is critical to saving lives.
Jurisdictions can do a better job getting alert and evacuation protocols in place, and residents can empower themselves through programs like Community Emergency Response Teams.
Building strong and connected communities before a disaster hits can prevent the next disaster from becoming the next tragedy.
**FIRE HAZARD SEVERITY**
in State Responsibility Areas
- Very High (LRA)
- Very High (SRA)
- High (SRA)
- Moderate (SRA)
Map Sources: Cal Fire (2007) and Cal Fire (2008)
---
**ALERT AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS**
**Wireless Emergency Alert (WEA)** – Similar to Amber Alerts, WEA enables government officials to send geographically-targeted, text-like alert messages. Wireless companies must volunteer to participate in WEA.
**Reverse 911** – Reverse 911 allows government agencies to notify users within a defined geographic area via voice, email or text. Users must have an address associated with a phone number; for this reason, cell phone users must register and provide an address to receive alerts.
**SoCo Alert** – Similar to Reverse 911, SoCo Alert sends notifications via phone call, text, or email during an emergency. This system is specific to Sonoma County. Users must register with their address to receive alerts.
**Nixle** – Nixle is a free alert system that many cities use to send notifications from public safety departments to residents via phone, email and web. Users must sign up to receive alerts.
**Nextdoor** – Nextdoor is an online community that creates a private social network within a neighborhood or community. Neighborhoods can sign up on their own, or public agencies can use Nextdoor as a community engagement platform. Nextdoor is free for public agencies. Users must sign up to participate in the community.
---
**ADDITIONAL RESOURCES**
**SENATE BILL 833 – EMERGENCY ALERTS (Senators McGuire, Dodd, and Hill, 2018)**
Proposed legislation provides state-wide standardization for emergency alerts.
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB833
**BAY AREA UASI MASS NOTIFICATION RESOURCES**
Read about best practices for reaching communities in a disaster.
http://bayareauasi.org/massnotificationseminar
**COMMUNITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAMS**
Find or start a Community Emergency Response Team in your community.
http://resilience.abag.ca.gov/preparedness/cert/
**FAMILY EMERGENCY PLANNING GUIDE**
Make a plan to help your family respond to disaster.
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UrbanLinks 2 Landscape
Situation Report: Kristianstad
- The Region
- Policies
- Stakeholders
- Good Practice
Background
Kristianstad is a medium-sized city in the south of Sweden with 90,000 inhabitants in the municipality and around 40,000 in the city. The city was founded on an island in a vast wetland by the river Helge å in 1614 by the Danish king Kristian IV. In 1658 it became part of Sweden and early developed into an important military and residence city with the regional authorities for the province. In the 1860s the northern bay of the lake Hammarsjön was walled and drained and the city could expand on the old lake bottom. The lowest place in Sweden is situated in this area, 2.7 meter under sea level at the lowest point. The wetlands have made the city expand along four “arms” on higher ground. The risk of flooding from both the river and from the sea (0.5 meter below the lake Hammarsjön) is the main threat to the area. Walls have already been established on the east side of the city and new walls are planned to be built to protect the city on the west side from flooding as a safety measure.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the economic growth in Sweden made the city expand rapidly and the wetlands were seen as a problem. The wetlands were drained and the main waste dump was located in the wetlands close to the city center. In the 1980s and ‘90s with the rising concern of the environment, the view of the wetlands changed from “water sick” to “water rich”, in other words, from an issue to a resource, and the work to create the “water kingdom” started. In conjunction with this, several nature reserves were created to protect the birdlife and sensitive ecosystems in the area. In 2005, Kristianstad Water Kingdom was designed as a UNESCO Man and biosphere reserve, the first modern MAB reserve in Sweden. Half the municipality is part of the reserve and the city Kristianstad is situated in the middle.
Today the main economy in Kristianstad is the food industry, tourism, and public institutions. The university was founded in 1997 the same year the last military institution closed. Krinova is an incubator and a science park that works as a meeting space for companies, people and ideas. They have a close cooperation with Kristianstad municipality in several projects.
Kristianstads role in the UL2L project
The urban planning in Sweden is regulated by the Planning and Building Law (PBL). The law gives municipalities’ immense influence on the planning process which also is called the municipality planning monopoly. The regional planning has a low profile in Sweden and the state only interferes in the local planning when it comes to national interests, inter-municipal issues, risks, or security.
All Swedish municipalities are including planning of green structure in the comprehensive plans. Some municipalities have also presented a special green plan, among them Kristianstad. The green plan shows how the green and blue structure should develop in a sustainable way and what important measures are needed to reach the goals for a sustainable development. The green structure is one of the three main structures handled in the comprehensive planning together with infrastructure and building structure. The green plan includes the issues of climate mitigation, health, and urban farming together with other ecosystem services which are targeted in the UL2L project. This local plan will be ratified in the spring of 2019.
In the UL2L project, Kristianstad will mainly focus on developing a regional strategy, handling the planning issues connected to the comprehensive planning and the planning and building law. The regional strategy will target the comprehensive plan for the city that will be updated during 2019 and will also create a guide for sustainable planning to address all municipalities in Sweden. The strategy will also include indicators for sustainability and how to monitor progress in the work for sustainability connected to physical planning. This work will be done by staff at the municipality in close cooperation with the stakeholder group. The new comprehensive plan for Kristianstad City will be presented during spring 2019 and finally decided in spring 2020.
Kristianstad will host the second international workshop in spring 2019 with a focus on the theme planning. The workshop will have an international section the first day, giving a broader perspective of sustainable planning and the second day a local focus on Kristianstad with excursions to interesting sites in and around the city connected to the discussed issues. The third day will consist of an excursion to the stakeholders in Lund and Movium to see good examples in the southwest of the province.
During the project, Kristianstad will also conduct one study with two topics. One topic will handle compensations of negative effects on ecosystem services and one on the business models in public spaces. External expertise will be contracted to
conduct the studies and the results will present ways to integrate and develop these two topics in municipalities.
Projects manager in Kristianstad is Per Blomberg, email@example.com with Kajsa Aldman firstname.lastname@example.org as assisting coordinator. Finance manager is Mona Sjöberg email@example.com with Adam Berner firstname.lastname@example.org as assisting finance manager.
A project group with representatives from the different departments in the municipality will support the project and implementation of the results. The political steering group for the comprehensive planning in the municipality will be the steering group for the UL2L project as well. This gives the project the highest political and administrative attention. For the international steering group, the municipality will be represented by the chairperson and the vice chairperson in the planning and building board.
The working group in Kristianstad has representatives from the Planning and Building department, the Environmental Department, the Technical department, The Man and Biosphere office and the Municipal management office. The political representatives are also involved with the chairman of the Planning and Building board as chairman in the stakeholder group and participant in the international steering group. With the broad knowledge base in the working group and with the inclusion of the political representation, the group has a great opportunity to include many different perspectives in the project.
**The stakeholder group**
The stakeholder group has a wide representation with the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (Boverket) as the most important stakeholder. Them, together with the regional association of the municipality (Kommunförbundet Skåne), the center of sustainable urban development (Movium), the Kristianstad incubator and science park (Krinova) and the two municipalities Lund and Linköping create the stakeholder group. The stakeholder group will meet every semester, providing and exchanging knowledge from the whole country, and spread the results from the project.
**Boverket**
The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning, Boverket, is a central government authority assorted under the Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation. They review developments within the fields of housing, building and planning. Boverket gathers relevant facts and statistics in Sweden and
internationally to describe, understand, forecast and make policy suggestions. They undertake evaluations and impact assessments of policy initiatives at national and regional levels. Boverket supervises town and country planning in Sweden from legislative, procedural and architectural perspectives. Development of sustainable regions and communities as well as the quality of life is always in focus in various parts of the work. Examples are infrastructure and transport, the importance of the urban environment and social issues, and the development of the planning process and its instruments. The circulation of best practice is an important part of our work.
**Kommunförbundet Skåne**
The Regional Association of the municipalities (Kommunförbundet Skåne) is the association that cares for the interests of the municipalities in the province. The headquarter is situated in Lund and they arrange seminars, networks and other activities to support the municipalities.
**Movium**
Movium is a think tank at the Agricultural University for sustainable urban development. Movium arranges meetings, conferences, research cooperation and influences the public debate about sustainable urban development.
**Krinova**
Krinova is an incubator and Science park in Kristianstad, close to the University campus, working with and supporting 200 companies in the city. The profile is food, environment and health which are all focus areas in UL2L. Krinova will give the project important input on innovation and how to use public areas for business models.
**Lund municipality**
Lund municipality is one of the oldest cities in Sweden, founded in the 10th century and today has 110 000 inhabitants. The university is the biggest in Scandinavia with more than 35 000 students and attracts a lot of companies and startups in high tech. The city has a high profile in environmental and green issues and has previously been working in the Hybrid parks project.
**Linköping municipality**
Linköping is one of Sweden’s fastest growing cities. The population is now 157 000 inhabitants which makes it Sweden’s fifth largest city. The highly ranked university is situated next to the Science Park Mjärdevi and holds more than 27 000 students. The city is represented by the city gardener Liselotte Johansson and her colleagues
at the City Environmental office. Linköping has previous been working in the Hybrid Parks project.
**Urban Links 2 Landscape in Sweden (good examples)**
Mainly good examples from Kristianstad are presented in this section but good examples from the involved stakeholders, as well as examples from Malmö and Stockholm, are also included.
**The Man and Biosphere Reserve (Kristianstad)**
Kristianstad was the first municipality in Sweden to propose a modern Man and Biosphere reserve in the Water Kingdom covering half the municipality surface. In 2005 the MAB was accepted by UNESCO and has been further developed since then. The core area has been protected and a buffer zone around those areas gives added protection. Outside these two categories, there are development areas where man and biosphere should develop in a sustainable way. Kristianstad municipality together with the state has invested 10 million Euro in a visitor’s center in the middle of the MAB area located close to the city center. It is a big tourist attraction and increases both the accessibility and interest to the area. There is a special office to run the MAB area with 10 staff with knowledge in nature conservation, education, marketing and management.
**The previous dumping ground (Kristianstad)**
During the 60s and 70s, the municipality did not pay any attention to the values of the wetlands in and around the city of Kristianstad and put the local waste dumping in the middle of the wetlands, close to the city. Today the waste dump is dismantled and covered by a clay carpet to protect the waste from rainwater that could be polluted. The plan is that the old dumping area of 60 hectares will be developed into an attractive nature and recreation area with high biodiversity by planting vegetation, development of paths and tracks and by improving the already diverse landscape further.
**Nosabyviken (Kristianstad)**
In the east of the city on the former bay of Nosabyviken (2 meters below sea level), the city planted a mixed broadleaved forest in 2000. Today, the forest has become an attractive area for recreation, but with limited accessibility. A new project will improve the area with new paths, picnic areas, information, and increased biodiversity.
**The previous military areas (Kristianstad)**
From 1614 until 1997 Kristianstad was dominated by military activity. Three
different military training camps were situated in the Kristianstad with training ground outside the city. At Näsby, the training camp has been converted to a University and the training ground outside the city is a very important recreational area for the city. In the comprehensive plan, the city is planning to expand the city and create a defined meeting between the city and the green area creating high values for both the city district and the green area. This dense meeting is sometimes called "green docks" inspired by the housing areas by the docks in coastal areas. The idea is that the green areas should be valued for the people living in the areas and not as an obstacle for further development in the area.
**Health issues and urban farming (Kristianstad)**
Kristianstad has been working with health issues and urban farming in two different projects. At the Näsby field (green area) inhabitants in the socially vulnerable area Gamlegården has been involved in a gardening project and an area with allotments have been created. In the city park (Tivoliparken) the city has created a health garden where several special needs groups are training and maintaining the garden. The idea is to incorporate the social aspects into the work with green spaces in the city and has this far been very successful.
**Green areas in the city - Norra björket and Prästaskogen (Kristianstad)**
During 2019 Kristianstad will work with a project to increase the public green spaces in the city center. In the west of the city, located only 1,5 km from the central square, there are two areas, Norra Björket, and Prästaskogen that today are forested areas with limited accessibility and limited chance for recreational purposes. The purpose of the project is to increase the social and environmental values of the area. This is made by making the areas available for the local citizens and enhances the experience for the visitors by raising the quality of the green areas. By connecting the areas, develop a pathway system and increase the variability of local habitats with several actions the hope is to make it more welcoming for both citizens, plants, and animals. The area is located on ground that is not suitable for building due to its foundation and there is hence no conflict of interest by making it into a green space.
**Brunnshög (Lund)**
Lund has the biggest university in Scandinavia with around 35 000 students in a city with just above 100 000 inhabitants. It is one of the oldest cities in Scandinavia founded in the late 8th century. In the northeast of Lund, a new city district is formed around the new science park Max lab IV and ESS, both European collaborations for research on materials. The new fringe of the city will meet an open agricultural landscape with new parks, urban farming and green structure.
The intention is to minimize the environmental impact and create multifunctional green spaces.
**Kolböra bog (Staffanstorp)**
The municipality Staffanstorp located in the south west of the southern province Scania is one of the municipalities with the least green areas in Sweden. The area is dominated by an open flat agricultural landscape. Outside the village, the private landowner has initiated an ambitious project in the 1990s to build a vast network of paths and riding tracks in the borders of fields. The name was “beträdor” which means the opportunity to access the landscape at strings with permanent vegetation.
**Augustenborg roof garden (Malmö)**
The Augustenborg Botanical Roof Garden is a place for inspiration, research and education. The green roofs were installed in 1999 with support from the EU-LIFE fund, the Swedish Ministry of the Environment and the City of Malmö. The guided tours and the development-, educational- and project activities at the roof garden is managed by Scandinavian Green Roof Institute in collaboration with the City of Malmö, VA SYD, E.ON, MKB, and several of the members within the Scandinavian Green Roof Association.
**Eco-City Augustenborg (Malmö)**
The Eco-city Augustenborg is a successful project in transforming a run-down neighborhood into an environmentally sustainable and attractive place to live. Aspects of the Eco-city Augustenborg that may be highlighted in particular include the energy-efficient renovation work carried out on 1,600 rental apartments (89% of the housing stock in the area); the development of an integrated open stormwater management system to solve local flooding problems and the use of green roofs. Also important was the active engagement of residents throughout the planning processes, especially in respect of waste management, car-pooling, recycling and composting.
**Västra Hamnen (Malmö)**
Västra Hamnen, the West Harbour is a new - and very chic - district of Malmö, situated by the sea, and build on the former port and industrial land.
First, it was the place where Bo01 - a huge housing exhibition - took place in 2001. Soon its silhouette changed distinctively when a masterpiece of modern architecture – Turning Torso was built. Designed by Santiago Calatrava and both an art piece and an apartment block, the 190-meter high tower became the new landmark of Malmö.
All development is driven by the idea of The West Harbour becoming an internationally leading example of sustainable, environmental adaptation of a densely built urban environment. And already now – and the district is still growing - it is a fascinating place where this human- and nature-friendly modern architecture truly brings quality into people’s lives. The pleasure of living, working, getting an education, and having fun is palpable here. A row of tremendous restaurants with an excellent view, parks and recreation areas, great places for sunbathing or windsurfing, a skatepark (in Stappelbäddsparken) in world-class, and of course the great sunsets over the Öresund Bridge.
**Urban farming (Malmö)**
In Malmö, several projects work with urban farming on different scales. There are bigger commercial farms for the market and community farming for social interaction and traditional allotment plots for the residents in the city. A network has started to develop the concept of urban farming in Sweden and especially in southern Sweden.
**Green docks (Stockholm)**
Green docks is a project in the municipality Järfälla in Stockholm which got support from the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning. The focus was the meeting between the city and the landscape in the city fringe and how to develop the qualities for both urban and nature qualities. The work was a part of the comprehensive plan for the municipality in influenced the results. A lot of researchers and consultants were involved in the project and the result is presented at seminars and in a report. | 851b8c2b-6a74-430c-adfd-acf6ad923f78 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://projects2014-2020.interregeurope.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_tevprojects/library/file_1547206646.pdf | 2022-08-13T20:44:16+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00224.warc.gz | 427,414,289 | 3,804 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.932545 | eng_Latn | 0.997872 | [
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Urban America
1865–1896
Why It Matters
European and Asian immigrants arrived in the United States in great numbers during the late 1800s. Providing cheap labor, they made rapid industrial growth possible. They also helped populate the growing cities. The immigrants’ presence affected both urban politics and labor unions. Reactions to immigrants and to an urban society were reflected in new political organizations and in literature and philosophy.
The Impact Today
Industrialization and urbanization permanently influenced American life.
• The United States continues to be a magnet for immigrants seeking a better way of life.
• The cities of the United States continue to draw new residents in search of opportunity.
The American Republic Since 1877 Video The Chapter 10 video, “Huddled Masses in the City,” depicts one of the problems the nation faced during its urbanization period.
1870
• Fifteenth Amendment adopted
1873
• Civil war breaks out in Spain
1877
• Electoral Commission decides disputed presidential election between Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden
1878
• Independent Serbia recognized
1879
• Chile engages in war with Bolivia and Peru
1882
• Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress
1883
• Brooklyn Bridge completed
1885
• Indian National Congress organizes for independence from Great Britain
1886
- Gold discovered in Transvaal region of South Africa
1888
- First electric trolley line opened in Richmond, Virginia
1891
- James Naismith invents basketball
1895
1896
- National Association of Colored Women founded
1899
- Scott Joplin’s “Maple Leaf Rag” published
1901
- Victorian era ends with death of Britain’s Queen Victoria
1905
History Online
Chapter Overview
Visit the American Republic Since 1877 Web site at tx.tarvol2.glencoe.com and click on Chapter Overviews—Chapter 10 to preview chapter information.
Click Here
Main Idea
After the Civil War, millions of immigrants from Europe and Asia settled in the United States.
Key Terms and Names
steerage, Ellis Island, Jacob Riis, Angel Island, nativism, Chinese Exclusion Act
Reading Strategy
Categorizing Complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below by filling in the reasons people left their homelands to immigrate to the United States.
| Reasons for Immigrating |
|-------------------------|
| Push Factors | Pull Factors |
| | |
Reading Objectives
• Analyze the circumstances surrounding the great wave of immigration after the Civil War.
• Evaluate how nativism affected immigration policies.
Section Theme
Geography and History Immigrants from all over the world enriched the cultural life of the United States.
Preview of Events
1880 1882
Chinese Exclusion Act passed
1886 Haymarket Riot in Chicago
1890 1887 American Protective Association founded
1892 Ellis Island immigration center opens
1900 1910 United States opens Angel Island facility for Asian immigrants
An American Story
Samuel Goldwyn was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1879. His family lived in a tiny two-room apartment. As Jews they feared the pogroms—anti-Jewish riots—that often erupted in the city. At age 16, Goldwyn set out for America, first walking 500 miles to the port of Hamburg, Germany. When he arrived in the United States, Goldwyn worked first as a floor sweeper and then as a cutter in a glove factory, putting in 13-hour days. At night, he went to school. Within two years he was a foreman, and soon after he became a successful glove salesman.
In 1913 Goldwyn visited a nickelodeon, an early movie theater. As he watched the film, he became convinced that this new industry would grow into something big. He used his savings to set up a film company, and in 1914 he released his first movie. The film was an instant success. During his career, Goldwyn helped found three film companies: Paramount Studios, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), and United Artists. All three still make movies today. Looking back on his rise from poverty to wealth, Goldwyn commented:
“When I was a kid . . . the only place I wanted to go was America. I had heard them talking about America, about how free people were in America. . . . Even then America, actually only the name of a faraway country, was a vision of paradise.”
—adapted from Goldwyn: A Biography
Europeans Flood Into the United States
By 1900, more than half of all immigrants in the United States were eastern and southern Europeans, including Italians, Greeks, Poles, Slavs, Slovaks, Russians, and Armenians. Like Samuel Goldwyn, many of the 14 million immigrants who came to the United States between 1860 and 1900 were eastern European Jews.
Europeans abandoned their homelands and headed to the United States for many reasons. Many poor rural farmers came simply because the United States had plenty of jobs available and few immigration restrictions. Yet Europe in the late 1800s offered plenty of jobs in its booming industrial cities, so economic factors were not the only reason people migrated. Many moved to avoid forced military service, which in some nations could last for many years. Others, especially Jews living in Poland and Russia, fled to avoid religious persecution.
By the late 1800s, most European states had made moving to the United States easy. Immigrants were allowed to take their savings with them, and most countries had repealed old laws that had forced peasants to stay in their villages and had banned skilled workers from leaving the country. At the same time, moving to the United States offered a chance to break away from Europe’s class system and move to a democratic nation where they had a chance to move up the social ladder.
**The Atlantic Voyage** Getting to the United States was often very difficult. Most immigrants booked passage in **steerage**, the most basic and cheapest accommodations on a steamship. Edward Steiner, an Iowa clergyman who posed as an immigrant in order to write a book on immigration, described the miserable quarters:
“Narrow, steep and slippery stairways lead to it. Crowds everywhere, ill smelling bunks, uninviting washrooms—this is steerage. The odors of scattered orange peelings, tobacco, garlic and disinfectants meeting but not blending. No lounge or chairs for...”
Two Views of Immigration
The history of immigration to the United States has been both celebrated and criticized. Many millions of immigrants arrived in the United States in the late 1800s. The newcomers sought opportunity, enriched American culture, and caused concerns. Here, two political cartoons address the immigration issue.
Pro-Immigration
Uncle Sam plays the role of Noah in this cartoon. As immigrants file two by two into the safety of the ark, they leave behind the dangers of Europe that are darkening the sky. A sign lists some reasons people came to the United States to begin a new life.
Anti-Immigration
“Columbia’s Unwelcome Guests” shows another view of immigration. In this 1885 cartoon, the figure of Columbia bars entry to anarchists, Socialists, and Communists who enter from the sewers of Europe’s darker society. Some of the inscriptions on the column pedestal beside Columbia read “Anarchy is not liberty,” and “When a Man’s Rights End, His Neighbor’s Begin.”
Learning From History
1. According to the cartoon, why were people concerned about immigrants coming to the United States?
2. Which cartoon best expresses your own views on immigration today? Why?
At the end of a 14-day journey, the passengers usually disembarked at Ellis Island, a tiny island in New York Harbor. There, a huge three-story building served as the processing center for many of the immigrants arriving on the East Coast after 1892.
Ellis Island Most immigrants passed through Ellis Island in about a day. They would not soon forget their hectic introduction to the United States. A medical examiner who worked there later described how “hour after hour, ship load after ship load . . . the stream of human beings with its kaleidoscopic variations was . . . hurried through Ellis Island by the equivalent of ‘step lively’ in every language of the earth.”
In Ellis Island’s enormous hall, crowds of immigrants filed past the doctor for an initial inspection. “Whenever a case aroused suspicion,” an inspector wrote, “the alien was set aside in a cage apart from the rest . . . and his coat lapel or shirt marked with colored chalk” to indicate the reason for the isolation. About one out of five newcomers was marked with an “H” for heart problems, “K” for hernias, “Sc” for scalp problems, or “X” for mental disability. Newcomers who failed the inspection might be separated from their families and returned to Europe.
GEOGRAPHY
Ethnic Cities Many of those who passed the Ellis Island inspections settled in the nation’s cities. By the 1890s, immigrants made up significant percentages of
some of the country’s largest cities, including New York, Chicago, Milwaukee, and Detroit. Jacob Riis, a Danish-born journalist, observed in 1890 that a map of New York City, “colored to designate nationalities, would show more stripes than on the skin of a zebra.”
In the cities, immigrants lived in neighborhoods that were often separated into ethnic groups, such as “Little Italy” or the Jewish “Lower East Side” in New York City. There they spoke their native languages and re-created the churches, synagogues, clubs, and newspapers of their homelands.
How well immigrants adjusted depended partly on how quickly they learned English and adapted to American culture. Immigrants also tended to adjust well if they had marketable skills or money, or if they settled among members of their own ethnic group.
As many as one in three immigrants returned to Europe shortly after coming to the United States. Some had never planned to stay and had come simply to make a little money before returning home.
**Reading Check** **Explaining** How did immigration affect demographic patterns in the United States?
### Asian Immigration to America
Many Chinese immigrants began crossing the Pacific to arrive in the United States in the mid-1800s. By that time, China’s population had reached about 430 million, and the country was suffering from severe unemployment, poverty, and famine.
The 1848 discovery of gold in California began to lure Chinese immigrants to the United States. Then, in 1850, the Taiping Rebellion erupted in their homeland. This insurrection against the Chinese government took some 20 million lives and caused such suffering that thousands of Chinese left for the United States. In the early 1860s, as the Central Pacific Railroad began construction of its portion of the transcontinental railroad, the demand for railroad workers further increased Chinese immigration.
Chinese immigrants mainly settled in western cities, where they often worked as laborers or servants or in skilled trades. Others worked as merchants. Because native-born Americans kept them out of many businesses, some Chinese immigrants opened their own. To save enough to buy his own laundry, one immigrant, Lee Chew, had to work for two years as a servant:
“I did not know how to do anything, and I did not understand what the lady said to me, but she showed me how to cook, wash, iron, sweep, dust, make beds, wash dishes, clean windows, paint and brass, polish the knives and forks, etc., by doing the things herself and then overseeing my efforts to imitate her.”
—quoted in *A Sunday Between Wars*
Another group of Asians, the Japanese, also immigrated to the United States. Until 1900, however, their numbers remained small. Between 1900 and 1908, large numbers of Japanese migrated to the United States as Japan began building both an industrial economy and an empire. Both developments disrupted the economy of Japan and caused hardships for its people, thus stimulating emigration.
Until 1910 Asian immigrants arriving in San Francisco first stopped at a two-story shed at the wharf. As many as 500 people at a time were often squeezed into this structure, which Chinese immigrants from Canton called *muk uk*, or “wooden house.”
In January 1910, California opened a barracks on Angel Island to accommodate the Asian immigrants. Most of the immigrants were young males in their teens or twenties, who nervously awaited the results of their immigration hearings in dormitories packed with double or triple tiers of bunks. This unpleasant delay could last for months. On the walls of the detention barracks, the immigrants wrote anonymous poems in pencil or ink. Some even carved their verse into the wood.
**Reading Check** **Making Generalizations** Why did Chinese immigrants come to the United States?
*Angel Island* Over 200,000 immigrants from Japan and China arrived on the West Coast during the late 1800s.
The Resurgence of Nativism
Eventually the wave of immigration led to increased feelings of nativism on the part of many Americans. **Nativism** is a preference for native-born people and a desire to limit immigration. It had surfaced earlier in the 1800s during another large wave of immigration. In the 1840s and 1850s, it had focused primarily on Irish immigrants. Now anti-immigrant feelings focused on Asians, Jews, and eastern Europeans.
Nativists opposed immigration for many reasons. Some feared that the influx of Catholics from Ireland and southern and eastern Europe would swamp the mostly Protestant United States, giving the Catholic Church too much power in the American government. Many labor unions also opposed immigration, arguing that immigrants would work for low wages or accept work as strikebreakers, thus undermining American-born workers.
**Nativists Organize** In the Northeast and Midwest, increased feelings of nativism led to the founding of two major anti-immigrant organizations. One, called the **American Protective Association**, was founded in 1887. The organization’s founder, Henry Bowers, despised Catholicism and committed his group to stopping Catholic immigration. Membership of the organization peaked at about one million but declined rapidly after the economic recession of 1893 ended.
In the West, where sentiment against the Chinese was very strong, widespread racial violence erupted. Denis Kearney, himself an Irish immigrant, organized the **Workingman’s Party of California** in the 1870s to fight Chinese immigration. The party won seats in California’s legislature and made opposition to Chinese immigration a national issue.
**Congress Passes New Immigration Laws** Even though several presidents vetoed other laws that would have stemmed the steady flow of new immigrants, concern over unchecked immigration stimulated the passage of a new federal law. Enacted in 1882, the law banned convicts, paupers, and the mentally disabled from immigrating to the United States. The new law also placed a 50¢ head tax on each newcomer.
That same year, Congress passed the **Chinese Exclusion Act**. The law barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens. The Chinese in the United States did not accept the new law quietly. They protested that white Americans did not oppose immigration by Italians, Irish, or Germans. Some Chinese organized letter-writing campaigns, petitioned the president, and even filed suit in federal court.
These efforts, however, proved fruitless. Congress renewed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1892 and then made it permanent in 1902. In 1890 the number of Chinese living in the United States totaled 105,000. By 1900 that total had dropped to just above 74,000. In the 40 years after the passage of the act, the Chinese population in the United States continued to decrease. The act was not repealed until 1943.
**Reading Check** **Explaining** Why did the federal government pass the Chinese Exclusion Act?
---
**TAKS Practice**
**SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT**
**Checking for Understanding**
1. Define: *steerage, nativism*.
2. Identify: Ellis Island, Jacob Riis, Angel Island, Chinese Exclusion Act.
3. Describe where most immigrants to the United States settled in the late 1800s.
4. Explain why nativist organizations sought to limit immigration.
**Reviewing Themes**
5. Geography and History What routes did European and Asian immigrants take to get to the United States?
**Critical Thinking**
6. Analyzing Why did some Americans blame immigrants for the nation’s problems?
7. Organizing Complete a graphic organizer by listing reasons nativists opposed immigration to the United States.
**Analyzing Visuals**
8. Analyzing Political Cartoons Compare the cartoons on page 338. What conclusions can you draw about American views on immigration in the late 1880s? Why do you think various people viewed immigration differently?
**Writing About History**
9. Descriptive Writing Imagine that you are an immigrant who arrived in the country in the 1800s. Write a letter to a relative in your home country describing your feelings during processing at either Ellis Island or Angel Island.
Main Idea
During the three decades following the Civil War, the United States transformed rapidly from a rural nation to a more urban one.
Key Terms and Names
skyscraper, Louis Sullivan, tenement, political machine, party boss, George Plunkitt, graft, William M. “Boss” Tweed
Reading Strategy
Organizing As you read about urbanization in the United States in the late 1800s, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below by filling in the problems the nation’s urban areas faced.
Reading Objectives
• Explain the technological developments that made the growth of cities possible.
• Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.
Section Theme
Government and Democracy Political bosses grew powerful in urban areas by helping immigrants find work and necessities.
Preview of Events
1874 “Boss” Tweed sentenced to prison
1883 Brooklyn Bridge completed
1885 First steel girder construction used in building in Chicago
1888 Nation’s first electric trolley line opens in Richmond, Virginia
1890 Jacob Riis publishes *How the Other Half Lives*
An American Story
With just $3.10 in his pocket, a young man from Wisconsin named Frank Lloyd Wright wandered the streets of Chicago in the late spring of 1887. Sixteen years earlier, almost four square miles of the city had burned in the Chicago Fire of 1871. Now the rebuilt city’s towering new buildings beckoned the young visitor who, within a few decades, would become one of the most famous architects in the world.
In Chicago, Wright saw electric lights and cable cars for the first time. What surprised him most about the big city, however, were the signs that seemed to be everywhere:
There were glaring signs on the glass shop-fronts against the lights inside, . . . HURRAH signs. STOP signs. COME ON IN signs. HELLO signs set out before the blazing windows on the sidewalks . . . food shops, barber shops, eating houses, saloons, restaurants, groceries, laundries—and [they all] became chaos in a wilderness of Italian, German, Irish, [Polish], Greek, English, Swedish, French, Chinese and Spanish names. . . .
—quoted in *Eyewitness to America*
Americans Migrate to the Cities
During the three decades after the Civil War, the urban population of the United States—those living in towns with a population of 2,500 or more—grew from around 10 million in 1870 to over 30 million in 1900. New York City alone, which had over 800,000 inhabitants in 1860, grew to almost 3.5 million by 1900. Frank Lloyd Wright observed Chicago during an even faster growth period. The Midwestern city swelled from 109,000 residents in 1860 to more than 1.6 million by 1900. The United States had only 131 cities in 1840; by 1900 that number had risen to over 1,700.
Most of the immigrants who poured into the United States in the late 1800s lacked the money to buy farms and the education to obtain higher-paying jobs. They therefore remained in the nation’s growing cities, where they toiled long hours for little pay in the rapidly expanding factories of the United States. Despite the harshness of their new lives, most immigrants found that the move had still improved their standard of living.
The United States offered immigrants a chance at social mobility, or moving upward in society. Although only a few immigrants rose from poverty to great wealth, many seized the opportunities the American system offered and rose from the working class to the middle class. In much of Europe, on the other hand, people born into a particular social class were expected to stay there. Although some immigrants faced prejudice, most Americans accepted the idea that people in the lower classes could rise in society. The lack of a rigid class system in the United States gave immigrants a degree of freedom they had never known before.
Many rural Americans also began moving to the cities at this time. Farmers moved to the cities because urban areas offered more and better-paying jobs than did rural areas. Cities had much to offer, too—bright lights, running water, and modern plumbing, plus many things to do and see, including museums, libraries, and theaters.
**Reading Check** **Explaining** Why did rural Americans move to the cities in the late 1800s?
**The New Urban Environment**
As millions of people flooded into the nation’s cities, engineers and architects developed new approaches to housing and transporting such a large number of people.
**Skyscrapers** As city populations grew, demand raised the price of land, giving owners greater incentive to grow upward rather than outward. Soon, tall steel frame buildings called **skyscrapers** began to appear on American skylines. Chicago’s ten-story Home Insurance Building, built in 1885, was the first skyscraper, but other buildings quickly dwarfed it. New York City boasted more skyscrapers than any other city in the world. With limited land, New Yorkers had to build up, not out.
No one contributed more to the design of skyscrapers than Chicago’s **Louis Sullivan**, whose students included Frank Lloyd Wright. Sullivan’s lofty structures featured simple lines and spacious windows using new durable plate glass.
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**The Technology of Urbanization**
Before the mid-1800s, few buildings exceeded four or five stories. To make wooden and stone structures taller required enormously thick walls in the lower levels.
By the late 1800s, steel companies were making girders capable of bearing a building’s weight. Walls no longer had to support the building—a steel frame skeleton was all that was needed. Meanwhile, Elisha Otis invented the safety elevator in 1852, and by the late 1880s, the first electric elevators had been installed, making tall buildings practical.
Steel also changed the way bridges were built. New technology enabled engineers to suspend bridges from steel towers using cables also made of steel. Using this technique, John A. Roebling, a German American engineer, designed New York’s Brooklyn Bridge—the largest suspension bridge in the world at the time it was completed in 1883.
*New York City’s Flatiron Building*
*Brooklyn Bridge under construction*
Mass Transit Various kinds of mass transit developed in the late 1800s to move huge numbers of people around cities quickly. At first, almost all cities relied on the horsecar—a railroad car pulled by horses. In 1890 horsecars moved about 70 percent of urban traffic in the United States.
More than 20 cities, beginning with San Francisco in 1873, installed cable cars, which were pulled along tracks by underground cables. Then, in 1887, engineer Frank J. Sprague developed the electric trolley car. The following year, Richmond, Virginia, opened the country’s first electric trolley line.
In the largest cities, congestion became so bad that engineers began looking for ways to move mass transit off the streets. Chicago responded by building an elevated railroad, while Boston, followed by New York, built America’s first subway systems.
Reading Check Summarizing
What new technologies helped people in the late 1800s get to and from work?
Separation by Class
In the growing cities, wealthy people and the working class lived in different parts of town. So too did the middle class. The boundaries between neighborhoods can still be seen in many cities today.
High Society During the last half of the 1800s, the wealthiest families established fashionable districts in the hearts of cities. Americans with enough money could choose to construct a feudal castle, an English manor house, a French château, a Tuscan villa, or a Persian pavilion. In Chicago, merchant and real estate developer Potter Palmer chose a castle. In New York, Cornelius Vanderbilt’s grandson commissioned a $3 million French château equipped with a two-story dining room, a gymnasium, and a marble bathroom.
Middle-Class Gentility American industrialization not only made the wealth of people like Potter Palmer possible; it also helped create a growing middle class. The nation’s rising middle class included doctors, lawyers, engineers, managers, social workers, architects, and teachers. It was typical for many people in the emerging middle class to move away from the central city. Some took advantage of the new commuter rail lines to move to “streetcar suburbs.”
During this period, middle-class salaries were about twice that of the average factory worker. In 1905 a college professor earned a middle-class salary of $1,100.
The Working Class The majority of American city dwellers at the turn of the century would have considered an eight-room house an absolute luxury. In New York, three out of four residents squeezed into tenements, dark and crowded multi-family apartments. To supplement the average industrial worker’s annual income of $490, many families sent their young children to work in factories or rented precious space to a boarder. Zalmen Yoffeh, a journalist, lived in a New York tenement as a child. He recalled:
With . . . one dollar a day [our mother] fed and clothed an ever-growing family. She took in boarders. Sometimes this helped; at other times it added to the burden of living. Boarders were often out of work and penniless; how could one turn a hungry man out? She made all our clothes. She walked blocks to reach a place where meat was a penny cheaper, where bread was a half cent less. She collected boxes and old wood to burn in the stove. . . .
—quoted in *How We Lived*
Reading Check Explaining
What social class grew as a result of industrialization in the late 1800s?
Urban Problems
City living posed threats such as crime, violence, fire, disease, and pollution, especially for the working poor like Yoffeh and his family. The rapid growth of cities only made these problems worse. Minor criminals, such as pickpockets, swindlers, and thieves, thrived in crowded urban living conditions. Major crimes multiplied as well. From 1880 to 1900, the murder rate jumped sharply from 25 per million people to more than 100 per million people. In comparison, the murder rate in 1999 was 57 per million people.
Native-born Americans often blamed immigrants for the increase in crime and violence. In reality, the crime rate for immigrants was not significantly higher than that for other Americans.
Alcohol did contribute to violent crime, both inside and outside the home. Danish immigrant Jacob Riis, who documented slum life in his 1890 book *How the Other Half Lives*, accused saloons of “breeding poverty,” corrupting politics, bringing suffering to the wives and children of drunkards, and fostering “the corruption of the child” by selling beer to minors.
Disease and pollution posed even bigger threats. Improper sewage disposal contaminated city drinking water and triggered epidemics of typhoid fever and cholera. Though flush toilets and sewer systems existed in the 1870s, pollution remained a severe problem as horse waste was left in the streets, smoke belched from chimneys, and soot and ash accumulated from coal and wood fires.
Reading Check Drawing Conclusions Why were diseases and pollution big problems in American cities in the late 1800s?
Urban Politics
A new kind of political system developed to meet these urban problems. This system provided essential city services in return for political power.
The Political Machine and the Party Boss The political machine, an informal political group designed to gain and keep power, came about partly because cities had grown much faster than their governments. New city dwellers needed jobs, housing, food, heat, and police protection. In exchange for votes, political machines and the party bosses who ran them eagerly provided these necessities.
George Plunkitt, an Irish immigrant who rose to be one of New York City’s most powerful party bosses, explained how the system worked when a fire burned a neighborhood:
“I just get [housing] for them, buy clothes for them if their clothes were burned up, and fix them up till they get things runnin’ again. It’s philanthropy, but it’s politics too—mighty good politics. Who can tell how many votes one of these fires bring me? The poor are the most grateful people in the world, and, let me tell you, they have more friends in their neighborhoods than the rich have in theirs.”
—quoted in *In Search of America*
As Plunkitt observed, the payoff for party bosses came on Election Day. Urban immigrant groups, which wielded tremendous voting strength, voted in overwhelming numbers for the political machines.
Graft and Fraud The party bosses who ran the political machines also controlled the city’s finances. Many machine politicians grew rich as the result of fraud or graft—getting money through dishonest or questionable means. Plunkitt defended what he called “honest graft.” For example, a politician might find out in advance where a new park was to be built and buy the land near the site. The politician would then sell the land to the city for a profit. As Plunkitt stated, “I see my opportunity and I take it.”
Outright fraud occurred when party bosses accepted bribes from contractors, who were supposed to compete fairly to win contracts to build streets, sewers, and buildings. Corrupt bosses also sold permits to their friends to operate public utilities, such as railroads, waterworks, and power systems.
Tammany Hall Tammany Hall, the New York Democratic political machine for which George Plunkitt performed his labors, was the most famous such organization. William M. “Boss” Tweed was Tammany Hall’s corrupt leader during the 1860s and 1870s. Tweed was eventually arrested for corruption and sent to prison in 1874.
Other cities’ machines controlled all the city services, including the police department. For example, St. Louis’s boss never feared arrest when he called out to his supporters at the police-supervised voting booth, “Are there any more repeaters out here that want to vote again?” From their own base in Kansas City, Missouri, the Pendergast brothers, James and Thomas, dominated the state as well as city politics from the 1890s until the 1930s.
Despite the corruption of the system, political machines did provide necessary services, and they helped to assimilate the masses of new city dwellers.
Reading Check Evaluating Why did political machines help city dwellers in the late 1800s?
TAKS Practice
SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT
Checking for Understanding
1. Define: skyscraper, tenement, political machine, party boss, graft.
2. Identify: Louis Sullivan, George Plunkitt, William M. “Boss” Tweed.
3. Explain what two technologies made the building of skyscrapers possible in the late 1800s.
Reviewing Themes
4. Government and Democracy How did political machines respond to the needs of the people?
Critical Thinking
5. Comparing Compare the conditions under which the wealthy class, the middle class, and the working class lived in the United States in the late 1800s.
6. Organizing Complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below by listing the effects of many Americans moving from rural to urban areas in the late 1800s.
Analyzing Visuals
7. Examining Photographs Study the photographs on page 342 of the Brooklyn Bridge and the Flatiron Building. Why was it advantageous to construct taller buildings rather than purchase more land?
Writing About History
8. Persuasive Writing Take on the role of an urban planner living in one of the nation’s major cities in the late 1800s. Write a letter to members of the city government listing specific reasons for the importance of setting aside city land for a park and recreational area.
Chicago’s apartment buildings, or tenements, were squeezed onto lots that measured 25 by 125 feet (7.6 by 38.1 m). These lots typically held three families and their boarders. Unlike New York City’s tenements, most were only two or three stories tall.
Immigrants Arrive In Chicago
A major port and a conduit for the nation’s east-west rail travel, Chicago was a booming industrial center for the lumber, grain, meatpacking, and mail-order businesses at the end of the 1800s. Since the early 1870s, more ships had been docking in Chicago than in New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Charleston, and San Francisco combined. The city’s expansion was phenomenal. In 50 years, it grew from a modest frontier town to the second-largest city in the country.
Immigrants swarmed into Chicago seeking jobs. Poles found work slaughtering livestock; Irish laying railroads; Russian and Polish Jews making clothes; Swedes constructing buildings and Italians forging steel. Women established boardinghouses, took in sewing to do at home, and worked in factories. In most factories, the hours were long and the working conditions difficult: noisy, hot, grimy, and overcrowded. By the beginning of the 1900s, three-fourths of the people in this teeming metropolis were European immigrants and their American-born children.
Ethnic neighborhoods dotted the city, as did blocks of tenements thrown up to house the flood of newcomers. The inset map at left—an enlargement of the highlighted rectangle on the lithograph—shows the Hull House neighborhood in Chicago’s West Side in 1893. Hull House was established by social reformer Jane Addams to “investigate and improve the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago.” The neighborhood was one of the city’s poorest. Its tenement buildings were disease-ridden and dangerous, crowding about 270 residents into each acre. Jane Addams wrote: “The streets are inexpressibly dirty, the number of schools inadequate, sanitary legislation unenforced, the street lighting bad, the paving miserable and altogether lacking in the alleys.”
The neighborhood was also one of the most ethnically diverse. As the inset shows, the bewildered new immigrants tended to settle in enclaves that had already been established by others from their homeland. They banded together as they learned about the ways of the new land. Many immigrants found comfort in social life centered on the church or synagogue. Younger immigrants were more eager to abandon their old customs. Many of them quickly adopted American clothes and manners, learned to speak English, and tried to make American friends.
LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY
1. How did the location of Chicago influence its development?
2. Pose and answer five questions about the geographic distribution and patterns shown on this model.
Main Idea
Industrialism and urbanization changed American society’s ideas and culture in the late 1800s.
Key Terms and Names
Gilded Age, Social Darwinism, Gospel of Wealth, philanthropy, realism, vaudeville, ragtime, Scott Joplin
Reading Strategy
Categorizing Complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below by filling in the main idea of each of the theories and movements listed.
| Theory or Movement | Main Idea |
|--------------------|-----------|
| Social Darwinism | |
| Laissez-Faire | |
| Gospel of Wealth | |
| Realism | |
Reading Objectives
- Evaluate the doctrine of Social Darwinism and the impact it had on American industry.
- Explain how industrialization promoted leisure time and encouraged new forms of entertainment.
Section Theme
Culture and Traditions The Gilded Age was an era of great cultural change in the United States.
Preview of Events
1870
1869
The Cincinnati Red Stockings become the first salaried baseball team
1880
1884
Mark Twain publishes *Huckleberry Finn*
1890
1891
James Naismith invents basketball
1900
1899
Scott Joplin publishes “The Maple Leaf Rag”
An American Story
In 1872, at the age of 32, William Graham Sumner became a professor of political and social science at Yale College. Sumner’s classes were very popular. One of his students, William Lyon Phelps, illustrated Sumner’s tough, no-nonsense approach with this example of a class discussion:
**Student:** “Professor, don’t you believe in any government aid to industries?”
**Sumner:** “No! It’s root, hog, or die.”
**Student:** “Yes, but hasn’t the hog got a right to root?”
**Sumner:** “There are no rights. The world owes nobody a living.”
**Student:** “You believe then, Professor, in only one system, the contract-competitive system?”
**Sumner:** “That’s the only sound economic system. All others are fallacies.”
**Student:** “Well, suppose some professor of political economy came along and took your job away from you. Wouldn’t you be sore?”
**Sumner:** “Any other professor is welcome to try. If he gets my job, it is my fault. My business is to teach the subject so well that no one can take the job away from me.”
—adapted from *Social Darwinism in American Thought*
A Changing Culture
In 1873 Mark Twain and Charles Warner wrote a novel together entitled *The Gilded Age*. Historians later adopted the term and applied it to the era in American history that begins about 1870 and ends around 1900.
This era was in many ways a time of marvels. Amazing new inventions led to rapid industrial growth. Cities expanded to sizes never seen before. Masses of workers thronged the streets. Skyscrapers reached to the sky, and electric lights banished the darkness. Newly wealthy entrepreneurs built spectacular mansions.
By calling this era the *Gilded Age*, Twain and Warner were sounding an alarm. Something is gilded if it is covered with gold on the outside but made of cheaper material inside. A gilded age might appear to sparkle, but Twain, Warner, and other writers tried to point out that beneath the surface lay corruption, poverty, crime, and great disparities in wealth between the rich and the poor.
Whether the era was golden or merely gilded, it was certainly a time of great cultural activity. Industrialism and urbanization altered the way Americans looked at themselves and their society, and these changes gave rise to new values, new art, and new forms of entertainment.
**The Idea of Individualism** One of the strongest beliefs of the era—and one that remains strong today—was the idea of **individualism**. Many Americans firmly believed that no matter how humble their origins, they could rise in society and go as far as their talents and commitment would take them. In 1885 the wealthy cotton manufacturer Edward Atkinson gave a speech to a group of workers at a textile factory in Rhode Island. He told them they had no reason to complain:
“*There is always plenty of room on the front seats in every profession, every trade, every art, every industry. . . . There are men in this audience who will fill some of those seats, but they won’t be boosted into them from behind.*”
—quoted in *America’s History*
**Horatio Alger** No one expressed the idea of individualism better than Horatio Alger. A minister from Massachusetts, Alger eventually left the clergy and moved to New York. There he wrote more than 100 “rags-to-riches” novels, in which a poor person goes to the big city and becomes successful. Many young people loved reading these tales. Inspired by Alger’s novels they concluded that no matter how many obstacles they faced, success was possible.
**Reading Check** **Describing** What was the main idea behind individualism?
Another powerful idea of the era was Social Darwinism, which strongly reinforced the idea of individualism. English philosopher **Herbert Spencer** first proposed this idea. Historian John Fiske, political scientist William Graham Sumner, and the magazine *Popular Science Monthly* all popularized it in the United States.
**Herbert Spencer** Philosopher Herbert Spencer applied Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection to human society. In his 1859 book, *On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection*, Darwin argued that plant and animal life had evolved over the years by a process he called natural selection. In this process, those species that cannot adapt to the environment in which they live gradually die out, while those that do adapt thrive and live on.
Spencer took this biological theory, intended to explain developments over millions of years, and argued that human society also evolved through competition and natural selection. He argued that society progressed and became better because only the fittest people survived.
Spencer and others who shared his views became known as Social Darwinists, and their ideas were known as **Social Darwinism**. “Survival of the fittest” became the catchphrase of their philosophy. By 1902 over 350,000 copies of Spencer’s books had been sold in the United States.
Social Darwinism also paralleled the economic doctrine of laissez-faire that opposed any government programs that interfered with business. Not surprisingly, industrial leaders like John D. Rockefeller heartily embraced the theory. Rockefeller maintained that survival of the fittest, as demonstrated by the growth of huge businesses like his own Standard Oil, was “merely the working out of the law of nature and the law of God.”
**Darwinism and the Church** Rockefeller may have appreciated Spencer’s interpretation of evolution, but Charles Darwin’s conclusions about the origin of new species frightened and outraged many devout Christians as well as some leading scientists. They rejected the theory of evolution because they believed it contradicted the Bible’s account of creation. Some American scholars and ministers, however, concluded that evolution may have been God’s way of creating the world. Henry Ward Beecher of Plymouth Church in Brooklyn called himself a “cordial Christian evolutionist.” Beecher accepted Spencer’s ideas of Social Darwinism and championed the success of American business.
**Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth** A wealthy and prominent business leader of the time, Andrew Carnegie believed wholeheartedly in Social Darwinism and laissez-faire. Speaking of the law of unregulated competition, he wrote:
“It ensures the survival of the fittest in every department. We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment, the concentration of business, . . . in the hands of a few, and the laws of competition . . . as being not only beneficial, but essential for the future progress of the race.”
—quoted in *Voices from America’s Past*
Believing that those who profited from society owed it something in return, Carnegie attempted to extend and soften the harsh philosophy of Social Darwinism with the **Gospel of Wealth**. This philosophy held that wealthy Americans bore the responsibility of engaging in **philanthropy**—using their great fortunes to further social progress. Carnegie himself, for example, donated millions of dollars as the “trustee and agent for his poorer brethren.” Other industrialists also contributed to social causes. (See page 933 for more information on the Gospel of Wealth.)
**Reading Check**
**Summarizing** What was the main idea of Social Darwinism?
**Realism**
Just as Darwin had looked at the natural world scientifically, a new movement in art and literature known as **realism** attempted to portray people realistically instead of idealizing them as romantic artists had done.
**Realism in Art** Realist painters rejected the idealistic depictions of the world of the earlier 1800s. One such painter, **Thomas Eakins** of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, considered no day-to-day
subject beneath his interest and careful observation. On his canvases, with their realistic detail and precise lighting, young men swam, surgeons operated, and scientists experimented. Eakins even dared to paint President Hayes working in shirt sleeves instead of in more traditional formal dress.
**Realism in Literature** Writers also attempted to capture the world as they saw it. In several novels, *William Dean Howells* presented realistic descriptions of American life. For example, his 1885 novel *The Rise of Silas Lapham* described the attempts of a self-made businessperson to enter Boston society. Also an influential literary critic, Howells was the first to claim Mark Twain to be an American genius and hailed him as “incomparable, the Lincoln of our literature.”
Twain, a Missouri native whose real name was Samuel Clemens, wrote his masterpiece, *Adventures of Huckleberry Finn*, in 1884. In this novel, the title character and his friend Jim, an escaped slave, float down the Mississippi River on a raft. Through their innocent eyes, readers gain a piercing view of American society in the pre–Civil War era. Twain wrote in local dialect with a lively sense of humor. Nevertheless, Howells realized that Twain was more than a humorist. He had written a true American novel, in which the setting, subject matter, characters, and style were unmistakably American.
Howells also recognized talent in the work of a very different writer, *Henry James*, who lived most of his adult life in England. In novels such as *Portrait of a Lady* (1881), James realistically characterized the inner lives of the upper class. Isabel Archer, the lady of the title, reflects one of the prime values of her class—the concern to maintain social position by marrying well. Ultimately Isabel’s wealth interferes with her ability to pursue her own happiness.
*Edith Wharton*, who also concerned herself with the upper class she knew, modeled her realistic writing after those of James. She won a Pulitzer Prize for her novel *The Age of Innocence*, a stark portrait of upper-class New York society in the 1870s.
**Reading Check** **Explaining** What was the significance of Mark Twain’s *Adventures of Huckleberry Finn*?
**Popular Culture**
Popular culture changed considerably in the late 1800s. Industrialization improved the standard of living for many people, enabling them to spend money on entertainment and recreation. Increasingly, urban Americans, unlike rural people, divided their lives into separate units—that of work and that of home. Furthermore, people began looking for things to do outside the home and began “going out” to public entertainment.
**The Saloon** As Frank Lloyd Wright had noted when he arrived in Chicago, the city’s saloons far outnumbered its groceries and meat markets. Functioning like community centers, saloons played a major role in the life of male workers in the 1800s. They also served as political centers. Saloonkeepers often served as key figures in political machines.
Saloons offered free toilets, water for horses, and free newspapers for customers. They even offered the first “free lunch”: salty food that made patrons thirsty and eager to drink more. Saloons developed loyal customers. The first workers from the night shift would stream in at 5:00 A.M., and the last would stay until late at night.
**Amusement Parks and Sports** While saloons catered mostly to men, working-class families or single adults who sought excitement and escape could go to amusement parks such as New York’s *Coney Island*. Amusements there such as water slides and railroad rides cost only a nickel or dime.
Watching professionals box or play baseball also first became popular during the late 1800s. A game much like baseball, known as rounders and derived from the game of cricket, had enjoyed limited popularity in Great Britain in the early 1800s. Versions of the modern game of baseball began to appear in
the United States in the early 1800s. As the game grew in popularity, it became a source of profit. The first salaried team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, was formed in 1869. Other cities soon fielded professional teams, and in 1903 the first modern World Series was played between the Boston Red Sox and the Pittsburgh Pirates.
The second most popular game, football, appealed first to the upper classes, in part because it began in private colleges and universities that the middle and working classes could not afford. By the late 1800s, the game had spread to public universities.
As work became less physically strenuous, many people looked for leisure activities that involved physical exercise. Lawn tennis, golf, and croquet became popular. James Naismith, a Canadian working as an athletic director for a college in Springfield, Massachusetts, invented the game of basketball in 1891.
**Vaudeville and Ragtime** The many people living in the cities provided large and eager markets for other types of entertainment. Adapted from French theater, **vaudeville** took on an American flavor in the early 1880s with its hodgepodge of animal acts, acrobats, gymnasts, and dancers. The fast-moving acts, like the tempo of big-city life, went on in continuous shows all day and night.
Like vaudeville, **ragtime** music echoed the hectic pace of city life. Its syncopated rhythms grew out of the music of riverside honky-tonk, saloon pianists, and banjo players, using the patterns of African American music. **Scott Joplin**, one of the most important African American ragtime composers, became known as the “King of Ragtime.” He published his signature piece, “The Maple Leaf Rag,” in 1899.
**Reading Check** Describing What importance did the saloon have in nineteenth-century life?
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**SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT**
**Checking for Understanding**
1. **Define:** philanthropy, realism, vaudeville, ragtime.
2. **Identify:** Gilded Age, Social Darwinism, Gospel of Wealth, Scott Joplin.
3. **Describe** how changes in art and literature reflected the issues and characteristics of the late nineteenth century.
**Reviewing Themes**
4. **Culture and Traditions** What were the defining characteristics of the Gilded Age?
**Critical Thinking**
5. **Synthesizing** Do you think the idea of the Gospel of Wealth is still alive today? Why or why not?
6. **Organizing** Complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below by filling in new forms of entertainment that Americans turned to in the late 1800s.
**Analyzing Visuals**
7. **Examining Photographs** Analyze the photograph at the top of this page. How does the clothing the musicians are wearing compare with the clothing worn by musicians today?
**Writing About History**
8. **Descriptive Writing** Imagine that you are a newspaper editor in the late 1800s. Write an editorial in which you support or oppose the philosophy of Social Darwinism. Include reasons to support your position.
The Rebirth of Reform
Main Idea
The pressing problems of the urban poor in the late 1800s and early 1900s eventually stimulated attempts to reform industrial society.
Key Terms and Names
Henry George, Lester Frank Ward, Edward Bellamy, naturalism, Jane Addams, settlement house, Americanization
Reading Strategy
Taking Notes As you read about reform movements in the United States in the late 1800s, complete an outline like the one below by listing the people whose ideas influenced the movements.
The Rebirth of Reform
I. Social Criticism
A.
B.
C.
II. Naturalism in Literature
Reading Objectives
• Explain the methods that social critics advocated to improve society.
• Evaluate efforts to help the urban poor.
Section Theme
Individual Action Many middle- and upper-class individuals worked to soften social and economic inequality.
Preview of Events
1879 Henry George’s *Progress and Poverty* published
1881 Booker T. Washington founds Tuskegee Institute
1889 Jane Addams founds Hull House
1893 Stephen Crane’s *Maggie: A Girl of the Streets* published
1896 National Association of Colored Women founded
An American Story
On a drizzly March morning in 1893, a nursing student named Lillian Wald was teaching a public health class to residents of New York’s poor Lower East Side. Suddenly a girl broke in, disrupting the lesson. The child’s mother desperately needed a nurse. The interruption changed Wald’s life. She followed the girl to a squalid tenement, where she found a family of seven sharing their two rooms with boarders. The sick woman lay on a dirty bed. Wald later wrote:
That morning’s experience was a baptism of fire. Deserted were the laboratory and the academic work of the college. I never returned to them. . . . To my inexperience it seemed certain that conditions such as these were allowed because people did not know, and for me there was a challenge to know and to tell. . . . If people knew things,—and “things” meant everything implied in the condition of this family,—such horrors would cease to exist. . . .
—quoted in *The House on Henry Street*
In 1895 Wald and her friend Mary Brewster established the Henry Street Settlement. The young nurses offered medical care, education, labor organization, and social and cultural programs to the neighborhood residents.
Social Criticism
The tremendous changes brought about by industrialism and urbanization triggered a debate among Americans as to how best to address society’s problems. While many Americans embraced the ideas of individualism and Social Darwinism, others disagreed,
arguing that society’s problems could be fixed only if Americans and their government began to take a more active role in regulating the economy and helping those in need.
**Henry George on Progress and Poverty** In 1879 journalist **Henry George** published *Progress and Poverty*. His book quickly became a national best-seller. “The present century has been marked by a prodigious increase in wealth-producing power,” George observed, which should have made poverty “a thing of the past.” Instead, he argued:
“It becomes no easier for the masses of our people to make a living. On the contrary it becomes harder. . . . The gulf between the employed and the employer is growing wider; social contrasts are becoming sharper; as liveried carriages appear, so do barefoot children.”
—from *Progress and Poverty*
Most economists now argue that George’s analysis was flawed. Industrialism did make some Americans very wealthy, but it also improved the standard of living for most other Americans as well. At the time, however, in the midst of the poverty, crime, and harsh working conditions, many Americans did not believe things were improving.
George offered a simple solution. Land, he argued, was the basis of wealth, and people could grow wealthy just by waiting for land prices to rise. George proposed a “single tax” on this unearned wealth to replace all other taxes. He believed it would help make society more equal and also provide the government with enough money to help the poor.
Economists have since rejected George’s economic theory. His real importance to American history is that he raised questions about American society and led the way in challenging the ideas of Social Darwinism and laissez-faire economics. Many future reform leaders first became interested in reform because of George’s book.
**Reform Darwinism** Four years after Henry George challenged the ideas of Social Darwinism, **Lester Frank Ward** published *Dynamic Sociology*. Ward took the ideas of Darwinism and used them to reach a very different conclusion than Spencer had. He argued that human beings were different from other animals in nature because they
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### Death Rates for Specific Causes (per 100,000 people)
| Cause | 1900 | 1997 |
|------------------------------|------|------|
| Tuberculosis | 150 | 30 |
| Cardiovascular problems | 200 | 350 |
| Influenza and pneumonia | 100 | 20 |
| Gastritis and colitis | 100 | 150 |
| Malignant tumor | 50 | 100 |
Sources: *Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970; Statistical Abstract of the United States.*
### High School Graduation Rates
- **1900**
- 6.4% Graduated
- 93.6% Did Not Graduate
- **1997**
- 31% Did Not Graduate
- 69% Graduated
Sources: *Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; Statistical Abstract of the United States.*
### Life Expectancy
| Age Group | Total | White Male | White Female | African American Male | African American Female |
|--------------------|-------|------------|--------------|-----------------------|-------------------------|
| 0–4 Years | 47.3 | 46.6 | 48.7 | 32.5 | 33.5 |
| 40–44 Years | 76.1 | 73.9 | 79.7 | 66.1 | 74.2 |
Source: *Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; Statistical Abstract of the United States.*
---
1. **Analyzing Graphs** How many people per 100,000 died of tuberculosis in the year 1900?
2. **Understanding Cause and Effect** Collectively, what do these graphs tell you about social conditions as the twentieth century progressed?
had the ability to think ahead and make plans to produce the future outcomes they desired.
Ward’s ideas came to be known as Reform Darwinism. People, he insisted, had succeeded in the world not because of their ability to compete but because of their ability to cooperate. Ward believed that competition was wasteful and time consuming. Government, he argued, could regulate the economy, cure poverty, and promote education more efficiently than could competition in the marketplace. While some disagreed with Ward’s conclusions, others did think that government should do more to solve society’s problems. Among these were the people who became reformers in the late 1800s.
**Looking Backward** By the late 1880s, some critics of Social Darwinism and laissez-faire economics had moved to the opposite extreme. In 1888 **Edward Bellamy** published *Looking Backward, 2000–1887*, a novel about a young Bostonian who falls asleep in 1887 and awakens in the year 2000 to find that the United States has become a perfect society with no crime, poverty, or politics. In this fictional society, the government owns all industry and shares the wealth equally with all Americans. Bellamy’s ideas were essentially a form of socialism. His book quickly became a bestseller, and although few people were willing to go as far as Bellamy suggested, his ideas, like those of George and Ward, helped to shape the thinking of American reformers in the late 1800s.
**Reading Check** **Describing** What were Lester Frank Ward’s views on government?
**Naturalism in Literature**
Criticism of industrial society also appeared in literature in a new style of writing known as **naturalism**. Social Darwinists and realists argued that people could control their lives and make choices to improve their situation. Naturalists challenged this idea by suggesting that some people failed in life simply because they were caught up in circumstances they could not control. In other words, leaving society and the economy unregulated did not always lead to the best result. Sometimes people’s lives were destroyed through no fault of their own.
Among the most prominent naturalist writers were Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London, and Theodore Dreiser. Stephen Crane’s novel, *Maggie, A Girl of the Streets* (1893), told the story of a girl’s descent into prostitution and death. Frank Norris’s work, *McTeague* (1899), described how a dentist and his wife are driven mad by greed and violence. Jack London’s tales of the Alaskan wilderness demonstrated the power of the natural environment over civilization. Theodore Dreiser’s stories, such as *Sister Carrie* (1900), painted a world where people sinned without punishment and where the pursuit of wealth and power often destroyed their character.
**Reading Check** **Describing** How did the beliefs of naturalist writers differ from those of Social Darwinists?
**Helping the Urban Poor**
While naturalist writers expressed pessimism about the individual’s life in an industrialized world, some critics of industrial society were working for reform. Their reform efforts gave rise to the Social Gospel movement, the Salvation Army and the YMCA, women’s clubs, settlement houses, and temperance movements.
**The Social Gospel** From about 1870 until 1920, reformers in the Social Gospel movement worked to better conditions in cities according to the biblical ideals of charity and justice. An early advocate of the Social Gospel, **Washington Gladden**, a minister from Columbus, Ohio, tried to apply what he called “Christian law” to social problems. During a coal strike in 1884, for example, Gladden preached about
the “right and necessity of labor organizations,” despite the fact that his congregation included top officers of the coal company.
Walter Rauschenbusch, a Baptist minister who spent nine years serving in a church in one of New York City’s poorest neighborhoods, later led the Social Gospel movement. As he put it, “The Church must either condemn the world and seek to change it, or tolerate the world and conform to it.” Unlike Social Darwinists, Rauschenbusch believed that competition was the cause of many social problems, causing good people to behave badly.
The efforts of leaders like Gladden and Rauschenbusch inspired many organized churches to expand their missions. These churches began to take on community functions designed to improve society. Some of their projects included building gyms and providing social programs and day care. Others focused exclusively on helping the poor.
**The Salvation Army and the YMCA** The combination of religious faith and interest in reform nourished the growth of the Christian Mission, a social welfare organization first organized in England by a minister named William Booth. Adopting a military-style organization, the group became known as the Salvation Army in 1878. It offered practical aid and religious counseling to the urban poor.
Like the Salvation Army, the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) also began in England. The YMCA tried to help industrial workers and the urban poor by organizing Bible studies, prayer meetings, citizenship training, and group activities. In the United States, YMCAs, or “Ys,” quickly spread from Boston throughout the country. YMCA facilities included libraries, gymnasiums, swimming pools, auditoriums, and low-cost hotel rooms available on a temporary basis to those in need.
**Revivalism and Dwight L. Moody** One prominent organizer of the American YMCA was Dwight L. Moody, who was president of the Chicago YMCA in the late 1860s. A gifted preacher and organizer, Moody founded his own church in Chicago, today known as Moody Memorial Church. By 1867 Moody had begun to organize revival meetings in other
---
**What If...**
**English Spelling Reform Had Been Accepted?**
In 1906 the Simplified Spelling Board suggested a list of 300 words that it thought needed to be simplified. For example, it recommended spelling “axe” without the silent “e.” The association also asked for more radical changes, such as replacing the “-ed” at the end of past-tense verbs with a “t.” Thus, “kissed” and “missed” would be “kisst” and “misset.” “Thoroughly” would be simplified to “thoroly.”
Although the reforms were not accepted, they received support from such famous people as Mark Twain and President Theodore Roosevelt. After Roosevelt suggested that the Government Printing Office adopt the new spellings, Mark Twain tried to convince the Associated Press news agency to follow along:
“If [you] will adopt and use our simplified forms . . . [W]e shall be rid of . . . pneumonia and . . . pterodactyl, and all those other insane words which no man . . . can try to spell. . . . What is the real function . . . of language? Isn’t it merely to convey ideas and emotions . . . ? [I]f we can do it with words of fonetic brevity and compactness, why keep the present cumbersome forms?”
---
1. Why do you think these spelling reforms were never accepted?
2. Would English be easier for immigrants to learn and understand if the reforms had been accepted? Why or why not?
Booker T. Washington
1856–1915
Born enslaved on a plantation in Virginia, Booker T. Washington spent his childhood working in the coal mines of West Virginia. At age 16 he heard about the Hampton Institute in Virginia, where African Americans could learn farming or a trade. With little money in his pockets, Washington left home and walked nearly 500 miles to the school, where he was able to work as a janitor to pay for his education.
After Washington completed his degree, Hampton hired him as an instructor in 1879. Two years later, Hampton’s founder, Samuel Armstrong, asked Washington to organize an agricultural and industrial school for African Americans in Tuskegee, Alabama. The Tuskegee Institute’s beginnings were modest. As Washington recalled, it began with 40 students and a “dilapidated shanty.” By 1915 the school had over 100 buildings, about 2,000 students, and an endowment of nearly $2 million. Washington himself became a nationally known spokesperson for the African American community.
George Washington Carver
1864–1943
At about 10 years of age, George Washington Carver left his home in Missouri and began traveling on his own. He worked as a servant, hotel clerk, laundry worker, and farmhand in order to get a formal education. In 1894 he graduated from the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. Two years later, he became the director of agricultural research at the Tuskegee Institute, where he began experimenting with various crops.
To help Southern sharecroppers overcome their problems of depleted soil, poverty, and poor nutrition, Carver urged them to plant peanuts and soybeans. These plants restored the soil’s nitrogen while providing extra protein in the farmers’ diets. To make peanut farming profitable, Carver developed over 300 industrial uses for peanuts, including flour, inks, dyes, wood stains, soap, and cosmetics. By 1940 his research had made the peanut the South’s second most lucrative crop after cotton.
American cities. In 1870 Moody met Ira Sankey, a hymn writer and singer. Together they introduced the gospel hymn into worship services in the United States and Great Britain. Moody’s preaching and Sankey’s hymns drew thousands of people to revival meetings in the 1870s and 1880s.
Moody strongly supported charities that helped the poor, but he rejected both the Social Gospel and Social Darwinism. He believed the way to help the poor was not by providing them with services but by redeeming their souls and reforming their character.
The Settlement House Movement
In a way, the settlement house movement was an offshoot of the Social Gospel movement. It attracted idealistic reformers who believed it was their Christian duty to improve living conditions for the poor. During the late 1800s, reformers such as Jane Addams established settlement houses in poor neighborhoods. In these establishments, middle-class residents lived and helped poor residents, mostly immigrants.
Addams, who opened the famous Hull House in Chicago in 1889, inspired many more such settlements across the country, including the Henry Street Settlement run by Lillian Wald in New York City. The women who ran settlement houses provided everything from medical care, recreation programs, and English classes to hot lunches for factory workers. Their efforts helped shape the social work profession, in which women came to play a major role.
Reading Check Summarizing What were the beliefs of Dwight L. Moody?
Public Education
As the United States became increasingly industrialized and urbanized, it needed more workers who were trained and educated. The demand for skilled workers led to a much greater focus on building schools and colleges in the late 1800s.
The Spread of Schools
The number of public schools increased quickly after the Civil War. In 1870 around 6,500,000 children attended school. By 1900 that number had risen to over 17,300,000.
Public schools were often crucial to the success of immigrant children. It was there the children usually became knowledgeable about American culture, a process known as Americanization. To assimilate immigrants into American culture, schools taught immigrant children English, American history, and the responsibilities of citizenship. They also tried to instill discipline and a strong work ethic, values considered important to the nation’s progress.
Americanization could also pose a problem for immigrant children, however, because sometimes parents worried that it would make the children forget their own cultural traditions.
Not everyone had access to school. In the rush to fund education, cities were way ahead of rural areas. Many African Americans, also, did not have equal educational opportunities. To combat this discrimination, some African Americans started their own schools. The leader of this movement was Booker T. Washington, who founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1881.
**Education for the Workplace** City schools helped immigrants assimilate, and they also helped future workers prepare for the jobs they hoped would lift their families out of poverty. The grammar school system in city schools divided students into eight grades and drilled them in timely attendance, neatness, and efficiency—necessary habits for success in the workplace. At the same time, vocational and technical education in the high schools provided students with skills required in specific trades.
**Expanding Higher Education** Colleges also multiplied in the late 1800s, helped by the Morrill Land Grant Act. This Civil War–era law gave federal land grants to states for the purpose of establishing agricultural and mechanical colleges. By 1900 land-grant colleges were established across the Midwest. The number of students enrolled expanded rapidly in this period. In 1870 around 50,000 students attended college, but by 1890 the number had more than tripled to 157,000.
Traditionally, women’s educational opportunities lagged behind men’s. Around this time, however, things began to change. The opening of private women’s colleges such as Vassar, Wellesley, and Smith, along with new women’s colleges on the campuses of Harvard and Columbia Universities, served to increase the number of women attending college.
**Public Libraries** Like public schools, free libraries also made education available to city dwellers. One of the strongest supporters of the public library movement was industrialist Andrew Carnegie, who believed access to knowledge was the key to getting ahead in life. Carnegie donated millions of dollars toward the construction of libraries all across the United States. These libraries, as well as the various educational and social reform movements that arose in the late 1800s, helped people cope with the harsher aspects of a newly industrialized society.
**Reading Check** **Explaining** How did the United States try to Americanize immigrants?
Hypothesizing
Why Learn This Skill?
When you are reading new material, you may often encounter ideas and events that you do not immediately understand. One way to overcome this difficulty is to make educated guesses about what happened.
Learning the Skill
When you read things that you do not understand, you probably make guesses about what the material means. You may or may not have been able to prove these guesses, but you have taken a step toward deciphering the information. This step is called hypothesizing. When you hypothesize, you form one or more hypotheses, which are guesses that offer possible answers to a problem or provide possible explanations for an observation. When hypothesizing, follow these steps.
- Read the material carefully.
- Ask yourself what the material is actually saying. To do this, try to put the material in your own words.
- Determine what you might logically assume from your guesses. Then form one or more hypotheses.
- Test each hypothesis to determine whether or not it is correct. You can usually do this by asking yourself questions that relate to your hypothesis and then researching the answers.
- Based on your research, determine which hypothesis, if any, provides an explanation for the information that you originally read.
Hypotheses are only preliminary explanations. They must be accepted, rejected, or modified as the problem is investigated. Each hypothesis must be tested against the information gathered. Hypotheses that are supported by evidence can be accepted as explanations of the problem.
Practicing the Skill
Using the steps just discussed and what you have read in the chapter, test the following hypotheses and determine if they can be supported.
1. Most immigrants who came to the United States came in search of work.
2. Improved transportation led people to move to urban areas from rural areas.
3. The general laissez-faire approach taken by the government toward growing cities was beneficial to businesses and citizens.
Skills Assessment
Complete the Practicing Skills questions on page 361 and the Chapter 10 Skill Reinforcement Activity to assess your mastery of this skill.
Applying the Skill
Hypothesizing Reread the passage titled “The Resurgence of Nativism” in Section 1. Using the facts that you are given in these paragraphs, form at least two hypotheses that may explain what is being described. Test each hypothesis, then select the best one. Which hypothesis did you choose? Why?
Glencoe’s Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook CD-ROM, Level 2, provides instruction and practice in key social studies skills.
## Reviewing Key Terms
On a sheet of paper, use each of these terms in a sentence.
1. steerage
2. nativism
3. skyscraper
4. tenement
5. political machine
6. party boss
7. graft
8. philanthropy
9. realism
10. vaudeville
11. ragtime
12. naturalism
13. settlement house
14. Americanization
## Critical Thinking
21. **Analyzing Themes: Geography and History** What factors led so many people to immigrate to the United States in the late 1800s?
22. **Analyzing** What methods did political machines use to build support in the late 1800s?
23. **Evaluating** Recall the problems facing city dwellers in the late 1800s. What do you think is the biggest problem facing people living in large cities today? How do you think the problem should be solved?
24. **Interpreting Primary Sources** Reaction in the United States to “old” immigration was generally more favorable than reaction to “new” immigration. Some people, however, still favored all immigration. The following excerpt from an 1882 editorial in the *Commercial and Financial Chronicle* addresses the effects of immigration on the nation.
> In the very act of coming and traveling to reach his destination, he [the immigrant] adds . . . to the immediate prosperity and success of certain lines of business. . . . Not only do the ocean steamers . . . get very large returns in carrying passengers of this description, but in forwarding them to the places chosen by the immigrants as their future homes the railroad companies also derive great benefit and their passenger traffic is greatly swelled. . . .
## Reviewing Key Facts
15. **Identify:** Ellis Island, Angel Island, Louis Sullivan, George Plunkitt, William M. (“Boss”) Tweed, Gilded Age, Herbert Spencer, Lester Frank Ward, Jane Addams.
16. How did the Chinese in the United States react to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?
17. What attempts did nativist groups make to decrease immigration to the United States in the late 1800s?
18. What problems did cities in the United States face in the late 1800s?
19. What did realist authors such as Mark Twain and Henry James write about?
20. What movements in the late 1800s addressed urban problems?
... These immigrants not only produce largely, . . . but, having wants which they cannot supply themselves, create a demand for outside supplies. . . . Thus it is that the Eastern manufacturer finds the call upon him for his wares and goods growing more urgent all the time, thus the consumption of coal keeps on expanding notwithstanding the check to new railroad enterprises, and thus there is a more active and larger interchange of all commodities. . . .
a. According to the editorial, what kind of effect did immigration have on the nation’s economy?
b. How is the editorial’s view of the effects of immigration different from that of the nativists?
25. Organizing Complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below by listing the new technologies that contributed to urban growth in the late 1800s.
New Technologies
Urban Growth
Practicing Skills
26. Hypothesizing Reread the passage titled “The Spread of Schools” from Section 4. Using the information in this passage, form a hypothesis that describes the availability of education to people during this time. Write your hypothesis down and research the topic. Then state whether or not your hypothesis was correct.
Writing Activity
27. Descriptive Writing Find out about an individual in the 1800s who experienced a “rags-to-riches” success story. You might use one of the business leaders or other individuals discussed in the chapter. Write a brief sketch of the person, describing how he or she became a success.
Chapter Activity
28. American History Primary Source Document Library CD-ROM Read the article “The Need for Public Parks” by Frederick Law Olmsted, under Reshaping the Nation. Then work with a partner and create a design for a park that you think would meet the recreational needs of people in your community.
Geography and History
29. The graph above shows how much immigration contributed to population growth in the United States between 1860 and 1900. Study the graph and answer the questions below.
a. Interpreting Graphs By about how much did the population of the United States increase between 1861 and 1900?
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Net Zero Carbon
New Zealand cannot begin to meet our carbon emissions reduction targets without addressing serious issues with our existing homes, new builds and waste.
Building contributes approximately 20% of our carbon footprint as a nation, and we know that waste from construction and demolition from our building and construction industry makes up more than half of the waste that goes to landfill in New Zealand. Transport and agriculture are also big contributors for New Zealand.
Reinventing how we deal with waste will allow our natural environment to heal and people to survive in more comfort as we deal with the effects of Climate Change. Sustain & Enable is committed to helping New Zealand households and organisations exceed our CO2 equivalent reduction goals.
Please contact us if you need help bench-marking, setting or measuring your targets or tracking your emissions reductions. We are here to help.
What is Zero Waste?
Zero waste is an aspiration; a goal to reduce pollution of our planet and waste of resources to minimal levels because it’s the right thing to do.
The concept of waste is a human one - there is no waste in nature, and the balance of resources moves from one steady state to another where everything that has gone before is re-purposed and used again and again. Every individual organism in a system is both a producer and a consumer.
So if we’re smart and design things right, why should there be waste created by our society or businesses? We like to think of Zero Waste as being about helping people to make those choices that are right for them, supporting good practices, advocating for changes in the system that will make everyone better off, and about taking responsibility ourselves to improve our own habits over time, because no one is perfect, right?
Sustain & Enable work with households and businesses in New Zealand to reduce the weight and volume of materials sent to landfill, burned, buried, or sent offshore for processing or disposal. This also saves a lot of money and makes much better use of our resources. As business owners or individual consumers, we are all entitled to make our own choices based on factors that are important to us. The choices we make should be ethical and comfortable, but shouldn’t cost the Earth, or be otherwise unaffordable.
We believe that given a level playing field, most people will make decisions they know are ethical, so we give people the information, advice, and support they need to help them make the ethical decisions that are right for them.
Household Zero Waste Action Plan
- Get a tailored solution to waste at your place.
- Learn about the different options for composting – what would work best for your lifestyle?
- Find out what’s really in your bin, and what else you could do with it.
- Are you recycling right?
- Don’t want to send something to landfill? Get tailored advice to find out where to take it.
- Combine your Zero Waste Action Plan with a water and energy assessment to save money on your utility bills, or a Household Emergency Plan to keep your family together and safe when disaster strikes.
Business Waste Audits
- Do you know exactly what is in your bins?
- Could your team make more efficient use of resources?
- How much waste could you trim to save money on your waste bills every month?
Let us take your stress away and save you money.
Combine your business waste audit with a water and energy assessment to save even more money on your utility bills, or a Business Resilience Plan to have peace of mind your business can survive a disaster and keep trading in case of emergency!
Beyond Recycling
If you recycle, that’s great. But recycling is the net at the bottom of the cliff – the last chance we have to recover unused materials before they are wasted and some of the materials we recycle today end up in landfill anyway. There is a much better way to recycle than we do in New Zealand right now, but that is only part of the solution. We help people follow the waste hierarchy and other models to redesign, reduce, reuse, repurpose, recreate, reinvent, recycle, and recover materials and energy. Profits go up if businesses can avoid wasting materials and future generations will thank us for it!
If this philosophy speaks to you, please get in touch - we’d love to help you, or your project or organisation, make better use of resources, and minimize wastage regardless of how sustainable or otherwise you believe your habits might be. | b6ee7ae8-138c-4a8c-b31e-356108884e6b | CC-MAIN-2025-08 | https://www.se.org.nz/uploads/pdfs/SE_Zero%20Waste_FINAL%202020-10-27.pdf | 2025-02-09T08:30:17+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-08/segments/1738831951598.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20250209070017-20250209100017-00015.warc.gz | 929,557,280 | 885 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.997505 | eng_Latn | 0.997851 | [
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TRY SOMETHING NEW
Society’s Commitment to Sustainable Development
Concrete actions | Measurable results | Impact throughout the society
PRIME MINISTER’S OFFICE
FINLAND
NEW APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY WORK
The idea is simple: concrete actions with measurable results – towards a shared vision.
The Finland We Want by 2050 – Society’s Commitment to Sustainable Development is an innovative way to engage the whole of society in implementing the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It brings together the public sector, companies, civil society actors, organisations and citizens in a unique way.
The Commitment is a strategic framework and operational tool
Society’s Commitment to Sustainable Development includes a vision and eight shared objectives. The vision – a prosperous Finland with global responsibility for sustainability and the carrying capacity of nature – can be achieved by implementing the eight shared objectives:
- EQUAL PROSPECTS FOR WELL-BEING
- A PARTICIPATORY SOCIETY FOR ALL
- WORK IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY
- SUSTAINABLE LOCAL COMMUNITIES
- A CARBON-NEUTRAL SOCIETY
- A RESOURCE-WISE ECONOMY
- LIFESTYLES THAT RESPECT THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF NATURE
- DECISION-MAKING THAT RESPECTS NATURE
Voluntary agreements instead of legal regulation
The Green Deal agreement reduces the consumption of plastic bags, the Nutrition agreement promotes the adoption of nutrition recommendations, and the Water Stewardship Commitment challenges the companies towards more sustainable water use.
Effective clusters created
When put together, individual commitments lead to greater results. Espoo, the second largest city in Finland, has created a community of pioneers by linking more than 100 organisations to its commitment. The cluster of commitments to tackle food waste has brought about a systematic change.
SOME 850 COMMITMENTS HAVE ALREADY BEEN GIVEN...
...AND THE NUMBER IS GROWING FAST
Over 50% of the commitments have been made by companies and schools.
6 industrial sectors (finance, forestry, energy, trade, marine and technology) involved to a large degree.
Duration of the commitments: from 1–5 years to over 25 years.
Many different types of commitments, from responsible safety and equality initiatives to more efficient use of energy and resources, from training of young people to improving access to the labour market for people with partial work capacity, and from strengthening democracy to increasing transparency in government.
Organisations that have given a commitment have already reported that Society’s Commitment has inspired them to do things differently, resulted in enhanced resource efficiency, increased the organisation’s social influence and facilitated stakeholder dialogue. Additionally, Commitment has created marketing benefits for them and brought new clients, motivated their staff and opened up new networks.
Over 90% of commitment holders would recommend that others do the same.
Over 80% of commitment holders believe their commitments bring benefits to their organisation.
TOP REASONS FOR JOINING THE COMMITMENT 2050
1. Enhancing sustainability in one’s own actions
2. Being a trailblazer within the sector
3. Benefits to the image, brand and marketing
4. Networking in Finland and globally
5. Savings in costs
MAIN OBJECTIVES
- Sustainable lifestyles
- Decision-making that respects nature
- Recourse-wise economy
- Carbon-neutral society
- Sustainable work
- Sustainable communities
- Equality
- Participatory society
COMMITTED ORGANISATIONS
Company
Educational Institution
City
NGO
Other entity
Other departments
Ministry
Private person
Other
Business association
Party
Labor market organisation
Province
Preliminary results from the study by Demos Helsinki and SYKE (KekeArvi)
Each organisation commits to sustainable development in its own way. For us the Society’s Commitment to Sustainable Development is a bit like marriage: it makes the commitment more public and official. It communicates to our stakeholders and customers that we are serious about sustainability. At the same time, it is a constant reminder and guides our daily business.
Tommi Tervanen, CEO
Kotipizza, a Finnish pizza restaurant chain founded in 1987
Every week we collected 35 000 kg of food waste and used this to feed 5 000 people in need of food aid.
Shared table, an innovative food bank service
We have wind power of our own that now produces half of the energy we use. In 2016 we offered summer jobs to 11 000 young people.
S-Group, a Finnish retailing cooperative organization
Emissions from the radio network relative to annual data transfer volumes decreased by 88 per cent during 2016.
DNA, a Finnish telecommunications group
SOCIAL INNOVATION TO PUT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTO PRACTICE AND ENGAGE THE SOCIETY
GOAL SELECTION AND OPERATIONAL COMMITMENT
IMPLEMENTATION
MEASUREMENT
VISIBLE IMPACTS ON SOCIETY!
Born in Finland. Applicable anywhere?
kestavakehitys.fi/en & sitoumus2050.fi / commitment2050.fi
CONTACTS
Annika Lindblom
Secretary General
Finnish National Commission on Sustainable Development
email@example.com
Marja Innanen
Deputy Secretary General
Finnish National Commission on Sustainable Development
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Case Study
SRI LANKA: SCALING UP NUTRITION THROUGH A MULTI-SECTOR APPROACH
SDGs addressed
1. NO POVERTY
2. ZERO HUNGER
3. GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
4. QUALITY EDUCATION
5. GENDER EQUALITY
6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
7. PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS
This case study is based on lessons from the joint programme, “Sri Lanka: Scaling Up Nutrition Through a Multi-Sector Approach.” Read more
CHAPTERS
More info:
www.sdgfund.org
1. SUMMARY
Under the joint programme, WFP and FAO collaborated with the Government of Sri Lanka to address the causal factors of poor nutrition at the household level. This involved coordination between various sectors including: primary health care, poverty alleviation programmes, education, agriculture, and indigenous medicine. The programme, inter alia, promoted policy integration and coordination as well as a greater awareness of nutrition in schools and homes.
2. SITUATION
Over the past decade, nutrition levels have lagged vis-à-vis other development indicators. The country has experienced disproportionate levels of maternal, newborn and child malnutrition in comparison with levels of poverty and infant mortality. High malnutrition rates are attributed to high food and fuel prices, which affected household food security, in addition to inadequate care practices, with extreme weather events as an exacerbating factor and notable regional disparities.
3. STRATEGY
The joint programme addressed nutritional needs through a multi-sectoral approach. A Presidential Task Force for Nutrition was formed to lead implementation. The resulting “Multi-Sector Action Plan for Nutrition” prioritized: communication, community, education, economics, food security, and the first 1,000 days of life. The plan focused on vulnerable groups including pregnant and lactating women, and children.
The country has experienced disproportionate levels of maternal, newborn and child malnutrition in comparison with levels of poverty and infant mortality.
4. RESULTS AND IMPACT
WFP and FAO conducted a baseline nutrition survey comprised of 14,762 pregnant and lactating women and 8,791 school children from 262 schools across the island. This helped the Government of Sri Lanka better understand the linkages between health, food security and micronutrient deficiencies. Using the data gathered and lessons learnt from these surveys and initiatives, the WFP and FAO targeted those areas most in need. Outreach on nutrition in pre-schools and schools was successful, with children observed as being more accepting of and eating foods they did not previously eat, and not bringing other less healthy food items to school as a result.
Apart from improving the quality of the local produced food supplement, “Thriposha” with experience shared from Rwanda, the joint programme also helped facilitate the reopening of the dialogue on rice fortification which had been previously overlooked in favour of wheat, due to considerations of technology, cost and public acceptance. Drawing on experience from India and Bangladesh and also engaging the private sector, the programme contributed to a landscape analysis of rice fortification and a cabinet paper on voluntary rice fortification which saw fortified rice introduced, on a trial basis, in social safety net programmes, as a result. A nationwide school nutrition database system was also developed as well as pre-school guidelines on health and nutrition and the updated school canteen circular and manual distributed to all 10,000 schools.
5. CHALLENGES
The experience of other countries in the production and promotion of fortified food was important to informing stakeholders in Sri Lanka. It was the first time that such a landscape analysis on rice fortification had been conducted in-country, thus it was difficult to find the expertise to conduct the necessary work. The country lacked a regulatory framework for food fortification and with the large number of rice mills, it was difficult to find a consensus on suitable entry points to scale up rice fortification, thus the recommendation was to introduce a voluntary rice fortification framework.
Sri Lankan child.
6. LESSONS LEARNT
The efforts of the health sector alone are insufficient, as chronic malnutrition requires a coordinated response. The Multisector Action Plan for Nutrition brought together 16 government line ministries under the auspices of the National Nutrition Secretariat of Sri Lanka (NNSL), located within the Presidential Secretariat.
The programme filled an important gap in awareness of child nutrition. However, the allocation of 27-30 Sri Lankan Rupees (LKR) per meal/day/student was insufficient and only viable in the end due to the commitment of parents who donated their time to cook the meals. Efforts to promote school gardens were also successful due to the commitment of teachers and parents. The need to observe site selection criteria was emphasized in the final evaluation, in particular, considerations of land and space, the availability of water for irrigation during dry season, in addition to the frequency of attacks by pests such as monkeys and wild boar). These conditions need to be carefully reviewed and analyzed before embarking on school gardens. Greater synergies could also be explored between school meal and garden interventions.
7. SUSTAINABILITY AND POTENTIAL FOR REPLICATION
The examination of rice fortification will continue to inform policy, national standards and implementation and the nutrition survey. The joint programme also highlighted the need to continue supporting the National Nutrition Surveillance System.
Teaching children about nutrition had a broader impact as they brought this knowledge home with them and their parents and other family members also benefitted, and appreciation expressed by parents in the final evaluation. The development and dissemination of manuals, guidelines, and training documents, together with the government and schools, will continue to help improve nutrition of children in schools and homes alike.
By Catherine Wong, Joint Programme Specialist, SDG Fund, with input from Sashrika Kalupahana, Joint Programme Coordinator, WFP, Ranjith Mahindapala, Evaluation Specialist, and Teresa George Akkara, Intern, SDG Fund, editing by Vesna Jaksic Lowe, Communications Consultant and Writer, and translation by Victor Garrido Delgado, Communications Consultant, SDG Fund | d21b9ad6-ea97-4cb0-909b-1bdf27c9c335 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sdgfund.org/sites/default/files/case_study_-_sri_lanka_-_en_v1.pdf | 2023-12-11T16:18:25+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679515260.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211143258-20231211173258-00865.warc.gz | 1,052,571,919 | 1,241 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.957272 | eng_Latn | 0.995954 | [
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## Essential Skeletons, Muscles and Nutrition Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| skeleton | The framework of bones supporting the body of an animal. |
| nutrition | Food or nourishment. |
| organs | A part of the body that has a particular function. |
| tendons | Cords that join muscles to bones. |
| metabolism | The chemical reactions that go on in an organism’s body to make energy. |
| digest | To break down food into substances that can be absorbed by the body |
| enzymes | Chemicals in the body that help to digest food. |
| diet | The kinds of food that a person or animal eats. |
| circulation| The continuous motion of blood travelling around the body. |
| muscle | A band of fibrous tissue that contracts to produce movement. |
| bones | The hard, whitish tissue that makes up the skeleton in vertebrates. |
| oxygen | The gas that we breathe in. |
| carbon dioxide | The gas that we breathe out. |
| nutrients | A substance that provides the nourishment needed to stay alive and grow. |
| energy | The power from a source. |
## The Skeleton
The skeleton has three main jobs:
- Protect the organs inside the body from damage
- Allow the body to move
- Support the body
## Vertebrates and Invertebrates
- **A vertebrate** is a living thing that has a backbone. Humans are vertebrates. We have what is known as an endoskeleton (a skeleton the body)
- **An invertebrate** is an living thing that does not have a backbone.
- There are two types of invertebrates.
- those with an exoskeleton (a skeleton outside the body, like a shell). A crab has an exoskeleton.
- those with a hydrostatic skeleton (a skeleton made up of a fluid-filled compartment in the body called a coelom). A jellyfish has a hydrostatic skeleton.
## Leg Bones
- femur
- kneecap
- fibula
- tibia
## Arm and Shoulder Bones
- radius
- clavicle
- humerus
- ulna
- scapula
## Making Links to Previous Learning
### Golden Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Plants | Plants produce oxygen. |
| Plants | Plants absorb carbon dioxide. |
| Animals including humans | Nutrients are required for humans to live. |
| Forces | To apply a force, energy is required. |
## Types of Fat
- **Saturated fats** are less healthy and should only be eaten in small amounts. Things like crisps, chocolate and sweets will have lots of saturated fats.
- **Unsaturated fats** are fats that give you energy, vitamins and minerals. Foods like avocados, nuts and seeds have unsaturated fats.
## Water
It is important to keep the body hydrated by drinking water. Water helps to maintain processes such as digestion, transporting nutrients and regulating body temperature.
## The Four Main Food Groups
- **Protein** helps the body to repair itself. It is found in foods such as fish, beans and nuts.
- **Fat** helps store energy in the body. It is found in foods such as cheese and nuts.
- **Carbohydrates** give us energy. It is found in foods such as potatoes and pasta.
- **Fibre** helps to digest food. It is found in foods such as fruits and vegetables. | 6072993f-4d8b-4453-9225-0f354494ba50 | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.gtbradfordsjuniorschool.org.uk/attachments/download.asp?file=228&type=pdf | 2024-12-07T08:04:53+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066426671.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207071733-20241207101733-00045.warc.gz | 738,603,229 | 759 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998502 | eng_Latn | 0.998502 | [
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Digestion physiology
Digestion is the process of mechanically and enzymatically breaking down food into substances for absorption into the bloodstream. The food contains three macronutrients that require digestion before they can be absorbed: fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Digestion is a form of catabolism or breaking down of substances that involves two separate processes:
- **mechanical digestion**: Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion.
- **chemical digestion**: The role of chemical digestion is to further degrade the molecular structure of the ingested compounds by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into basic units.
The digestive system involves —hollow|| organs and —solid|| organs.
Food travels through the hollow organs — mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
The solid organs:
pancreas, liver, and gallbladder — add various products into the mix. Aside from the solid and hollow organs, the nervous and circulatory systems are also important in digestion, as are the bacteria that live in the gut.
Functions of digestive system:
1. **Ingestion**: This process involves taking foods and liquids into the mouth (eating).
2. **Secretion**: Cells within the walls of the GI tract and accessory digestive organs secrete about 7 liters of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the tract which help in digestion of food.
3. **Mixing and propulsion**: Alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract mix food and secretions and propel them toward the anus. This capability of the GI tract to mix and move material along its length is called motility.
4. **Digestion**: Digestion is of two types- Mechanical and Chemical digestion.
5. **Absorption**: The entrance of ingested and secreted fluids, ions, and the products of digestion into the epithelial cells lining the lumen of the GI tract is called
absorption. The absorbed substances pass into blood or lymph and circulate to cells throughout the body.
6. **Defecation**: Wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria, cells sloughed from the lining of the GI tract, and digested materials that were not absorbed in their journey through the digestive tract leave the body through the anus in a process called defecation. The eliminated material is termed feces.
**Parts of digestive system:**
The journey of digestion In humans, the gastrointestinal tract (also called the alimentary canal) is around 8 meters long. One writer describes it as —the most important and least lovely waterway on Earth.
Below, we describe the journey of a mouthful of food.
1- The Mouth
Digestion begins even before the food enters the mouth. The smell, or even the thought of food, starts the production of saliva by the salivary glands. Once the food is inside the mouth, it is moistened by saliva, and the teeth and tongue begin the process of mechanical digestion.
2- Salivary glands: A salivary gland is a gland that releases a secretion called saliva into the oral cavity. Saliva is secreted to keep the mucous membranes of the mouth and pharynx moist and to cleanse the mouth and teeth. When food enters the mouth, secretion of saliva increases, and it lubricates, dissolves and begins the chemical breakdown of the food. There are 3 pairs of major salivary glands which secrete saliva:
a- The parotid glands:
b- The submandibular glands
c- The sublingual glands
3- Peristalsis
Peristalsis is the slow contraction of smooth muscles around the pipes of the digestive system. Slow waves of contraction run along the gut, pushing the bolus along in the right direction — away from the mouth and toward the anus.
4- The stomach
The bolus enters the stomach through a muscular valve at the top called the cardiac sphincter. This sphincter controls how much food enters the stomach and when.
Stomach is a ‘J’ shaped enlargement of GI Tract which lies directly inferior to diaphragm. It connects esophagus to duodenum (first part of small intestine). Stomach serves as mixing chamber and holding reservoir for food. When food is ingested, stomach pushes a small quantity of food into duodenum periodically. As the size of stomach can vary, it can store large amount of food. In stomach, semisolid bolus is converted into liquid, digestion of starch continues, digestion of triglycerides and protein starts and absorption of several substances takes place.
The stomach contains gastric juice, which contains mostly:
• Hydrochloric acid — an acid that is strong enough to dissolve razor blades.
• Pepsin — an enzyme that breaks down proteins.
Both of these chemicals could potentially harm the lining of the stomach, so it produces a slimy layer to protect itself from damage. In the stomach, peristalsis continues, which helps to mix the food with the gastric juices. Not many compounds are absorbed into the blood from the stomach; exceptions to this include water, alcohol, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
After 1–2 hours in the stomach, the food is a thick paste, referred to as chyme. It leaves the stomach through the **pyloric sphincter** at the bottom of the stomach.
As digestion proceeds more vigorous mixing wave start at body of stomach and intensify as they reach pylorus. At pylorus, each wave periodically pushes little amount of chyme into small intestine thorough **pyloric sphincter**. This process is called **gastric emptying**.
Starch is digested by salivary amylase when food is in **fundus**. When food moves into body, mixing of chyme with gastric juices starts. The salivary amylase is inactivated and lingual lipase is activated. This stops digestion of starch and starts digestion of triglycerides into diglycerides and fatty acids.
- Parietal cell present in walls of stomach start secretion of a strong acid HCl, which kills microbes and denature proteins. HCl also stimulate secretion of hormones which further increases flow of bile and pancreatic juices.
Enzymatic digestion of proteins also begins in the stomach. The chief cells in stomach secrete proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme in the stomach called pepsin. Pepsin breaks peptide bonds to breaking down a large protein chain smaller peptide fragments. Pepsin is most effective in the very acidic environment of the stomach (pH 2); it becomes inactive at a higher pH.
The small intestine
The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine. Here, the chyme mixes with enzymes from the pancreas, bile from the liver, and intestinal juice:
Bile \ produced by the liver, it helps break down fats and is stored in the gallbladder.
Pancreatic juice \ contains a cocktail of enzymes, including trypsinogen, elastase, and amylase.
Intestinal juice \ this fluid activates some of the enzymes in the pancreatic juice. It also contains other enzymes, mucus, and hormones.
The food continues its journey through the remaining parts of the small intestine the jejunum and ileum — being gradually digested as it goes. Once it is fully broken down, it is absorbed into the blood.
In humans, the vast majority of nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine. Tiny finger-like projections called villi stick out from the walls of the duodenum and increase its surface area. Villi maximize the amount of nutrients that can be absorbed. The surface area is further increased by microvilli, which are even smaller projections that come from the cells of the intestine’s epithelium (lining).
The large intestine
Also called the colon and large bowel, the large intestine is 1.5 meters (5 feet) in length. Although it is shorter than the small intestine, it is thicker in diameter.
In the large intestine, water and minerals are absorbed into the blood. Food travels through this region much slower to allow fermentation by gut bacteria.
The large intestine absorbs any products produced by bacterial activity, such as vitamin K, vitamin B12, thiamine, and riboflavin.
**The large intestine is divided into sections:**
*The ascending colon* :- this includes the cecum (a pouch that joins onto the ileum) and the appendix (another small pouch. Its function is unclear, but it may play a role in maintaining gut bacteria).
*The transverse colon* :- this section crosses the abdomen. The descending colon – this section has a dense population of gut bacteria and is used to store feces.
*The sigmoid (S-shaped) colon* :- has muscular walls that help push feces
**The rectum**
Any waste left over that the body cannot use is moved to the rectum and excreted through the anus during defecation. This may occur multiple times in a single day, or once every few days.
Stretch receptors in the wall of the rectum detect when the chamber is full and stimulate the desire to defecate. If defecation is delayed, the feces can be moved back into the colon where water is absorbed back into the body. If defecation is postponed for an extended period, more water is removed, the stool becomes hard, and the individual may become constipated.
**How nutrients are broken down**
Different components of the diet are broken down in various ways:
**Protein**: digested by three enzymes called pepsin (in the stomach), trypsin, and chymotrypsin (in the duodenum, secreted by the pancreas).
**Fat**: lingual lipase begins fat digestion in the mouth. However, most fat is broken down in the small intestine by pancreatic lipase. Bile also helps in the process of breaking down fats.
**Carbohydrate**: salivary and pancreatic amylase break down starches into individual glucose units. Lactase breaks down lactose, the sugar in milk. Sucrose breaks down sucrose (table sugar or cane sugar).
**DNA and RNA**: broken down by deoxyribonuclease (DNase) and ribonuclease (RNase) produced by the pancreas.
**Non-destructive digestion**
Certain essential, complex molecules would be ruined if they mixed with digestive juices in the stomach. For instance, vitamin B12 is very sensitive to acid and, if it was broken down into its parts, it could not fulfill its role in the body.
In these cases, non-destructive digestion takes place. For vitamin B12, a chemical in saliva called haptocorrin binds to and protects the molecule.
In the duodenum, the bond is split, and B12 attaches to intrinsic factor. Then, once in the ileum, special receptors carry the two bound molecules into the blood.
Hormonal control of digestion
Digestion is a complex process that requires different organs to make moves at the right time. For instance, the right enzymes need to be squirted into the right place at the right time and in the right amounts. To help organize this system, a range of hormones are involved, these include:
1- **Gastrin** :- released in the stomach, this hormone stimulates the production of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen (an inactive form of pepsin). Gastrin is produced in response to the arrival of food in the stomach. Acidic pH levels reduce the levels of gastrin.
2- **Secretin** :- stimulates bicarbonate secretion to neutralize acid in the duodenum.
3- **Cholecystokinin (CCK)** :- also found in the duodenum, this hormone stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes and the gallbladder to release bile.
4- **Gastric inhibitory peptide** :- decreases the churning of the stomach and reduces the speed that food empties from the stomach. It also triggers the secretion of insulin.
5- **Motilin** :- stimulates the production of pepsin and speeds up peristalsis.
Digestive Problems
1. **Choking** food in air passages usually meats, hot dogs, grapes, carrots, hard candy, popcorn, peanut butter may not be able to make a sound DON’T hit on back
2. **Vomiting symptom** of many diseases waves of reverse peristalsis if severe may empty duodenum as well rest and drink small amounts of fluids guard against massive fluid loss
3. **Bulemia** self induced vomiting may cause damage and infection of esophagus, pharynx, or salivary glands erosion of teeth, more dental caries esophagus may rupture or tear
4. **Diarrhea** frequent loose watery stool intestinal contents moving too fast for fluid absorption to occur main danger is fluid loss also upsets acid/base balance
5. **Constipation caused by**: lifestyle inadequate water input lack of physical activity side effect of medication increase in fiber, prunes, laxatives attracts water softens stool Colonic Irrigation alternative medical practice potentially harmful unnecessary can rupture the intestine frequent use of laxatives and enemas: can lead to dependency upset body’s fluid balance Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System, Ziser, 2003 14 mineral oil can interfere with absorption of fat soluble vitamins
6. **Belching** results from swallowed air carbonated drinks and chewing gums can contribute occasionally can be a sign of a more serious disorder: gall bladder pain, colonic distress eat slowly, chew thoroughly relax while eating
7. **Hiccups** repeated spasms of diaphragm may be triggered by eating or drinking too fast
8. **Gas** normally we expel several 100 ml of gas/day most is odorless 1% are —volatile|| gasses high carb foods known to produce excess gas
9. **Heartburn cardiac** sphincter doesn’t close properly eat or drink too much clothing too tight cure: eat small meals drink liquids 1 hr before or 1 hr after meal don’t lie down or bend over lose weight if overweight don’t smoke use antacids but sparingly
10. **Ulcers caused by**: bacterial infection use of some anti-inflammatory drugs disorders that cause excessive gastric secretions diet therapy used to be main cure, now antibiotics | a33f3a4a-bc95-495a-9260-8deff7e2ee25 | CC-MAIN-2024-22 | https://uomus.edu.iq/img/lectures21/MUCLecture_2023_121252857.pdf | 2024-05-30T21:51:12+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-22/segments/1715971684053.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20240530210614-20240531000614-00282.warc.gz | 511,769,995 | 2,964 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.997294 | eng_Latn | 0.998041 | [
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Our Inclusion provision is available to pupils of every age, beginning with their early years schooling and continuing right up to their last years with us. Three key aims underpin every aspect of its general approach and specific interventions: to promote independence, remove any barriers to learning and development, and give pupils access to a rich and ambitious curriculum whenever possible. Our everyday Inclusion work also supports the main school's ethos of Heart, Mind, Connect, used to help grow pupils into confident, responsible and compassionate citizens with the awareness and skills to monitor and manage their own well-being. And to ensure that they have a voice to change the world.
Within Inclusion, our starting point is always that these are learners who find learning challenging and who can therefore present challenges. By working together, with children, families, teachers and support staff, these challenges can be overcome. Across school, students with cognition and learning needs are provided with high quality teaching across the curriculum, as any other student, with an adapted curriculum where this is necessary.
For students requiring additional support, our input is divided into two key programmes: Accelerator and Impact. Accelerator is the work we do to help pupils catch up with their learning, either when they're starting out from behind or falling behind over the course of normal schooling. Class sizes are small, while specialist teachers oversee their curriculum, building a close relationship with each pupil and using a holistic and adaptive approach to work with the strengths and challenges of each individual. Subjects covered are English, Maths, Humanities and Science, and we follow the National Curriculum, adapting it where and when necessary to suit a particular pupil.
Pupils with a more complex special educational needs, might join our Impact programme, where small classes offer a mixture of teaching input, emotional support and help with self-regulation. Pupils are helped to reach their full potential, whatever that might be, and the ASDAN life-skills curriculum supports the National Curriculum wherever that's appropriate. The emphasis here is on helping pupils grow their skills and confidence so they can pursue whatever pathway suits them after school, as well as live a rewarding and independent life.
We use a full range of pedagogical techniques to deliver a stimulating, tailored and, above all, appropriate and effective learning programme, for both Impact and Accelerator. These include chunking, spiralling, modelling, scaffolding and reflection, as well as more specific approaches including Bedrock, Lexia, IPEEL and Maths Mastery. We also use the phonics-based Fresh Start scheme for pupils with English as a second language. Self-regulation is also promoted, helping produce independent students who learn easily. In terms of texts, as much as possible we stay close to those of the main school, using classics like Dracula and There's a Boy in the Girls' Bathroom not just to help with literacy but also as a talking point for exploring a variety of developmental themes.
In both Accelerator and Impact, we make sure pupils are given every opportunity to develop their voice and gain the confidence and communication skills they'll need for expressing themselves effectively. We work very closely with pupils' families too, getting to know their carers and home situation right from day one. These groups are a fully-integrated part of the main school, students are taught foundation subjects with their peers and are linked with the pastoral and house system just as any other pupil in the wider academy.
For pupils across the academy with an Education, Health and Care Plan, the curriculum is adapted and appropriate support put in place as necessary. Communication is an essential part of our support package; key workers enhance the link between home and school for our most vulnerable students and those with the highest needs. Our nurture room provides a calming environment for any student requiring a quiet space, or additional support during social times. | b7eee697-d067-4b88-a415-72e5cdad09b8 | CC-MAIN-2024-22 | https://thehalifaxacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Inclusion-Overview-FINAL.pdf | 2024-05-21T07:02:06+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-22/segments/1715971058385.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240521060250-20240521090250-00233.warc.gz | 493,219,141 | 762 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998938 | eng_Latn | 0.998938 | [
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Each boy at his best.
CHRIST’S COLLEGE
CANTERBURY
Each boy at his best.
Welcome to Christ’s College
As one of the leading independent schools for boys in New Zealand, we get boys. We understand what makes them tick. We enjoy their energy, their humour, their ideas and their zest for life. We celebrate boys and we teach in ways that boys learn best.
College is renowned for the quality and strength of its academic, cultural, sport and co-curricular programmes, which are all designed to meet the needs of adolescent boys and prepare them for the future. Our commitment is to work with each boy, to inspire and encourage him to always aspire to reach his full potential.
If I had to come up with one word to sum up the College experience, I would choose “opportunity”. There are so many opportunities to be had at College and so many ways in which a College education will enrich your son’s life.
We appreciate your interest and look forward to welcoming your family to our community.
Garth Wynne
Executive Principal
OUR VISION
Christ’s College will be a vibrant school community that educates boys to be men of virtuous character who make a positive contribution to society.
OUR MISSION
Each boy at his best.
Tama tu tama ora. Ki tu i te tu taioreore.
OUR MOTTO
Bene tradita, bene servanda – “Good traditions, well maintained”
OUR VIRTUES
Seven core Christian virtues – compassion, honesty, learning, justice, respect, spirituality and stewardship – underpin all aspects of College life.
The benefits of a Christ’s College education
Academic environment
Small class sizes, excellent facilities and exceptional subject specialist teachers come together to create a motivational, inspirational and personalised learning journey for our boys.
Our focus is on helping each boy realise his full academic potential. College delivers high-quality learning programmes, encompassing the latest curriculum developments and best teaching pedagogy across all curriculum areas.
- English
- The Arts – Art History, Drama, Music, and Visual Arts
- Health & Physical Education – including Sport Leadership
- Modern Languages – French, Japanese, Spanish and Te Reo Māori
- Mathematics & Statistics – including Calculus
- Sciences – Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Earth & Space Science, and Psychology
- Social Sciences – Accounting, Agribusiness, Classical Studies, Economics, Financial Literacy, Geography, History, and Religious Education
- Technology – Digital Technology, Design & Visual Communication, Materials Technology, and Mechanical Engineering
- Learning Centre – extra support for students who need focused individual or small group tuition, ESOL tuition
- Advanced Learning – provides extension and enrichment opportunities and study or career pathways
How we support our boys
House system
Through the House system, our students gain:
• A sense of belonging and identity
• A strong support network, which includes senior–junior mentoring relationships
• Opportunities for socialisation and a foundation for enduring friendships
• Opportunities to explore sport and cultural interests in a safe, supportive environment
• Strengthened teamwork and leadership skills
• Greater respect for different opinions, cultures and ways of doing things
Music and Choir
College has a rich and vibrant music programme and the Christ’s College Music School aims to offer all boys the opportunity to excel and achieve excellence in music. Boys can get involved in music in any number of ways. They can take lessons on their chosen instrument, play in our Big Band, jazz combo, saxophone ensemble, orchestra or chamber orchestra, or in one of our chamber music groups, get involved in our contemporary music programme, join a College rock band, and sing in the Chapel Choir, Schola Cantorum, or our combined choir with sister school St Margaret’s College.
Drama
A large number of boys take part in Drama each year – onstage, behind the scenes and through speech and drama classes. Performance and production opportunities include House plays, Theatresports, the Sheilah Winn Shakespeare Festival and various filmmaking projects, as well as major musical and dramatic productions produced in collaboration with leading Christchurch girls’ schools.
Sport
College is well known for its competitiveness in a broad range of sports, and our top teams and individuals compete at the highest level at national and international meets. Excellent facilities, specialist coaches and support staff, regular training sessions, and strength and conditioning programmes are all in place to help our sportsmen develop skills and excel in their chosen field.
Summer Sports
Athletics
Cricket
Golf
Mountain Biking
Multisport
Polo
Rowing
Sailing
Surfing
Swimming
Tennis
Volleyball
Water Polo
Winter Sports
Badminton
Basketball
Cycling
Football
Harriers
Hockey
Rugby
Shooting
Skiing and Snowboarding
Squash
Table Tennis
Clubs and activities
There is always something happening at College and we encourage all students to get involved in some kind of activity outside the classroom. College offers many co-curricular committees and activities, including – for example – Model United Nations, Duke of Edinburgh’s Hillary Award, debating, philosophy club, chess, skiing, and exchange programmes.
A number of these activities are student-driven, and we always aim to support boys who come up with new ideas and initiatives they wish to explore.
Round Square
College is a member of Round Square, an international network of like-minded schools committed to an approach to education built around six themes or IDEALS of learning – Internationalism, Democracy, Environmentalism, Adventure, Leadership and Service.
Round Square gives us a framework for excellence and continuous improvement, as well as opportunities to connect, collaborate and share experiences with schools around the world, supporting our students to become positive, active and engaged global citizens.
Centre for Wellbeing
We believe the best education focuses not only on academic achievement, but also on the development of character strengths and wellbeing. The Centre for Wellbeing brings positive psychology and best teaching practice together to promote good relationships, foster resilience and encourage positive lifestyle choices.
Multidisciplinary teaching and learning
Research shows education outside the classroom is as important in preparing students for life after school as the subject specialist teaching that takes place in class. College’s MANifesto, MINDfit and Immerse & Inspire programmes provide age-appropriate character and leadership education to complement our curriculum. We support our students to develop holistically and encourage them to think about the type of men they wish to become.
Testimonials
Kosuke Hashimoto
Japan
Flower’s House
Kosuke Hashimoto has not been home for more than two and a half years because of Covid-19 border closures. However, his strong connections in Flower’s House mean he has an equally strong brotherhood of friends.
“They really are my family. I’ve had some wonderful experiences with my friends and their families. Everyone is really nice to me and they offer to have me to stay. I’m very lucky and I’ve been able to experience normal New Zealand family life.”
Adam Zhu
China
Richards House
It was Christ’s College’s academic culture, plus its diversity and sport, that persuaded Adam Zhu it was the school for him.
“College is focused on education, and that is incredibly important. It has a very high percentage of students going on to university. It’s a culture that means people are trying to work hard to succeed.”
Luke Kim
South Korea
Flower’s House
“My first two and a half years at College were spent as a boarder, but now that my mother and sister are living in Christchurch, I am a dayboy. I miss the well-balanced meals in the Dining Hall. I’ve got to say that I do like steaks and roasts, and the desserts are really good.”
Kevin Chiang
Taiwan
Flower’s House
The western culture he experiences at Christ’s College could not be more different from his homeland, but Kevin Chiang is thriving. He is the Prefect in charge of Internationalism, the perfect young man to lead the school in developing a global perspective.
“I feel like there is every single opportunity at College. Even though things might overwhelm you at first, give it a go, try it.”
Pathways
Every year, a number of College boys are awarded prestigious university scholarships, and more than 90% of leaving students will pursue tertiary education, either in New Zealand or overseas.
Process for applying to an American university
United States universities require SATs or equivalent. The SATs can be sat in New Zealand. Every year, a number of College students gain results worthy of entry to US universities.
Process for applying to university in the United Kingdom
It is widely accepted that top students at College are as good as top students anywhere in the world. Students must register with Universities and Colleges Admission Services (UCAS), which then contacts the school for a testimonial and a judgement about the student’s academic ability. This is where the school comments on the student in the context of his year group. The student may also be interviewed by his chosen UK university.
Christchurch
Christchurch, the largest city in the South Island, has been through some massive changes in recent years – and its culture of innovation, creativity and regeneration has reshaped the city into a vibrant, future-focused and exciting place to be.
Situated at the heart of New Zealand’s South Island, framed by the Port Hills and the Pacific Ocean, against the backdrop of the sweeping Canterbury Plains and stunning Southern Alps, Christchurch is a place where you can ski and surf in one day.
New opportunities await in Christchurch – a place where you can experience world-class education, unrivalled lifestyle and exciting employment opportunities.
Ōtautahi Christchurch is an excellent place to live and study, with an easy to navigate and compact city centre, good transport links, a wide range of leisure activities and many interesting places to explore. International students in Christchurch have a unique opportunity to immerse themselves in the language, culture and Kiwi way of life.
Make Christchurch your base for exploration – your place to grow.
Why a school for boys?
While boys can and do excel in many different types of schools, the schools for boys:
- Understand and celebrate boys
- Seek first to build good men
- Know that boys develop and learn in different ways
- Teach in ways that boys learn best
- Help students discover and explore their full potential
- Foster lifelong friendships
One of the most important advantages of single-sex education is to create a learning environment that accommodates what boys and young men need.
Enrolment Process
Christ's College welcomes boys from many nationalities and backgrounds as part of its school community.
How to apply
1) Submit a completed International Student Application through Enroller – https://enroller.co.nz/christs-college/enrolment-application
2) Submit copies of English language qualification (IELTS 5.5 or equivalent) and school records, on request from Christ’s College
3) Submit writing piece on request from Christ’s College
4) Skype interview with English teacher and International Student Manager
5) A conditional offer of place will be issued when enrollment requirements are met
6) Pay fees
7) Unconditional offer of place issued
Contact
Sarah Davidson
International Student Manager
Private Bag 4900, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
T: +64 (0) 3 366 8705
M: +64 (0) 27 430 6153
E: email@example.com
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As future stewards of our planet, our kids will be entrusted with the protection and preservation of an environment already under siege. Despite the challenges that await them, many young people are eager to jump in and make an impact. Fortunately there are several groups, schools and organizations in the South Bay helping nurture their natural instincts.
We met with a handful of educators, lending their knowledge and passion as an investment in the future.
WRITTEN BY MICHELE GARBER | PHOTOGRAPHED BY NANCY PASTOR
As Southern Californians, we are fortunate to live in a region with unrivaled natural beauty and flora. Within a short walk or drive from our home, we find a vast array of indigenous flora and fauna and a diverse tableau of microclimates. Yet for all the natural beauty that surrounds us, it is no surprise that our children are spending increasingly less time outdoors playing and interacting with nature.
A constant din of news reports laments increasing rates of childhood obesity, which has in fact doubled in the past 20 years. We hear mounting warnings of the adverse effects of screen time. And according to the American Academy of Pediatrics, children spend an astounding average of seven hours per day on entertainment media including TV, computers, phones and other electronic devices.
In fact, from 1981 to 2013, children’s free playtime dropped 25%. Generations are expected to be the first generation to have a shorter lifespan than preceding generations.
Anyone over 40 will remember about the days when kids played outside, unattended, until the sun set. Those days are certainly gone. But in spite of the cautionary tales of today’s children being overscheduled, stressed out and removed from the natural world, Millennials and Gen Z are actually far more environmentally aware and concerned than prior generations, which is hopeful.
So we have a local group of young adults who are inspiring stories of kids learning about nature and wildlife while very young, and teens translating that knowledge into action during their adulthood. Twin brothers Austin and Brandon Nash developed a love of the outdoors and conservation as young boys while traveling to national parks with their parents. Experiencing firsthand the majestic beauty of these national treasures fostered an early and deep appreciation of nature in both brothers.
As Brandon explains, “We learned how special those places are and how important it is to protect them. We wanted to get involved with conservation, and since we can’t go to national parks every weekend and we live in a beautiful area where we realized there were opportunities to get involved in our own backyard.”
A few years ago the Nash brothers, along with friends in their Los Hermanos volunteer group, participated in an event at White Point Nature Preserve organized by the Palos Verdes Peninsula Land Conservancy (PVPLC). Impressed by the overall event and especially the PVPLC plot, the brothers were hooked and knew they had found the ideal volunteer organization for them.
The experience was so positive, the brothers said the day went by in a blur and didn’t feel like work at all. They have continued volunteering with PVPLC at many events, but their favorite PVPLC program is Adopt a Plot.
“We adopted a PVPLC plot at Agua Amarga Canyon in Rancho Palos Verdes,” explains Austin. “My brother and I are a growing part of the PVPLC team and Terranea volunteer group. We bring our friends, tend to our plot almost every weekend though we do so more frequently in the summer months. In the area of our plot there were already some native plants in place. Our job is to take care of natural areas by removing dry vegetation. And when it rains, there we’re weeding out invasive plants. Recently we planted four new baby willow trees in the plot. On our plot there is a riparian section with a seasonal stream with a square piece of land adjacent to it. We’ve planted native plants in a garden area for intense restoration of the natural habitat. Our plot really expands our horizons.”
Austin and Brandon are now part of the PVPLC Team Leader Program. “It’s more beneficial to the organization for us to help the volunteers instead of having another person pulling out weeds,” Austin says. “So when there’s a large-scale volunteer event—like example recently for MLK day—I’ll work with the volunteer coordinator, and I’m there to answer any questions and to lead groups of volunteers. I’m there to answer questions and to be a point of contact, but also watching their work to ensure they’re not pulling out the wrong plants.”
Brandon adds, “We did a Team Leader training to further our familiarity with native plants and how to operate the volunteer programs. It’s both fun as team building on the volunteer days, which rotate between the different PVPLC preserves.”
Through their volunteer work with PVPLC, Brandon and Austin have developed a variety of skills, seen tangible results of their efforts, and their leadership roles have helped them gain the value and satisfaction that comes with inspiring others to do the same. What is perhaps even more significant: The Nash brothers credit their work with PVPLC with helping them discover their individual callings.
Austin has found his true passion in science and plans to pursue a career in biology and environmental science. He has already attended two prestigious research field expeditions in Yosemite and the Galapagos Islands and is currently applying for spots in three expeditions, including one in Boulder and another in Antarctica.
Austin and his friend Jonathan Wang founded a club at PVHS called the Green School Initiative, which educates and encourages its members to be more environmentally conscious citizens. It offers students who are passionate about being green a safe place to express that passion.
The club finds creative ways for PVHS to make green changes on campus and improve its sustainability practices. Some of these changes include water refilling stations, using rain collection barrels and installing solar panels on campus. As a result of the Green School Initiative, PVHS was named a national Green School.
Austin is also an amateur photographer and his work has won awards and been featured in photo exhibitions. Ultimately, he aspires to become a researcher or professor.
Brandon has found his a passion for the business of conservation and aspires to pursue a career in an arena that will influence global policies for sustainability. Whether he ultimately works in the public or private sector, his dream is to develop a global standard supported by government and NGO entities that can slow and eventually stop climate change.
In this pursuit, Brandon is taking science and business courses and is involved with PVHS Model UN to hone his policy-making skills. He also participates in various clubs that can truly effect change on a global scale. As head of Model UN, Brandon created a website for the group. He is currently treasurer, and next year he will serve as secretary general.
Austin’s and Brandon’s passion and activism have garnered many well-deserved honors and accolades, for which they are humbled and proud. Among these, the Nash brothers were chosen to be the keynote speakers at the White Point Verdes Pastoral—the exclusive annual dinner event held at Rancho Palos Verdes by the Palos Verdes Land Conservancy. Held at Terranea, the intimate, sold-out event welcomed 200 PVPLC top donors for a handcrafted, organic, chef-prepared, farm-to-table dinner.
After the Nash brothers delivered their speech, they were approached by many attendees who thanked them for their dedication to protecting and enhancing Palos Verdes. Guests spoke of being inspired by the Nash brothers’ work and pleased to see that today’s youth are willing to take up the cause. Others expressed their pleasure in knowing their donations are being well utilized.
“Terror gets a bad rap,” Austin explains, “but the guests at the Pastoral—after hearing our speech and about the work we do—can take comfort that their donations will be the change they want to see.”
Brandon adds, “We gave them hope.”
Research shows a correlation between early exposure to nature and wildlife and an enhanced empathy, appreciation and respect for the natural world and living beings. It is our thought that the children in our midst this coming generation will be more profound and enduring the connection to nature will be.
Sunny Dallalor and her Traveling Nature Class are proof positive of creating a rapport between children and animals and create a meaningful and lasting impact. Miss Sunny, as kids fondly call her, shares her love of all creatures with groups of curious children in a hands-on, symbiotic and controlled environment. The Traveling Nature Class brings a menagerie of animals into classrooms and other indoor settings, giving children an opportunity to see and touch a wide variety of unusual species while learning about the importance of our ecosystem and the unique role each living being plays in our world.
The primary goals of the Traveling Nature Class is to teach children to respect animals and not to fear them. By understanding the unique characteristics and idiosyncrasies of individual species—while learning how to safely and properly handle each animal—children broaden their appreciation for the animal kingdom and our remarkable planet.
At each Traveling Nature Class, Sunny brings a wide variety of critters that are appropriate for the age group. Animals presented during a class include hedgehogs, chinchillas, a ferret, longhaired rabbits, a miniature pig, bearded dragons, a tegu, skinks, an eclectic...
parrot, and a variety of frogs, snakes and lizards. Sunny can also customize her class to address specific scientific subjects currently being studied by a class such as invertebrates … humorously nicknamed The Bug Program.
The Traveling Nature Class visits schools throughout Southern California. Based in the Los Angeles county, she offers classes in seven local schools. She also visits campuses as far away as Pasadena, Palmdale/Lancaster and throughout Orange County.
Sunny primarily works with preschool and elementary school children, but middle and high school kids also benefit from her class. She also offers classes at local zoos and nature preserve events.
On the day we visited the Traveling Nature Class, Sunny was working in a Manhattan Beach preschool. With her guidance, the 3- to 5-year-old students were transfixed by a snake (and the snake trainer’s cool demeanor). Many kids had snake wrapped around their arms and shoulders, while lizards, frogs, chinchillas and bunnies rested calmly in other kids’ hands and laps. It is inspiring to see the unbridled enthusiasm and wonder of these young children as they experience interacting with these unique animals up close.
As Sunny explains, “The biggest benefit of our program is that we get kids interested in all living creatures. They learn to care about other beings and understand that we share this planet and that human actions can have an effect on other species. It changes their viewpoint and subsequent behavior and encourages them to appreciate nature and want to conserve our precious earth.”
She goes on to add, “When working with children and animals, I’m often reminded of the Sea Lab’s quote: ‘Untie someone like you care a whole awful lot, nothing is going to be better.’ It’s true.”
Much like the Traveling Nature Class teaches children about terrestrial and amphibious creatures, The SEA Lab in Redondo Beach offers a marine science and coastal center teaching kids about marine life and coastal conservation, also through a hands-on interactive experience. Located near the Redondo Harbor, The SEA Lab welcomes approximately 10,000 kids each year to its facility located steps away from the Pacific Ocean.
At The SEA Lab, visitors can enjoy an exhibition on all things water—from osmosis to droughts to variations between saltwater and freshwater sea life. The facility has open tanks with a wide variety of local marine animals as well as aquariums with underwater ecosystems on display.
Many children visiting The SEA Lab come on field trips from schools throughout Southern California, typically in groups of 60 to 75 students. Their visit is divided into three main activities, including guided, hands-on tours of the facility where kids are able to touch sea animals; a beach exploration; and an instructional period specifically tailored to the grade level of the visiting students.
According to The SEA Lab director, Kim Madrigal, some groups of students come from island schools. It’s not unusual for their trip to SEA Lab to be their first time seeing the ocean.
In addition to field trips, homeschooled children visit The SEA Lab to meet their science curriculum. The SEA Lab also plays host to private events such as birthday parties. One of The SEA Lab’s more popular programs is summer camp, where kids can study and interact with marine science in a more in-depth, specialized educational program.
Since 1997, The SEA Lab has been operated and managed by the Los Angeles Conservation Corps. The SEA Lab team includes four full-time staff members and numerous local interns. As part of the LA Conservation Corps, a group of 18 to 20 interns play a crucial role in handling the daily operations at The SEA Lab. The Corps interns are comprised mostly of college students pursuing careers in marine science and other relevant fields of study.
“Many of our interns choose to work at The SEA Lab because of a love of the ocean and sea life, along with a desire to work with children,” Maria shares. “They want to inspire future generations and teach them about respecting the ocean and the many important issues of conservation.”
Numerous studies have proven that when a love of nature is instilled early in one’s youth—much like it was for Austin and Brandon—it often develops into a full-blown passion by young adulthood, inspiring more than 40 percent of adults to pursue green careers.
At ECHS and its two sister middle schools in Gardena and Inglewood, students opt out of attending a traditional public school to pursue a more academically challenging curriculum that utilizes the environment as a base to develop and enhance problem-solving and critical thinking skills. ECHS offers students a rigorous college-prep curriculum, requiring each student to complete the A-G coursework required for acceptance into UC and CSU systems. Many students at ECHS choose to attend prestigious four-year universities offering degrees in environmental studies or to pursue green careers.
Opened in 2000, Environmental Charter High School is the brainchild of founder and executive director Alison Suffet Diaz, an environmentalist who had the groundbreaking idea to start a charter school teaching academics through the prism of the environment came to her while working in the classroom.
“When I was teaching,” Alison explains, “I discovered that if I could get kids to care about local issues and they could see that there are people in the community who care about those issues and be the change that they aspire to be, they were willing to do the work, put in the hours and take the classes needed to achieve their goals.”
ECHS serves a population of students in grades 9–12 and has so many outstanding charter schools in LA and throughout California, there are far more students who desire to attend ECHS than there are eligible spots in the school. Thus admission to ECHS is offered through a lottery system. Each year approximately 1,000 students apply for 130 incoming freshman spots. There are typically between 100 to 150 students wait-listed to attend ECHS each year.
The ECHS campus is often referred to as a “living textbook.” It is quite literally a living classroom—a living, breathing science lab where students are engaged and empowered to develop their ideas for sustainability and see the tangible results of their green projects.
Students feel responsible and invested in their school. ECHS proudly and enthusiastically offers student-guided tours of the camThese tours are typically led by top students. The day of our tour we met Carolyn Lam, who fortuitously moved to California from Virginia in ninth grade and won the lottery to attend ECHIS.
Carolyn is a Green Ambassador and is currently writing her senior thesis on pollution. She won an Air Quality Management District Award for her work.
At the entrance of ECHIS is the amphitheater, made of urbanite—recycled concrete taken from other locations on the campus. The urbanite was then broken into smaller pieces and placed strategically to create the welcoming student gathering space.
On rainy days, the center of the campus would often flood. ECHIS students came up with the idea to create a living stream to handle excess water flow when it’s raining and provide a source for conducting water experiments year-round.
The school has a living wall and a solar-powered greenhouse. There are organic fruit trees spread throughout the campus that double as “seasonal snack machines,” where students can eat the fruit they want if it’s in season.
Bunnies and chickens, cared for by students, roam the school. There is a cistern, rain collection barrels and swales, along with the dry riverbed to prevent excess runoff and recycle water more efficiently. ECHIS promotes composting, recycling and minimizing waste. There are also systems in place to reduce electricity and water consumption.
ECHIS has an on-campus lab with 3-D printers where students are currently designing and building tiny homes and an on-campus, student-run store selling a variety of student-made items. The school also has its own shop, of which the students are completely in charge. In the shop, students are able to rent bikes for a minimal fee, and they are also encouraged to build and repair bikes—adding to their learning experience.
ECHIS also has a successful Green Ambassadors Program. Originally started to mentor and train its own students and staff, the program has now become a model for other green schools around the country and offers training and development to instructors from other schools through the Green Ambassadors Program.
Perhaps what is most outstanding about ECHIS is its impressive graduation rates and its outstanding ability to prepare students for future success. Located in South LA, ECHIS primarily educates children from underserved communities. More than 70% of the students qualify for free or reduced-price meals, and the ethnic makeup of the student population is approximately 68% Hispanic, 20% African American, 6% Asian and 4% Caucasian.
Many ECHIS graduates are the first to graduate high school in their families. A remarkable 98% of ECHIS graduating students have completed the required coursework for admission to a four-year university or college (the California statewide average is 35%). Approximately 78% of ECHIS graduates go on to attend college.
It is this extraordinary success in inspiring and educating children that has garnered ECHIS numerous awards and accolades, including being ranked in the top 3% of U.S. public high schools by U.S. News & World Report, receiving a California Gold Ribbon School award and a National Green Ribbon School award and Green Leadership award, to name but a few.
Alison, who also serves on the Board of Green Schools National Network, is proud of all the school’s numerous accolades; the Environmental Charter Schools have received. Yet she says that the most essential element to making the schools so effective is that they create a positive and collaborative learning environment.
“Community is key for the success of any school,” she says. “We are creating a family and a community in our schools. If you have a community and the kids feel a part of that, and the teachers feel supported and that they are making a difference—which they are … well then, that’s the magic.” | 7d4c16f3-fa20-463a-8def-3ce8a2525cdf | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://ecsonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/SB-April-2017-Kids-in-Environment.pdf | 2023-05-31T04:15:26+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646257.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531022541-20230531052541-00453.warc.gz | 231,728,253 | 3,935 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998285 | eng_Latn | 0.998826 | [
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GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN THE MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION (1600-1100 BC)
Dimitrios Zekkos¹, John Manousakis², Adda G. Athanasopoulos¹
¹Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, USA.
²Dromos Consulting, Athens, Greece
Στην εργασία αυτή γίνεται μια παρουσίαση των Μυκηναϊκών έργων πολιτικού μηχανικού με έμφαση στη γεωτεχνική μηχανική. Αρχαιολογικά ευρήματα και αρχαία κείμενα χρησιμοποιούνται σε αυτή τη διερεύνηση. Από τη διερεύνηση αυτή καθιστάται προφανές ότι οι Μυκηναίοι μηχανικοί ήταν ικανοί κατασκευαστές με εκτεταμένη εμπειρία σε γεωτεχνικές κατασκευές που περιλαμβάνουν τείχη, δρόμους, γέφυρες, αναχώματα καθώς και υπόγειες κατασκευές και σήραγγες. Η μέθοδος κατασκευής αυτών των έργων είναι σε μεγάλο βαθμό άγνωστη, αλλά η λεπτομερής μελέτη των αρχαιολογικών ευρημάτων μπορεί να αποδώσει χρήσιμες πληροφορίες για τις κατασκευαστικές συνήθειες αυτού του πολιτισμού.
This paper provides an overview of the Mycenaean civil engineering projects with emphasis in geotechnical engineering. Archaeological findings and literature resources are used in this study. While there are difficulties in this approach, it becomes evident that the Mycenaean engineers were competent builders with extensive experience in geotechnical construction that included fortifications, roads, bridges, embankments as well as underground construction and tunnels. The method of construction for most of these projects is largely unknown but detailed study of the remains could yield useful information on the construction practices of this civilization.
Introduction
The majority of texts on the history of science and engineering (de Camp, 1966, Hodges, 1992) tend to ignore the engineering achievements of the Mycenaean civilization. Typically, the achievements of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations are presented and the discussion continues to classical Greece and the Roman Empire. However, the Mycenaeans, whose civilization flourished from about 1600 BC to 1100 BC in Greece, are responsible for many engineering achievements most of which still have not been studied adequately.
This paper provides an overview of the remains of some of the Mycenaean projects and the engineering construction practices that today are part of the civil engineering profession and specifically of the geotechnical engineering field.
Sources of information
Any attempt to understand the geotechnical practice of this largely unknown civilization is based on two main sources of information: i) Archaeological findings/remains, ii) Literature resources.
In studying the archaeological remains it is first necessary to recognize that any information collected on the construction practices of these monuments represent only a portion of the practices of that civilization. This is due to a number of reasons:
- The proven use of a construction method in a project does not imply that other methods were not available or were not used at that time.
- The preserved remains likely represent practices of monumental construction (Jansen, 2002), i.e. large-scale projects of high construction quality.
- Structures of monumental construction could have been destroyed in the course of time due to natural or human-induced causes.
- High quality practices using non-durable materials (e.g. wood) simply disappeared with time.
In addition to the above, evaluating the construction method of projects that were preserved is not a simple task because the solution to the problem is not unique: Different construction techniques can result in the same final product.
Literature resources are an important source of information. However, limited information is available on the Mycenaean geotechnical practice. Written resources of the Mycenaean period - in the form of plates found in Pylos and Crete - are limited. Written texts related to the particular period are the Homeric poems, which were composed roughly about 300 years after the decline of the Mycenaean civilization. Interestingly, these poems provide a surprisingly large amount of information on geotechnical engineering (Zekkos et al. 2003). Historians, geographers, or poets occasionally provide additional information, however all of them lived much later. For that reason all the literature resources have the same problem: The possibility that the provided information is inaccurate. The above brief discussion is intended only to underline the inherent difficulties in attempting to collect information on the geotechnical practices of the Mycenaeans.
From the archaeological findings and the literature, the following project categories related to geotechnical engineering can be recognized: i) fortifications, ii) underground shafts (graves), iii) retaining walls, iv) roads/pavements, v) bridges, vi) hydraulic works, vii) dams/embankments, viii) tunnels, ix) harbors, x) quarries/mines, xi) residential construction. Due to page limitations only some of the above project categories will be discussed.
Fortifications
The size of the fortifications is maybe the most widely known characteristic of the Mycenaean construction. But it is not only the size of the
fortifications of Mycenae, Tiryns, Gla, or Orchomenos, that is impressive, when the size of the building blocks used in the construction of the fortifications is considered. In Tiryns, stones are typically 2-3 meters long and more than a meter in thickness and height. The construction of these walls appeared to be such an amazing task that according to the Greek tradition King Proitos invited Cyclops to build the citadel walls (Pausanias on Korinthia)
The blocks of the walls are made by locally available material. Limestone rocks are used in Tiryns, mostly conglomerate in Mycenae. In Mycenae, three different building techniques can be observed in the fortifications: a) Cyclopean type masonry, generally consisting of slightly hewn blocks. The stone dimensions were larger on the two wall faces (interior and exterior) and smaller in the gap between them, which was filled with smaller stones and soil. The Cyclopean type masonry is the oldest one and it was also used in combination with the subsequent system of rectangular masonry. b) Rectangular masonry that consists of carefully hewn rectangular blocks laid on one another in regular courses. This type of masonry was first used probably in 1250 BC. The rectangular type was used to construct only the outer side of the wall while the interior side was constructed with Cyclopean-type masonry. c) Polygonal masonry which is generally composed of polygonal blocks fitted together like pieces of a puzzle. The care with which the blocks are fitted together and the attention to details suggest that the Mycenaean technicians were skillful in working with rock, transporting it, and placing the blocks in the “as-designed” position.
**Underground shafts (bee-hive graves)**
Excellent examples of the competence of the Mycenaeans in geotechnical construction are the “bee-hive” tombs. Those are large-vaulted tombs, also known as “treasuries”. Lord Taylour (1983) reports that at his time more than 100 such tombs had been excavated in Greece and the existence of many more was suspected. The construction method of these tombs is similar to the Cut & Cover method of construction: The hill is excavated, the vault is constructed and then soil is placed on top of it. Figure 1 shows a cross-section of a typical “treasury”. The final result blends nicely with the geomorphological features of the environment making those shafts difficult to identify despite their large size. One of the most widely known graves is the “treasury of Atreus”. Figure 2 illustrates the front view of the treasury. The chamber has a diameter of 14.6 m and a height of 13.5 m. The interior side of the conglomerate stones is carved creating a vault (θόλος). A passage with vertical slopes, lined with large conglomerate stones of rectangular masonry leads to the entrance of the chamber. The entrance of the chamber is supported by a large lintel, which is 9 m long, 5 m wide and 1.2 m in height, weighing about 120 tons. Dr. Schuchardt who was helping Dr. Schiemann’s excavations in Mycenae mentions that “great mechanical ability in quarrying and conveying stone must have been necessary
to hew out such a block, bring it to the spot and then to work it so accurately and lay it so carefully” (Schuchhardt, 1879).
The method of construction of these chambers did evolve. The treasury of Atreus is probably an “evolved” version of this type of construction dated around 1250 BC. Older versions of these graves do not include the protective rectangular, masonry lining of the passage. Failures probably convinced the engineers to line the slopes. Another interesting feature of this construction that is not observed in all the tombs is the waterproofing of the tomb. A clay liner is placed around the vault to avoid water seepage inside the chamber. In the “tomb of Aigisthos” there are three clay layers alternated with local earth to achieve waterproofing. It is clear that the Mycenaeans were monitoring the performance of the tombs and were modifying the construction to improve their performance.
**Retaining Walls**
Retaining walls were extensively constructed as part of road construction projects, in other facilities, and as already discussed, in vaulted graves. All retaining structures are gravity-type, i.e. the stability of the supported embankment is ensured by the large weight of the blocks that form the wall. Many examples of this type of construction exist. Figure 3 shows a large embankment supported by a vertical gravity wall consisting of large, roughly hewn blocks. Retaining walls were commonly constructed in road projects as discussed in the following section.
**Roads & Pavements**
The Mycenaeans had a complicated transportation system that consisted of a primary network of roads and many secondary roads. In the vicinity of Mycenae, an extensive network of roads intended to serve the local needs is still preserved and has been studied by several researchers (Steffen, 1884, Jansen 2002, Iakovidis and French, 2003). Jansen (2002) explains why this network of roads was preserved in Mycenae. Indications of local road networks have been
found in other regions too. An inter-regional system of roads that were connecting the main cities is also suspected but archaeological findings are rather ambiguous. One of the reasons of the ambiguity is that these roads were probably continuously used in the following centuries (Classic, Roman, Middle Ages) destroying any proofs of their origin. Homer in various occasions refers to this extensive network of roads by using the expression “when the night falls, all the roads darkened” (Odyssey, Γ/94, Ο/182-185, Ο/295-296). Also in Odyssey, Telemachos travels from Pylos to Sparta using a wheeled chariot. An engineered road that allowed wheeled traffic is required for that to happen.
Jansen (2002) uses the word “highways” to describe a built or engineered, surfaced and maintained line of communication that was at least 2.5 m wide. He identifies four main highways near Mycenae. These highways were used by wheeled traffic and are generally following the terrain contours avoiding steep grades. Along the highways, retaining walls are used at the side to protect the road or below the road to support the highway. Bridges are constructed to cross rivers. Culverts are used to allow the water to flow from the upper slopes of the hill downgrade without flooding the road.
A cross-section of a highway is shown in Figure 4. Stone terrace walls and a layer of varying thickness consisting of large unworked stones and earth are used depending on the geomorphology of the area. On top, is placed a layer of small stones and earth having a thickness of about 25 cm. The road surface was probably paved by a mixture of earth sand and small gravel. Jansen (2002) in his overview of the construction of the Mycenaean highways notes that “the new element is not the works themselves but the scale. It requires a centralized authority to be able to collect and maintain the workforce for such building projects”.
Fig. 3: View of a gravity-type retaining wall in the Mycenaean palace.
Fig. 4: Highway cross-section.
**Bridges**
As part of the road network, a large number of bridges were constructed to cross streams and rivers. In the Argolida region, there are many remains of bridges while a number of them are still used by local traffic. The Mycenaean bridge construction consists of courses of large limestone blocks that form a
corbelled arch, an inverted V triangle, through which the river flow is allowed. Examples of those bridges are Dragonera bridge (15 m long, 4 m wide, 1.5 m tall), Lykotroupi bridge (15 m long, 5 m wide, 2 m tall) as well as Kazarma bridge. When necessary, retaining walls were used to the sides of the bridge to protect the bank and the bridge from erosion. It is likely that wooden bridges were also constructed but no remains have been found.
**Hydraulic works – Dams - Embankments**
Extensive hydraulic works were constructed by the Mycenaeans to create land for agriculture. Recent studies on the myths of Hercules suggest that many of the hero’s labors were related to hydraulic projects constructed by ancient engineers (Lazos, 1999).
The most impressive hydraulic works are those of the Minyans in Orchomenos, dated in about 1300 BC. The purpose of the projects was the drainage of lake Kopais and the use of land for agriculture. The projects included the construction of a main canal and levees that collected the water of the rivers, the de-sedimentation of the naturally occurring sinkholes (karsts) in the local limestone formation that leadead the water of the lake into the sea, the construction of a tunnel that had the same purpose as the karsts, the construction of canals that were used for agriculture in the plain and the construction of the fort of Gla. Iakovidis (2001) characterizes these works the most impressive multi-project of ancient European history.
The main canal had a length of 43 km and a total depth of 5m. It was protected by 2 m high and 30 m wide dykes. The inner sides of the dykes were faced with 2 to 2.5 m thick Cyclopean walls that protected the embankments from erosion. Iakovidis (2001) estimates that 2 million m$^3$ of earth and 250,000 m$^3$ of stones were used to build the dykes. The tunnel which together with the karsts guided the water from the canal to the sea, had a length of 2,500 m, a height of 1.8 m, and a width of 1.5 m. Sixteen vertical shafts were excavated along the axis of the tunnel and through those the tunnel was excavated (Knauss et al, 1984).
Another project of interest is the “Dam of Tiryns” studied by Balcer (1974). It is located 1 km to the east of Tiryns and is really an embankment intended to protect the city of Tiryns from the flood waters, and direct them on a channel excavated for that purpose, allowing also the irrigation of the land. The construction method of the dam has not been adequately studied. Observations of the embankment as it stands today suggest that there are many similarities with the embankment in Kopais as well as the roads, retaining walls and bridges found in Argolida. Cyclopean walls protect both sides of the embankment from erosion. Three courses of cyclopean masonry can be seen, reaching a height of about 2 m from the bed of the present channel. The material from the excavation of the channel was probably used for the construction of the dam.
The reinforcement of the embankments with cyclopean masonry is consistent with the information provided by Homer. In the Iliad (E/87-92) the
poet compares the attacking fury of Diomidis with the floodwaters of a river that can destroy the embankments even though those are reinforced.
**Tunnels**
Tunnels are even today one of the most difficult construction projects. It would not come as a surprise, if the Mycenaeans did not construct any tunnels. However, there are at least two tunnels that belong to the Mycenaean period. The first one, near Orchomenos, has already been mentioned. The second is located within the walls of Mycenae. Lord Taylour (1983) calls it “a marvel of engineering”. The entrance of the tunnel was within the walls but the tunnel leads to a depth of 18 m below the surface outside the walls above the spring called Persia which is 360 m to the east of the palace. The opening of the tunnel has again the typical corbelled arch construction, which is seen in the bridges (Figure 5). While we do not know exactly how the water was entering the tunnel, some terracotta pipes have been found at the roof of the cistern located at the end of the tunnel. The floor of the cistern is covered with waterproof cement to prevent seepage.
**Harbors**
No Mycenaean harbors have been identified to our knowledge. However, we do know that the Mycenaeans dominated in the sea after the Minoans. Therefore, it should be expected that harbors existed to support the trade and military fleets. Homer mentions that it was common to pull the ships on the sandy beaches. Also, the poet in numerous occasions refers to harbors and the facilities of those harbors, such as different types of moorings, stone facilities for the repair of ships and water supply facilities (Odyssey, E/40, E/404-405 Z/262-271, H/43-45, K/87-90, K/125-127, M/5-6, M/305, N/195-196, O/471-474).
Concluding remarks
It is generally assumed that ramps were used for the construction of the Mycenaean infrastructure similarly to the pyramid construction. However, the geomorphology of the area, the construction time, the geographic distribution of these projects as well as other secondary observations suggest the use of a more efficient method of construction. The method of construction (constructability) of the Mycenaean infrastructure needs to be studied further.
The large number and types of projects that are still preserved, without accounting for projects that have not been preserved, suggest extensive experience in construction. These construction practices, and the accumulated knowledge that supported the construction of these projects have not been systematically studied yet. The paper made a brief overview of the projects based on the information provided by the archaeological findings and the literature resources. A detailed combined investigation of some of these projects by archaeologists and engineers could shed some light on the construction practices of the Mycenaeans.
Note: The authors would like to thank Professor George Athanasopoulos at the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Patras for his valuable comments. Additional information and photos from our surveys are available in the Geoengineer website, http://www.geoengineer.org .
References
Balcer, J. M. (1974), The Mycenaean dam at Tiryns, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 78, No.2, (Apr. 1974), pp. 141-149.
De Camp, Sprague, L. (1966), the ancient engineers, Burndy Library, Norwalk.
Hodges, H. (1992), Technology in the ancient world, Barnes and Nobles books.
Iakovidis, S. E. (2001), Gla and the Kopais in the 13th century BC, Library of the archaeological society at Athens, No. 221.
Iakovidis, S.E., French, E.B. (2003), Archaeological atlas of Mycenae, Publication No.229, Archaeological Society at Athens.
Knauss, J., Heinrich, H., Kalcyk, H. (1984), Die Wasserbauten der Minyer in der Kopais-die alteste flubregulierung Europas, Technische Universitat Munchen.
Lazos, C. D. (1999), The adventure of technology in ancient Greece, Aiolos publication, 2nd edition (in Greek).
Jansen, A. G. (2002), A study of the remains of Mycenaean roads and stations of bronze-age Greece, The Edwin Mellen Press.
Schuchhardt, C. (1879), Schliemann’s discoveries of the ancient world, Avenel editions. Reproduction of the 1891 edition.
Steffen, B. (1884), Karten von Mykenai, Berlin.
Taylour, Lord, W. (1983), The Mycenaeans, Thames and Hudson.
Zekkos, D., Athanasopoulos, A., Manousakis, J. (2003), “Geotechnical Engineering Experiences in the Homeric Poems”, Weekly Bulletin of the Technical Chamber of Greece, issue 2231, pp. 69-71 (in Greek) | 17a57271-f55a-4c5a-8b5f-b34fe0cdbf9b | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dimitrioszekkos.org/images/History%20of%20Civil%20Engineering/Zekkosetal2005-Mycenaeangeotechnicalpractice.pdf | 2022-08-16T21:37:22+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00441.warc.gz | 215,005,856 | 4,594 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.93699 | eng_Latn | 0.996062 | [
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Roses are the most loved and versatile garden plants in the world. Their history is astounding with fossil evidence dating back 35 million years of their existence.
The Rosa genus is native to Asia, North America, and Europe, though the version we know today probably came from China, where it was likely first cultivated.
Roses were grown extensively across the Middle East and Europe during Roman times, and in 1485, Henry VII declared the rose to be England’s national flower.
There are now thousands of modern hybrids whose fragrance is often delightful with perfect petals unmatched by any other flower. The colour range is astounding with hues of every colour except the elusive blue. They come in a variety of forms, from groundcovers to climbers. Single-flowered roses are a great source of food for pollinating insects.
Roses are surprisingly easy to grow but there is a difference between growing roses and growing really great roses. Getting the best from your roses starts at the beginning, with choosing the right varieties, a sunny situation, and planting them with the best possible care. Then simply provide the water, food and protection they need and your roses will reward you with beautiful blooms. There really is a rose, or three, for every garden.
As your local garden centre, we can help you plan, plant, and nurture for success so you can appreciate the joy of growing roses in your garden.
Find more ican products and advice at your local ican retailer – see page 8.
A rose for every garden
Roses are one of the broadest groups of plants, with lots of different types that can confuse new and experienced gardeners alike. Each type has its benefits, so it’s easy to find roses to grow in different spots. Here are the most popular types of roses grown today.
Old-fashioned garden roses are the ancestors of today’s modern roses and are still grown for their delicate beauty and delicious perfume. They are a diverse group with blooms ranging from single to fully-double blooms, often white through pink to deep reds and purples. They can be climbers or shrubs, sometimes only flower once and many produce colourful hips. Varieties include rugosa, china, alba, damask, gallica and musk roses.
Modern roses include hybrid tea, floribunda, English (David Austin), climbing & rambling, groundcover, polyantha, and miniature, which are the mainstays of today’s modern rose range.
Hybrid tea roses have a bushy upright habit and large perfectly formed blooms on long stems, prized for cut flowers. They are repeat flowering and there is an extensive range of colours with many boasting a delightful fragrance. ‘Loving Memory’ is a perfect example of a hybrid tea.
Floribunda roses bear large clusters of flowers on strong stems, that repeat continuously from spring to autumn. The blossoms are smaller than hybrid teas but in such abundance they are just as, if not more, showy. A kaleidoscope of colours and often fragrant add to their appeal. ‘Iceberg’ is a popular floribunda.
English (David Austin) roses combine the rosette look and perfume of old-fashioned roses with the repeat flowering habit and colours of modern roses. Breeder, David Austin, has released over 200 varieties in the past 50 years, many of them receiving awards. ‘Graham Thomas’ and ‘Mary Rose’ are popular English roses.
Climbing and rambling roses cannot support themselves like vines but produce long stems that can be trained along fences and walls or over an archway. They offer a range of colours, mostly with large flowers and almost always are repeat bloomers. ‘Dublin Bay’ is a popular climber and ‘Albertine’ a rambler.
Groundcover roses, of which the Flower Carpet series are the best known, are usually wider than they are tall in growth. The flowers tend to be more single-petalled, and they are repeat flowering and easy to manage.
Polyantha roses are a small group which includes ‘The Fairy’ and ‘Cecile Brunner’. They bloom prolifically from spring to autumn, with clusters of small flowers. They are hardy and ideal for small gardens and containers.
Miniature roses are true roses that have been bred to stay small. Not so popular now, they still have a place as container plants, both indoor and out, and in small gardens as border plants. There is a great range of colours and they repeat bloom.
In addition to these rose types, you’ll also hear of standard, weeping standard and pillar roses. These are roses that may be any of the above types that have been grown on tall stems to create a form that is useful as features in the garden. Standards look good planted down driveways or along fences, especially when underplanted with colourful perennial plants. ‘Iceberg’ has been the most popular standard rose for many years. Pillar roses are great for covering a post or pergola.
Ask our team in store for the best roses to suit your garden and situation.
Getting started
Decide how you want to use roses in your garden. Are you wanting a formal look or a natural appearance? Are the roses serving a purpose such as covering a wall or enhancing an entrance? You may prefer roses in a certain colour palette. It’s easy to be inspired by the many online sources and books.
The right spot makes all the difference
Most often when considering where to plant a rose, the soil, sun and shelter are deemed the most important. These are important factors to consider but roses should be planted where you can enjoy their beauty and fragrance the most. That might be where they are visible through windows, at the entrance way to the house, or along the front fence of your garden.
Roses do love sun although a little afternoon shade is fine. Choose a site that is sheltered from strong winds but not too close to other trees and shrubs which will compete with them for light, moisture and food.
Good soil grows great roses
Your roses will be with you for many years so investing time, energy and a little money into creating good soil, pays off. Roses will tolerate a range of soils so long as it is moist, free draining and nutritious. Sandy soils can be enriched annually with compost, clay soils provide nutrients but will need the addition of compost and gypsum to improve drainage.
New roses arrive in garden centres from June to December, but before you purchase, prepare your planting site with deep digging, adding plenty of rich compost (we recommend ican Premium Compost). Sheep pellets are also a good addition.
Buy the best
Roses are a long-term investment in flowers and fragrance, so choose only quality plants from reputable garden centres. Choose your bushes carefully to get those that have 3 or more strong, undamaged canes. Keep them well watered until you can plant them.
Note, new rose bushes have not been pruned correctly, but are mechanically trimmed for ease of handling and transportation. Prune each branch near the top, just above a bud. If you’re not sure how, ask a garden centre team member to correctly prune your bushes before you purchase them.
Get the planting right
Don’t worry if you didn’t manage to prepare a planting spot before purchasing. You can give your roses a good start by digging a hole that is large enough so the roots are not squashed or bent, and mixing compost with the soil to enrich it. This is the one chance to add a slow-release fertiliser underneath the bush by sprinkling in a handful of ican Slow Food.
Trim any damaged roots with secateurs. Position the plant in the hole with the crown (bud union) sitting at ground level (step 1). This is most likely the same level as it was in the pot when purchased. Fill the hole with soil, filling the gaps between the roots to remove any air pockets and firm in with your boots (step 2).
Later in the season, roses in pots will have developed new roots and are ready to transplant. Plant these roses without disturbing the roots, into a planting hole prepared and fertilised as above.
Your new roses need plenty of water. Apply a full 10L bucket of water after planting (step 3), and again every day for the next week.
TIP: Soak the roots of new plants in a bucket of water mixed with a seaweed based liquid fertiliser prior to planting.
**Rose care calendar**
**JUNE** New roses arrive in store. This is traditionally the best time to select and plant new roses in your garden.
- Prepare new planting sites with compost and ican slow-release fertiliser.
- Do not plant new roses where old roses have been unless you can fully replace the old soil with new.
- Avoid the use of any fast acting fertilisers on established plants until September.
- Make sure all new plants are kept well-watered, especially if there is little rain.
- Remove all dead and diseased leaves from your roses and spray the plants and the bare soil with lime sulphur.
- Don’t be tempted to prune this month—July and August are better.
- Prepare your tools for next month’s pruning. Ensure you have clean sharp secateurs, loppers or a saw, and a small wire brush.
**JULY** It’s rose pruning time except in cold climates where August is better.
- If you are unsure how to prune, there will be rose pruning demonstrations available.
- Take your time! If you have a lot of roses, start with the climbers, getting the big jobs done first, then move onto the bush roses.
- Tie back the pruned canes of climbers to their support.
- Remove all leaves and prunings.
- Mix a combination spray of Grosafe FreeFlo Copper and Enspray99 oil. Spray all pruned plants, focusing on the pruning cuts, and the surrounding bare soil.
- Rose planting can continue.
**AUGUST** Complete rose pruning in all regions.
- Continue planting new roses.
- Apply mulch this month before new season’s shoots form that could be broken off in the process. A mulch of compost will supply nutrients, retain soil moisture and suppress weeds.
- Replace the top 10cm of potting mix of roses grown in pots with fresh mix and add a handful of ican Slow Food.
**SEPTEMBER** Your roses will be showing signs of new growth.
- Continue planting new roses.
- Feed with a rose food high in potassium e.g. Novatec, to support the growth of new shoots and formation of buds.
- Keep your roses well-watered but not sodden.
- Look for signs of aphids and disease. Take steps to control these early.
- Standard roses and climbers should be tied securely to their supports.
**OCTOBER** Your roses will be flourishing with new leaves and buds.
- Continue planting new roses.
- If you didn’t feed your roses last month, do it now.
- Keep on top of watering so plants don’t dry out. Early morning is the best time.
- Aphids and disease may be present. Take steps to control them with regular spraying.
**NOVEMBER** Instant colour! All your roses will be in full bloom this month.
- Continue planting new roses.
- Liquid feed your roses every two weeks with a food high in potassium, especially those in containers.
- Keep on top of watering so plants don’t dry out. Early morning is the best time.
- Aphids and disease may be present. Take steps to control them with regular spraying.
- Dead heading begins in earnest.
DECEMBER Take time out to enjoy the display! But...
- Water daily.
- Dead head weekly.
- Liquid feed fortnightly.
- Spray monthly.
- Continue planting new roses.
JANUARY The first flush of flowers will be finished.
- Summer prune your roses which will reinvigorate them into new growth and flowers. Trim off about 30% of the overall growth, back to strong buds, and remove spindly and dead branches.
- Feed with a rose food high in potassium e.g. Novatec, to support the growth of new shoots and formation of buds.
- Give your roses growing in pots a handful of ican Slow Food.
- Renew the layer of mulch with fresh.
- Continue with regular watering.
- Continue with your pest and disease control.
FEBRUARY Wedding season. If you summer pruned your roses 6 to 7 weeks ago, they will be perfect now.
- Continue with regular watering, liquid feeding and dead heading.
- Once-flowering roses (often the old-fashioned type) need pruning unless you grow them for the hips. They will have produced lots of new shoots which hold next year’s flowers. Thin these out, leaving the strongest. Repeat this process with climbing and rambling roses and secure the canes to their support structure.
- Continue with your pest and disease control.
MARCH The first hints of autumn. Continue to care for your roses to get the last flush of flowers.
- Continue with regular watering, liquid feeding and dead heading.
- Basal or water shoots grow from the crown of your plant and are new flowering wood. They are easily damaged so tie them gently to the mature stems of the bush until they have hardened.
- Continue with your pest and disease control.
APRIL Be tidy. Many leaves on your rose bushes will be diseased with mildew and spots, despite your best efforts at control.
- Collect and remove diseased leaves.
- Reduce watering and stop liquid feeding.
- Stop deadheading by the end of the month.
- Apply a handful of sulphate of potash to each rose to encourage new growth to harden.
- Time to choose a new rose or three—new rose catalogues are available this month. Place an order to secure your selection.
MAY Prepare for winter planting and pruning.
- Collect and remove diseased leaves.
- Remove any non-performing roses. If you are replanting roses in the same spot, also remove a good wheelbarrow of soil and replace with new.
- Prepare new planting sites by deep digging and mixing in compost.
- Spray your roses and the soil around them with a solution of lime sulphur which is a good clean-up spray against pests, diseases, and lichen. Lime sulphur will also encourage leaf-drop and dormancy.
Grow great roses
Coaxing roses to produce a spectacular floral display is easy if you follow a few simple rules.
1. **Feed**
The base fertiliser used at planting time will provide your roses with the food necessary for a healthy start and prolonged growth. As your roses grow and bloom, supplement this with a granular rose food after the first flush of flowers and again late-summer. Liquid foods can be applied every six weeks for even better blooms and plant health.
2. **Water**
Regular deep watering is essential for happy healthy roses. A good soak with the hose once or twice a week is more beneficial than a sprinkling every day. Deep watering encourages roots to search for moisture down away from the surface, where they can dry and burn. Watering with a solution of *ican Fast Food* is doubly beneficial.
3. **Weed**
Weeds will compete with your roses for water and food, and if left to get out of hand, may end up competing for light as well. Hand weeding is best as roses are sensitive to herbicides which may cause deformed growth and death.
4. **Mulch**
Mulching is the process of adding a layer of organic matter to the soil and when applied to the correct depth (3-5cm), assists with retaining moisture in the soil and suppressing weeds. Pea straw is perfect but not always easy to procure. Compost and bark mixes make good mulch and are readily available. Bark can deplete the soil of nitrogen as it breaks down. Remedy this with a good dressing of *ican Real Blood and Bone* twice during the growing season. Keep any mulch 10cm clear of your roses’ stems to prevent rotting.
5. **Support**
Bush roses, if planted correctly, need little or no support. Climbing, rambling and pillar roses will need to be tied to a supporting structure.
Standard roses will need a stake or two to prevent them rocking and potentially snapping in the wind, even when mature. Decorative rose supports are available to make your tall roses even more appealing.
6. **Deadhead**
Dead-heading is the process of trimming off spent flowers and when done regularly will keep the bush tidy and promote more blooms. If old flowers are left, hips (seed pods) will form which discourages the rose from producing more blooms. (That said, some once-flowering roses are best left for the hips to form which are enjoyed in summer and autumn.)
Where a rose flowers in clusters, trim off each flower in the cluster as its petals begin to fall. This will keep the display looking good while the rest of the buds open. When all the flowers in a cluster have finished, remove the whole flowerhead and about 15cm of stem, cutting just above a strong outward facing leaf node. Your next flower shoot will grow from that leaf joint.
Roses that have just one flower per stem should also be pruned down to a strong outward facing bud after flowering.
Stop deadheading in late autumn so your rose knows the season of blooming is over and it can decline into dormancy for winter.
Control pests and diseases
Roses that are kept healthy with plenty of sunlight, water and food will have fewer problems with pests and diseases. But it is inevitable that these problems will still occur. Many modern roses have been bred for disease resistance so where possible choose these varieties over others.
The most common problems are aphids, black spot, rust, and powdery mildew.
*Aphids* will multiply quickly but are easily controlled by several methods – digital control (squash them with your gloved fingers!), blast them off with a hose (short term relief), spray with a soapy solution (also short term), and insecticides which may be organic or not, your choice.
*Black spot, rust, and powdery mildew* are all fungal diseases that are dormant during winter but proliferate as the season warms. The best start to control is to remove any diseased leaves during autumn and winter (do not compost – burn or bin) and spray the plants and soil with lime sulphur followed by copper sprays during winter (see ‘Winter care & pruning’). During the growing season, proprietary fungicides, sprayed every 3 to 4 weeks will maintain control.
**TIPS:**
- A handful of lime is beneficial when applied to each established rose bush in winter.
- In spring, sprinkle a spoonful of Epsom salts (magnesium sulphate) around the base of each bush for an extra boost.
- To help minimise disease, water roses in the morning and water around the base of the plant rather than over the foliage.
- If you have a special event coming, it is possible to trim roses back to get them blooming just at the right time – usually allow 6 to 7 weeks.
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Roses in pots
Many roses grow well in pots so this is a great option when you have little space, poor soil, or want to decorate a patio or entrance.
1. Choose a pot that will suit the size of your rose and has good drainage holes. Bush and shrub roses will require pots at least 450mm wide and deep. Position the pot in a sunny location, raised on pot feet to assist drainage.
2. Use only the best quality potting mix—we recommend *ican Premium Potting Mix*. Fill the pot, leaving a hole to accommodate the rose’s roots. Sprinkle in a handful of *ican Slow Food*, which will provide nutrients for up to two years.
3. Prepare the rose as you would when planting in the ground – soak in water, trim roots if necessary, position at the correct depth in the hole.
4. Backfill the hole, working the potting mix around the roots and firm in, ensuring the crown is at soil level. Water in well.
5. Be attentive to watering, especially when the rose is actively growing through summer. Daily, sometimes twice daily, watering may be needed.
6. Liquid feed with *ican Fast Food* every week for healthy growth and blooms.
7. Deadhead, trim and prune as you would any rose in the garden.
8. Repot your roses every two to three years. The same pot can be reused or use a larger pot. At pruning time, remove the rose from the pot, shake off the old potting mix, trim the roots, then repot with fresh potting mix.
Winter care and pruning
Roses that are well cared for in winter will reward you with splendid blooms in spring and summer.
Prepare
In late autumn, stop dead heading and trimming your roses to discourage new growth. Leave the last of the season’s flowers on the stem and allow them to form hips (seed pods). The rose bush will think it’s done for the season and begin to go dormant. Apply a dressing of sulphate of potash which will help new wood to harden before winter.
Remove fallen leaves around your rose bushes to prevent diseases and insects from overwintering in the soil. This is a good time to spray the rose bush and surrounding soil with lime sulphur which controls a range of pests and diseases, plus moss and lichen. Do not use lime sulphur and copper based sprays within 2 weeks of each other.
Check your pruning gear. You will need clean, sharp secateurs and possibly a lopper or pruning saw for large roses. A wire brush is handy to remove flaky bark on mature plants. Thick prickle resistant gloves are essential, (try the ican waterproof range) and check your immunity to tetanus. Booster injections are offered at 45 years and 65 years of age.
Prune
Roses respond well to a good prune in winter, July to August. Don’t worry about cutting back too much – roses are resilient. When pruned the plant will look smaller and bare but will strengthen and re-establish quickly in spring.
Start with the four ‘D’s’ – remove any dead, dying, damaged and diseased stems. Also remove shoots that are crossed and tangled, and anything slimmer than a pencil which will not produce flower buds.
Then prune the remaining branches by a third to half, just above an outward facing bud. On older plants, use a wire brush on the crown to remove lichen and moss, and old flaky bark. This will also stimulate the growth of new shoots.
Clean away any old leaves and prunings and follow up with a post prune spray of FreeFlo Copper and Enspray 99 spraying oil to complete the job. This combination will help reduce fungal spores and over-wintering pests, and protect the new pruning cuts from infection.
Then it’s time to sit back, satisfied with a job well done and the anticipation of beautiful fragrant flowers starting in November with many varieties continuing for months. | 51d7ba67-26ae-49e4-a797-4e294ab2bc89 | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | http://www.harrisons.co.nz/assets/Uploads/Rose-Brochure-2023-WEB-SP.pdf | 2024-12-06T18:11:52+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066415183.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206155059-20241206185059-00746.warc.gz | 44,601,093 | 4,738 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998942 | eng_Latn | 0.999033 | [
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Rockpools
Rockpools are one of the most diverse shoreline habitats. Many animals shelter here, waiting for the tide to return. This makes rockpools an excellent place to begin searching for fascinating marine creatures.
Dahlia Anemone
*Urticina felina*
A large anemone with up to 160 short tentacles and variable colouration. Gravel and shell fragments are stuck to warts on the column to help with camouflage. If conditions are not ideal where they are, dahlia anemones can use their sticky ‘foot’ to move away.
Beadlet Anemone
*Actinia equina*
Usually dark red in colour, beadlet anemones are common on rocky shores. When the tide is out they retract their tentacles to help retain moisture and may resemble small blobs of jelly. When the tide is in, beautiful tentacles armed with stinging cells help catch unsuspecting prey.
Brittlestar
*various species*
In keeping with their name, brittlestars are extremely delicate, readily shedding arms in order to evade predation. Lost arms are then simply regenerated! Several species occur around our shores and identification can sometimes be tricky.
Butterfish
*Pholis gunnellus*
The line of dark spots outlined by white that run along its back are the best way to identify this slippery, eel-like fish. They are commonly found in rockpools and can reach 25cm long. As their name suggests, they are very difficult to pick up!
www.northseawildlife.org.uk
Common Starfish
*Asterias rubens*
This is the most common and familiar starfish to be found on our shores. Look for it in pools and under rocks. They can reach an astonishing 50cm across, but are often much smaller. Common starfish love to eat mussels and feed by wrapping their arms around the shell and prising the two halves apart before ejecting their stomach out of their mouth and into the mussel! Here digestive juices get to work and the starfish sucks up a tasty mussel soup.
Dog Whelk
*Nucella lapillus*
Dog whelk shells are usually pale, with a rounded bottom edge and a pointed spire. This voracious predator roams the rocky shore looking for its favourite food, barnacles and mussels. They feed by drilling into the shell and secreting digestive juices. They then suck out the ‘soup’ that is left! – See if you can find any dog whelk victims – look for shells with a small neat hole in the side.
Common Prawn
*Palaemon serratus*
This inquisitive crustacean has a transparent body with brown stripes and yellow and blue markings on the legs. They are fast moving but often fall prey to sea anemones and fish.
Grey Topshell
*Gibbula cineraria*
This common sea snail with a rounded conical shell can be found under seaweed and on rocks but is easily confused with the climate-change-indicating Purple Topshell. Grey topshells are the most common in the North Sea region and have a smaller umbilicus (the hole in the underside of the shell).
Sea Hare
*Aplysia punctata*
Growing to 10cm long, this large sea slug is usually brown in colour but, depending on which seaweed it grazes, can vary from green through to red! The name Sea Hare refers to the large head tentacles that resemble hare’s ears. Look out for sea hare eggs during the summer - these resemble a pile of coiled up noodles!
Hermit Crab
*Pagurus bernhardus*
As they lack a full coat of armour, hermit crabs have to improvise and use shells to protect the soft parts of their body. If you see a shell moving quickly along the sea floor, take a closer look as it may be housing a crab.
Rocky shores are simply teeming with life, from the obvious seaweeds, limpets and anemones to well-hidden fish and crustaceans. For this reason they are a fascinating place to explore and the closer you look the more you will discover.
**Breadcrumb Sponge**
*Halichondria panicea*
This is a sponge of varying shape, size and colour. When living in shady areas breadcrumb sponge tends to be creamy-yellow, while those out in the open tend to be green. This is due to the presence of symbiotic algae living within the tissues.
**Velvet Swimming Crab**
*Necora puber*
This species is unmistakable. The “velvet” in its name refers to the covering of small, soft hairs, while the “swimming” part refers to its flattened back legs. They also have distinctive red eyes (giving them the alternative name of Devil Crab) and will rear up at unsuspecting rockpoolers!
**Shore Crab**
*Carcinus maenas*
This familiar species has a mottled coloration varying from green to brown. They are best identified by looking at the shell. Shore crabs have five ‘teeth’ either side of the eyes, and three rounded lobes between the eyes.
**Edible Crab**
*Cancer pagurus*
Easily recognisable thanks to the ‘pie crust’ edge of the shell. The body is wider than it is long and the large claws have black tips. This is an extremely important species commercially, with around 60,000 tonnes caught annually.
**Star Ascidian**
*Botryllus schlosseri*
This encrusting animal is actually a colony of tiny individuals known as zooids. These zooids arrange themselves in star-like patterns and occur in a large range of colours. They are commonly found living on exposed rocky surfaces.
As well as peering into rockpools, why not move aside some seaweed to see what’s below; peer into cracks and crevices; lift up rocks to see what lies beneath; or look closely at the creatures living firmly attached to the rock; you can also compare what you find at the top of the shore with what you find towards the water’s edge.
**Shore Urchin**
*Psammechinus miliaris*
This small, spiny urchin is a relative of the starfish and uses special tube feet to get around. The body is usually green, with purple tipped spines. In order to camouflage against predators, shore urchins will often cover themselves in small stones and bits of seaweed.
---
**Keelworm**
*Pomatoceros spp.*
These worms build themselves calcareous tubes, stuck horizontally to almost any hard surface. When underwater, they put out feathery “cilia” in order to feed on plankton.
---
**Chitons**
*various species*
Chitons are molluscs, but instead of having a single shell (like snails) or two half shells (as in bivalves) they are covered by eight tightly fitting plates. There are several different species of chiton but all are typically oval in shape and sit firmly anchored to rocks. A chiton can curl itself up into a ball like a woodlouse!
---
**Common Limpet**
*Patella vulgata*
Limpets are a common sight on rocky shores. They have conical shells that are greyish-white to yellow in colour, and are often covered in algae. Each individual limpet has a ‘home scar’, the place to which it returns after every grazing mission.
---
**Shanny**
*Lipophrys pholis*
Usually 10-16cm long, this fish has a rounded head and an elongated body with a dorsal fin running its entire length. They are usually a yellowish or greenish brown colour with mottled sides. Male shannys take on all parenting duties, guarding eggs for around two months until they hatch.
Seaweed
Seaweeds are one of the most important components of the seashore and fulfil the same role that plants do on land - converting energy from sunlight into food. Many animals, such as limpets and crabs, rely on seaweeds for food or shelter. Seaweeds are divided into three groups: green, brown and red.
Sugar Kelp
*Saccharina latissima* (formerly *Laminaria saccharina*)
A long, leathery, unbranched brown seaweed which can reach 4m in length. The name Sugar Kelp refers to a whitish, sweet-tasting powder that forms on the dried frond.
Blue-rayed Limpet
*Helcion pellucidum*
These beautiful molluscs with their electric blue markings are found clinging to kelp, their favourite food. They gradually eat away a little pit in which they sit and are often found in groups.
Sea Lettuce
*Ulva spp.*
These familiar seaweeds come in a range of different shapes, from long and thin to broad and ‘lettuce-like’, but all share the vibrant, bright green colouration.
Oar Weed
*Laminaria digitata*
Commonly referred to as kelp, oarweed is one of the several large brown seaweeds that form rich forests around our coast. These kelp forests are often exposed at very low tides and provide a rich hunting ground for intrepid Shoresearchers!
Irish Moss
*Chondrus crispus*
A short, rigid red seaweed with fan shaped fronds. Extracts from this species are used to make firefighting foam stickier; to prevent ice crystals forming in ice cream; as a thickener in shoe polish and were even used to make the fake saliva in the film Alien!
Bladder Wrack
*Fucus vesiculosus*
This greenish brown seaweed is a common rocky shore species and has fronds covered in small, round gas bladders. These help the seaweed to stand upright when submerged by the tide, thus gathering the maximum amount of available sunlight. Other types of fucoid seaweed can be found on the shore. Saw Wrack has small ‘teeth’ along the edge of the fronds, while Spiraled Wrack has twisted fronds.
Banded pincer weeds
*Ceramium spp.*
Whilst identifying these seaweeds to species level in the field is extremely difficult, recognising a *Ceramium* is relatively straightforward. Look closely at the tips of the fronds and you will see they appear like little pincers.
At first glance, sandy shores may appear barren and desert-like but this couldn’t be further from the truth. Like their rocky counterparts, sandy shores are teeming with life. It’s just hiding! And it’s not only the sand that provides a home. The strandline that washes up each day is an extremely important habitat, providing a constant supply of food for sandhoppers, while the shallow waters just beyond the low water mark provide a nursery ground for small fish.
**Lugworm**
*Arenicola marina*
This worm can reach 20cm long but is rarely seen as it lives buried in U-shaped tubes in the sand. Obvious casts of coiled sand and small depressions mark where the lugworm tube is. The worm itself looks a lot light an earthworm but is darker red in colour.
**Sand Mason Worm**
*Lanice conchilega*
The Sand Mason Worm lives in a tube made of shingle and mud, held together by mucus! These tubes can often be seen protruding above the surface of sand at low tide.
**Common Cockle**
*Cerastoderma edule*
This well-known mollusc has a solid shell consisting of two valves. The shell has distinctive ribs and growth lines, and is pale yellow or brown in colour. Common cockles are preyed upon by many animal species, including wading birds and humans.
**Masked Crab**
*Corystes cassiopelaunus*
The Masked Crab is a burrowing species, with markings on its shell which are said to resemble a human face (hence the name). When buried, the Masked Crab uses two long antenna to form a breathing tube, down which oxygen-rich water can flow.
Sandy shores are home to a larger variety of wildlife than you might think. The creatures are well hidden so you have to look carefully!
**Brown Shrimp**
*Crangon crangon*
The Brown Shrimp prefers areas of fine, muddy sand or gravel and is difficult to spot due to its cryptic colouration. It has a flattened shape and often buries itself in sediment, making it even more difficult to spot.
**Razor Shells**
*Ensis spp.*
A distinctive, elongated rectangular shell that is often found on sandy beaches. Razor shells burrow down into the sand to avoid predation using a muscular foot and get their name from the shell’s resemblance to the old style cut-throat razor.
**Flatfish**
of the Order Pleuronectiformes
As their name suggests, flatfish are characterised by their flatten body, sideways mouth and their ability to camouflage against the surrounding sea floor. Juvenile flatfish of several species can be found over sand, close inshore. These include flounder, plaice and sole.
**Ragworm**
various species
The name “ragworm” is used to describe several species of annelid worm. They are often found under rocks, in sediment and in estuaries. Colour can vary depending on species but ranges from green to reddish-brown. Ragworms form an important food source for shorebirds, alongside being excellent bait for recreational sea anglers.
Strandline
What gets washed up on the strandline can give us a good indication of what is living offshore.
Hornwrack
*Flustra foliacea*
Although it resembles seaweed, Hornwrack is, in fact, a colonial animal known as a bryozoan. Its broad and branched structure is pale grey-brown in colour and is often found washed up on the strandline. Hornwrack has a distinctive lemony smell when fresh!
Sea Slater
*Ligia oceanica*
This marine crustacean is closely related to the woodlouse. They can reach 3cm in length and colour varies from grey to olive green. They are characterised by long antenna and obvious black eyes.
Mermaid’s purses
Commonly found on the strandline, these are the egg cases of sharks and rays. The two different shapes indicate from which group the egg case originated. If it has long, curly tendrils at each corner it is likely to be from a catshark, whilst ‘horns’ indicate it is from a species of ray.
Sandhoppers
Amphipod crustaceans of the Family Talitridae
These small crustaceans live and breed in rotting seaweed and detritus and carry out an important role in processing the huge amount of dead organic matter washed up each day. When disturbed they can jump large distances in order to escape.
As the distribution and frequency of these species change, we can learn more about the warming climate of the North Sea and the spread of new species to the area. Whilst some species may disappear altogether, others could arrive from elsewhere.
**Purple Topshell**
*Gibbula umbilicalis*
This snail is roughly cone-shaped, dull greenish grey in colour with red or purple stripes. They live on sheltered rocky shores but are often difficult to identify, often looking similar to the Grey Topshell. Although predominately a southern species, as sea temperatures rise it may spread further north.
**Tortoiseshell Limpet**
*Tectura testudinalis*
This small conical limpet is dull white, grey or brown in colour with reddish lines radiating out from the centre. It is confined mainly to the north of England and Scotland but as the climate changes it may decline or move further north. Yorkshire is towards the southern edge of its range.
**Slipper Limpet**
*Crepidula fornicata*
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CHILDREN HAVE A LOT OF QUESTIONS WHEN someone in their family is sick. When children don’t have answers to their questions, they tend to come up with their own, which can be incorrect and scary!
When a family member has had psychosis, it can easily become a secret that nobody talks about. All children need some explanation and support, geared to their age, to help them understand this disorder.
Each parent and child’s first conversations about psychosis will be different. How you address the subject will depend on the child’s age and ability to manage the information—you know your child best. This brochure will help prepare you to take the first step in discussing this disorder with your child.
Questions kids have
What is psychosis?
- Psychosis is a loss of contact with reality. People with psychosis have trouble telling the difference between what is real and what is not. When this happens, it is called a “psychotic episode.”
- The brain contains many chemicals that help us think, feel and act. When a person has psychosis, his or her brain works differently because the chemicals are out of balance. This imbalance also happens with other disorders in the body, such as diabetes and high blood pressure.
- Psychotic symptoms can occur in a number of illnesses. They include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychotic symptoms can also be caused by another medical condition in the body.
- Some of the most common symptoms include:
- Difficulties with perception (the way the person understands things). The person may feel and look confused. He or she may hear voices or see things that aren’t really there, or that other people can’t hear or see. These are called “hallucinations.” People with psychosis may not be able to hear what someone else is asking or telling them.
- Strange thoughts and beliefs. These are called “delusions.” For example, people with psychosis may believe someone is following them or wants to harm them—this is called a “paranoid delusion.”
- Scary or confused talk. Sometimes the person may say things that are scary, or may make up an unbelievable story. He or she may say things that don’t seem to make sense.
- Difficulties with expressing feelings. The person may have a hard time talking about or showing their feelings to their children (for example, giving hugs or saying “I love you”). They may even say mean things. This can be scary and painful for children.
- A person with psychosis may not have all of these symptoms.
When and how does psychosis start?
- The child is *not* the cause of the parent’s psychosis.
- It’s unclear why, but some people get psychosis more easily than others do. Scientists are doing research to try to find out why.
- There are many possible causes of psychosis. Sometimes the causes are not known. The cause in one person can be different from the cause in someone else.
- Psychosis can develop suddenly or gradually.
- Sometimes, the symptoms seem to come after a life crisis, stress or other illness.
- For other people, using certain street drugs can cause psychotic symptoms.
Can my mom or dad’s psychosis ever be fixed?
- Yes. The good news is that today, psychosis is treatable.
- As the person gets treatment, the strange thoughts, feelings and behaviour gradually go away. For some people this happens quickly, and for others it takes longer.
- Sometimes psychotic symptoms may remain or come back, and they can be treated again.
- Some people have only one psychotic episode in their lifetime (for example, someone with major depression). Others may have many psychotic episodes over a long period (for example, someone with schizophrenia). It all depends on the person and the type of illness. Some people may have only a few symptoms, and may still be able to get on with their lives (for example, go to work or school, or do housework).
How can my mom or dad get better?
- A person with psychosis may be the most sick at the beginning of his or her illness. This can be a very confusing and frightening time, both for the ill person and for the family. Doctors, nurses and other health care workers will try to help the person with treatments that have helped other people with psychosis.
- Different treatments are available. They include medication and talk therapy.
- *Medication* helps the chemicals in the brain to work as usual. Then the person can begin to feel and act more like his or her usual self.
- *Talk therapy* with a focus on feelings lets the person talk to a therapist about what it is like to have this illness and about finding ways to cope.
- *Talk therapy* with a focus on managing everyday life teaches people to help themselves when they have early symptoms of psychosis. They learn how to get more control over the illness (for example, by talking to friends or to a therapist) and how to get back on track with their life (for example, how to handle money, make meals and stay healthy).
Is there anything I can do to make my mom or dad better?
- Family support is really important, but it is the adults who are responsible for being the “helpers,” not the kids.
- Even though kids can’t fix the illness, sometimes it will help your parent just to know that you are there (for example, by giving your parent a card or photo, or talking to him or her on the phone). It is best to talk with other adults in the family, or to the health care workers caring for your mom or dad, to see what will be most helpful.
- Your dad or mom might have said or done strange things when he or she was ill. Remember that these things were related to the illness—not to anything you did wrong. It can be helpful for you to talk to someone about what this was like for you.
What if my mom or dad has to go to hospital? What happens there?
- Sometimes people with psychosis may need to go to hospital. If this happens, people at the hospital will take care of your parent and make sure your parent gets the help he or she needs. Your parent will have a comfortable room where he or she can rest.
- It is OK to ask questions about what is happening with your mom or dad. Kids have a right to have their questions answered.
What if my mom or dad is too sick to look after me?
Family members should try to have a plan in place so the child knows what will happen if his or her parent has to go to hospital. Review this plan with the child and ask the child what he or she thinks. Make arrangements with a “safe person”—someone the child feels comfortable talking to—who can support the child if the parent is not available.
If the parent can’t take care of the child, the adults caring for the child should help the child understand why. They should help the child maintain contact with the parent as he or she gets better—even if only by phone or letter. Other parts of the child’s life should be kept as normal as possible, including attending the same school and maintaining friendships. Children may feel guilty about playing, having fun and maybe laughing every now and then—it’s important to talk about this.
Sometimes children live in a home with only one parent. If the parent becomes too sick to care for the child, the child may have to stay with other family members or, sometimes, with a foster family. This change can be very hard for the child, who will miss and worry about his or her parent.
Remember that your mom or dad is getting help. As he or she begins to feel better, you will be able to spend time together again.
What do I tell kids at school? Will they think bad things about my family?
- Most people find it hard to talk about mental illness. It often makes people uncomfortable because they don’t know much about it. Children sometimes feel sad, not only because their parent is ill, but also because their friends don’t understand. When people learn more, their ideas often change.
- Sometimes children are ashamed that their parent has a mental illness. They may find the illness hard to talk about, and may not want to talk about it. But it’s important for kids to talk with people who understand how they feel. It helps kids to feel better and to see that it’s OK to feel the way they do.
- Some people look down on a family that has experienced a mental illness. Mental illnesses can make people think they are different. Sometimes kids will make mean jokes or pick on others because of this. The important thing is to help children deal with these comments. They can choose to ignore them. They can also practise saying something simple, like:
- “My mom is sick and needs to be in hospital, so she can get better.”
- “When my dad gets sick, it affects what he says and how he acts.”
- Adults in the child’s life should help children decide how much information to share, and with whom. The child needs to know that he or she does not have to share details. If a child decides to talk with a friend, it may help if an adult is present. Adults can teach children to stop conversations when they get uncomfortable. For example, kids can say, “Thanks for asking, but I don’t want to talk about this any more.”
Will it happen to me? Will I get it too?
- Psychosis is a mental illness; it’s not something you can “catch” from someone else, like a cold.
- Psychosis is rare, but no one can know for sure if he or she will experience it at some point in life.
- It’s natural to worry about this. Psychosis is like other illnesses: if you have this kind of mental illness in your family, you might be at greater risk yourself. But it is still a very small chance—there is a much bigger chance that you won’t get the illness.
- To protect themselves against psychosis, kids should focus on what they can do to deal with stress and to lead a balanced life.
What should I do if I’m scared? What can I do when I’m really worried about my mom or dad?
- Sometimes children feel better if they make an action plan with their parents. This helps them decide what to do when they are scared.
- Action plans can include:
- making a list of signs that tell the child that the parent is doing well, or is not doing well
- having the name and number of an adult whom the child can call.
- Children need an adult they can talk to if their parent isn’t available. This could be another family member, a teacher, a friend’s parent or the family doctor.
- It can be hard for a child to live with a parent who has psychosis. The parent may do or say things that make the child feel scared, sad, angry or confused. For example, the parent may not know what he or she is saying, or may talk to an imaginary person while looking at the child. That can feel very strange to a child. Children need other important people in their lives to talk with, and to give them reassurance.
- If the child is worried and has no one to talk to, he or she can call Kids Help Phone at 1 800 668-6868 to talk to an adult who can help. If there is an emergency, the child can call 911.
Need more information or help?
If you want more information about psychosis and how it affects children and families, speak to your family doctor or call the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) at 1 800 463-6273, or 416 595-6111 in Toronto.
Other resources include:
**Schizophrenia Society of Ontario**
130 Spadina Avenue, Suite 302
Toronto ON M5V 2L4
Tel.: 1 800 449-6367 or 416 449-6830 in Toronto
Fax: 416 449-8434
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
www.schizophrenia.on.ca
**Mood Disorders Association of Ontario**
40 Orchard View Boulevard, Suite 222
Toronto ON M4R 1B9
Tel.: 1 888 486-8236 or 416 486-8046 in Toronto
Fax: 416 486-8127
E-mail: email@example.com
www.mooddisorders.on.ca
Also available from CAMH:
*First Episode Psychosis: An Information Guide*
(product code: PM015)
· This guide outlines the causes, symptoms and treatment of psychosis and the course of recovery.
*Women and Psychosis: An Information Guide*
(product code: PM021)
· This guide is for women who have had a psychotic episode, and for their families.
*Schizophrenia: An Information Guide*
(product code: PM009)
· This guide provides a basic understanding of schizophrenia, including the symptoms and treatments.
For more information on addiction and mental health issues, or to download a copy of this brochure, please visit our website: www.camh.ca
This publication may be available in other formats. For information about alternative formats, to order multiple copies of this brochure, or to order other CAMH publications, please contact Sales and Distribution:
Toll-free: 1 800 661-1111
Toronto: 416 595-6059
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Copyright © 2005 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Disponible en français. | c42f1609-4afd-4c9f-b4ff-22ed4a9ffb2b | CC-MAIN-2024-22 | http://www.camh.ca/-/media/health-info-files/guides-and-publications/wap-psychosis.pdf | 2024-05-30T17:09:11+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-22/segments/1715971668873.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240530145337-20240530175337-00171.warc.gz | 31,348,106 | 2,866 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.983086 | eng_Latn | 0.998574 | [
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The Bluebell is native to Britain and can be found in many woodlands throughout the country. As well as woodlands it can be found in open grassland and dappled shade. It prefers partial shade, the aspect doesn’t matter and it can be exposed or sheltered. It is a perennial plant which flowers from April to May. They are short plants usually ranging between 25-45cm in height and they have a fragrant smell when flowering. Bluebells are poisonous and ingestion can cause severe discomfort. Bluebells are primarily pollinated by bumblebees but are beneficial to many other insects such as hoverflies and butterflies. Cattle and deer feed on the leaves of the bluebells and also damage them by crushing them.
Interesting facts
• The bulbs of bluebells were used in the past to make glue.
• Elizabethans would use the starch found in the bulbs to stiffen their ruffs.
The Lesser Celandine is native to Europe including the British Isles, the Caucuses and Northern Africa, and has also been introduced to North America. It grows well in damp places, such as woodlands, hedges and stream banks. They require a North, East or West facing aspect, and grow well in loam. It is considered a pest by some in the UK and especially in the US as it is non-native, and it is poisonous if eaten and can kill grazers.
Lesser Celandine first flowers in late February and continues until May. It is often pollinated by true flies (Diptera), and can provide food for snails, slugs and aphids.
Written by James Appleby
Snowdrop – *Galanthus nivalis*
Common Snowdrops are dwarf bulbous perennials which can be planted in chalk, clay, sand, or loam based soils. It is best if the soil is slightly acidic. They thrive best in humus-rich soil that is moist, as long as there is suitable drainage.
Snowdrops are versatile in terms of the level of light they can grow under but prefer to have an approximately equal amount of shelter and exposure to the sun. They generally start to flower from January to May. Individual plants can take anywhere from two to five years to grow to their maximum size and readily multiply to form clumps.
Very little maintenance is required, though it is important to keep a lookout for narcissus bulb fly, slugs, and grey mould.
*Written by Leon Fletcher*
Wild Tulip – *Tulipa sylvestris*
The Wild Tulip is, contrary to its name, not native to Britain, but was introduced as a cultivated plant in the 16th century. They are native to Southern Europe, Northern Africa and parts of Asia, in Mediterranean climates. They require well drained soil, and can grow in sand and chalk as well as loam. They need full sunlight, and East, South or West facing aspect, but also need to be sheltered. They are mildly toxic, but squirrels can eat the bulbs, and slugs, aphids and eelworm can also target the plants. They flower in March to April, and need to be deadheaded afterwards. Tulips attract Bumblebees, solitary Bees and Hoverflies.
*Written by James Appleby*
Wild Cyclamen - Cyclamen hederifolium -
Introduced to the UK but long naturalised, there are 20 or so species of cyclamen in the genus that are native to areas around the Mediterranean, Northern Africa and parts of western Asia. Spring flowering garden species are easily naturalised. C. hederifolium is one of these that has long been cultivated for its aesthetic value and is originally from the Mediterranean. This species flowers in August to October, and prefers shaded areas rather than full sun, growing vegetatively in deciduous woodlands, under hedgerows and even rocks,
It is a hardy plant in the UK. Because of it’s lengthy herbaceous perennial lifecycle, it’s known as a plant of deep feelings in some culture and given to others you feel deeply about! This is because the plant has a corm tuber that can withstand harsh conditions like summer drought underground. It is a useful nectar source for many insects as the flowers are easy to access as a nectar source.
Written by Jake Blade
Winter Aconite - *Eranthis hyemalis*
Winter Aconite is a cultivar and originally found in France, Italy and the Balkans but has become naturalised over much of Europe. It is a perennial plant that flowers from late winter through to spring. They are usually around 10cm in height. Winter aconite can grow in partial shade or sunlight and isn’t fussy about aspect. It can be exposed or sheltered. It will grow in most soil types but prefers moist, well drained, alkaline soils. It is mildly toxic and may cause mild stomach upset if ingested.
Winter aconite is great for pollinators such as bees and hoverflies.
*Written by Amy Jones*
Tenby Daffodil — *Narcissus obvallaris*
This plant grows wild in Wales and is considered either as a separate species or as a subspecies of the wild daffodil (*N. pseudonarcicuss obvallaris.*)
It flowers during March to April and is a herbaceous perennial that grows from a bulb each year. It is very suitable for naturalising in gardens and grassland, growing in moist and partial shade conditions but preferring well drained soil and full sun.
These daffodils will spread over time if in the right conditions. Bulbs are toxic and can be an irritant to skin! Its wildlife benefits include providing early spring nectar sources for bumble bees.
*Written by Jake Blade*
Wood Anemone – *Anemone nemorosa*
Wood Anemone is a perennial plant native to Europe. They grow and spread via rhizomes. The flowers can vary in colour from white, lilac and light blue and are pollinated by hoverflies.
The Royal Horticultural Society class it as a H5 species which is hardy in most places can last severe winters.
Wood anemone is partial to shade but can also be exposed or sheltered.
It can thrive in chalk, loam or clay soils that are moist but well drained.
*Written by Cara Lock*
Wild Daffodil – *Narcissus pseudonarcissus*
The Wild Daffodil is smaller than horticultural varieties (up to 35cm) with paler petals. It is native to England and Wales growing in small groups in woodland, fields and orchards and was once one of the most common wild flowers, declining in the mid-19th century. It is often called the Lent Lily, is the national symbol for Wales and the county flower of Gloucestershire. The bulbs are also used to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
The Wild Daffodil is pollinated by bumble bees and honey bees. Bulbs should be planted in Autumn and flowers March- April. They prefer moderately fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic to neutral loamy soil and may be exposed (full sun) or sheltered (partial shade) with any aspect. It is susceptible to slugs but not generally eaten by larger animals due to it containing toxic alkaloids.
*Written by Alessandra Moxey* | <urn:uuid:f94a0c3a-0565-4c5e-ae9c-e940700414db> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://cocreate4science.org/wp-content/uploads/Information-on-Bulbs-for-Fusion-Building-Planting-.pdf | 2019-09-19T06:08:26Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573444.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919060532-20190919082532-00093.warc.gz | 40,860,922 | 1,515 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998268 | eng_Latn | 0.998695 | [
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## My Charter Fitness Virtual Training Workout
### BALANCE
| Exercise | Sets/Rep/Weight | Notes |
|---------------------------|-----------------|-------|
| **Step Up Balance** | | |
| 1 - Stand upright with one foot on a step or bench with your arms at your sides | 1 | |
| 2 - Step up onto the step by pushing down on your front foot and raising your other leg up with a 90 degree angle at the knee | 2 | |
| • Step down off the bench onto the back foot and repeat | 3 | |
| 3 - Raise the dumbbell up overhead with your front hand | 4 | |
| 4 - Lower the dumbbell to return to the start position | 5 | |
| 5 - Hold for 10 seconds | 6 | |
| **Split Squat Balance** | Sets/Rep/Weight | Notes |
|---------------------------|-----------------|-------|
| 1 - Stand upright with one foot on a step or bench holding a dumbbell in each hand at your shoulders | 1 | |
| 2 - Step up onto the step by pushing down on your front foot and raising your other leg up with a 90 degree angle at the knee | 2 | |
| • Step down off the step onto the back foot and repeat | 3 | |
| 3 - Push off your front foot and bring your back leg up in front with your foot raised | 4 | |
| 4 - Lower both legs to return to the start position | 5 | |
| 5 - Hold for 10 seconds | 6 | |
| **Lunge Balance** | Sets/Rep/Weight | Notes |
|---------------------------|-----------------|-------|
| 1 - Stand on one foot with the other knee raised up in front at a 90 degrees, holding a dumbbell in each side with arms straight | 1 | |
| 2 - Take a step forward, dropping your back knee to the floor and keeping your weight on your front leg | 2 | |
| 3 - Push off your back foot to return to the start position | 3 | |
| 4 - Hold for 10 seconds | 5 | |
| 5 - Hold for 10 seconds | 6 | |
| **Split Squat Balance** | Sets/Rep/Weight | Notes |
|---------------------------|-----------------|-------|
| 1 - Stand on one foot holding dumbbells at your sides, with your other foot raised up behind you | 1 | |
| 2 - Lower your body towards the floor, placing your back foot down and landing on your hips and knees with your weight on your front leg | 2 | |
| 3 - Push off the back foot to return to the start position | 3 | |
| 4 - Hold for 10 seconds | 5 | |
| 5 - Hold for 10 seconds | 6 | |
| **Lunge Lift Balance** | Sets/Rep/Weight | Notes |
|---------------------------|-----------------|-------|
| 1 - Stand on one foot holding the ball overhead with your arms straight and your other knee up in front | 1 | |
| 2 - Take a step forward, dropping your back knee to the floor and keeping your weight on your front leg | 2 | |
| 3 - Push off your front foot and raise the ball back overhead and your back foot | 3 | |
| 4 - Hold for 10 seconds | 5 | |
| 5 - Hold for 10 seconds | 6 | |
| **Warrior Balance** | Sets/Rep/Weight | Notes |
|---------------------------|-----------------|-------|
| 1 - Stand upright with one hand on top of a Swiss ball | 1 | |
| 2 - Lower your torso down towards the ball, keeping your hips up and raise one arm up in front and the opposite leg straight out | 2 | |
| 3 - Make a straight line from the raised hand to your raised foot | 3 | |
| 4 - Hold for 10 seconds | 5 | |
| 5 - Hold for 10 seconds | 6 | |
| **Front Bridge** | Sets/Rep/Weight | Notes |
|---------------------------|-----------------|-------|
| 1 - Raise your body off the floor and on your forearms and toes while lying face down on an Airex pad | 1 | |
| 2 - Try to keep your body in a straight line and keep your back neutralized | 3 | |
| 3 - Hold for 10 seconds | 4 | |
| 4 - Hold for 10 seconds | 5 | |
| 5 - Hold for 10 seconds | 6 | |
| **Alternating Twisting Curl** | Sets/Rep/Weight | Notes |
|-------------------------------|-----------------|-------|
| 1 - Stand upright on an Airex pad holding dumbbells in each hand with your arms straight to your sides and an Airex pad to one side | 1 | |
| 2 - Raise one arm up to your shoulder, bending at the elbow and turning at the waist | 2 | |
| 3 - Twist your torso to the side before starting the next repetition | 3 | |
| 4 - Hold for 10 seconds | 5 | |
| 5 - Hold for 10 seconds | 6 | |
| **Crossover Lunge** | Sets/Rep/Weight | Notes |
|---------------------------|-----------------|-------|
| 1 - Stand upright holding a dumbbell in each hand with your arms at your sides and an Airex pad to one side | 1 | |
| 2 - Step forward and cross in front of your leg onto the pad, lowering your body down and keeping your torso straight forward | 2 | |
| 3 - Push down on your front foot to return to the start position | 3 | |
| 4 - Hold for 10 seconds | 5 | |
| 5 - Hold for 10 seconds | 6 | |
| **One Leg Twisting Curl** | Sets/Rep/Weight | Notes |
|---------------------------|-----------------|-------|
| 1 - Stand on one foot on an Airex pad holding dumbbells in each hand with your arms straight and your palms facing in | 1 | |
| 2 - Raise the dumbbells up to your shoulders, turning at the waist, twisting your torso and patella facing back | 2 | |
| 3 - Keep your shoulders close to your sides throughout and do not swing your arms or upper | 3 | |
| 4 - Hold for 10 seconds | 5 | |
| 5 - Hold for 10 seconds | 6 | |
This PDF/printout was generated using Charter Fitness Virtual Training. Get access at [http://www.charterfitness.com](http://www.charterfitness.com).
© 2013 PumpOne, LLC Notice: This PDF was created and prepared by email@example.com and sent by them to you. While the copyright to some or all of the works of authorship in this PDF are owned by PumpOne, PumpOne takes no responsibility for its contents. This PDF is protected by copyright law and you are not permitted to make copies, reproduce or electronically post this PDF.
# My Charter Fitness Virtual Training Workout
## BALANCE
### One Leg Overhead Press
- **Shoulders**
- **both legs**
1. Stand on one foot on an Airex pad, holding dumbbells at shoulder height with your elbows bent and your palms facing forward.
2. Press the dumbbells overhead extending your arms fully.
3. Keep your back flat and one foot off the pad throughout the movement.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Split Squat
- **Legs**
- **both sides**
1. Stand upright with your feet split front to back, your front foot pointed out and your hands at your sides.
2. Lower your body into a squat position, keeping the front foot flat in the hips and knees and leaning your torso slightly forward.
3. Shift your weight onto your weight on the front leg.
4. Push through your foot to return to start position.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Squat
- **Legs**
- **both sides**
1. Stand upright on an Airex pad with your arms up at shoulder height.
2. Lower your body down into a squat position, keeping the hips and knees bent and keeping your back neutral/flat and your arms up.
3. Push through your heels to return to the upright position.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Uni Squat
- **Legs**
- **both sides**
1. Stand on one foot on an Airex pad with your raised foot bent at the knee.
2. Lower down into a squat position, bending at the hips and knees.
3. Push down on the standing foot to return to the upright position.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Bent Over Row
- **Back**
- **both sides**
1. Stand on the BOSU, bend forward at your waist with your knees slightly bent and your back flat.
2. Hold the dumbbells with your arms straight and palms facing back.
3. Lift the dumbbells up to the sides of your chest.
4. Lower the dumbbells back to a straight arm position keeping your back flat throughout.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Crossover Lunge
- **Legs**
- **both sides**
1. Stand upright with a BOSU.
2. Step forward with one foot and lunge slightly forward, keeping your trailing leg straight.
3. Hold the dumbbell on the BOSU to return to the start position.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Chop
- **Ab**
- **both sides**
1. Stand on a BOSU holding a ball in both hands to the side of one knee with your hips and knees bent.
2. Raise the ball up to across your body to your knee to over your opposite shoulder.
3. Move through your hips and shoulders, not your arms.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Kneeling Curl
- **Biceps**
- **both sides**
1. Kneel upright on a BOSU holding dumbbells with your arms straight and your palms facing back.
2. Raise the dumbbells up to shoulder height, bending at the elbow.
3. Do not turn at the waist, finish with your palms facing back.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Kneeling Lateral Raise
- **Shoulders**
- **both sides**
1. Kneel on the BOSU holding dumbbells at your sides with your arms straight and palms facing back.
2. Raise the dumbbells up and outward to shoulder height, keeping your arms straight.
3. Stay upright on the BOSU throughout.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Quad Superman
- **Lower Back**
- **both sides**
1. Begin on all fours with both knees bent and hands on a BOSU in front of you.
2. Raise one arm and the opposite leg straight up to shoulder height.
3. Slowly lower your arm and leg to the ground with the other arm and leg.
4. Take your time and be sure to maintain good form.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Recip Upright Row
- **Shoulders**
- **both sides**
1. Stand upright on the BOSU holding one dumbbell at your thigh with your arm straight and palm facing either at shoulder height with your elbow above your hand.
2. Raise the dumbbell up to just below your chin, keeping your elbow at shoulder height.
3. Lower the other to your side.
4. Keep upright on the BOSU.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Uni Overhead Press
- **Shoulders**
- **both arms**
1. Stand upright on the BOSU with your other foot raised behind you.
2. Lower down into a squat position, bending at the hips and knee.
3. Press the dumbbell overhead, extending your arm fully.
4. Keep your back flat and one foot off the pad throughout the movement.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Uni Squat
- **Legs**
- **both sides**
1. Stand on one foot on a BOSU with your other foot raised behind you.
2. Lower down into a squat position, bending at the hips and knees.
3. Push down on the standing foot to return to the upright position.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
### Wide Bent Over Row
- **Back**
- **both sides**
1. Stand on the BOSU, bend forward at your waist with your knees slightly bent and your back flat.
2. Holding dumbbells with your arms straight and palms facing back.
3. Lift the dumbbells up to the sides of your chest.
4. Keep your arms straight and elbows bending out to the sides and palms facing back.
5. Lower the dumbbells back to a straight arm position.
| Sets | Rep/Weight | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1 | | |
| 2 | | |
| 3 | | |
| 4 | | |
| 5 | | |
| 6 | | |
---
This PDF/printout was generated using Charter Fitness Virtual Training. Get access at [http://www.charterfitness.com](http://www.charterfitness.com).
© 2013 PumpOne, LLC Notice: This PDF was created and prepared by firstname.lastname@example.org and sent by them to you. While the copyright to some or all of the works of authorship in this PDF are owned by PumpOne, PumpOne takes no responsibility for its contents. This PDF is protected by copyright law and you are not permitted to make copies, reproduce or electronically post this PDF. | efeb16fa-c1cd-4aa9-b287-5e559cce4e11 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.charterfitness.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Balance.pdf | 2022-08-13T17:30:40+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00784.warc.gz | 625,980,485 | 3,797 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.994989 | eng_Latn | 0.996162 | [
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GIRL POWERED NUTRITION
Breaking the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition
Achievements and Learnings
Written and designed by: Miguel Camacho
Disclaimer: The thoughts and views expressed on this document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of any entity.
Good nutrition is vital for a girl to be able to reach her full potential. Yet globally, girls are disproportionately affected by malnutrition.
The Girl Powered Nutrition programme (GPN) aims to address this issue. Funded by Nutrition International (NI), it promotes the importance of a balanced, healthy lifestyle through non-formal education, and enables girls to be agents of change at local, national and global levels in the fight to stop malnutrition continuing from one generation to the next.
In the first phase of GPN, WAGGGS partnered with Member Organisations (MO) in Madagascar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Tanzania to reach over 103,853 Girl Guides/Scouts. It was a complex programme, with many components and ambitious targets. At the heart of it was girls participation and leadership – ensuring what delivered was informed by girls, for girls.
Through the successes and learnings from the past three years of GPN, outlined in this report, WAGGGS and the participating MOs are now in a strong position to continue their work and have an ongoing impact on improving the lives of our members.
A huge thank you to the staff, volunteers, and most importantly the girls who have played such a huge part in making this programme a success.
Sophie Rymer
Global Programmes Manager
Healthy and well-nourished girls, who are cared about by society, are able to reach their full potential and are empowered to take actions to break the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition.
Improved nutrition behaviours amongst girls
Improved nutrition knowledge and attitudes amongst girls
Increased girls’ confidence and skills to influence others
Greater emphasis on girls as target group in programming
Increased data on young and adolescent girls' nutrition
Increased recognition amongst decision makers on the importance of adolescent nutrition
2-year nutrition behaviour change programme targeted at girls and young women
How Girl Powered Nutrition works
GIRL POWERED NUTRITION: Achievements and Learnings
Girls, Leaders and Community Members who completed the GPN activities now know what, why and how to have healthy eating at their age.
From January 2018 to August 2020, GPN trained 6,316 leaders who rolled out the badge to 103,853 girl guides/girl scouts (GG/GS). These girls shared nutrition messages to a total of 210,648 community members. In addition, 50 Advocacy Champions ran girl-led campaigns targeting various decision-makers.
The programme has improved the nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes, public speaking skills and confidence of girls, leaders, trainers, and community members. Complementing the school curriculum, GPN addressed key adolescent nutrition issues by helping the participants learn nutrition messages whilst engaging in fun, practical activities. There has also been an increased access to and recognition amongst decision-makers on adolescent girls’ nutrition as a result of community actions and national campaigns. (See pages 6-13)
Girls, leaders, trainers and community members have self-reported changes in their healthy eating; mainly in following the rainbow plate (balanced and diverse diet). Other healthy behaviours were mentioned like washing hands more frequently, asking a health professional for nutrition information, drinking more water, and not skipping breakfast. Some girls started and maintained vegetable gardens in their home or school. (See page 9)
Additionally through GPN processes, the MOs have built their capacity in three main areas: co-creation, monitoring and evaluation, and advocacy. GPN provided platforms for the girls to campaign and network nationally and internationally. As a result, it has also improved the MOs’ visibility in the community and the country in general, leading to an increased interest in Girl Guiding/Scouting. (See page 11)
Overall, GPN as a pilot programme has been effective in achieving its outcomes, and has created impact not only on girls but also on the MO, community and society.
Miguel Camacho
Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Manager
GIRL POWERED NUTRITION: Achievements and Learnings
76 girls and leaders co-created the activity pack
Available in 8 languages! Arabic, English, French, Malagasy, Sinhala, Spanish, Swahili and Tamil
208,409 friends and family members received GPN messages shared by girl guides/scouts
13 community nutrition projects completed by girl guides/scouts
8 community nutrition hubs set-up to do community actions
2,239 additional community members reached through community nutrition activities
103,853 girl guides and girl scouts completed the badge
6,316 leaders trained to do badge roll-out
22,244 engagements occurred in global online campaigns during World Food Day, World Health Day and International Day of the Girl
19 girl guides and girl scouts spoke at global events on nutrition and/or gender
57 girl guides and girl scouts spoke at national events on nutrition and/or gender
50 Advocacy Champions conducted girl-led national and local campaigns
WHAT WE DID
GIRL POWERED NUTRITION: Achievements and Learnings
We conducted quantitative surveys to measure knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of the participants: adult leaders (attending training), girls (doing the badge), community members (reached by the Action Hub). Before the activity, a survey was given to serve as a baseline measurement. A similar survey was given after the participants complete the activities to measure the KAP changes. A sample from 4 countries was selected and encoded in a database for analysis. Due to Covid-19, Action Hub post-surveys were not conducted in most countries (see Appendix for country survey results).
Towards the end of implementation (February 2020), we conducted qualitative face-to-face interviews to 23 MO stakeholders ranging from GPN project team members (7), national and regional staff/volunteers (12), and Action Hub leaders (3). The interviews aimed to provide explanations or insights of the quantified KAP changes, and understand the experiences of the stakeholders by being part of the programme. Due to Covid-19, however, some of MO stakeholders were interviewed online.
Along with the interviews, we also conducted face-to-face focus group discussions (FGD) to 161 GPN beneficiaries: girls (84), leaders (33), trainers (28), and community members (16) to capture explanations, insights and their experiences of the programme. Some of the planned face-to-face FGDs in Sri Lanka and Tanzania did not happen due to Covid-19. Instead, a selected sample were either interviewed or asked to answer a questionnaire.
Finally, we did Outcome Harvesting to collect the significant changes resulting from the regional and national campaign activities. The country workshop was attended by 30 Advocacy Champions who identified these changes in behaviour, relationships, activities, actions or capacities of their campaign target audience. Face-to-face workshop occurred in the Philippines (7), whilst online workshops were done for Madagascar (11) and Tanzania (12) due to Covid-19.
*Most qualitative data in this evaluation were collected by WAGGGS M&E Officer through face-to-face meetings. Due to Covid-19, some data collection activities (for MO stakeholders) were moved online. In Sri Lanka and Tanzania, local consultants were hired and orientated to collect qualitative data from the programme beneficiaries. Content analysis was conducted by the WAGGGS M&E Officer. All qualitative data were manually open coded with conceptual coding. This process continued until data saturation was reached and general themes emerged. For the quantitative surveys, the trainers and adult leaders were trained to collect the training and badge surveys, respectively. Frequency analysis and two-sample z-test were conducted by the WAGGGS M&E Officer to compare proportions.
Girls, leaders and community members increased their nutrition knowledge after completing GPN activities
GPN has increased the nutrition knowledge of the girls who completed the badge.* The majority of the girls learnt about the concept of rainbow plate, i.e. balanced and diverse diet (green stage) and how to prepare them (turquoise stage). Some of them knew about the different nutritional needs for each age group, mainly the importance of iron for teenagers (yellow stage), and the various types of malnutrition (yellow stage). A few mentioned learning about accessing reliable sources of information (orange stage), food myths (orange stage), and that healthy food can be cheap (turquoise stage). The value of personal cleanliness, sleep, and physical activity (introduction activity) were also mentioned by some. The MO team and leaders confirmed to have observed these knowledge improvements amongst the girls.
GPN key messages were also shared to the people surrounding the girls who took part in either the badge actions, Action Fund, Action Hub or national campaign. Friends, family and community members learnt mostly about rainbow plate. Some of them also learnt about the specific nutrition needs of girls at various life stages, the importance of accessing reliable sources of nutrition information, and the benefits of physical activity and food diversity.
Although not explicitly targeted, trainers and leaders who took part in the training have also improved their knowledge on girls’ nutrition and healthy eating.* The most common learning was the concept of eating a rainbow plate by having more fruits, vegetables and less sweet, oily foods, and the nutrient needs at different life stages.
* There is a statistical difference between the proportion of leaders and girls who know at least 2 out of 3 GPN key messages before and after the GPN badge ($p<0.05$). This proportion is significantly higher after completing GPN.
Girls, leaders and community members improved their nutrition attitudes after completing GPN activities
GPN has led to changes in the girls' perceptions, except older age, about healthy eating and their effects in their future self.* Across the age groups, the girls have realised how unbalanced their diets are, how much they eat processed and oily foods, and the lack of care in what they eat (perceived importance of following the nutrition guidelines). In fact, lots of the girls said that they now prefer to eat fruits and vegetables rather than junk foods for their snacks (attitudes towards food preferences). Some girls perceived that their bad health is linked with their poor nutrition (perceived susceptibility to health problems) and that it is important not to skip breakfast (perceived benefits of food frequency). They also realised the importance of personal hygiene to prevent diseases (perceived benefits of hygiene).
Similar observations were found amongst GPN trainers and leaders who got more confident with their healthy eating.* As a result, they are now more reflective when choosing their food and they have shared the GPN key messages to their peers and family members. They believed that the effects of GPN have the potential to break the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition.
Community members also shared how their attitudes changed when it comes to food selection, i.e. making sure that they have all the food groups represented. They realised that healthy food can be cheap using their own local produce from their farms or gardens.
"It [GPN] has many useful information...it will not end in the session but also continue to other generation and stop the cycle of malnutrition." Troop Leader, the Philippines
"I became a vegetable lover." Brownie, Madagascar
"Not only about healthy eating, but at home we understand the importance of exercise, drinking water and getting enough sleep to live healthy." Little Friend, Sri Lanka
"They spoke about how a lot of community members believe that in order to eat well you must have a lot of money, but we were taught that, it doesn't have to be the case, that you can eat according to your environment, that it's not a must that you have to go buy everything, they also told us about the garden...where you plant leafy greens in plastic bags or water bottles..." Male community member, Tanzania
* There is a statistical difference between the proportion of leaders and girls (except older age) who have favourable attitudes on at least 2 out of 3 GPN key messages before and after the GPN badge (p<0.05). This proportion is significantly higher after completing GPN.
Girls, leaders and community members developed their confidence and skills after completing GPN activities.
Through the GPN badge, the girls, except older age, developed confidence especially when they shared nutrition messages to other people, mainly family and friends.* The programme has helped them improve their decision-making skills when they have to decide on the food they eat, and their leadership skills by giving them the tools they need to be a role model to their peers.
Girls involved in community and campaign activities noted significant improvements in their skills and confidence. They learnt how to network and efficiently approach local decision-makers considering their limited time. They developed other skills including public speaking, facilitation, report writing, presentation and online working. MO volunteers observed the potential of these girls to take up different leadership positions now or in the future with the way they come up and push new ideas through their work.
The GPN training helped the trainers and leaders develop knowledge, skills, and confidence to deliver GPN.* It mainly reinforced their non-formal education (NFE), facilitation, and reporting skills. Other skills they developed/strengthened from the training are problem solving, creativity, persuasiveness, public speaking, and resource management.
Community members developed new skills through the community events like gardening using plastic bottles, food preparation, cooking, as well as public speaking.
*There is a statistical difference between the proportion of leaders and girls (except older age) who feel confident before and after the GPN badge (p<0.05). This proportion is significantly higher after completing GPN.
Girls, leaders and community members improved some of their nutrition habits after completing GPN activities.
Most girls self-reported that they are now eating more diverse, balanced meals (more fruits, less salty and oily food, less processed food, more water, less carbonated drinks) both at home and in school. Some girls also changed some of their habits like handwashing and having breakfast every day. MO stakeholders validated these changes in girls that they have observed during events, camps and Girl Guiding/Scouting meetings. They themselves have reported positive changes in their own healthy eating habits that they have carried over to their homes. Girls also have initiated having gardens either in their home or school.
Girls shared how some of their friends and family members changed by having a more balanced diet. Parents are now preparing the girls rainbow plate as their meals. Other community members also reported small changes like drinking more water and trying to have diverse meals every day. Some have started growing their own gardens. In fact, one community member in Tanzania shared how he is now using this GPN learning (gardening) as a means of income.
Finally, survey results show an increase in the proportion of leaders and girls who have asked a health professional for nutrition information in the past month as a result of their involvement in GPN.*
*There is a statistical difference between the proportion of leaders and girls (except middle age) who asked a health professional for nutrition information before and after the GPN badge ($p<0.05$). This proportion is significantly higher after completing GPN.
Some decision-makers increased their recognition of the importance of adolescent nutrition through girls speaking out.
GPN provided platforms for girls to speak out at the local, national and global level. Because of the campaign activities, the following key changes have been identified:
**Changes in how well girls know and access decision-makers**
Some of the girls now have direct access to decision-makers or local governing bodies where they can raise issues on adolescent nutrition. In fact, some of them have become a member of the Nutritional Council/Committee in their local areas.
**Changes in support from decision-makers on adolescent nutrition**
School heads or local government leaders in some regions have recognised the nutrition needs of girls. In some schools for example, they have set-up a GPN Canteen and a vegetable garden. Some also have banned the selling of junk food in their canteen and within the school vicinity. Some local governments are now providing weekly iron and folic acid supplements to girls at a lower price, and have allocated budget for the girls to do home gardening.
**Changes in how decision-makers behave and think or believe about adolescent nutrition**
Some school decision-makers are convinced about the importance of providing healthy foods in their school premises. In some local government, girls have reported how local leaders are putting effort to follow balanced diet and how they became more interested on their health.
**Changes in how the girls work with others**
Throughout the campaign, the girls and their MOs have formed partnerships with local governments, NGOs and coalitions working on nutrition. These include the Regional Offices on Nutrition, Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) alliance, UNICEF, and WFP.
*For further information about the GPN advocacy work, refer to the GPN Advocacy Report.*
MOs improved their Visibility, Membership, and Ways of Working through GPN yet additional evidence is recommended.
Some non-girl guides and external organisations, including the government, got curious and interested about the GPN programme and Girl Guiding/Scouting in general. In fact, some of the girls (non-girl guides) became members of the MO through GPN. The girls reported how GPN has revitalised their associations so that the community got better recognition of their programmes. This also has led to parents becoming supportive again of girl guiding/scouting as evident by the reported increased number of attendance during weekly meetings. Moreover, the community have now associated the MOs as players on nutrition issue.
Certain aspects of the GPN programme have improved the MO’s ways of working. This includes girl-led activities (co-creation), monitoring and evaluation (M&E), non-formal education methodology and advocacy. The involvement of girls and young women was taken into consideration throughout the programme either in the form of badge co-creation, girl-led community actions, girl-led national campaign, and girl-led data collection. In fact, some of the MOs are now developing new programmes through co-creation.
The GG/GS educational methodology, planning, budgeting, time management, delegation, communication and coordination skills were also reinforced in their programming (training, badge, and advocacy) through GPN.
“It is amazing; I think guiding has gone up because of branding especially for people doing guiding. They found it very interesting; outsiders have been asking questions how to get inside. Ministry of Education really loves it, so its really good” MO Volunteer, Sri Lanka
“Yes, we even got new recruitments because of nutrition. I don’t know about the number, but we got recruitments from some regions (Mara). They were very eager. When people are going to the nutrition club, they were eager.” Senior Volunteer, Tanzania
“Running GPN has helped us (members and commissioners) plan things in strategic ways and especially, be accountable by submitting written reports. In the past, people in charge of project in our MO used to deliver oral reports, but thanks to GPN, we now are learning to be used to submitting written reports. Not used to having reports in programmes.” Senior Volunteer, Madagascar
“My only realisation is that the more girls who are involved at the beginning, the approach is better… so the programme is with the girls themselves, and their inputs are very valuable… We learn a lot from girls; we learnt how to listen to the girls as we adults tend to think we know better…Girl-led now is being practiced now in GSP, designed by girls and for the girls.” Senior Volunteer, the Philippines
GPN has addressed some of the top nutrition issues amongst adolescents, particularly iron-deficiency anaemia, overweight/obesity, and the lack of nutrition programmes for adolescent by raising awareness to girls and their peers, family, community members and decision-makers. GPN has also addressed some of the cultural and gender barriers in the countries like explaining that food can be cheap and that boys and girls are equally important when it comes to nutrition. Some issues affecting young people that should be included or discussed more in GPN include food security and access, food preservation (in relation to climate change), nutrition during pregnancy, and in disaster.
In general, the GPN interventions are well designed to address the programme outcomes targeted at the individual, community, national and global levels. GPN was seen to have an impact not just only to girls but to their communities as well. Reaching the people around the girls through either badge, community actions or advocacy was important to reaching the programme goal of breaking the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition. However, certain groups could have been targeted more, particularly the under-five children and mothers.
GPN activities were viewed as culturally friendly, especially at the national level, and age appropriate by having separate activity packs for different age groups. However, some stakeholders felt the need to further include other local sociocultural contexts in the countries like the regional/tribal variations of food availabilities and practices, and the varying levels of education/literacy between rural and urban areas.
“This [GPN] also discussed about the age appropriated needs. It taught us that the teenage women loss higher amount of iron and they need food that is rich in iron. Therefore, I think this will support to address these issues” Guide, Sri Lanka
“Food security [is the issue that should be additionally included in GPN], though we said that the girls need this, but where do they get this. Like for example now, we are importing rice due to calamities and urbanisation.” Project Team member, the Philippines
“That’s why I was impressed but the design of the events, the methods you used to get people to attend. The games etc. people are more likely to come to such things than if you invite them to learn. When people here about meetings they brush it off…yes this project was very creative, it invited people to attend games, then once they are there the facilitators also offered education. So people are gathered, enjoying themselves and then they learn without realizing it.” Community Member, Tanzania
“Yes, culture was considered at the national level but it was really necessary to know how to adapt to the level regions as each region has its culture. The examples to be taken were varied to really consider the culture. Even the situation of girls in each region is not the same, the level of precariousness depends on each region. We cannot contain everything in the book, but trainers/facilitators were able to adapt to properly consider the culture.” Senior Volunteer, Madagascar
GPN complemented school curriculum and MO objectives however it competed with other MO/WAGGGS programmes.
“With the implementation of the project it is linked with TGGA’s objective in the sense that the project has offered an opportunity for girls to learn and explore their communities – one of our objectives in TGGA. In this way, they can develop their values, they go to their communities and explore what is needed. GPN also developed some sense of responsibilities to girls and this is one of the objectives of TGGA.” Senior Volunteer, Tanzania
“GPN was too demanding in terms of time. GPN took up a lot of time, whether for leaders or for girls. This disadvantaged other programs and could cause problems with the target regions.” Senior Volunteer, Madagascar
“This [GPN] was conducted with activities, songs etc. This was different from school classroom activities. I felt very happy [with GPN]. This is different from school, because, it had lot of activities and songs. This also taught us about ‘social cohesion.’” Little Friend, Sri Lanka
“Nutrition are taught but not that deep compared to GPN; [in GPN] it’s fun whilst learning, plus discussion per patrol helps.” Cadet Girl Scout, the Philippines
GPN outcomes were well aligned with the MOs’ vision and objectives of providing quality education programmes on topics relevant to girls, like nutrition, to help them reach their full potential. GPN has also offered girls opportunities to connect to their communities and participate in international activities like the UN Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) and Women Deliver, which are both aims of some MOs. All pilot countries had no prior nutrition programmes. Most MO national programmes have health section where GPN usually fits.
GPN also complemented the nutrition learning of girls in the schools by providing more hands-on activities where the girls apply the knowledge they gained in the badge. Although some topics (food groups, nutrients and cleanliness), overlap between school and GPN, the non-formal practical approach, depth, and duration of GPN made the difference. GPN is also focused on girls’ nutrition as opposed to the general nutrition classes taught in schools. School lectures tend to be theoretical and the objective was to pass the exam. Moreover, GPN has reached people even outside the school system through the community and advocacy activities.
WAGGGS simultaneously implements various programmes in some of the GPN pilot MOs, especially Madagascar and the Philippines. This has competition for attention and resources within WAGGGS initiatives as well as to other MO programmes especially since all leaders are volunteers.
MOs have started integrating GPN in their national programming and extra support is needed from WAGGGS.
All pilot MOs have begun integrating the GPN programme (mainly the badge) into their girl guiding programme at the national level; although, it will likely be modified as compared to the original programme design like reduced badge stages, no/minimal community actions or no/minimal national campaign. Continuation of programme activities is expected in all countries beyond August 2020 (end data of the pilot phase of the programme) to complete the original programme targets.
Most stakeholders were enthusiastic about the continuation of GPN in their country because they believe that GPN has been creating positive impact to girls, community and the MO itself. When stakeholders were asked to describe GPN in one word, top words were Healthy, Happiness, Great, Good, Change, Knowledge and Strong.
Technical support from WAGGGS would be needed beyond August 2020 in the areas of networking, fundraising, monitoring and evaluation, and advocacy. For some MOs, financial support from WAGGGS is still vital to continue implementing the rest of the programme.
GPN in one word
KEY CHALLENGES
1. **Time.** Meaningful girl-led co-creation process took significant amount of time causing delays in implementing subsequent dependent activities. Other general time factors include the mismatched Guiding calendar, conflicting school timetable, far geographical distance affecting training access, limited volunteer time of leaders, conflicting personal priorities, and competing MO/WAGGGS programmes.
2. **Human resources.** One full-time in-country WAGGGS staff was not enough to implement a complex programme like GPN. Additional staff and/or volunteers, especially on advocacy and M&E, could have supported the Country Project Manager (CPM) in running the programme along with the Project Teams.
3. **Programme complexity.** GPN is a multi-layer programme with components at the individual, community, national and global level. Although a good approach, this complexity proved to be difficult and demanding given the limited time and human resources in the countries. Nutrition as a topic is also complex that has numerous nuances making it difficult to develop globally-relevant resources.
4. **Technical capacity.** Limited technical knowledge on nutrition at WAGGGS/MO led to difficulty and delays in drafting resources as we were dependant on technical inputs from NI that also had delays. The new ways of working, i.e., co-creation, M&E, and advocacy, for the MOs/volunteers meant that there was limited understanding of its importance, and hence, motivation, that added to the complexity of the programme.
5. **Materials.** GPN activities, especially the training and badge, required many resources to be printed. In some areas, printers and materials needed were not available. Some volunteers also had to use their personal money to access these materials.
6. **External factors.** Various external, uncontrollable factors have contributed to the significant delays in project implementation. These include elections, natural disasters (typhoon, volcano, Covid-19), and man-made disasters (bombing).
GOOD PRACTICES
1. **Girl-led (co-creation) processes.** The pack activities, programme name, badge design, community actions and campaign plan were all co-created with the girls. MOs have appreciated this approach of involving girls and young women in designing the programme. Some M&E activities (such as monitoring visits and focus group discussion) were also conducted by girls to their fellow girls.
2. **Advocacy Champions model.** The model of having Advocacy Champions was effective in delivering girl-led local campaigns. This provided platforms for many girls to speak out on nutrition issues in their areas and is a sustainable model for the continuation of advocacy activities.
3. **Integrated M&E system.** Most M&E activities were integrated within the programme activities ensuring that M&E data were being collected throughout programme implementation. Training and orientation of volunteers, especially adult leaders and girls, on M&E and tools were also integrated in the GPN trainings. Although there is need for simplification in this, it provided opportunities to also build the general M&E capacity of the MOs.
4. **Results-based planning.** Prior to implementation, a landscape study was conducted to understand the nutrition situation and guiding context in the countries. Results in the landscape study were used in the team planning at the start of the programme where the team revised the programme vision and outcomes and identified priority nutrition issues for GPN activities.
5. **Regular learning activities.** Cross-country Quarterly Learning Sessions (QLS) were regularly conducted to harvest facilitating and hindering factors for selected topics related to programme delivery. The team tried to implement any lessons identified during these sessions to improve programme quality.
6. **WAGGGS Country Project Manager model.** Having a CPM was invaluable to the successful delivery of the programme in the countries. Moreover, the CPMs have introduced new ways of working that the MO stakeholders appreciated.
7. **Stakeholder engagement.** Important stakeholders like education authorities, school heads and adult leaders who were engaged throughout the programme proved to be a facilitating factor to ensure buy-in for a smoother delivery of the programme.
KEY LEARNINGS
Replicate good practices in the programme.
This includes girl-led (co-creation) processes, Advocacy Champion model, integrated M&E system, results-based planning, regular learning activities, CPM model, and stakeholder engagement. Adequate human and financial resources should be allocated both at WAGGGS and MO level.
Apply results-based management to WAGGGS programmes.
Results-based planning, monitoring and evaluation have been valuable to the decision-making and learning of the team. A landscape study and problem analysis help understand the issue being addressed. Country roll-out plan should also be developed at the early stage to review budget and targets; ideally before these are set and agreed in MO contracts.
Allocate enough time needed for meaningful girl-led programming.
Adequate time for co-creation should be factored for future proposals and programme timeline, whilst ensuring buy-in from donors on the value and importance of time for effective girl-led processes. A clear engagement plan for the co-creation team should be developed along with effective feedback loop to the girls/co-creation team.
Strike a balance between programme scope and time.
Future multi-layer programmes like GPN should either reduce programme components or prolong the project timeline as agreed with the donor. This will help the team and volunteers manage expectations and workload.
Strengthen MO capacity for effective programme delivery.
Capacity of the MOs on programme processes (planning, M&E, coordination, etc.) and WAGGGS core mission activities (non-formal education, leadership mindset) should be strengthened to ensure effective and efficient delivery of programmes.
World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts
World Bureau, 12c Lyndhurst Road
London, NW3 5PQ, UK
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7794 1181
Website: www.wagggs.org
In partnership with Nutrition International
180 Elgin Street, Suite 1000
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K2P 2K3
Tel: +1 613.782.6800
Fax: +1 613.782.6838
Website: https://www.nutritionintl.org/
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How does size affect control of a limb movement?
General limb model to model motion across all size ranges and speeds
Fundamental Equation of Motion of a Limb
\[ F = m \ddot{x} + c \dot{x} + Kx \]
Quantify Relative Energy:
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As a function of limb size and length, there are 5 different regions of movement: each dominated by a different kind of Energy.
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Isaiah Preached About the Messiah
BIBLE PASSAGE: Isaiah 53
MAIN POINT: God said the Messiah would be a suffering servant.
KEY PASSAGE: Hebrews 1:1-2
BIG PICTURE QUESTION: How many gods are there? There is one true God who alone deserves worship.
Leader BIBLE STUDY
The Book of Isaiah contains four Servant songs—poems about the servant of God. (See Isa. 42:1-4; 49:1-6; 50:4-9; 52:12–53:13.)
In these poems, the prophet Isaiah describes God’s plan of redemption. We see a vision of the promised Messiah, the innocent substitute who would suffer for the sake of sinners. Through Jesus, God brings sinners back to Himself.
The fourth and final Servant song is found in Isaiah 53. In this passage, Isaiah provides an answer to these questions: How can a just God justify the ungodly? How can He declare innocent those who are guilty? How can He treat
bad people as though they are good? How can He love people like us?
A just God can’t just look the other way. He doesn’t say, “Don’t worry about it,” or “No big deal.” That’s cheap grace. Sin against a big God is a big deal. God didn’t just forgive our sins, He dealt with them. And this grace was costly. The price? God’s own Son.
Jesus fulfilled Isaiah’s prophecies of a Suffering Servant. People assumed God had cursed the Suffering Servant for His own sins. But no; Jesus was sinless. So why did He suffer? Isaiah wrote that He was pierced because of our transgressions and crushed because of our iniquities. His punishment is what brought our peace. The Suffering Servant died the death we deserve. When we trust in Jesus, our sins are wiped away—paid for by His blood—and His righteousness is credited to us.
When Christ’s work on the cross was finished, God rewarded Him. “For this reason God highly exalted Him and gave Him the name that is above every name, so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow—of those who are in heaven and on earth and under the earth—and every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father” (Phil. 2:9-11).
Additional resources for each session are available at gospelproject.com. For free training and session-by-session help, visit www.ministrygrid.com/web/thegospelproject.
Isaiah Preached About the Messiah
Isaiah 53
Many years had passed since God made promises to Abraham. Some of the people didn’t trust God’s promises anymore. So the prophet Isaiah came to tell the people God’s plan: a Messiah was coming, someone who would be Israel’s Savior. Isaiah said the Messiah would be a servant who would suffer and be a sacrifice to rescue them from sin.
Isaiah told about the future as if it had already happened. God’s plan was like nothing anyone expected. Isaiah said that God’s Servant grew up in God’s presence. There was nothing special about Him; no one noticed Him. People didn’t even like Him. They ignored Him and stayed away. God’s servant suffered. He knew what it was like to be sick and to hurt.
“We saw Him and turned away,” Isaiah said. “We looked down on Him and didn’t care about Him.”
But the way people treated the servant didn’t stop Him from doing what God sent Him to do. “He carried our sicknesses and pains. We thought God was punishing Him because He had sinned. But no—He took the punishment for our sins! It was our failures that hurt Him. He took the punishment we deserved, and He has healed us. We are the ones who disobeyed God and wandered away from God like lost sheep. But instead of punishing us, God punished Him!”
Isaiah said the Messiah was beaten and treated badly, but He did not open His mouth or say anything. He had an unfair trial and then was led away to be killed.
Some people thought He was getting what He
deserved, but no one realized His death was for them, to save them. He took the punishment they deserved. He had not done anything wrong. He never hurt anyone or said anything that was not true, but He was punished like a criminal.
“But this was God’s plan all along!” Isaiah said. “By giving up His life as an offering for sin, the Suffering Servant gave life to many, many people. He took their guilt, and they can be righteous by His righteousness.” And this is how God proved that what the Messiah did had worked—He did not stay dead. God brought Him back to life.
Isaiah said that when all this happens, the Messiah will see all the good that came from His suffering, and He will be glad He suffered.
“Then God will reward Him with great honor because He willingly died for people who were against God,” Isaiah said. “He was counted guilty like a sinner. He took the punishment sinners deserve, and He asked God to welcome those who had turned away from Him.”
Christ Connection: God planned all along that Jesus would die on the cross for our sin. Seven hundred years before Jesus was born, the prophet Isaiah wrote that this would happen! Jesus is the Servant who suffered so that those who trust in Him would be forgiven.
Welcome time
Greet each kid as he or she arrives. Use this time to collect the offering, fill out attendance sheets, and help new kids connect to your group. As kids arrive, ask them about a time they were suffering. Ask them what caused their suffering and if it ever ended. Ask them what helped them get through the hard time.
SAY • The Bible talks a lot about suffering. In fact, today we are going to learn about someone Isaiah wrote about who went through suffering. This Person went through so much suffering that God called Him a suffering servant. We’ll learn more about Him later.
Activity page (5 minutes)
Invite kids to complete the “King or Servant” activity page. Instruct them to circle the object in each pair that looks like what a king would own.
SAY • Isaiah told about a coming servant. This servant would not seem extraordinary or special, but He would end up suffering and being punished for the sins of the world. After that, God would honor Him as a king. Who could this suffering servant be?
Session starter (10 minutes)
OPTION 1: Too much to bear
Form teams of three or four kids. Distribute dry spaghetti noodles and mini marshmallows to each team. Direct them to build a bridge between two tables or chairs using only the spaghetti and marshmallows. Once every team has completed their bridge, use blocks to see whose bridge can hold the most weight.
SAY • God told Isaiah about a suffering servant who would bear the sins of the whole world. Just like your bridges broke under too much weight, the suffering servant would be crushed by the burden of sin. Do you think that’s where the story ends? We’ll find out what happens soon.
OPTION 2: Lost sheep
Select one kid to be *It*. *It* will close her eyes and count aloud to 30. While *It* counts, kids should find places to hide. *It* must find the hidden kids and lead them back to the center of the room. When *It* brings a kid to the center of the room, the kid will count to 10 silently and then wander again. *It* must gather all kids at once. If *It* tags a wandering kid before she gets to a hiding spot, that kid must immediately return to the middle and begin her counting again.
SAY • Isaiah explained that people wander away from God like sheep. God sent a suffering servant to lead God’s lost sheep back to Him.
Transition to large group
Large Group LEADER
SESSION TITLE: Isaiah Preached About the Messiah
BIBLE PASSAGE: Isaiah 53
MAIN POINT: God said the Messiah would be a suffering servant.
KEY PASSAGE: Hebrews 1:1-2
BIG PICTURE QUESTION: How many gods are there? There is one true God who alone deserves worship.
Countdown
Show the countdown video as your kids arrive, and set it to end as large group time begins.
Introduce the session (3 minutes)
[Large Group Leader enters wearing a lab coat over dark-colored slacks and shirt, carrying a clipboard.]
LEADER • Hey, everyone! I’m so glad you could join me in the lab again today. Remember my friend who got called for a special task last week? Well, she has finished her study, and today she is going to publish her paper! That means all the evidence she gathered will be written down and shown to the public so everyone else can know what she has learned through her studies.
That reminds me of Isaiah. He was guided by God to write down the things God revealed to him. God gave Isaiah a wonderful message about the Messiah, and because Isaiah wrote it down, we can read it and learn from it even today! Would you all like to do that? [Allow kids to respond.] I had a feeling you would!
Giant timeline (1 minute)
LEADER • Remember, we’ve been learning about God’s prophets and the messages they revealed to the kings and the people of Israel and Judah. In the first week, we learned how **the one true God defeated the prophets of Baal**. Then we learned that **God revealed Himself to Elijah in a whisper**. Next, we learned that **God healed Naaman’s skin disease**. Last week, we learned that **Isaiah saw the holy God in His glory**. Through all of this, we have seen God reveal Himself to His people to help them know who He is.
Big picture question (1 minute)
LEADER • And that leads us into our big picture question and answer. Do any of you remember it? [Allow kids to respond.] **How many gods are there? There is one true God who alone deserves worship.** That is exactly right! Remember that as you listen to our story today, “Isaiah Preached About the Messiah.”
Tell the Bible story (10 minutes)
Open your Bible to Isaiah 53. Tell the Bible story in your own words, or show the Bible story video “Isaiah Preached About the Messiah.”
LEADER • Isaiah’s message to the people was really God’s message to the people. Isaiah wrote down God’s words about the Messiah about 700 years before Jesus was even born! God wanted everyone to know that He was still working, and they could trust Him to keep His promise to send a Rescuer.
Isaiah did not know how long it would take for
the Messiah to come, but he trusted in God. Isaiah knew what we are learning, that there is one true God who alone deserves worship, and so Isaiah trusted God.
Isaiah’s writing helps us know that nothing surprises God. God planned all along that Jesus would die on the cross for our sin. Seven hundred years before Jesus was born, the prophet Isaiah wrote that this would happen! Jesus is the Servant who suffered so that those who trust in Him would be forgiven.
When Jesus died on the cross, God’s words were proven true. Jesus was a servant, and He suffered on the cross so that we might be saved.
God said the Messiah would be a suffering servant. We deserved the suffering that Jesus endured, but He loves us and spared us from it. Jesus died for us, and then rose again on the third day, proving that He is the one true God. Jesus defeated sin and death once and for all, and He promised to return one day for His people. We can trust His promise, just as Isaiah trusted God’s promises so long ago.
Ask the following questions:
1. How did Isaiah say the servant would appear to the people around him? (like He was an ordinary man, not special or beautiful; Isa. 53:2)
2. How did Isaiah describe the people? (like sheep that have gone astray, Isa. 53:6)
3. Would the servant protest or complain about His suffering? (No, He would remain silent; Isa. 53:7)
4. Why would the Servant suffer? (to take the
punishment for sin so many people could be forgiven, Isa. 53:11-12)
5. **How many gods are there? There is one true God who alone deserves worship.**
**The Gospel: God’s Plan for Me (optional)**
Use Scripture and the guide provided with this session to explain to boys and girls how to become a Christian. Assign individuals to meet with kids who have more questions.
Encourage boys and girls to ask their parents, small group leaders, or other Christian adults any questions they may have about becoming a Christian.
**Key passage (5 minutes)**
Show the key passage poster. Lead the boys and girls to read together Hebrews 1:1-2. Toss a foam ball to different kids, one at a time, each saying one word of the key passage, in order. Continue until kids say the entire key passage. Then sing the key passage song.
**LEADER** • Our key passage reminds us that God speaks to us today. One way God speaks is through His Word. Human authors like Isaiah were inspired by God and recorded His words. We can read God’s words in the Bible and learn about God.
**Discussion starter video (4 minutes)**
**LEADER** • Have you ever made plans? Do your plans always work out the way you want? How do you feel when your plans don’t happen? Check this out.
Show the “Unit 13, Session 5” discussion starter video. Ask kids how it feels to have plans ruined. Ask them to talk about some of their future plans or goals. Ask them how
they could avoid future disappointment from ruined plans. Whose plans can they always trust? How could they make their plans to line up with God’s plans?
**LEADER** • God is always in control. His plans cannot be stopped, and we see that clearly in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. God spoke through Isaiah about His plan many years before it occurred and then made sure that His plan was carried out.
We cannot control the future, but we can place our trust in the one true God who does. When we trust in Jesus, He changes our hearts and our plans to line up with His perfect plan. If we make our plans in line with God’s plan, we can be sure He will carry them out!
**Sing (4 minutes)**
*“God’s Son” song*
**LEADER** • Our God is perfect and powerful. He is the one true God who alone deserves worship. He cannot be stopped, and all His plans are perfect and good. Doesn’t that just make you want to worship? Sing together “God’s Son.”
**Pray (2 minutes)**
Invite kids to pray before dismissing to small groups.
**LEADER** • Father, You are the Almighty God. You are the only God, and You deserve all our worship. Thank You for loving us even though we are born sinners. Thank You for Jesus. Help us to trust You each day. Change our plans to line up with Your plans. Amen.
**Dismiss to small groups**
The Gospel: God’s Plan for Me
Ask kids if they have ever heard the word gospel. Clarify that the word gospel means “good news.” It is the message about Christ, the kingdom of God, and salvation. Use the following guide to share the gospel with kids.
God rules. Explain to kids that the Bible tells us God created everything, and He is in charge of everything. Invite a volunteer to read Genesis 1:1 from the Bible. Read Revelation 4:11 or Colossians 1:16-17 aloud and explain what these verses mean.
We sinned. Tell kids that since the time of Adam and Eve, everyone has chosen to disobey God. (Romans 3:23) The Bible calls this sin. Because God is holy, God cannot be around sin. Sin separates us from God and deserves God’s punishment of death. (Romans 6:23)
God provided. Choose a child to read John 3:16 aloud. Say that God sent His Son, Jesus, the perfect solution to our sin problem, to rescue us from the punishment we deserve. It’s something we, as sinners, could never earn on our own. Jesus alone saves us. Read and explain Ephesians 2:8-9.
Jesus gives. Share with kids that Jesus lived a perfect life, died on the cross for our sins, and rose again. Because Jesus gave up His life for us, we can be welcomed into God’s family for eternity. This is the best gift ever! Read Romans 5:8; 2 Corinthians 5:21; or 1 Peter 3:18.
We respond. Tell kids that they can respond to Jesus. Read Romans 10:9-10,13. Review these aspects of our response: Believe in your heart that Jesus alone saves you through what He’s already done on the cross. Repent, turning from self and sin to Jesus. Tell God and others that your faith is in Jesus.
Offer to talk with any child who is interested in responding to Jesus.
Small Group LEADER
SESSION TITLE: Isaiah Preached About the Messiah
BIBLE PASSAGE: Isaiah 53
MAIN POINT: God said the Messiah would be a suffering servant.
KEY PASSAGE: Hebrews 1:1-2
BIG PICTURE QUESTION: How many gods are there? There is one true God who alone deserves worship.
Key passage activity (5 minutes)
Direct your class to sit in a circle. While holding a tennis ball, say the first word of the key passage and pass the ball to a random child. He must say the next word and pass the ball to a new kid, who will say the next word. Continue until kids say the whole key passage. Collect the tennis ball back and start again. This time, pick a word other than the first word and finish the key passage from where you started.
SAY • Our key passage reminds us that God used prophets like Isaiah to prepare the world for His Son. But now that Jesus has come, we have God’s final words in the Bible! We learn about Jesus in the Bible, God’s story about Him.
Bible story review & Bible skills (10 minutes)
Review the Bible story with your class. Invite the kids to take turns drawing different scenes from the story on a board at the front of the class. Give the kids an opportunity to explain what they drew and how it pertains to the story. Then direct kids to find the verse(s) the picture depicts.
SAY • God showed many things to Isaiah, who recorded
them for us to read about today. In some cases, Isaiah may not have known exactly what the Messiah would be like, but God showed Isaiah why the Messiah came. We know now that Jesus is the Messiah, who fulfilled every prophecy. **God said the Messiah would be a suffering servant.** We can read about the suffering servant and see the ways Jesus matched the description. Jesus suffered and died on the cross to take the punishment for sin. Then God honored Jesus and raised Him from the dead. Now He is our King, and the one true God who alone deserves worship.
**Activity choice (10 minutes)**
**OPTION 1:** Servant relay
Form two teams. Give each team a tray and a few plastic dishes (a plate, a cup, a bowl, and so forth). When you say “go,” the first person on each team must set up the dishes on the tray and carry the tray to one end of the room and back without dropping anything. If an item falls off, he must re-stack the tray and keep going. Then the next person will go, and so on. The first team to finish wins.
**SAY • God said the Messiah would be a suffering servant.**
Often, when we think of a servant, we think of someone like a butler or cupbearer who brings food to an important person, like a king or celebrity. But Jesus came to be a different kind of servant.
Jesus washed His disciples’ feet, healed people, and provided food for people, but His greatest act of service was when He died on the cross and rose again to rescue us from sin. Jesus suffered and died so we could live forever with God.
OPTION 2: Messiah mobile
Give each child a wire hanger and various colored sheets of construction paper. Instruct kids to draw and cut out different shapes and symbols that remind them of Jesus (a cross, a shepherd’s crook, a fish, an empty tomb, a crown, and so forth). Help them measure and cut a few lengths of string (they do not have to be the same length). Kids will tape one end of the string to the paper cutouts they made. Tie the other ends of the strings to the hanger.
SAY • God used Isaiah to remind the world that He was going to send a Rescuer and what the Rescuer would do for them. We can use this fun hanging mobile to remember that Jesus has come and rescued us from sin! Jesus was punished for our sins so that we could be forgiven. Jesus was the Suffering Servant who took our sin and makes us new.
Journal and prayer (5 minutes)
Distribute each child’s journal and ask him to write about or draw a time he or someone he knows suffered. Ask kids to think about ways they can help people who are suffering. Remind them that Jesus suffered so that we don’t have to suffer eternal separation from God.
SAY • Jesus came and died on the cross for our sins; however, we still have trouble and suffering in our lives. Jesus promised to return and make all things new. We can suffer like Christ suffered—with joy and obedience—because we know that all our suffering is temporary when we love and follow Jesus. When Jesus returns, followers of Jesus will be with God forever, where there is no pain or sadness!
Make sure each child secures this week’s sheet in the journal,
and then collect them. Keep the journals in the classroom so they will be available every week or as often as you wish to use them.
If time remains, take prayer requests or allow kids to complete the Bible story coloring page. Pray, thanking God for sending prophets like Isaiah, so that we could understand that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God. Thank God for sending Jesus to save us. Ask God to help your class love Him more and learn to help others who are suffering and tell them about Jesus.
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PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
Summer is now in full bloom, and the Demarest Nature Center is a great place to witness nature’s splendor! There are many trees, flowers, birds, deer, ducks, turtles, foxes, and other wildlife to observe. The trails are clean, beautiful, and well-marked. As always, entry is free.
Over the past several months, a lot has been happening in the Nature Center. We chartered Boy Scout Troop 20 in January, and it is growing quickly. We had the first-ever Maple Syrup event in February, which allowed kids to identify maple trees and see how maple syrup is made. We have sponsored birdwatching tours, guided walks by naturalists, field trips for the kindergartners, and beekeeping demonstrations. These are paid for by the Nature Center, supported by your generous donations. We also now have an Arborist, Ray Slaman, who helps to look after the health of the forest and educate the public about the trees.
On October 14th from 10:00 – 5:00PM at the Demarest Duck Pond, we will have our Oktoberfest & Craft Show. This will include canoeing, free square dancing, a nature exhibit, birdhouse building, and of course all the crafters who will offer their creations for sale. Many thanks to Veolia for letting us use their canoes for this event.
On Oct 15th at 10:00AM, we will also have another guided birdwatching tour, led by the Bergen Audubon Society. Meet at the Imagination Playground near Wakelee Field.
We provide a refuge for nature, and for the community. We do not receive financial support from the Borough of Demarest. We are all volunteers, and we rely on your financial support to maintain the trails, keep the birdfeeders stocked, support nature programs for the community, etc. Please consider supporting these efforts. You can donate through the envelope that is attached in this semi-annual newsletter, via the membership page on our website (https://www.demarestnaturecenter.org/become-a-member/) or also by contacting us directly. Thank you for your support!
See you on the trails,
Stephen Tillack, President, Demarest Nature Center
2023 JOHN C. GOODWIN PHOTO CONTEST WINNERS
Grand Prize in Adult Category
CHARLOTTE CLARK
“Nature is a Bridge Over Troubled Waters”
Grand Prize in Children’s Category
ALEXANDER SHAARI
“Winter Solace”
Your membership dollars allow us to continue to give back to the community and preserve and protect DNC’s 55 acres of meadows, forests and wetlands.
NATIONAL TRAILS DAY RECAP
On Saturday, June 3rd we had our first Trails Day event at the DNC, and it was a huge success. National Trails Day is an annual event observed by hikers of all walks everywhere, spearheaded by the American Hiking Society. Adults and kids from our community showed their support, and several projects were completed within the three-hour timeframe that otherwise would have taken days. Among them:
- Emerson Meadow was cleared of overgrown grass and invasive plants, as were the trails leading up to it.
- Multiple trails were cleared of tall grass that was encroaching on the footpaths.
- A section of unused wooden walkway was removed from the diverted green trail adjacent to Emerson Meadow.
- Bridge and walkway repairs were made throughout the Tenakill Brook Trail.
- Garbage in the brook and along trails was removed.
- Best of all, kids were entertained while learning about nature with a scavenger hunt and other fun activities.
There are always projects to be undertaken on the grounds and trails. In addition to the National Trails Event each spring, we also plan to have smaller events in the summer and fall, so keep an eye out on our website. Want to help? Become a member of the Demarest Nature Center and let us know that you are interested in volunteering!
– Jeff Shaari, Trails Committee Leader
SPRING 2023 EVENT SUMMARY
April 23rd Spring Birdwatching Walk.
Don Torino of the Bergen County Audubon Society again led us on a beautiful day of birdwatching. Many of the common local birds such as cardinals, blue jays, song sparrows, American crows, robins, tufted titmouses, and Carolina wrens were sighted though others were more elusive. A special treat was that we saw a den of adorable new fox cubs wrestling and enjoying the day in our nature center. Don will return in the fall on October 15th at 10am to lead us on another birdwatching walk during the Fall migratory season. Be sure to check our website or sign up to be on a member email list to be notified!
May 13th Honey Beekeeper’s Visit.
Frank Mortimer, the Master Beekeeper, visited to teach us all about the honeybees. Frank is a certified Master Beekeeper, an adjunct instructor of the Cornell University Master Beekeeping Program, the President of the Northeast NJ Beekeepers Association, and a book author. He showcased an observational beehive where we could safely observe all the busy bees in action as well as beeswax candles and delicious honey made from beekeeping. A copy of his book, the “Bee People and the Bugs They Love” was purchased, signed, and donated to our Demarest Library so be sure to check it out to learn more about the bees!
Native Wildflower Garden.
The Demarest Nature Center has started our first Native Wildflower Garden! If you have been to the nature center entrance lately, you might have noticed our fenced off garden, to protect the young plants from nibblers. It now has a brand-new sprinkler system and a detachable water pump installed by our board member Dave Emerson. We plan to expand our native species garden by helping a future Eagle scout plant another one on the opposite side of the bridge. A plan is also underway to increase the number of milkweeds to support more monarch butterflies and pollinators in our meadows. Stay tuned to learn more about native and invasive species in our upcoming DNC programs.
– Jin Kupperman, Vice President, Demarest Nature Center
NATURE CAT – Nature Cat is Fun and Educational for Kids and Adults
A few months ago I stumbled upon a show called “Nature Cat” on PBS. It was impressive how this show was so cute, entertaining and educational all at the same time. The first episode I watched was called “Pesky Aphids.” Here is the link to the PBS website: https://www.pbs.org/video/nature-cat-pesky-aphids/
I had heard of other damaging small creatures like spider mites and jumping worms, but never heard of aphids. They all can do quite a bit of “under the radar” damage to plants that we might never notice. Biological control using an insect’s natural enemies is one of the simplest and most effective strategies gardeners use to keep pest populations under control. The ladybug beetle is one of the most popular beetles used to control the population of insect pests.
That groundhog, squirrel, rabbit or deer might not be the one eating your garden after all. It could be something smaller that we don’t see with the naked eye. As humans we need to do the right thing and truly understand what’s happening in each situation. I encourage everyone whether you have kids or not to check out Nature Cat. I also encourage you to take some time to research everything that impacts our gardens and our woods and how we can best coexist.
– Mark Nagelhout, Former Trustee, DNC Website Maintenance
Many Factors Shape Our Forests
As someone who works with wildlife, I feel it is important to be educated on the different issues wildlife face in our world or ecosystem. Too often members of the media or public put blame on deer for forest issues without knowing all the facts. Major contributors to our forest issues include invasive plants, insect outbreaks, soil acidity, tree diseases and human impacts. White-tailed deer are often blamed for their browsing. This is an important study that I felt needed to be shared as there is a complex of environmental factors at stake.
A Penn State-led research team discovered evidence that browsing by white-tailed deer had relatively little long-term impact on two tree species in a northern forest. The research is important because deer herbivory has a reputation for suppressing tree seedling development in northern hardwood forests, noted research team member Marc McDill, Penn State associate professor of forest management. For two decades his lab in the College of Agricultural Sciences has been studying forest management planning and economics, forest growth and yield modeling, and oak regeneration.
“In this study, deer had no discernible influence on height growth or survival of either sugar maple or ash seedlings,” he said. “The truth is that seedlings in northern hardwood forests respond to a complex of environmental factors in addition to deer herbivory, such as light availability, soil quality and competition from understory vegetation like blackberry.”
“Our study showed that seedlings were more greatly influenced by light availability, size attained before gaps were created and soil nitrogen than deer browsing,” Jones said. “Seedling growth was slow under even the best circumstances — as is typical in a northern forest — and gap capture was attained by saplings that responded more vigorously to gap creation.”
https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/deer-browsing-just-one-many-factors-shaping-north-american-forests/
– Kim Nagelhout, DNC Newsletter Editor
Why Should I Care About These Animals?
They are natural gardeners and habitat creators, but these creatures don’t get much respect. It’s time for that to change.
1. GROUNDHOGS ARE NATURE’S HOMEBUILDERS.
2. ANTS MAKE MORE PLANTS.
3. WASPS CREATE NESTS FOR THE BIRDS AND THE BEES.
4. MOLES TILL AND PROTECT THE SOIL.
5. SQUIRRELS HELP TREES AND BEES.
www.humanegardener.com/why-should-i-care-about-these-animals/
Monarch Butterfly
Monarch butterflies are an amazing species. A beautiful insect recognizable to many, the monarch has an incredible life cycle and is an important native pollinator. Each fall, adult butterflies east of the Rockies migrate from Canada and the northern U.S. to specific areas of central Mexico, where they spend their winters in a semi-dormant state. By late February / early March, these adults mate and begin their journey north, reaching regions in and around Texas. It is there that they lay their first eggs on milkweed, and their metamorphosis begins. These eggs then develop into caterpillars, then butterflies over several weeks. After repeating this cycle 3-4 times (egg, caterpillar, adult) while traveling north, they reach their final destinations in the northern U.S. and Canada. This journey culminates in an adult that lives 5-10 times as long as the previous adults (as long as 8 months for the final adult generation). These butterflies have several advantageous adaptations, such as larger wings, in order to make the nearly 3,000 mile journey back down to central Mexico for the winter. This cycle then repeats itself the following year. The monarchs that we see in New Jersey in the summer are the descendants of the original butterflies that migrated down the continent and spent the previous winter in Mexico.
The eggs of monarchs are only laid on milkweed (of which there are multiple types), and the caterpillars only eat milkweed. Milkweed contains a chemical (a cardiac glycoside) that is harmlessly sequestered by the monarch (both caterpillar and butterfly) but is toxic to any predator that should eat them. Predators associate the characteristic pattern of the monarchs with this unpleasant outcome and therefore avoid eating them. An interesting form of mimicry is exemplified by the viceroy butterfly; it looks nearly identical to the monarch but is not lethal to its predator if eaten.
While caterpillars only eat milkweed, the adult butterfly relies on a variety of nectar-producing flowers for sustenance, many of which are native to New Jersey.
Monarch numbers have declined in recent years due to a number of factors, including environmental changes and the destruction of natural milkweed habitats. You can help this fascinating species by planting milkweed and other natural pollinator plants in your yard.
– Jeff Shaari, Trails Committee Leader
THANK YOU DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS!
Recently we discovered that debris, downed trees, and branches were blocking the flow of the Tenakill. We saw this as a huge task beyond the capabilities of our volunteers.
Jason Gangi and the DPW professionals stepped in and cleared every stick, branch, and tree that was blocking the brook. And they did it without fanfare or ceremony.
Thanks for the professionalism and hard work of Jason and the whole crew!
– Ray Slaman, Arborist, Demarest Nature Center
UPCOMING PROGRAM:
The first Demarest Nature Center summer educational program will be taking place on July 26th!
The summer Demarest Rec campers will visit to learn about basic outdoor skills, native and invasive plants, trees and history of the nature center followed by a scavenger hunt!
A special THANK YOU to all of our donors, members and community support. It takes a team and we are happy you are a part of it.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Steve Tillack
President
Jin Kupperman
Vice President
Laura Nelson
Recording Secretary
Marybeth Kunsch
Treasurer
Sadettin Tuysuzoglu
Database Management
Steve Chen
Patricia Chen
Jeff Shaari
Theodore Alevrontas
David Emerson
Ray Slaman
Chris Valdes
Stacey Braff
Christopher Jones
Krishna Kumar
2023 DNCA MONTHLY BOARD MEETINGS
Meetings are held at 7:30pm on the second Thursday of each month at the Demarest Train Station.
JOIN US!
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www.demarestnaturecenter.org
email: email@example.com
We are a 501(c)3! There is no greater feeling than supporting a worthy organization. The Demarest Nature is a non-profit 501(c)3 organization. This means that your donations are tax deductible. Your donations support all of our educational programs, scholarships, events and the continued preservation of our green space. Consider a gift to the Demarest Nature Center as an investment in the future of our community. Of course, it goes without saying, or with saying in this case, that we are not offering tax advice by the above statement. Contact any of our trustees if you would like more info.
A big, dashing bird with a flaming crest, the largest woodpecker in North America (except the Ivory-bill, which is almost certainly extinct). Excavating deep into rotten wood to get at the nests of carpenter ants, the Pileated leaves characteristic rectangular holes in dead trees. This species became rare in eastern North America with clearing of forests in centuries past, but has gradually increased in numbers again since about the beginning of the 20th century. Where unmolested, it even lives in parks and woodlots around the edges of large cities.
**DIET**
Mostly ants and other insects, also fruits, nuts. Carpenter ants may be up to 60% of diet; also eats other ants (rarely digging into anthills on ground), termites, larvae of wood-boring beetles, other insects. About one-quarter of the diet may be wild fruits, berries, and nuts.
**NESTING**
Territory is defended with loud drumming and ringing calls. Courtship displays include spreading wings (showing off white wing patch), raising crest, swinging head back and forth, gliding display flight. At prospective nest site, both sexes may tap or drum on wood. Nest site is a cavity in a dead tree or in dead branch of a live tree, sometimes in utility pole, usually 15-80' above ground. Generally makes a new cavity each year, with both sexes helping to excavate.
Read more about the Pileated Woodpeckers here: https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/pileated-woodpecker
– Jeff Shaari, Board Member
---
Baltimore Orioles can be seen this time of year in our area as they migrate from the south to breed in New Jersey. The males are a brilliant orange and black, and are unmistakable once spotted. Their nests are also impressive, resembling a basket woven from grass and hanging high up in the branches of a deciduous tree. I recently came upon two separate nests in the DNC and snapped this photo of an oriole with a worm in his mouth perched up in a cottonwood tree above his nest. This is just one of many examples of the wondrous things hidden in plain sight in and around our nature center!
– Jeff Shaari, Board Member
Demarest Nature Center and Closter Green Acres Trail Map
250 feet
- bench
- forest
- field/park
- road
- trail
- railroad
- bridge
- stream/pond
- trail entrance
- town border
- notable building
surveyed and drawn by Dave Emerson 2019
additional surveying by Kevin Riley 2020
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Importance of Vaccines during COVID-19
Since the COVID-19 national emergency declaration on March 13, 2020, fewer childhood vaccines have been administered. According to the CDC (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919e2.htm), childhood vaccinations have dropped by about 15% in the past few months. This can have long-term impacts, not just on a child’s health but also on a community’s well-being.
The majority of vaccines are administered during childhood to have the best impact on long-term health. While some vaccines can be administered at any time, there can be consequences if your child misses their scheduled timing and remains unvaccinated. Thankfully, clinics around the nation are working to make it safe for parents to bring their children in to stay on top of vaccination schedules, and for adults to get the flu shot vaccine once it’s available.
Why Are Vaccines Important?
Vaccines are a key part of preventive healthcare, and are especially important for children. Infants receive some immunity from their mothers, but this immunity wears off after a year. By getting vaccinated throughout childhood and into adulthood, we stay healthier, potentially avoid infectious diseases, and contribute to herd immunity. Herd immunity means enough people in the community are immune to a disease so that those who are unable to get vaccinated, like people with auto-immune diseases, are indirectly protected.
How to Schedule Vaccines During COVID-19
While hospitals and clinics are asking everyone to be thoughtful and not visit public spaces if unnecessary, families should try to stick to the CDC’s recommended vaccine schedule (https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html). Vaccines can be a part of your child-well visit (https://perks.optum.com/blog/well-child-visit-before-school/) or, if necessary, you can make a separate appointment just for a vaccination. Clinics are open and ready to see you and your child, but there may be some differences from the last time you were in the clinic. Follow these steps to make your trip as smooth as possible:
• Schedule your vaccination appointment early! Pediatricians may have shorter hours or even fewer days when they’re taking in-person Planning ahead will make sure you can get an appointment that fits your schedule.
Ask about new safety You may be required to wear a mask and there may be safety measures like temperature screenings at the door and fewer people in waiting rooms. All of this is in place to keep you and your healthcare providers safe.
Prepare your child for the By this point, seeing people in masks and even wearing a mask is probably normal for your child. But talking to your child about masks and the importance of not touching surfaces while in the waiting room and staying away from other people will help make the trip a little easier.
The Flu Vaccine During COVID-19
The flu shot, or influenza vaccination, is recommended for everyone older than 6 months. The flu shot protects against the flu by either preventing people from getting it, or decreasing its severity for those who do get it. We all need a flu shot every year because the immunity we receive only lasts about one year. Plus the virus mutates over time, so the strain that last year’s flu shot protected against might not protect you from this year’s flu strain.
It will be crucial that everyone who is able to get a flu shot get this vaccine in 2020. The more we can do to reduce respiratory illnesses, the healthier we can keep our communities and avoid overwhelming our healthcare systems.
For more information about vaccinations during the pandemic, visit the CDC’s guidelines (https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pandemic-guidance/index.html). For information about medications and to help find prescription savings, visit perks.optum.com (https://perks.optum.com/).
Tags: COVID-19 (https://perks.optum.com/blog/tag/covid-19/), flu shot (https://perks.optum.com/blog/tag/flu-shot/), flu vaccine (https://perks.optum.com/blog/tag/flu-vaccine/), healthy living (https://perks.optum.com/blog/tag/healthy-living/), preventative care (https://perks.optum.com/blog/tag/preventative-care/)
The importance of vaccines during COVID-19
How to talk to kids about wearing masks
Importance of vaccines during COVID-19
How sugary drinks can affect cholesterol levels and heart health
The importance of vaccines during COVID-19
Asthma attack without an inhaler: 5 things to do now
How parents can get kids with ADHD prepared to start school
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How to talk to kids about wearing masks (https://perks.optum.com/blog/how-to-talk-to-kids-about-wearing-masks/)
August 25, 2020
How sugary drinks can affect cholesterol levels and heart health (https://perks.optum.com/blog/how-sugary-drinks-can-affect-cholesterol-levels-and-heart-health/)
How parents can get kids with ADHD prepared to start school (https://perks.optum.com/blog/how-parents-can-get-kids-with-adhd-prepared-to-start-school/) | e19169dc-8635-450c-bebc-a9a663eb4775 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://8cffb6ce-74b0-4e34-a25e-91ed0f907c58.filesusr.com/ugd/35d750_d23695c6401a4cd0a73178814403c727.pdf | 2021-05-12T18:20:01+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989766.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512162538-20210512192538-00172.warc.gz | 113,260,899 | 1,118 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.980157 | eng_Latn | 0.997075 | [
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Destination Imagination (DI) is a project-based educational program that inspires and equips students to become the next generation of innovators and leaders. Teams in our program improve in creative thinking, critical thinking and collaborative problem solving. Our participants experience the creative process, develop new friendships and learn to work together.
**How It Works**
- Annually, DI offers new standards-based Challenges in 7 areas.
- Each Challenge is open-ended and enables student teams to learn and experience the creative process.
- Up to 7 members can be on a team, and students from kindergarten through university level participate.
- Each team needs an adult Team Manager. Team Managers help students stay on track but do not directly help the team develop its solution to the DI Challenge.
**Learning Objectives**
Science, Technology, Engineering, Design, Arts, Mathematics, Creativity, Innovation, Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, Communication & Collaboration
**Seven Challenges**
Challenges in seven areas: Technical, Scientific, Structural, Fine Arts, Improvisational, Service Learning and Early Learning.
**Proven Results**
“DI taught me how to think creatively. As a scientist, I think differently than other people, and it is certainly an advantage.”
– Lauren Zarzar,
Ph.D. Harvard Graduate | f0c52f0b-7a39-4fc8-8834-4992da91d868 | CC-MAIN-2025-05 | http://www.creativeimagination.org/images/DI_Program_Overview_Flyer_9_6_16.pdf | 2025-01-17T08:04:58+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-05/segments/1736703362322.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20250117063557-20250117093557-00781.warc.gz | 40,692,028 | 256 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.991847 | eng_Latn | 0.991847 | [
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Removing barriers for citizen participation to urban innovation
Annika Wolff\textsuperscript{1}, Daniel Gooch\textsuperscript{1}, Umar Rashid\textsuperscript{1}, Jose Cavero\textsuperscript{1}, Gerd Kortuem\textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1} Department of Computing and Communications, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
\{annika.wolff, daniel.gooch, umar.rashid, jose.cavero, gerd.kortuem\}@open.ac.uk
ABSTRACT The potential of open data as a resource for driving citizen-led urban innovation relies not only on a suitable technical infrastructure but also on the skills and knowledge of the citizens themselves. This paper describes how a smart city project in Milton Keynes, UK, is supporting multiple stages of citizen innovation, from ideation through to citizen-led smart city projects. This approach encounters challenges when engaging with citizens in identifying and implementing data-driven solutions to urban problems. The majority of citizens have little practical experience with the types of data sets that might be available, nor possess the appropriate skills for their analysis and utilisation for addressing urban issues, or finding novel ways to hack their city. We go on to describe the Urban Data School, which aims to offer a long-term solution to this problem by providing teaching resources around urban data sets aimed at raising the standard of data literacy amongst future generations. Lesson resources that form part of the Urban Data School have been piloted in a primary and two secondary schools in Milton Keynes.
Keywords: Big Data · Data Literacy · Smart Cities.
1 Introduction
Citizen-led smart city innovation is increasingly considered to provide an important counter-balance to the more traditional official-led planning. This shift from ‘citizens as users’, to ‘citizens as active participators’ and finally to ‘citizens as innovators’ is driven by the increasing number of open data sets that can be used to drive urban innovation [1][3]. The expectation that citizens are able to first identify and then carry forward solutions to local problems is based on the premise that citizens have sufficient understanding of big data, smart city technologies and how open data can be used to drive urban innovation. Whilst the average citizen is relatively comfortable in the use of technologies and the internet for daily activities, big data and smart cities are new phenomena and therefore less familiar. As a consequence, the ability for citizens to use the available data and resources may be limited to those in society who already have good technical skills upon which to draw, such as those who would typically sign up for the wave of city Hackathons and Appathons that have been seen in recent years, the target audience for which is unlikely to reflect a good cross section of society.
This paper will describe how we are aiming to remove barriers for citizen participation to urban innovation within the MK:Smart project. This project is developing smart technologies for the city of Milton Keynes (MK), UK, in three key areas of energy, water and transport. Central to MK:Smart is a data hub which is aggregating both specific project-related data sets and other open datasets. The data hub in turn is available for businesses to develop applications, for citizens to create citizen projects and as an educational resource to teach data skills in schools. This paper focuses on the latter two uses.
To support the citizen projects an online platform has been developed. This platform will capture citizen ideas, a number of which will eventually be selected to be realised, with appropriate support from MK:Smart. The platform will act as a starting point for dialogue around which projects are of interest to the citizens, are feasible and therefore should be funded and supported, thereby helping citizens to hack their city. Key to the success of this platform is the involvement of Community Action MK (CAMK), an organisation who support communities within MK, in particular engaging with the more disadvantaged and lower socio-economic regions to speak with citizens and discover their concerns. CAMK provide valuable insight into how to engage the public with the ideas of MK:Smart and to further elicit project ideas. CAMK act as mediators, first learning themselves the key ideas and then working out strategies for community engagement and knowledge exchange.
For the schools engagement, an approach to teaching data skills in schools has been developed using some real Milton Keynes data sets in the domain of energy. The approach is based on supporting learners to first learn to interpret data visualisations through storytelling and then to apply this understanding to start to generate their own questions from data and to frame these as concrete queries to the available data sets. The approach has been tested in three schools, with more engagements planned throughout the year. The early trials are informing the development of an Urban Data School, which will act as a focal point for schools wanting to teach transferable data skills in a smart city context. The key idea behind the Urban Data School is to empower the citizen of the future, so they have the tools to be able to carry out their ideas, fostering a bottom-up approach and democratizing our society.
The rest of the paper will focus on describing these two related strands of work and how they aim to eventually support citizens in hacking their city.
2 MK:Smart
Milton Keynes is one of the fastest growing cities in the UK. Its population is expected to grow from around 230,000 today to over 300,000 by 2026. The MK:Smart project is developing technology solutions aimed to make Milton Keynes more sustainable in the future. The key areas of focus are transport, energy and water. To support the technology, MK:Smart is putting in place a data hub through which all of the project-related data sets are aggregated along with additional open source data, such as from the Milton Keynes Observatory (http://www.mkiobservatory.org.uk/) that contains data specific to Milton Keynes, open government data (such as census data),
weather data and crime data, to name a few. MK:Smart has put community engagement activities at the heart of its strategy. These engagement activities are designed to involve citizens in the innovation process, not only through an outreach programme, but also by engaging the community in innovation-centric decision-making processes through the establishment of a Citizen Lab.
3 Citizens as Innovators
The concept of citizens as innovators is simple; people know about their local communities and what could help improve them. In addition to providing researcher-led innovations, the MK:Smart project has set aside resources to support the development of citizen projects that “hack” Milton Keynes. We have developed an online platform (ourmk.org) to capture the ideas of citizens, a number of which will eventually be selected to be realised, with appropriate support from the MK:Smart project.
To help bootstrap the platform, CAMK have utilised their 10 Community Mobilisers. Community Mobilisers are individuals whose role is to support people to have a voice in their community. The Community Mobiliser approach is based upon the premise that residents are the experts about what they need and want and should be supported to play an active role in decision-making. Mobilisers visit areas within Milton Keynes that are identified by the council as being most in need of community support and engage with citizens through a range of one to one conversations, group discussion or hosting stands as part of community events. Mobilisers have expertise in engaging citizens and eliciting their issues and concerns, which are recorded, actioned and followed-up. We are starting to utilise these key individuals by encouraging them to promote the online platform during their time spent in local communities.
In addition to the work of the Community Mobilisers, we have also been engaging citizens through targeted workshops and roadshow events. Six workshops were conducted between April and September 2014, attended by a total of 104 Milton Keynes citizens (with 33 citizens attending multiple workshops). From these workshops we collected 198 dialogues related to sustainability concerns in Milton Keynes. Subsequent dialogues have been collected as part of on-going roadshows which started in October 2014 and have visited 22 locations so far, with many more planned in the coming months. This process has so far elicited 591 dialogues. These can be loosely categorised according to the main Smart City topic they address. 43.6% of conversations related to transport issues, 34.1% to energy and 22% to water.
Ideas alone are interesting but where we deviate from previous crowdsourcing approaches (e.g. [6]) is that these ideas are then refined into viable projects that have both a strong plan of action and a team of volunteers to carry them out. Having submitted an idea on the ourmk.org platform, we will run a series of workshops intended to facilitate the forming of groups around specific ideas. These workshops will mainly involve citizens who have expressed an interest in the idea on the ourmk.org although CA:MK will advertise them to the community as a whole. The best projects will be invited to submit a project proposal. The best proposals will be given funding and support from the MK:Smart project to turn their ideas into reality.
4 Challenges to facilitating Citizens as Innovators
Through developing our approach to facilitating the ability of citizens to hack their city, we have identified a number of open questions. We have had to produce answers for some of these questions such that the MK:Smart project can progress; we note that these answers are not optimal and are open to discussion.
An important issue that needs addressing is that of governance - what projects are encouraged and by whom? Within the programme we have outlined, the provision of funding and expertise is still governed by MK:Smart meaning that ultimately, we as researchers have control over which citizen-led projects are realised. The majority of citizen hacks will require some form of resources – be that money, time, technical expertise or access to organisational policies – that are not always easily accessible to groups of citizens. An important issue then remains of how can we facilitate the hackability of cities without research projects remaining in ultimate control? Where do these resources come from and how do you form groups around particular issues without a single central authority?
This is particularly complex when we consider how long-term strategic impact is engendered. Long-term success necessitates that projects have stable sources of money and a commitment from citizens to be involved in the project over a long-period of time. The MK:Smart project plans on helping successful citizen-led projects become sustainable through using our contacts with the business community and CA:MK’s experience of creating charities, co-operatives and community enterprises to ensure that any project which has had a positive impact can continue to benefit the local community. While this approach is inherently unscalable, as far as the authors are aware, no other project has attempted to create sustainable projects and developing a mechanism to facilitate such projects remains a challenge.
One approach to overcoming the issue of resource is to simply release datasets to the public. However, releasing this data and expecting city-level hacks to occur organically is relatively optimistic. The UK government has opened up its non-personal, non-sensitive data sets for other people to re-use through the data.gov.uk website. At the time of writing, there are 24,992 different datasets and only 372 apps. Generating 372 apps is a big achievement but is orders of magnitudes smaller than what could be achieved using these data sets.
The idea of “hacking” a city or developing a city-centric app requires not only a host of technical skills but also an appreciation of data as a resource for change. Big data and smart cities are new phenomena and therefore unfamiliar to many people. For example, the dialogues the MK:Smart project has gathered from citizens have been processed into 101 ideas around improving the local community. These range from Segway hire schemes to heated bus shelters, from better lighting on the cycle network to community funded water butts. None of the collected ideas focus on the use or generation of data and as such, do not come under the idea of “hacking” a city.
Additionally, the idea of “hacking” a city has got to account for the issue of the digital divide. The digital divide is instantiated in three forms across Smart City projects - who is producing the hacks, who is using the hacks that are produced and also
who is producing the data used for the hacks. In each case, at the moment the answer is technologically-aware users - a small segment of the population as a whole and, arguably, the citizens who are least likely to need help in improving their local communities.
5 Addressing the Digital Divide through Data Literacy
The digital-divide essentially faces two challenges. First, in the short-term, we need to develop approaches to open up the possibilities that data gives in terms of hacking cities. But while increasingly a large amount of data is accessible to a large segment of population, only few people are at home with the interpretation and analysis of data. This disparity between data access and data literacy may add to the digital inequality, thus hampering the empowerment of citizens and contradicting the purposes behind the openness of data [1]. Therefore, in the longer term we need to tackle the problem by raising the general level of data literacy amongst school leavers such that they can become more informed citizens.
Data literacy is typically defined as the ability to explore, interpret, analyze, and contextualize data. It may include a wide and diverse range of skills such as "the ability to: formulate and answer questions using data as part of evidence-based thinking; use appropriate data, tools, and representations to support this thinking; interpret information from data; develop and evaluate data-based inferences and explanations; and use data to solve real problems and communicate their solutions" [7]. This implies that teaching and improving data literacy would require a cross-disciplinary approach.
Projects focused on improving data literacy of school children incorporate activities inside as well as outside the classroom. Lee and Drake [5] made use of students tracking and reflecting on their own physical activities to learn concepts such as the impact of outliers on means and medians. In the Census at Schools project [2], students complete an online survey, and analyze and compare class census results across the nation. The City Digits project [10], aims at teaching data literacy skills to school children by encouraging them to investigate social issues in local, urban context. The Kids Survey Network project [4] makes use of online questionnaires and games to help school children learn skills and concepts for running survey projects. Whilst these projects no doubt present interesting approaches for teaching specific data skills with small, personally collected data sets, they do not address the particular challenges of data literacy related to asking questions, analysing, and drawing conclusions from large externally sourced data.
6 The Urban Data School
The Urban Data School (UDS) is an initiative designed to improve data literacy amongst 8-18 year old school students. The UDS aims to create a next generation of school leavers who are comfortable in asking and answering questions from data, who can critique data, use it as evidence to tell stories and who can recognise opportunities
for using data to their own benefit or the benefit of their community. The UDS will connect schools, teachers and students to real, urban data sets and provide support for students to get hands on with data and begin to ask and answer their own questions. The MK:Smart data, as provided through the datahub, provides a starting point for testing the approach using local data sets for local schools. The eventual aim is to integrate additional data to make the UDS a national, or possibly international, resource (Figure 1).
**Fig. 1.** The Urban Data School - connecting schools to real urban data
### 6.1 School Trials
An approach has been developed based on the principles of data inquiry and using PPDAC [8] as a starting point for structuring tasks from urban data sets. The approach is designed to prompt students to use interpretation of a ‘snapshot’ of a larger data set as a starting point for understanding how to frame further questions around the same dataset, or that bring in new data to the inquiry. Thus students improve their ability to formulate and answer questions from data. Students are supported in learning how to create answers to questions which use data as evidence and to present these as stories. Tasks use real data that has been used as part of smart city research. Whilst on the one hand students replicate to some extent the existing research, there is the possibility that students can find novel questions from the data and potentially produce some really innovative outputs. There are no correct questions to ask of the data, but the aim is to ensure that students present an answer that is backed up by evidence.
Several energy related data sets have been identified for use in schools. One is smart meter data from a number of Milton Keynes homes that can be used to ask and answer questions related to home energy consumption across one or more houses, to investigate individual appliance use, or to find how much energy is produced by solar panels at different times of the day or year. Another is aerial-obtained data relating to
the potential for houses in Milton Keynes to have solar panels, which can be used to ask and answer questions related to whether or not all buildings are suitable for the placement of solar panels. Finally, a heat loss aerial survey can be used to ask and answer questions around thermal efficiency of different houses, or types of building, across different estates in Milton Keynes.
Lesson plans based on these datasets have been trialled in three schools - one primary school (Year 5 - 9/10 years) and two secondary (year 9 - 13/14 years) - in Milton Keynes. What follows is a high-level analysis of some of the results. Feedback from these trials indicate that schools have a clear interest in using real datasets, especially those related to the local context. Teachers report good engagement in sessions using these activities. Observations of students in both age groups reveal good competence in interpreting graphs of energy consumption (figure 2) and generation (from solar PV) and a good ability to interpret map-based visualisations and cross-reference to other sources of data in a table. Both students and teachers have - on some occasions - been seen to ask novel and valid scientific questions (questions that were testable through the data) that was not part of the original teaching or student materials. This indicates that the materials can support this type of reasoning. Secondary students further demonstrated that that they were able to construct and execute their own queries and visualisations of data to begin answering some of their questions.
**Fig. 2.** Primary school children interpreting energy consumption graphs.
Through working with teachers to prepare lesson materials and observing their use in the classroom, it is clear that teachers themselves can have some problems with working with these types of datasets. This can cause teachers to be reluctant to bring the materials into the classroom and teach something that they themselves are not familiar with. It is possible to overcome this barrier with a small group of teachers through individual discussions around the teaching materials and lessons. The goal of
the UDS is not just to educate students but to engage the teachers themselves in learning more about working with and from these types of data sets.
7 Conclusions
Smart City data has the potential to be a valuable resource for citizens to identify and design solutions to the problems at the heart of their communities. However, the majority of citizens do not possess sufficient knowledge to recognise how data can be used to hack their city, let alone begin to implement solutions. The MK:Smart project is designing Smart City solutions for Milton Keynes, UK. A citizen lab is being created as part of this project through which citizens can undertake citizen innovation projects from initial ideas through to fully implemented solutions. The challenges being addressed are how to encourage citizens to first identify the types of problems that can be addressed through data, and then how to organise citizen projects to implement sustainable solutions. MK:Smart takes the approach to involve community mobilisers who are expert in community engagement and can act as mediators in relaying project ideas from researchers to citizens. As a longer term solution, we propose the need to raise the level of data literacy across the nation. Towards this aim, we are developing the Urban Data School, an online learning platform that helps to organize learning activities for increasing data literacy for teachers and students inside and beyond-the-classroom. Early classroom trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach in eliciting novel questions from learners across large data sets.
8 References
1. Anderson, Janna Quitney, “Big Data: Experts Say New Forms of Information Analysis Will Help People Be More Nimble and Adaptive, but Worry over Humans’ Capacity to Understand and Use These New Tools Well”, *Pew Research Internet Project: Future of the Internet* (July 2012), http://www.pewinternet.org/files/old-media/Files/Reports/2012/PIP_Future_of_Internet_2012_Big_Data.pdf, accessed June 12, 2015.
2. Census at Schools, http://www.censusatschool.org.uk, accessed June 12 2015.
3. Janssen, Marijn, Charalabidis, Yannis and Zuiderwijk, Anneke, “Benefits, Adoption Barriers and Myths of Open Data and Open Government,” *Information Systems Management* 29(4) (2012): 258-268.
4. Kids Survey Network, https://www.kidsurvey.org/ksn/home, accessed June 12 2015.
5. Lee, Victor and Drake, Joel, “Quantified recess: Design of an activity for elementary students involving analyses of their own movement data”, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children 2013 (pp. 273-276). New York, NY: ACM.
6. Schuurman, Dimitri, Baccarne, Bastiaan, De Marez, Lieven, and Mechant, Peter, “Smart ideas for smart cities: Investigating crowdsourcing for generating and selecting ideas for ICT innovation in a city context”, *Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research*, 7(3), (2012): 49-62.
7. Vahey, Phil, Yarnall, Louise, Patton, Charles, Zalles, Daniel, and Swan, Karen, “Mathematizing middle school: Results from a cross-disciplinary study of data literacy”, *American Educators Research Association Annual Conference* (April 2006).
8. Wild, C., and Pfannkuch, M., “Statistical thinking in empirical enquiry (with discussion)”, *International Statistical Review*, 67(3), (1999): 223-265.
9. Williams, M., “Open data or closed doors?”, http://www.centreforcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/13-12-10-Open-data-or-closed-doors1.pdf, last accessed June 12 2015.
10. Williams, Sarah, Deahl, Erica, Rubel, Laurie and Lim, Vivian, “City Digits: Developing Socially-Grounded Data Literacy Using Digital Tools” *Journal of Digital Media Literacy* (December 2014). | 96ecb096-7de6-45e7-b540-f5fcf12a2149 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://oro.open.ac.uk/43854/1/OU-dc9.pdf | 2021-05-16T22:39:39+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989914.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516201947-20210516231947-00043.warc.gz | 445,304,161 | 4,726 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.97934 | eng_Latn | 0.998469 | [
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Raised and educated in St. Louise, author Fannie Hurst (1885-1968) was born in Hamilton at 918 Central Avenue, the home of her maternal grandparents. She was the daughter of Rose Koppel and Samuel Hurst. Already a writer as a student at Washington University (Class of 1909), Fannie moved to New York in 1910 to begin her career. Success came after repeated rejection. Stories for popular magazines brought her attention in the mid-1910’s; by the mid-1920’s she had become a best-selling, highly-regarded, and well-paid author. Between 1912 and 1964, Hurst wrote 18 novels, eight short story collections, and many other pieces. Hurst’s short story “Humoresque” (1919) and the novels Back Street (1931) and Imitation of Life (1933) were three of 32 films based on her writings. The film adaption of Imitation of Life received an Oscar nomination for Best Picture in 1934. Hurst married Russian émigré pianist Jacques S. Danielson (1875-1952) in 1915. The couple maintained separate households and did not reveal the marriage until 1920, sparking controversy. A member of the feminist groups Heterodoxy and the Lucy Stone League, Hurst kept her maiden name. She used her fame on behalf of many causes, including women’s rights and civil rights, and help for those escaping Nazi Germany. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration appointed her to serve on commissions for workers’ rights. Returning to Hamilton with her mother for visits, Fannie called it her “summer palace” and wrote of the city in her autobiography, Anatomy of Me (1958). In 1938, Hamilton residents Homer and Ethelyne Gard hosted Hurst at their home at 133 South D. Street, and she said of the city “I was born here. I belong here.”
Directions to Next Marker:
Turn right (north) on South D Street
The Civil War created orphaned and impoverished children across the nation. To establish a home for area children, a group of Hamilton women met with Reverends Thane Miller and Benjamin W. Childlaw in January 1869. By May, the women had rented a house on North C Street. Five years later, a new house was needed. Local businessman Clark Lane and Elbridge G. Dyer pledged a combined $10,000 to purchase the property at 425 South D Street. The one condition of the gift was that the home’s operators had to raise an additional $2,000 to cover expenses. The newer, larger home opened in September 1875. In 1902, Robert and Eleanor Beckett McKinney donated funds to build a hospital on the property, named Ruth Hospital, in honor of their deceased infant daughter. Mrs. McKinney and her mother, Martha Beckett had longed supported the home’s work. To alleviate overcrowding, a new dormitory was built behind the mansion in 1909 to house up to 40 boys in two “cottages” named for benefactors Lane and Dyer. The estate of Charles E. Heiser, a president of the Second National Bank, gave funds to install a swimming pool at the home in 1921. Under the direction of Superintendent Raymond Brane, older boys built a slaughterhouse in 1937, which provided meat and lard for the home. In 1977, the home became the Miami Valley Children’s Center. It closed in 1985 for lack of funds. Approximately three decades later, New Oaks Community reopened the facility as The Father’s House, a center for families who adopt and provide foster care for area children.
Directions to Next Marker: Turn around and go south on South D to Ross Avenue. Turn right.
Rossville was settled in April 1801 shortly after the U.S. Government initiated land sales west of the Great Miami River. Its original proprietors - John Sutherland, Henry Brown, Jacob Burnet, James Smith and William Ruffin - named the town in honor of Pennsylvania Senator James Ross (1762-1847), who favored Ohio statehood and advocated free navigation of inland rivers. These founders envisioned Rossville as a shipping port for the rapidly growing population of farmers settling west of the Great Miami. The most practical outlet for their products was by flatboat down the Great Miami, Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to New Orleans. The town of Rossville was founded in 1804, the year after the Louisiana Purchase, which made the Mississippi River a United States possession. The first Rossville post office opened in December 1819 in a store at
northwest corner of Main and B Streets. From about 1805 ferries connected Rossville and Hamilton on the river’s east bank. The first bridge, the privately built Miami Bridge, opened in 1819. This 380-foot “double-barrel” covered bridge, designed by James McBride, washed away in a flood in September 1866. In the 1850 census Hamilton counted 3,210 inhabitants and Rossville 1,447. Voters in the two towns approved their union in April 1854, and the merger was completed in February 1855. In October 1975 the Rossville Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Directions to Next Marker: Continue east on Ross Avenue, at the bridge, merge onto High/Main Street (right). Immediately across the bridge, turn right (south) on Monument Avenue. Both of the next two markers are right there.
SOLDIERS, SAILORS & PIONEERS MONUMENT
1 S. Monument Street, Hamilton
The Soldiers, Sailors, and Pioneers Monument was planned and promoted by Butler County Civil War veterans and financed by a county levy in 1899. The monument, built of Indiana Limestone, is near the center of the site of Fort Hamilton, built in 1791 and named in honor of Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury in President George Washington’s cabinet. The monument includes two large, colorful windows that recognize the contributions of Butler County women during the Civil War. Featured speaker at the July 4, 1906 dedication was Governor Andrew L. Harris, a Butler County native and Civil War veteran. His name is one of more than 4,300 carved into the interior marble walls.
The statue atop the monument is officially entitled “Victory, the Jewel of the Soul,” but is better known as “Billy Yank,” the name given the common Union soldier during the Civil War (1861-1865). The 17-foot, 3,500-pound bronze figure is the work of Rudolph Thiern, a local artist whose design was selected in national competition. The soldier’s informal pose represents his reaction to victory and peace at the end of the Civil War. His foot is on an unexploded shell, while his right hand clasps his musket. His cap is uplifted in his left hand. His mouth is open as he shouts “Hurrah!” at the relations that fighting has ended.
Author William Dean Howells (1837-1920) spent his boyhood from 1840 to 1848 in Hamilton. Called the “Dean of American Letters,” Howells wrote 35 novels, 35 plays, 34 miscellaneous books, 6 books of literary criticism, 4 books of poetry, and hundreds of newspaper and magazine articles. He shaped the destiny of fellow writers by editing their work for Atlantic Monthly and Harper’s. His autobiography entitled A Boy’s Town fondly recalls growing up in Hamilton. Throughout his life, he broke in new pens by writing “W. D. Howells, Hamilton, Butler County, Ohio.”
Make sure to take time to check out the additional markers and sculpture in the area. There is information on the pioneer house, Fort Hamilton and several sculptures for you to enjoy! Across the street is the old city municipal building. Lentil Park is located there and the artwork on the building’s exterior was created by Robert McCloskey, who we’ll meet later in the tour.
Butler County was created on March 24, 1803, about three weeks after Ohio became a state. Hamilton won the competition for the county seat, thanks to Israel Ludlow, Hamilton’s founder. Ludlow’s donation of the public square secured the county seat. The first Butler County trial court met in July 1803 in a tavern before moving to a two-story military building located at what had been Fort Hamilton (1791-1796). The county built the first courthouse on this public square in 1810. The two-story stone building contained a jail on the first floor and a courtroom on the upper level. A new brick two-story courthouse was built on this square in 1817 at a cost of $10,000. A four-sided clock was added to the top of the building in 1837. A cupola topped the 1817 courthouse, giving the building a total height of 110 feet. A bell inside the cupola signaled the start of court and public occasions and warned of emergencies. The courthouse was used until 1885 when it was demolished to
make way for the present courthouse, the third on this site. Its cornerstone was placed on October 29, 1885. The $305,000 four-story structure, with a similar four-sided clock that had been on the former courthouse, was completed and occupied on February 4, 1889. The courthouse, which has experienced several cosmetic alterations, has survived fire, flood, and many storms. Three Hamilton firefighters died in a fire in the tower on March 14, 1912. The courthouse was a temporary morgue when more than 200 people died in the area in the 1913 flood from March 25-26.
Directions to Next Marker: Continue east on High Street to Second Street, turn left. Proceed on North Second to Dayton. Turn left. The marker is in RiversEdge Park at the end of Dayton. It is on your left by the guitar.
JOHNNY BLACK
Rivers Edge Park
116 Dayton Street, Hamilton
John Stewart Black (1891-1936) was a Vaudeville performer and songwriter who penned the classic song “Paper Doll.” He is also remembered for “Dardanella,” which he called “his gift to the musical world.” “Dardanella,” recorded by the Ben Selvin Novelty Orchestra, debuted in 1919 and is believed to have sold more than five million copies. In 1942, the Piqua-born Mills Brothers recorded Black’s tune “Paper Doll.” It sold over 6 million records, was number one on the Billboard charts for twelve weeks in 1943 and became one of the most memorable records of the World War II era. Many artists, including Frank Sinatra and Bing Crosby, recorded “Paper Doll” and the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998. “I’m gonna buy a Paper Doll that I can call my own; A doll that other fellows cannot steal. And then the flirty, flirty guys with their flirty, flirty eyes Will have to flirt with dollies that are real. When I come home at night she will be waiting; She’ll be the truest doll in all the world. I’d rather have a Paper Doll to call my own Then have a fickle-minded real live girl…” Written by Johnny S. Black, 1915. Recorded by the Mills Brothers, 1942. Lyrics used with permission from the Edward B. Marks Music Company.
James Elrick, a local carpenter, built the Lane-Hooven House in 1863 for Clark Lane (1823-1907), a Hamilton industrialist and philanthropist. Lane, who first came to the area at the age of twenty-one as a blacksmith, resided in the house for more than eleven years. In 1866, Lane built the library, also originally an octagon, across the street. In 1868, he conveyed the library to the city. The C. Earl Hooven family resided in the house from 1895 to 1942. In 1943, Bertrand Kahn purchased the residence and presented it to the community for civic and charitable uses. It was donated as a memorial to his father, Lazard Kahn, a Hamilton industrialist and civic leader. The Lane-Hooven House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The house has eleven rooms and was built in the Gothic Revival architectural style, which was popular in Ohio from approximately 1835 to 1870. Accordingly, the house features a sharply pitched roof and decorative barge-board under the eaves. Exterior features also included a greenhouse, formerly on the south side of the house; and on the front lawn, a fountain believed to be the first in Hamilton. The plan of the dwelling, an octagon, made its appearance in Ohio in the 1850s and was intended to advance house design by centralizing household activities and improving heating, lighting and ventilation. Inside, a circular open stairwell extends from the basement to the third-floor turret. Other highlights of the house include a cast-iron fence with a stone base, a Tudor style entrance with carved wooden doors framed by stained glass, and ornamental cast-iron balconies.
The Lane-Hooven house has eleven rooms and was built in the Gothic Revival architectural style, which was popular in Ohio from approximately 1835 to 1870. Accordingly, the house features a sharply pitched roof and decorative barge-board under the eaves. Exterior features also included a greenhouse, formerly on the south side of the house; and on the front lawn, a fountain believed to be the first in Hamilton. The plan of the dwelling, an octagon, made its appearance in Ohio in the 1850s and was intended to advance house design by centralizing household activities and improving heating, lighting and ventilation. Inside, a circular open stairwell extends from the basement to the third-floor turret. Other highlights of the house include a cast-iron fence with a stone base, a Tudor style entrance with carved wooden doors framed by stained glass, and ornamental cast-iron balconies.
Clark Lane (1823-1907), industrialist and philanthropist, was a son of John Lane (1793-1880) and Rosanah Crum (1795-1877). John came with his family to the Ohio Country when it was still part of the Northwest Territory. As a young man, Clark worked in his family’s blacksmith shop, and eventually helped found Owens, Lane & Dyer Machine Company in 1854. It built agricultural machinery, sawmills, paper-making machines, and other products, initiating Hamilton’s prominence in metals manufacturing. Lane funded the Butler County Children’s Home, an orphanage, for over a century, and constructed an octagon house as his residence on Third Street. He built this library in 1866, also as an octagon, and donated it to the people of Hamilton. A 19th century admirer wrote, “The name and generous deeds of Clark Lane will never fade from the memories of a grateful people who have been recipients of his favor.” Clark Lane built this library in 1866 and donated it to the people of Hamilton two years later. The 1913 Great Miami River flood catastrophe damaged much of the building and many of its books and records. The refurbished library reopened in 1914 and was dedicated as the “Lane Public Library.” A fire five years later did considerable damage, but library leaders responded in the years following by enlarging the building, establishing community outreach locations and, in 1938, offered a bookmobile service to rural areas. After World War II, the library expanded into a system that, as of 2015, served over 187,000 people in western Butler County with libraries in Hamilton, Fairfield and Oxford, the Smith Library of Regional History, the bookmobile, and a community technology center.
While you are at the Lane Public Library, check out the plaque on the front of the library honoring Hamilton hometown boy, Robert McCloskey. Two-Time Caldecott Award winner Robert McCloskey (1914-2003) walked through the doors of this library many times as a child. McCloskey was born in Hamilton and his first book, Lentil, featured several Hamilton scenes including this library. Published by Viking in 1940, it told the story of a boy much like himself who played a harmonica (you can see a sculpture featuring Lentil across from the Butler County Courthouse). This plaque in honor of United for Libraries Children’s Book Week was dedicated by the library as a literary landmark in 2015.
Abraham Lincoln spoke from the rear of a Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad passenger train on Saturday, September 17, 1859, to about 1,000 people at South Fourth and Ludlow Streets (about 785 feet south of here). Lincoln, elected president of the United States a year later, made five Ohio speeches, considered an extension of his 1858 debates with Stephen A. Douglas while they competed for a U.S. Senate seat from Illinois. After Douglas defeated Lincoln, he toured Ohio, supporting 1859 Democratic candidates. The response was to ask Lincoln to do the same for his party. He spoke twice in Columbus on September 16, and in Dayton, Hamilton and Cincinnati the next day. Later Republicans swept the 1859 elections, selecting William Dennison Jr., an 1835 Miami University graduate, as governor and winning majorities in the legislature. When Lincoln became president, he appointed Dennison postmaster general in 1864.
Abraham Lincoln was accompanied to Ohio by his wife Mary and son Tad. His host on the trip was John A. Gurley, a Cincinnati congressman. Lincoln and Gurley together on the speech platform caused some laughter. At six feet four inches, Lincoln towered over Gurley. Lincoln took note, saying “My friends, this is the long of it,” pointing to himself, “and the short of it,” placing a hand on Gurley’s head. But turning to the seriousness of the slavery issue, he observed that “this beautiful and far-famed Miami Valley is the garden spot of the world.” He then said, “your sons may desire to locate in the West; you don’t want them to settle in a territory like Kansas, with the curse of slavery hanging over it. They desire the blessing of freedom, so dearly purchased by our Revolutionary forefathers.” Lincoln won the Republican presidential nomination eight months later.
(Continued on other side)
The huge sculpture located near the Lincoln marker is the Hamilton Gateway. The sculpture takes the form of an open doorway, a visual metaphor for democracy. The doorway is an image of both welcome and arrival at a key place of entry into the city. A foundation of stone is represented by a carved stone column in limestone and granite. The black, polished granite reaches the height of the historic high-water mark on the site during the Great Flood of 1913. Carved in a rippling water surface, this stone column recognizes the last importance of the Great Miami River and is symbolic of the enduring, yet fluid and adaptable nature of democracy. Above the water surface, carved drapery moves in heavy, undulating folds. The stainless steel bridge section is based upon traditional steel bridges that have crossed the Miami River. It is a visual illustration of the industrial uses of the river over the years. The bridge section with its swirling lines and rippling arcs represent the power of currents and eddies in waterways. The stainless steel sculptural elements are taken from 19th century engineering drawings of gears, waterwheels and machine elements and paired with native fish species. The weathering steel in the main tower is folded and curved as if made from paper. Made strong by their connection to each other these two elements are a reference to both the importance of the paper industry in the community and to the historic growth of Hamilton and Rossville, two towns that became one community. Sweeping forward in space, the tower looks toward the future, but is connected to the past. The blue lamp is a beacon symbolic of the vital qualities of a democracy, vigilance, truth-seeking and justice.
Directions to Next Marker: At the intersection of High and Martin Luther King, turn left. At the intersection of Martin Luther King and Village/Heaton Street (traffic light), turn right, cross the railroad tracks and continue on Heaton. Village became Heaton when you turned right. The cemetery will be on your left and take the first entrance
WARREN GARD
Heaton Street entrance to Greenwood Cemetery, Hamilton
Warren Gard (1873-1929), son of Samuel Z. Gard and Mary Duke, was born in Hamilton, Ohio. He established his practice in Hamilton after graduating from Cincinnati Law School and being admitted to the Ohio Bar in 1894. Gard served as Butler County Prosecuting Attorney from 1898-1903, and as a judge on the Court of Common Pleas from 1907-1912. In 1910, he married Pearl Zuver Woods (1875-1946). In 1912, he was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives, serving from 1913-1921. Gard delivered a eulogy for his friend, Warren G. Harding, on August 8, 1923, the national day of
mourning for the deceased president. Gard had been a 35-year member of the bar when he died. He is buried next to his wife in the Gard plot in Greenwood Cemetery. During his service in Congress, Representative Gard was a member of the House Judiciary Committee, worked to prepare legislation that authorized America’s entry into WWI, and fought to repeal wartime prohibition. In 1920, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Gard to a commission charged with investigating independence for the Philippines, then an American colony. Accompanying Gard on a fact-finding trip to the islands was his wife, Pearl, and their niece, Kathleen Neilan (1908-1973). One of Representative Gard’s accomplishments was introducing and securing the passage of H.R. 755, which incorporated the Boy Scouts of America. Congress passed the bill unanimously, and President Wilson signed it into law on June 15, 1916.
Directions to Next Marker: Turn right out of the exit from Greenwood Cemetery onto Heaton. Continue on Heaton to the traffic light at the intersection of Heaton and Martin Luther King Drive. Turn right (north) and continue to the next traffic light which is Black Street. Turn left (west) onto Black Street, cross the Black Street Bridge and the “missing” marker was formerly at the intersection of Black and B Streets.
The Champion Paper Company began production here in Hamilton on April 15, 1894, with nine employees under the direction of Peter G. Thomson (1851-1931), a Cincinnati businessman, who had incorporated the firm in November 1893. Thomson, previously a bookseller and publisher, recognized that recent progress in half-tone printing would increase the demand for coated paper. In 1891 he purchased 187 acres west of the Great Miami River to develop into subdivisions. When a recession contributed to a housing slump, Thomson used some of the land along Seven Mile Pike (now North B street) to build the plant which coated paper produced by other paper mills in Hamilton. The first coated paper was shipped from the mill May 4, 1894.
By 1900, Thomson had doubled the capacity of the original Hamilton plant five times. In June 1902 the company manufactured paper for the first time in Hamilton, opening a new paper mill simultaneously with a rebuilt coating plant. By 1910, the Hamilton mill was regarded as the largest coated-paper mill in the world. During its first 20 years, the mill survived two floods (March 1898 and March 1913), two fires (December 1901 and March 1913), several business cycles, numerous technological advances, and market changes. Under Thomson, the company also opened mills in North Carolina and Texas. As the mill observed its 100th anniversary April 15, 1994, it was part of the Champion International Corporation, a leading paper and wood products manufacturer. The remaining buildings are currently undergoing refurbishment to become the Spooky Nook Sports Champion Mill complex, including a hotel and convention center, with plans to open in 2021.
THANK YOU FOR JOINING OUR TOUR OF HISTORIC HAMILTON. PLEASE ENJOY OUR OTHER TOURS THROUGH HISTORICAL BUTLER COUNTY.
The Butler County Historical Society is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of Butler County’s rich heritage. Visit our website at bchistoricalsociety.com or find us on facebook to learn more about the other resources and programming our organization has to offer, and learn how to become a member!
Photo Credits: Many of the photos and text are courtesy of Ohio History Connection / RemarkableOhio.org, from the Butler County Historical Society/Kathy Creighton. Additional photos courtesy of Jack Armstrong and the City of Sculpture. | 2f98f096-47bf-43d4-95c0-c48faf70bbfd | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.bchistoricalsociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/BCHS_HamiltonTour-1.pdf | 2022-11-29T22:02:27+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710711.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129200438-20221129230438-00503.warc.gz | 674,812,039 | 5,192 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.997657 | eng_Latn | 0.998197 | [
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Hello!
My name is Adel. I am 13 years old and I live in Tlemcen. I want to tell you how I spend my weekend.
On Friday morning, I go for a walk with my dog or I ride my bicycle. I play football, basketball and sometimes I go to the sports centre to play table tennis. At 12 p.m I have lunch then I go to the mosque with my father. In the afternoon, I read books, connect to the internet or play video games.
On Saturday morning, I visit my grandmother then I go fishing with my cousins and in the afternoon I return home.
A/ I answer the questions according to the text. (3 pts)
1. Where does Adel live? ...............................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
2. When does Adel visit his grandmother? .......................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
3. Has Adel got a pet? .......................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
B/ What leisure activities does Adel do on...? (3 pts)
| Friday morning | Saturday morning |
|----------------|------------------|
| | |
| | |
| | |
C/ I find in the text the synonyms of: (1 pt)
hi = ......................... come back = ......................... | <urn:uuid:93b0c538-636e-45fe-afbc-d7cd898aca76> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://1am.ency-education.com/uploads/2/9/2/4/2924131/english-1am17-rattr1.pdf | 2019-04-22T08:20:52Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578548241.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422075601-20190422101601-00282.warc.gz | 1,618,738 | 277 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.785953 | eng_Latn | 0.785953 | [
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1825
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] | 1 | 0 |
TE HINAKI EDUCATION TRUST
GUIDING OUR STUDENTS TO A CONNECTED FUTURE
Parent / Caregiver Information Pack
“to engage the children and their families with learning both at school and at home by providing the opportunity to access appropriate learning tools, computers and programs so that the children and families can benefit from these anytime, anywhere.”
www.tehinaki.nz
TE HINAKI EDUCATION TRUST
CHROMEBOOK COMPUTER PROGRAMME – PARENT / CAREGIVER PACK
Te Hinaki Education Trust is a Charitable Trust that has been established to help achieve great educational outcomes for all students in the Horowhenua District. Te Hinaki Education Trust aims to achieve this through the support of:
- Parent, caregiver, whanau and community engagement;
- Effective teaching practice; and
- Equitable access to Information Technology
Te Hinaki Education Trust, in collaboration with the schools in the Horowhenua District aim to engage the children and their families and whanau with learning both at school and at home by providing the opportunity to access appropriate learning tools, computers and programmes so that the children and families can benefit from these anytime, anywhere.
Te Hinaki Education Trust is going to help raise levels of educational achievement and technological capability of children and families in the Horowhenua communities.
One of the aspects of achieving the Trust’s objectives above is to ensure that all children in the Horowhenua have access to their own digital device.
Te Hinaki Education Trust has been able to source computer devices at an exceptionally competitive price and has bundled the price with insurance and warranties and accessories.
We understand that Chromebooks are costly and we have worked hard with a group of community people to set up a Trust to support families. The Te Hinaki Education Trust (THET) enables families to purchase these devices through a number of channels for all students to have ready access to them. This also means that the devices will be used at school and taken home each night for families to use.
**Bundle Price – COST = $550.00**
The bundle includes:
- 3 year extended warranty
- 36 months insurance
- Bag/Sleeve
**Payment Options**
These options include paying off the Chromebook:
- Over 1, 2 or 3 years;
- Weekly, Fortnightly or Monthly via direct debit; or
- Paying outright with a one-off payment
Insurance:
All devices purchased through the Trust include 3 year extended warranty insurance cover for accidental loss and accidental damage. For example, if your child tripped and dropped the device cracking the screen, this would be sent back, repaired and returned to your child. This extended warranty also still applies should your child change schools.
If your child’s device is broken it may be repaired under the manufacturer’s warranty or under insurance, or at your cost if neither the warranty nor insurance cover apply.
If your child’s device is broken, please contact your child’s school as the school will be able to advise or arrange repair.
Taking care of the device:
Your child’s device is an expensive piece of electronic equipment and great care should be taken with it:
- Never leave the device unattended, even for a short time.
- Always lock it away when not using it.
- Keep drinks and water bottles well away from the device.
- Never leave the device in an unlocked vehicle, even for a few minutes.
- Even in a locked vehicle, keep the device out of sight, preferably in the boot.
- Always carry the device in its bag or sleeve.
- Always look after your bag – everyone knows what’s inside.
- Insurance does **not** cover negligence, abuse, or malicious damage.
Please note that devices that have not been paid for and have not been returned to THET can be classified as stolen.
As well as being insured, the Trust will have a number of loan devices that your child can use while their device is being repaired. This will ensure that students will not miss out on valuable learning opportunities during the repair period.
Safety
Each device will come with a soft-shell carry bag to ensure safety, as the device will be taken home each night where families can use them also.
Internet Safety
A Chromebook is a device that works via access to the internet.
It does not have controls within it that manage access to content on the internet.
Controls can be applied via either the internet supply or a management programme that can be applied to the device called the Chrome Management Console.
Your child’s access to online content at school is managed in 2 ways:
1. While using the School internet connection, content is managed by an organisation called N4L.
N4L’s Web Filtering helps schools create a safer online environment for staff and students. Included as part of each school’s Managed Network connection package, N4L’s Web Filtering helps provide a layer of defence between students and internet-based threats. Schools remain in control of what happens on the internet by tailoring their web filtering setup to meet their own specific needs. You will need to discuss the specifics of your school’s set up with your school.
2. The school login is another layer. This applies when the student logs in on their school account even if they are on another internet connection e.g. at home or a friend. Where the ‘guest user’ login or a personal Gmail account login is used this layer does not apply. Again, your school can tell you how their system is set up.
Other controls can be applied to your home internet connection through your modem. Please contact your internet service provider for details
Further information can also be found at www.netsafe.org.nz
Education about how to keep safe online is the best way to keep students safe, remembering that their Chromebook is unlikely to be the only device they will use to access the internet. At school, all teachers are responsible for internet safety as part of device use in the classroom. Parents / caregivers will also be required to attend ONE training session to help them use the device when at home. This is called the KAWA of CARE.
If you think of it like the Chromebook being an open door, anything can pass through. The Chrome Management Console is like a screen door that stops a lot of things passing through. The Chrome Management Console also provides a more robust system to monitor and keep track of where students are visiting online. There may be an additional cost associated with added controls. Some Schools may already be using the Chrome Management Console programme. If the Chrome Management Console is applied to your device, the school will become the Manager of your device while you remain at that school.
Please contact your child’s school for further information
**Safety Tips:**
*Set Expectations* – talk to your child about the type of behaviours you would like them to adopt. For example, how long should they spend online, what apps and social media sites you’d like them to use and what is appropriate content to view?
*Understand what they do online* – talk to your child about what they’re using the internet for. What’s involved? Who’s in their network? What information do they share? Are they using the internet to learn? To communicate and create friendships with others? To create music or videos? Really listen to what they have to say. Showing an interest in the things they do helps to build an understanding of what their online world looks like and creates an environment that makes it easier to have more difficult conversations about in the future.
*If you don’t understand it, try it* – you need to understand the technology to better understand what your child experiences online. Explore the websites and apps your child uses to improve your knowledge, and take time to read terms and conditions.
Set a good example – how often do you use your laptop or smartphone at the dinner table? How many angry posts have you published? Take a look at the way you use technology while young people are around. If you see something that troubles you – change it.
Teach them the basics – once your knowledge is up to scratch, teach them the basics of online safety:
- Strong passwords – a strong password helps protect the information in your online profiles or accounts. Teach your child how to choose strong passwords, by reading how to choose a good password.
- Information to protect online:
- Login details and passwords
- Bank account details
- Home address
- Phone numbers
- Birthdate
- Personal information that could be used to guess security questions for online accounts.
- Not everything is as it seems – it can seem like common knowledge to adults, but sometimes children don’t understand that people are not always who they say they are online. Talk to them about friending or communicating with people they don’t know offline.
- Digital footprint – teach your child that they need to think about what they post online, and what they post online leaves a “digital footprint” about them.
Online Bullying – one in five people in New Zealand have been the target of online bullying. Teach your child what to do if they’re targeted online, so they have the tools to deal with it if it happens. Ask them what advice they would give a friend who was experiencing online bullying. This is a good way to understand how they would deal with these kinds of situations if they were to experience it themselves. Make sure you also talk to them about how you expect them to behave towards others online:
- Let them know that if it’s not acceptable offline, then it’s not acceptable online.
- Ask your child to think about the person on the “other side” of the screen.
- Lead by example – think about how you’re behaving toward others online.
What if something does happen? – let them know the options that are available to them – talking to a trusted adult, their school or Netsafe. Netsafe has a team of friendly people offering free and confidential advice for everyone in New Zealand. They can help you people with online bullying, abuse, harassment and other challenges they might face online.
If they come to you for help, count to ten before you react. When young people ask for help from adults it is important to understand this was a big decision. If you overreact or take away the technology, then you’re less likely to be the first “port of call” next time something happens. It is better to focus on fixing the issue, not on punishing or confiscating their device.
We suggest that you check out the Netsafe website www.netsafe.org.nz or call free on 0508 638 723
Set Up and Configuration
When you purchase a Chromebook through the Trust it comes configured and ready to use.
Chromebooks at the Next School
Most year 7 schools, and all three local Secondary Schools have made a commitment to joining the Trust. This means that students may be able to use these when they move through to their next school.
KAWA of CARE
This is an agreement between students, parents / caregivers and schools to ensure the best care and responsibility is exercised when using the Chromebook. All parents will need to attend one workshop which will explain how to access the internet, be a responsible user and develop safe handling procedures. At this meeting parents /caregivers and students will sign an agreement which enables your child to take their device home.
Signing Up Process
It is a good idea to look over these documents at home. There are some parts that children need to sign too. Parents will need to bring in the forms to complete at school which will take approximately 20 minutes. The following documentation is required to complete the initial part of the process:
1. Identification (Driver's license, passport, community services card, student ID card).
2. Proof of bank account number, e.g. deposit slip or printout of account number or statement.
3. $50.00 deposit.
The forms will be given to the Trust’s administrator who will allocate the Chromebooks and deliver them to school for the child to use.
When the Parent / Caregiver Education Session is completed then the Chromebooks will be available to take home.
Parents / Caregivers need to make contact with the school and book a time to sign up.
Defaults on Payment:
Whilst the credit contract is between Te Hinaki Education Trust and you, the parent/caregiver, Te Hinaki Education Trust authorises each school to undertake debt recovery action, should you miss a payment for your child’s device.
Each month a list is sent from Te Hinaki Education Trust to the school office administrator. The school will contact you regarding payments missed for your child’s device.
Parents/caregivers that do not pay put financial pressure on Te Hinaki Education Trust and this may also put at risk Te Hinaki Education Trust’s ability to provide devices to other students in the future.
Should you find yourself in financial hardship, please contact your child’s school or Te Hinaki Education Trust to discuss your situation and options.
The Kawa of Care is an agreement between students, parents and schools to ensure the best care and responsibility is exercised with the device during each student's time in the Te Hinaki Programme.
There are three important areas to acknowledge as a user of the device:
1. **Responsible use agreement**
- Student
- Whanau
2. **Device to Home**
- Connecting to the Internet
- Whanau Engagement
3. **Insurance**
- User Conditions
Please read through each area of the Kawa of Care and initial in the labelled section to acknowledge you understand and agree to the terms.
**Responsible Use Agreement**
**Student agreement**
- I will respect the equipment (my device, power charger and bag/sleeve) by always looking after it and keeping it safe.
- I will respect others by always using this device to interact with anyone in a kind, positive and helpful way.
- I will make the most of this opportunity to learn new things and to share these with others.
- I will always be in the right place, at the right time when I am online. If in doubt I will ask my teacher or parent.
- I will protect my password and keep it completely secret.
- I will log out when I am not using my device.
- When I take my device home, I will keep it safe when I am not using it.
- When I take my device home, I will make sure I bring it to school to use in the same condition that I was given it.
- Once I am able to take the device home, I will bring it back to school every day, charged and ready to use.
**When using your device**
- No food or drink is allowed near your device.
- If you are charging your device while using it, you must work in a space so that no one will be able to walk or damage your charger. Make sure the cables will not create a hazard to the device or other people.
- If you are working at a table, keep your device away from the edges and other contents that could lead to the damage of your device.
● If you are working on the floor, choose a space where people can see you so they don't trip over and hurt you, themselves or the device.
● If you leave the classroom or house your device must be locked in the chosen safe place.
When moving your device
● If you are passing your device to anyone or carrying your device in the classroom you must:
- Ensure the lid is closed.
- Carry it with two hands.
- Only carry one device at a time.
● When devices are being carried anywhere outside:
- They must be inside their bag.
- The bag must be carried by its handles OR inside a suitable school bag/backpack.
- It must be protected from rain and wet or damp conditions at all times.
Student Initial: ________________________
Parent / Caregiver Agreement
- I will use only the guest account when using my child’s device for my own use.
- If I am unsure about using the device, I will attend a parent training workshop to ensure that I have basic skills to aid my child’s use at home.
- I will ensure we apply Cyber Safety values at home. If I am unsure of Cyber Safety values, I will attend a parent education workshop.
- I will interact with my child’s learning in a kind, positive and helpful way.
- I will respect the terms of the Credit Sale Agreement by:
- Ensuring payments are upheld as agreed to in the Credit Sale Agreement.
- If I leave the cluster, ensure the outstanding amount is paid in full in order to keep the device OR ensure any outstanding debt is paid off and the device returned to the school in good working order (incl. bag and charger). I understand that I may not be reimbursed for the payments I have made.
- I will respect the terms of the “Kawa of Care” and ensure my child is encouraged to be a responsible user.
- I will work with my child to keep all equipment safe when it is at home.
School Agreement
- To offer technical support for students’ devices where applicable.
- To ensure the classroom environment adheres to the CyberSafety curriculum.
- To support caregivers in engaging with student work.
Device to Home - Connecting to the Internet
The aim of the Te Hinaki Programme is to have all our students who live in the area able to connect their Te Hinaki device to the internet.
Te Hinaki Education Trust will use its best endeavours to find solutions to solve problems where broadband is not freely available.
Insurance
The Te Hinaki Programme includes insurance provision in the event of unintentional damage or loss of the device. This is part of the package you signed up for when you purchased the device. All devices must have a safe place for charging and storage.
Te Hinaki Whanau Engagement – Parent/Caregiver Education Workshops
Parents / Caregivers are required to complete Parent Education Workshop before their child’s device goes home. This training will give helpful and informative teaching to ensure the device is used as agreed to in the Kawa of Care. It also supports parents to increase their own computer skills.
Please note: Parent Education Workshops can be run through the Te Horowhenua Trust (Te Takere) in conjunction with schools and the Te Hinaki Education Trust. Information about these sessions will be communicated through your schools.
Te Hinaki Education Trust
Device to Home Agreement (PARENT TRAINING)
It is acknowledgement that the parent /caregiver completed the Parent Education Workshop
At:
Facilitated by:
Date:
An agreement has been made between:
School:
_____________________________________
Student:
______________________________________ Date: ________________
Parent / Caregiver:
______________________________________ Date: ________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
You agree that prior to you taking possession of the goods, you have received and read a copy of this Agreement including the Terms and Conditions and that you agree to all the terms of this Agreement.
This credit sale agreement between the Vendor and Purchaser records that the Vendor agrees to sell to the Purchaser the goods and the Purchaser agrees to pay the Vendor the total balance to be paid on the Terms and Conditions set out in this Agreement.
Principal Terms: Details of Parties and Financial Terms
SIGNING DATE
Dated:
EXECUTION
Name of School:
Confirms that the School agrees to the vendor entering into this Agreement and has identified the vendor as the parent/caregiver/purchaser of the child for whom the goods are being purchased for the benefit of
Signed by
Name of School
Date:
EXECUTED by you:
Your Signature
Your Name
EXECUTED for and on behalf of the Trust (us) by:
Trustee's Signature
Trustee's Name
Trustee's Signature
Trustee's Name
Terms and Conditions of Agreement
1. **Effect of Agreement and Acknowledgments**
1.1. You have inspected the Goods and enter into this Agreement in reliance on that inspection and your own judgment as to the quality of the Goods and the fitness of the Goods for your purposes.
1.2. You acknowledge that we do not guarantee that the goods are of any particular quality.
1.3. Clauses 1.1 and 1.2 do not apply if the Consumer Guarantees Act 1993 applies to this Agreement.
1.4. The Personal Property Securities Act 1999 ("PPSA") applies to this Agreement. Some provisions of Part 9 of the PPSA can be overridden by this Agreement. Those provisions of Part 9 of the PPSA are known as "non-mandatory" provisions. If any provision of this Agreement is inconsistent with those "non-mandatory" provisions of the PPSA, this Agreement prevails. In that case, we may exercise any powers given by the PPSA to a secured party that has priority over all other secured parties, even if we are not a first ranking secured party.
1.5. Sections 121, 127, 129, 131, 133 and 134 of PPSA do not apply in respect of this Agreement or your rights in respect of the Goods.
1.6. We have purchased the Goods from a third party ("Third Party") so that we can sell them to you. You acknowledge that this Agreement is subject to:
(a) our agreement with the Third Party in respect of the Goods; and
(b) the rights that the Third Party has in the Goods or under our agreement with the Third Party.
1.7. Please let us know in writing if you would like a copy of our agreement with the Third Party. We will provide one to you on your request.
1.8. You will grant us a security interest (as defined in the PPSA) in the Goods and any proceeds (as defined in the PPSA) of the Goods as security for the due punctual payment and performance of all your obligations to us under this Agreement.
1.9. In this Agreement the term “us” includes our assignee, agents and authorised representatives.
2. **We/Third Party Owns the Goods until paid**
Under our agreement with the Third Party, they retain ownership of the Goods until we pay for the Goods in full. You acknowledge this arrangement. You do not obtain title of the Goods until the business day after:
(a) we obtain ownership to the Goods under our agreement with the Third Party; and
(b) you have paid us in full.
3. **Payment by You of Amounts Due**
3.1. You will duly punctually and without demand pay to us the payments mentioned in the Principal Terms by:
(a) paying the Cash Deposit to us when you sign this Agreement; and
(b) paying to us the Instalment Payments on the Payment Dates using the Payment Method or such other payment method as we may designate to you in writing.
3.2. All payments must be made without deduction, counterclaim or set off and not notwithstanding any damage to or loss of the goods (other than withholding or deduction required by law). If for any reason, any deduction or withholding for or on account of any Tax (a "Tax Payment") is required by law to be made from or in relation to any amount paid or payable by the Purchaser under the Agreement, the Purchaser will gross up the amount by paying to the Vendor such additional amount which, after the Tax Payment, will result in the net amount recoverable by the Vendor being the same as it would have been absent any requirement to make such Tax Payment. For the purposes of this clause, "Tax" has the following meaning:
Any present or future charge, deduction, duty, excise, fee, impost, levy, rate, surcharge, surtax, tax or withholding of any nature, whether direct or indirect, by whatever method collected or recovered and whatever called, imposed, assessed or levied by the Crown or any governmental or fiscal authority by or in accordance with any legislation (together with any interest, additional tax, penalty, fine, charge or fee imposed or made in respect of any of the foregoing).
3.3. You will sign any documents authorising the payment of the Cash Deposit and Instalment Payments which we may from time to time request. Those documents may include a direct debit authority.
3.4. We will credit each payment accepted by us (including a full prepayment) to your account either (at our discretion):
(a) as soon as practicable after we receive the payment (in accordance with section 46(2) of the Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act ("CCCFA")); or
(b) other than in respect of a full repayment, in accordance with the Payment Schedule, regardless of whether or not the payment is of an amount that is equal to the amount of the next scheduled payment.
3.5. We will credit any full prepayment to your account as soon as practicable after we receive the full prepayment (in accordance with section 46(2) of the CCCFA).
4. **You will keep Goods in Good Order and Repair**
4.1. You will take good care of the Goods. This means you will keep the Goods in good order and repair at your cost.
4.2. If you or anyone else alters the Goods, or adds any item to them, the alterations and additions will belong to us or the Third Party (as appropriate), until you own the Goods (see clause 2).
5. **You will not Sell, Charge etc Goods or Assign Agreement**
5.1. You will not sell, hire out or part with possession of the Goods.
5.2. You will not assign your rights under this Agreement, unless we consent.
5.3. You will not give any security interest over the Goods to anyone other than us or the Third Party.
6. **You will Comply with Laws affecting the Goods**
You will keep the Goods registered or licensed if required and will comply with all laws in relation to the Goods.
7. **You will Notify Change of Address, Status or Serial Number**
You will notify us in writing at once of any change of:
(a) your address;
(b) the place where the Goods are kept; or
(c) any registration or serial number for the Goods.
8. **We may Inspect Goods**
You will allow us, the Third Party or their agents to inspect the Goods at all reasonable times.
9. **Protection of our Interests**
9.1. If we incur any expense in respect of the Goods or in performing any of your obligations because you have not performed them, you will repay those expenses to us when we ask you to.
9.2. You irrevocably appoint us (including every trustee), severally to be your attorney to apply for new Certificate of Registration for the Goods, and to do on your behalf anything else that you ought to do under this Agreement.
10. **Repossession of Goods**
10.1. Subject to the provisions of the CCCFA, we or the Third Party (as appropriate) can repossess and sell, or organise the sale of, the Goods, or terminate this Agreement and sell, or organise the sale of, the Goods on 10 business days written notice to you if:
(a) you do not perform any of the provisions of this Agreement;
(b) distress, execution or warrant seizure is issued against, or a lien is claimed, in respect of the Goods or the Goods are otherwise at risk;
(c) any court judgment against you remains unsatisfied for more than 7 days; or
(d) you become insolvent or bankrupt.
10.2. If this Agreement is terminated (subject to clause 11), all unpaid amounts will become immediately payable, even if not otherwise yet due.
10.3. We may purchase the Goods at any sale under clause 10.1 in full or part satisfaction of the debt, and if the Goods are attached to any other goods, we may remove them without being liable to you.
10.4. We are not liable if, for whatever reason, less notice than that required by clause 10.1 is given before we exercise our powers or if we advise you of the result of any sale of the Goods by us later than required by the PPSA.
10.5. If our powers under clause 10 have become exercisable, you will be entitled to redeem the Goods before we sell them, by paying all amounts payable under this Agreement.
11. **Early Payment by You**
11.1. You may not prepay part of the outstanding balance under this Agreement unless we agree.
11.2. If we agree to you making a part prepayment, then the part prepayment must be in the minimum amount (if any) advised by us and such prepayment shall be credited pursuant to clause 3.4.
11.3. You may make a full prepayment of the outstanding balance under this Agreement.
(a) the unpaid balance at the time of the full prepayment; and
(b) any administrative costs incurred by the Vendor arising from such full prepayment or a charge equal to the Vendor’s average administrative costs arising from full prepayments of agreements similar to this Agreement.
12. **Cancellation by You**
12.1. You can only cancel this Agreement:
(a) if you have made a full prepayment pursuant to clause 11;
(b) you are otherwise entitled by law to cancel this Agreement (other than pursuant to the CCCFA), in which case you must pay the amounts payable pursuant to clause 11, in respect of full prepayment, at the time of cancellation of this Agreement; or
(c) as entitled by and pursuant to the CCCFA.
13. **Variation of Agreement**
No amendment to this Agreement will be effective unless it is in writing and signed by you and us.
14. **Offsets by Us**
If you do not make any payment when due, we can debit the amount to any other account you may have with us, or deduct it from any amount we owe you.
15. **Notices**
We will send notices under this Agreement to your address as shown in this Agreement.
16. **Collection, Use and Disclosure of Information**
16.1. From time to time we may collect and securely hold information about you. We will make every effort to keep personal details about you up to date. You may access and correct this information under the Privacy Act 1993.
16.2. We may use this information to:
(a) consider your application for facilities, products or services;
(b) administer, manage and monitor any facilities, products or services provided to you;
(c) conduct market research, data processing and statistical analysis; and
(d) unless you disagree, provide you with information about other facilities, products or services including selected third party products or services.
16.3. Any of our assignees may disclose information about you to their related companies (as defined by the Companies Act 1993), agents or contractors for the above purposes.
16.4. We may disclose information about you to credit reference agencies for the purpose of obtaining credit reports. Those credit reference agencies may retain that information and provide it to their customers who use their credit reporting services.
16.5. If you default in any obligations to us then we may disclose information about you to credit reference or debt recovery agencies and it may be retained by them. Those agencies may provide that information to their customers who use their credit reporting services.
16.6. We may obtain information and make such enquiries about you as we consider is warranted from any source including from our related companies and credit reference agencies for the above purposes.
17. **Assignment**
We are entitled to assign or otherwise deal with all or any of our rights, title and interests under this Agreement. All of our rights under this Agreement will endure for the benefit of any of our assignees.
18. **Privacy Clause**
This Agreement is governed by the Privacy Act 1993. This means that any personal information obtained in relation to this Agreement about you or your children will be kept private between the School and Te Hinaki Education Trust. For the avoidance of doubt School includes your child’s current school and any other School your child may attend which participates in the Te Hinaki Project.
It is important that any information you provide in relation to this Agreement is true and correct to the best of your knowledge so that Te Hinaki can offer the best service to you and your child under this Agreement.
You have the right to access your or your child’s information at any time to check it is correct. If there is an error you have the right to request that the error be corrected however the School and Te Hinaki have discretion as to whether this will be corrected. Where a request for change is denied a note will accompany any information that the School or Te Hinaki do not update.
The School and Te Hinaki will, wherever possible, collect information from you directly however you agree where information is held by a third party such as a credit agency the School or Te Hinaki may contact that third party directly to obtain the personal information about you or your child.
You further consent to the sharing of you and your child’s information in relation to this agreement between Te Hinaki and any School your child may which participates in the Te Hinaki Project.
The School and Te Hinaki will retain both yours and your child’s personal information for up to seven years after the expiration of this Agreement. After this time the information will be destroyed.
By signing this Agreement you agree to the terms set out in this privacy clause.
CREDIT CONTRACTS AND CONSUMER FINANCE ACT 2003
Disclosure Statement under
Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Regulations 2004
DISCLOSURE STATEMENT FOR CONSUMER CREDIT CONTRACTS
Statement Date February 2016
IMPORTANT --- The creditor is required to provide you with this disclosure statement under section 17 of the Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act 2003. This document sets out the key information about your consumer credit contract. You should read it thoroughly. If you do not understand anything in this document, you should seek independent advice. You should keep this disclosure statement and a copy of your consumer credit contract in a safe place.
This disclosure statement must be provided to you within 5 working days of the day on which the contract is made. The law gives you a limited right to cancel the consumer credit contract. See the statement of right to cancel below and your consumer credit contract for full details of your right to cancel. Note that strict time limits apply.
FULL NAME AND ADDRESS OF CREDITOR
This is the person providing you the credit
| You may send notices to the creditor by: |
|-----------------------------------------|
| ● writing to the creditor at the creditor’s postal address; or |
| ● sending a fax to the number specified (if any); or |
| ● sending an email to the address specified (if any). |
| TE HINAKI EDUCATION TRUST |
|---------------------------|
| Address: C/- PO Box 238, Levin 5540 |
| Email: |
CREDIT DETAILS
Initial unpaid balance
This is the amount you owe as at the date of this statement (including any fees charged by the creditor).
$500.00 made up of $550.00
Less $50.00 Deposit
Purchase Price of Device and other goods
Total Advances
This is the total amount of all advances made or to be made to you: $500.00
PAYMENTS – You are required to make each payment of the amount specified and by the time specified (please tick the appropriate option).
| Option | Term (months) | Number of payments | Payment frequency | Payment amount per payment | Total Interest | Total Payments | Selected option [✓] |
|--------|---------------|--------------------|-------------------|---------------------------|----------------|-----------------|---------------------|
| 1 | 12 | 52 | Weekly | $10.28 | $34.56 | $534.56 | |
| 2 | 24 | 104 | Weekly | $5.46 | $67.84 | $567.84 | |
| 3 | 36 | 156 | Weekly | $3.86 | $102.16 | $602.16 | |
| 4 | 12 | 26 | Fortnightly | $20.56 | $34.56 | $534.56 | |
| 5 | 24 | 52 | Fortnightly | $10.92 | $67.84 | $567.84 | |
| 6 | 36 | 78 | Fortnightly | $7.72 | $102.16 | $602.16 | |
| 7 | 12 | 12 | Monthly | $44.54 | $34.48 | $534.48 | |
| 8 | 24 | 24 | Monthly | $23.66 | $67.84 | $567.84 | |
| 9 | 36 | 36 | Monthly | $16.73 | $102.28 | $602.08 | |
INTEREST
| Annual interest rate |
|-----------------------|
| 12.5% fixed for the whole term of the contract |
| Total interest charges |
|------------------------|
| 12.5% fixed for the whole term of the contract. This is the total amount of interest charges payable under the contract: insert total interest from table above depending on option selected |
CREDIT FEES AND CHARGES
Other than interest, no credit fees or charges will be charged under, or in connection with, the consumer credit contract.
CONTINUING DISCLOSURE
The creditor may be required to provide you with regular statements. The statements will give you information about your account. Statements will be provided monthly.
WHAT COULD HAPPEN IF YOU FAIL TO MEET YOUR COMMITMENTS
Security interest
The creditor has an interest in the property listed below to secure performance of your obligations under the contract, or the payment of money payable under the contract, or both. If you fail to meet your commitments under the contract, then to the extent of the security interest, the creditor may be entitled to repossess and sell this property.
Security Interest: Specific security interest in the Device provided under the consumer credit contract securing all of your obligations to the creditor.
Default interest charges and default fees
No default interest or default fees will be charged under, in connection with, the consumer credit contract.
Full Prepayment
No administrative costs or compensation relating to full repayment is payable to the creditor under, or in connection with, the consumer credit contract.
RIGHT TO CANCEL
Statement of right to cancel
The Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act 2003 gives you a right for a short time after the terms of this contract have been disclosed to you to cancel the contract.
How to cancel
If you want to cancel this contract you must give written notice to the creditor.
You must also –
(a) return to the creditor any advance and any other property received by you under the contract (but you cannot do this if you have taken possession of any goods or if you bought any property at an auction or if the contract is for the sale of services that have been performed; or
(b) pay the cash price of the property or services within 15 working days of the day you give notice.
Time limits for cancellation
If the disclosure documents are handed to you directly you must give notice that you intend to cancel within 3 working days after you receive the documents.
If the disclosure documents are sent to you by electronic means (for example, email) you must give notice that you intend to cancel within 5 working days after the electronic communication is sent.
If the documents are mailed to you, you must give the notice within 7 working days after they were posted. Saturdays, Sundays, and national public holidays are not counted as working days.
What you may have to pay if you cancel
If you cancel the contract the creditor can charge you –
(a) the amount of any reasonable expenses the creditor had to pay in connection with the contract and its cancellation (including legal fees and fees for credit reports, etc); and
(b) interest for the period from the day you received the property or services until the day you either pay the cash price for the property or services or return the property to the creditor.
This statement only contains a summary of your rights and obligations in connection with the right to cancel. If there is anything about your rights or obligations under the Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act 2003 that you do not understand, if there is a dispute about your rights, or if you think that the creditor is being unreasonable in any way, you should seek legal advice immediately.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why should I spend money on a device?
There is growing evidence that young people today need the skills to work with information and communication technology to access information and keep pace with the world and employment they will be moving into.
Your school may have recognised this and be integrating devices into their education model.
Will my child be able to bring the device home?
Yes. Once the contracts are signed and a parent/caregiver Education Workshop is completed, the device is yours to take home. If there is defaults on payments, the device may be required to remain at school while payments are caught up.
What do I do if it breaks or is stolen?
Insurance is included in the deal, so contact your school and they will arrange for the device to be sent away for repair. Repair will not be covered by insurance if the damage is caused by spilling of food or drink or dropping the device while running around as described in the Kawa of care documents you will have signed. If the device is stolen, the Chrome management software included in the Chromebook package can be used by the school to disable the device so it is useless to anyone else. A message will appear on the device’s screen if it is turned on the advice the user that it is locked and where is can be returned to. This process can be reversed if the device is found.
Are there any other schools that do this type of thing?
YES.
There are many schools in NZ that have already moved to using 1:1 devices as a tool to achieve better outcomes for students. The Manaiakalani Project started in 2007 and has had exciting results.
http://www.manaiakalani.org/our-story/journey
Closer to home the Te Reanga Ipurangi and Te Mana o Kupe Trusts have launched in 2014 and are supporting the Te Hinaki project in the Horowhenua
How can I keep my children safe online?
Cybersafety is a priority. As part of the sign-up process, families will learn about how help their children to be safe online, there will be ongoing reminders at school about the responsibilities that go with ownership of a digital device.
www.netsafe.org.nz is a good reference.
Also, whenever a child is on a school WIFI network it may be filtered by the school’s Network for Learning (N4L) service which can be set to restrict access to non-educational sites such as Facebook. The Chrome management software can be used to manage sites that children access outside the school network. A parent can have a different log in to the device so restrictions don’t apply to them. It is your device to use as you wish at home. Children will be encouraged to develop discretion and be responsible about how they use technology outside of school.
What are the social effects of spending more time on a device?
These devices are tools that will be as effective as they make them. Some online social effects are beneficial, some are not. Schools and parents can work together to promote the wellbeing of students. As we all know physical activity has positive benefits for physical and mental health and there is now lots of evidence that it can improve academic outcomes for students. We can have the best of both worlds if we have a sensible balance.
Will the teacher know how to use the devices in class?
One of the main focuses of the Te Hinaki Education Trust is to support great teacher practice. Many schools have already started using devices and sending staff on courses to upskill to make the most of the technology.
Each school may be a little different in the timing of its roll out but all Schools that are involved have committed to collaborating to achieve best teacher practice through sharing of resources and professional development opportunities. The Trust is also interested in the acceleration of student achievement and will be evaluating the effect of the programme as it develops.
What happens if I don’t want my child to have a device?
It is best to talk to your school about your concerns. There may be a simple solution. The project is for the benefit of the children so we are interested in your thoughts.
When the device is paid off, do I own it?
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Case study:
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACCESS IN RWANDA’S RURAL AREAS
Developing a business model for biogas production
Produced by ARCOS Network with funding from Rwanda’s Green Fund, 2018
Author: Faustin Gashakamba
Layout: Gilbert Muvunankiko
Publication: ARCOS/CS/03/June/2018
1. Introduction: Rwanda’s road towards sustainable cooking energy for all
Biomass constitutes the backbone of the energy sector in Rwanda. Specifically in terms of household cooking energy, 97% of all consumption comes from biomass energy resources (firewood 86%; charcoal 11%; crop waste 2%; and other fuels 1%) (MININFRA 2011). Electric stoves and microwaves are used only in urban areas and, to a limited extent, by commercial establishments and wealthy households. In addition, a small increase is currently observed in the use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) by middle-class households especially in urban areas.
This high dependency on inefficient and unclean biomass cooking energy sources has resulted in many adverse impacts both on the environment and the health of the population. As an example, there are an estimated 5,680 deaths a year in Rwanda related to Household Air Pollution (HAP) and over 94% of these are children. This makes HAP deadlier than HIV/AIDS in Rwanda. In terms of availability of biomass resources, the national Biomass Energy Strategy (MININFRA 2009) notes that the country faces a biomass deficit of over 4 million m$^3$ per year and this makes it difficult for Rwanda to achieve its Forest Landscape Restoration commitments since more trees are needed to satisfy the cooking stoves than planted.
In order to bring a solution to this challenge, Rwanda subscribed to the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) Initiative, a global program that was launched in 2011 with three objectives: increased energy access and efficiency, and a steady move towards renewable energy sources. Moreover, the country enacted a National Energy Policy and an Energy Sector Strategic Plan which set out a framework for specific actions to achieve, among others, a drop to 50% of the percentage of households using wood energy as a source of energy (Revised Rwanda Vision-2020, MINECOFIN, 2012).
Rwanda, under the SE4ALL action plan (for the horizon 2030) committed, among others, to close the gap between production and consumption of biomass to make it a sustainable source of energy and to provide the growing and urbanizing population with a clean secure supply of cooking biomass energy.
**Biogas Infographic by SimGas**
1. **Manure from livestock**
Each day a farmer feeds the digester with manure from livestock and water.
2. **Anaerobic digestion**
Inside the digester, micro-organisms work symbiotically to convert the manure into biogas and slurry through the process of anaerobic digestion.
3. **Piping**
Biogas flows through piping from the digester to the farmer’s house, where the pipe is connected to a cookstove and other biogas auxiliaries.
4. **Milk chiller**
Biogas can be used to power off-grid milk chillers to keep milk fresh.
5. **Cook stove**
Biogas stoves allow farmers to cook their meals using a clean fuel.
6. **Biogas lamp**
Biogas can fuel gas lamps used for both task and ambient lighting.
7. **Organic fertilizer**
Slurry that has been fully digested exits the system onto the farmer’s land where it is used as an organic fertilizer.
This should be achieved through improved cookstoves, more efficient charcoal, biomass pellets, biogas and LPG.
Particularly, pelletized biomass and biogas were identified as the two most promising alternative sources of cooking energy. Among the two, biogas has the biggest potential for growth if hurdles in its supply-chain are well addressed.
In terms of implementation, the government and its partners have since undertaken a number of programs such as the National Biogas Program (NDBP) which targeted to install 12,000 biodigesters to produce biogas by 2018 and the incorporation of digesters in relevant institutions.
Aggressive incentives were thus put in place including the 50% subsidy for poor households who can operate a biogas digester and all districts were called upon to include biogas promotion in their districts development plans as well as their annual performance contracts also known as “Imihigo”.
Notwithstanding the notable progress that has been made so far, much remains to be achieved on this road towards sustainable cooking energy for all.
A recent study commissioned by IUCN and conducted by ARCOS Network found that the improvement of tree harvesting and carbonization techniques as well as promotion of efficient use of biomass through pyrolysis and full adoption of certified improved cooking stoves have not been fully achieved. Yet, we are at the end of the implementation period for the current Energy Sector Strategic Plan.
Biogas in particular faces a set of unique and different challenges since there exists a variety of constraints to the provision of biogas digesters. These challenges include the fact that their market absorption capacity is constrained by the low purchasing power of households despite the various financing options and incentives that have been put in place.
Moreover, there is a lack of information and standards to allow better targeting and prevent digesters breaking down and more training is required to increase masons numbers and ensure effective maintenance.
The installation of biogas plant. The cost is generally beyond the means of many poor. Photo: NewTimes
2. The Challenge: Making biogas a lucrative business
Since 2007 the National Domestic Biogas Program has targeted households with at least two cows to provide enough cow dung. Digesters have been based on a standard construction design using local materials. The financing mechanism for households incorporated a 50% government subsidy with the remaining cost generally being met through local credit institutions.
Scaling up biogas significantly will require considerable challenges to be overcome. Firstly, the technology needs to be improved in order to improve reliability. Secondly, affordability of systems needs to be addressed. At around $400 per system, the installation of biogas systems requires a considerable financial outlay which generally is beyond the means of many poor households.
Thirdly, and perhaps most significantly, the potential of biogas depends on the percentage of households that possess or are able to maintain at least two cows in order to generate enough cow dung to feed the digester. Despite the big number of households which fulfil these criteria and therefore have the potential to benefit from the national biogas program, the uptake is still low. This is due to the fact that most eligible households cannot afford the initial cost of digesters even after the huge government subsidy. Furthermore, there is limited technical knowhow in remote areas for the maintenance of the biogas systems.
Indeed, the government has done its due share through funding the research on best models of bio-digesters suitable to local conditions.
It has also thought about the capacity development, training technicians and entrepreneurs, social marketing and subsidizing the construction of biogas systems for households. However, the realization of the full potential of biogas as a viable cooking energy source for the rural Rwandans requires additional innovative ways for the production and distribution of this fuel.
In retrospect, the institutional biogas systems have benefited from the fact that their size allows their owning institutions to sink their construction and maintenance costs easily through the economy of scale. If such a model can be replicated for rural households where large collective digesters are used instead of disparate small household systems, then there is no doubt that a similar success rate can be registered. This, of course, would require solving the biogas transportation problem and development of adapted cooking stoves. On top of that, a business model has to be developed to facilitate the entrepreneurs to source the funding of the needed investments and recover the costs and make profits through sales to households.
This innovative re-thinking about biogas systems could borrow a leaf from the notable success story of the adoption of institutional biogas systems where, in schools and prisons, they have reduced firewood consumption by close to 60% and 40% respectively. As a bonus, the adoption of biogas in these institutions has also significantly improved hygienic conditions of inmates and students and contributed a lot in cost savings. When this success rate is put in contrast with the painful adoption of biogas by households, it becomes apparent that part of the problem is related to the size and scale of the systems.
The potential biogas market in Rwanda is estimated at 150,000 households and a client base of this magnitude along with a plethora of different government incentives (financial, fiscal, and technical) around the biogas value chain would combine to ensure the development of a potentially thriving business around biogas in Rwanda’s rural areas.
3. ARCOS’ Response: Scalable biogas solutions for Rwanda’s rural households
One of ARCOS’ strategic goals under its current strategic plan for the period 2016-2020 is to promote energy efficiency and access to clean and renewable energy. To achieve this, ARCOS is working with governments, communities and private sector for innovative solutions that promote access to affordable and sustainable energy services.
As embedded in ARCOS’ Motto “Collaborative Action for Nature and People”, collaboration with stakeholders is a key element of all ARCOS’ endeavors. In this context, ARCOS’ Community Development Programme, named Nature-Based Community Enterprises (NBCEs), has devised a collaboration framework and programme implementation process called BEST through which all its community work is conducted.
In general terms, ARCOS’ BEST Approach comprises of the following four key components:
**Components of ARCOS’ Approach for Community Development (BEST)**
**B: Building leadership and sustainable institutions.**
At this stage, the community group ARCOS is working with is supported to improve management and governance and to set targets and work plans that are gender and youth-inclusive.
**E: Enhancing environmental resilience.**
This component consists of assisting the community to integrate good practices in their production systems such as Ecosystem Based Adaptation and promotion of efficiency in the use of water, energy and other natural resources.
**S: Sustainable business solutions.**
This component includes assisting the community groups to develop and implement sound business plans that include value addition, private sector engagement, market linkages and quality certification.
**T: Transforming and inspiring others.**
At this stage, the partner community group is supported to undertake initiatives that makes it a beacon of transformation in their area of operation. To achieve this, the concept of Nature Based Village (NBV) has been developed which is a geographically defined village where efforts in the promotion of good environmental practices is concentrated to serve as a model for the integration of environment and sustainable livelihoods. Other initiatives are also conducted under this component such as the establishment of a Nature Based Community Fund (NBCF) to support and sustain sustainable practices in NBV through loans, best performers’ awards and common services as well as the organization of community to community exchange visits to allow communities to learn and share practical experiences in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods.
4. Achievements and Impact: Developing mechanisms for adoption of biogas by poor households through Nature-Based Community Enterprises
A Total Economic Valuation (TEV) of Mukura forest conducted in 2014 (ARCOS, 2014) and a study termed “Integrated Landscape Assessment and Monitoring – ILAM” conducted by ARCOS in Mukura in 2016 (ARCOS, 2016) both found that firewood extraction was the second biggest threat to the forest after illegal mining. The respondents in these studies indicated that most households do not have enough trees either as woodlots or planted on their farms. They therefore use Mukura natural forest as the sole source of firewood. However, the respondents reported that resources has been declining over time and they currently face a serious firewood crisis that makes them use any available alternative source of fuel, including crop residues.
Since 2015, ARCOS has been trying to promote biogas as a viable and green alternative to firewood in this area in order to reduce the threat to the Mukura forest (now gazetted as a national park). This effort has benefited from the already on-going national biogas programme which subsidizes biogas digesters installation at 50% of the cost. The remaining upfront costs were financed as loans through the NBCFs that were established in the different NBVs in the area. So far, 76 households have benefited from the scheme and have digesters installed as well. Having only 76 out of thousands of households that surrounds Mukura forest switch from using firewood to biogas for cooking is not going to have a big impact in terms of reduction of pressure on the forest.
However, this has served as a proof of concept which further awareness and sensitization effort on sustainable energy will build on.
Two major challenges hinder the biogas adoption speed in rural areas. The first one is about the initial cost for installation of the digesters and the second one is the lack of local technicians that can carry out the required maintenance works at affordable prices.
To address these two challenges, ARCOS is planning to initiate the installation of big gas production stations which can sell packaged biogas to households who would then only have to install compatible cooking stoves and buy 1 or 2 mobile biogas backpacks. This would greatly reduce the upfront cost to switching from firewood to biogas and avoid the recurrent maintenance costs required for households-based digesters.
A collective cowshed built for a cooperative as it prepares to develop a biogas production business in Bugesera district, Rwanda;
5. Lessons learned: Subsidies don’t constitute a panacea for biogas but are required to provide proof-of-concept cases
Currently, much of the progress that has been made in spreading the use of biogas is attributable to the heavy subsidies that the government and other external development partners have put in the sector. This model is unsustainable since it distorts the market prices for the fuel and doesn’t encourage the ownership by the end-users. Therefore, the installed systems are left unmaintained which results in inefficiencies and a waste of resources and money. Developing a business model around biogas in a such a way that households can access it without having to incur heavy upfront and recurrent maintenance costs is the way to go. However, the success of such a business model requires a lot of investment to develop the whole biogas value-chain from livestock farming, inspiring potential entrepreneurs, capacity building for technicians and awareness raising for end-users.
6. Challenges ahead: Awareness and mindset change is key
Despite this big potential for biomass in rural areas, its wide adoption at household level has been very slow due to different challenges. Among these, the change in the mindset of end-users is the most enduring and would require time to address. It always takes time to change a tradition that has been in place for generations. Firewood has been the de-facto mode of generation of energy for cooking in Rwandan households especially in rural areas.
Different models are currently used to address the issue of biogas cost and indeed biomass-based fuels (firewood, charcoal, etc) are getting more expensive as we go along. The main remaining factor of resistance against change towards full adoption of biogas as the main source of energy for cooking in rural areas is that of the mindset. Intensified education and sensitization programmes are required in order to remove this last barrier on our journey towards a future devoid of polluting and expensive cooking fuels in our households.
7. Conclusion: Together we can achieve sustainable energy for all goals and aspirations
In the past, biomass or wood energy were considered traditional and backwards. Thus, the prevailing wisdom was to phase out their use as quickly as possible. Since the enactment of the National Biomass Strategy (MININFRA, 2009), a complete U-turn has been made and biomass is now considered a major energy source with a bright future where plans are in place to modernize this type of fuel given its being renewable, its neutrality to climate change, and above all, its cheap price compared to electricity and petroleum-derived fuels. As a result of this modernization of the biomass energy (green charcoal, biomass pellets, etc), its urban consumption is projected to increase and thus the wood scarcity will continue to enlarge if a similar trend is replicated in rural areas as well.
Fortunately, biogas has a niche to be the preferred fuel in the rural areas given the availability of input materials from livestock farming and enough space in households to accommodate its bulky equipment.
ARCOS Network is committed to continue its effort to tap into this potential and it will leverage on its vast network of community partners and international collaborators as well as its long experience to deliver biogas solutions that are tailored to the socio-economic and cultural context of Rwandan households in rural areas. We call upon all development partners to join in this effort to support Rwanda reaching its SE4ALL goals through innovation and scaling up of solutions adapted to local context such as the biogas bags initiative.
Get involved If you are interested in supporting ARCOS’ Community Development Programme. Contact us for any donation, advice or any information.
Contact:
The Albertine Rift Conservation Society (ARCOS Network)
Website: www.arcosnetwork.org
Email: email@example.com
@ARCOSNetwork
@arcos4nature
@Arcosnetwork
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Cover Photo: A cloud-to-ground lightning strike during a nighttime thunderstorm. Taken by C. Clark. Released into the public domain by NOAA.
© 2015 Elfrieda H. Hiebert. Some rights reserved.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Photos used in this work are licensed as noted for each photo.
“SummerReads” is a trademark of TextProject.
May 2015 Edition
Dear Student,
I am a teacher who has studied how children learn to read well. What I have learned has been used to write SummerReads and programs like QuickReads® and Ready Readers.
The best way to be ready for the new school year is to read every day of the summer. You can choose to read a chapter or a book from SummerReads. But be sure to read it at least three times on the same day. Here’s how to use SummerReads:
1. Start by reading it yourself. Mark the words that you don’t know.
2. Next, ask someone to read with you. Get that person to help you with any words you don’t know. You can even go to the computer to www.textproject.org and hear a recording of the books.
3. Last, you’re going to read by yourself to answer the questions at the end of the book. You can go to the computer to find the answers.
Have a reading-filled summer!
Elfrieda (Freddy) Hiebert, Ph.D.
Inventor of the TExT model
For more information about SummerReads visit www.textproject.org/summerreads
v.2.00 © 2015 Elfrida H. Hiebert. Some rights reserved (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/).
Thunderstorms
For many people around the world, summer brings thunderstorms. Warm wet air and strong winds help to create thunderstorms. But thunderstorms don’t happen in every part of the United States. The states along the Pacific Ocean don’t get as many thunderstorms as the states along the Gulf of Mexico. Some areas of Florida have thunderstorms once a day for most of the summer!
The best place to be during a thunderstorm is inside a building. Lightning from a thunderstorm can be very dangerous. Just before a thunderstorm, the air may feel like there is electricity in it. When people start feeling electricity in the air, they know a thunderstorm is on the way. People start heading inside buildings so they can be safe during a thunderstorm.
So how are thunderstorms created? You can read about it here without getting wet!
Part of what makes summers so hot is also what causes thunderstorms. As heat from the sun beats down on Earth, the heat evaporates some of the water in lakes and oceans. The evaporated water stays in the air. This evaporated water makes the air feel heavy and humid. Humid air is what makes you feel hot and sticky during the summer.
Warm humid air usually does not stay in one place. The wind can move it higher in the sky where it will cool off. When warm humid air cools, it forms clouds. As more water is moved from lakes and oceans to the air, the clouds get bigger and bigger.
In summer, the air near the ground is hotter than it is during other seasons of the year. When this hot air mixes with cool air from another area, there will be changes in the weather. Greater differences between the temperatures of the hot and cold air will cause greater changes in the weather. Imagine putting an ice cube in a warm drink. As soon as the ice hits the warm drink, it will crack and pop. But, if you put the ice cube in a cool drink, it will not crack or pop as much. When warmer and cooler clouds get close to one another, there may be some popping and cracking as the weather changes. There may be more clouds or storms. A thunderstorm may be on its way.
Thunder and Lightning
Summer thunderstorms can be exciting to watch from inside a building. First, you see dark clouds gathering. Suddenly, you see a bolt of lightning. Then you hear the thunder. Kaboom! Finally, you see a lot of rain coming down. It’s a good idea to wait inside than to go out during the storm. The storm will probably be over in about an hour but it’s much safer inside than out.
The bright bolt of lightning you saw is really electricity. It is the same electricity that we use to power our lights and TVs.
There is a lot of energy in a lightning bolt, enough to power a light bulb for about 100 days. The Earth receives several hundred millions of lightning bolts each year. This many lightning bolts add up to a vast amount of energy.
People usually hear thunder soon after they see a bolt of lightning. You can use this fact to find out how far you are from the storm. As soon as you see a bolt of lightning, start counting the seconds. When you hear the thunder, stop counting. Every five seconds from the time you see the lightning bolt until you hear thunder equals about one mile. If you counted 10 seconds, then the thunderstorm is about 2 miles away. If you see lightning but don’t hear thunder, it means that the thunderstorm is more than 12 miles away. That’s too far to hear the thunder.
Rain
That’s enough water for you to fill a bathtub every single day for four years!
That may seem like a lot of water. But people need water for many other reasons than staying clean. We need water to drink and cook. Crops and animals need water too. All of this water comes from precipitation like rain.
Of course, too much rain can cause problems. Floods happen when rain doesn’t have enough time to flow into nearby rivers and lakes. One way to think about this is to observe what happens when you let water out of the bathtub. It takes time for all the water to leave the tub because the drain is too small for all the water to leave at once.
Even when there is flooding, rain is not lost. Rain that falls in one state can be stored in the lakes and rivers of another state. Your next glass of water may come from rain that fell hundreds of miles from your home.
Photo: People wait to be rescued from flooding caused by rain from a tropical storm in Kingfisher, Oklahoma, August 2007. Taken by Marvin Nauman. Released into the public domain by FEMA.
Rate your thinking and reading
✓ Put a check each time you read one of the chapters of the book.
★ Give yourself a star for Sharing if you told someone about something you learned from reading the chapter.
✚ Give yourself a + if you can tell that your reading is getting smoother.
| | 1st Read | 2nd Read | 3rd Read | Sharing | Smoother |
|----------------------|----------|----------|----------|---------|----------|
| Introduction | | | | | |
| Hot Air, Cold Air | | | | | |
| Thunder and Lightning| | | | | |
| Rain | | | | | |
Comprehension questions
Hot Air, Cold Air
1. We described how clouds normally form during warm weather. Can you put these events in the right order?
___ As humid air cools, clouds form
___ The heated air evaporates water in lakes and oceans
___ The sun heats up the air near the ground
___ The wind moves the warm humid air into the sky
2. True or false? Great differences in the temperature of hot air and cold air cause small changes in the weather.
□ true □ false
Thunder and Lightning
3. If it takes 5 seconds to hear the thunder after you see a bolt of lightning, how far away was the lightning?
4. True or false? The electricity in lightning is the same electricity that powers TVs and light bulbs.
□ true □ false
Rain
5. Why is too much rain a bad thing?
6. True or false? If it rains a lot in one area, the extra water is lost forever.
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All plants are renewable resources, or resources that can be replaced through natural processes. Kansas farmers provide renewable resources when they grow crops for industrial and consumer uses. These crops are used to make a wide range of products like biofuels, clothing, pharmaceutical products, adhesives, and even paper money. Plant-based materials are also biodegradable, making them environmentally friendly.
By 2030, a U.S. Congress advisory committee’s goal would have biomass supplying 5 percent of the nation’s power, 20 percent of the nation’s transportation fuels, and 25 percent of the country’s chemicals – an amount equivalent to 30 percent of current petroleum consumption by the United States.\(^2\) In the past, crop production focused on providing food, feed, and fiber. Plant-based materials were viewed as alternative sources for other raw materials when
**Biomass** – any organic (plant or animal) material, including agricultural crops and plant residues, wood and wood waste products, and animal wastes.
used in industrial processing. However, expanded uses of plant-based materials offer additional opportunities to meet the needs of a growing world population without relying as heavily on nonrenewable resources, such as fossil fuels.
**Fiber**
Plants that produce a natural plant fiber are considered fiber crops. Fiber crops that produce fiber as a result of a single growing season include cotton, flax, hemp, jute, and sisal. These fibers are used as raw materials in the textile and apparel industries, as well as for industrial applications.
**Cotton**
Today, cotton claims a 36 percent share of the textile fibers market and the world uses more cotton than any other fiber.\(^3\) In fact, cotton is the leading value-added crop in the United States. According to the National Cotton Council of America, the main uses of the U.S. cotton crop are apparel (64 percent), home furnishings (28 percent), and industrial products (8 percent).
The fruit of the cotton plant is the boll, a capsule with four to five sections. The cotton boll contains the seed, linters (fuzz attached to the seed), and lint (long fibers). The lint – fibers 1 inch to 1.75 inches long – accounts for about one-third of the harvested crop. The fibers are cleaned, straightened, and spun into yarn for weaving or knitting into fabrics. While cotton is the fiber of choice for apparel and many textile products used in the home, like bed sheets and towels, nearly all Kansas cotton is used to produce denim, the thick cotton cloth used to make jeans.
Cottonseed linters, the short fibers removed from the seed, are used in a wide variety of consumer and industrial products. Cotton linters are used in cotton swabs, cotton balls, and other medical items. Additional uses include carpet yarns, vehicle and furniture cushions, mattresses, and high-grade paper, including the paper used in printing money.
---
**Renewable vs. Nonrenewable**
| **Renewable resource** | a resource that can be replaced or regenerated by natural ecological cycles; can be grown like plants or wood or derived from weather or nature like wind or solar energy. |
|------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Nonrenewable resource** | a resource in limited supply that cannot be replaced through natural processes, at least not for many thousands of years, like a fossil fuel. |
**Cotton Facts**
The world uses more cotton than any other fiber.
The main uses of the U.S. cotton crop are apparel (64 percent), home furnishings (28 percent), and industrial products (8 percent).
Nearly all Kansas cotton is used to produce denim, the thick cotton cloth used to make jeans.
Cotton fibers are divided into lint (long fibers) and linters (short fibers attached to the cottonseed).
**One Bale of Cotton Can Make:**
- 215 jeans
- 249 bed sheets
- 409 men’s sport shirts
- 690 bath towels
- 765 men’s dress shirts
- 1,217 men’s t-shirts
- 1,256 pillowcases
- 3,085 diapers
- 4,321 mid-calf socks
- 21,960 women’s handkerchiefs
- 313,600 $100 bills
Source: The National Cotton Council
---
**Fiber**
*Fiber* – long strands of molecules interwoven to form a linear, string-like structure; may be natural or manmade.
*Natural fiber* – fiber of plant or animal origin.
**Fiber Crops**
*Fiber crop* – plants that produce a natural plant fiber, like cotton, flax, hemp, jute, and sisal. Woody species, like trees, that produce wood pulp fibers are not considered fiber crops.
*Linen* – fabric made from the fibers produced by flax plants.
**Linters and Cottonseed**
Credit: K-State Research and Extension
### Cotton Lint vs. Linters
- **Lint** – long fibers (1 to 1.75 inch long) that are cleaned, straightened, and spun into thread or yarn.
- **Linters** – short fibers (fuzz) attached to the cottonseed; used in a wide variety of consumer and industrial products.
### Fuel
In 2010, renewable energy accounted for more than 8 percent of the energy consumed in the United States, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\(^4\) Fuels produced from crops and agriculture-related products can supplement and eventually replace significant amounts of fuel produced from traditional energy sources, like petroleum and coal. Plant-based fuel sources are also friendly to the environment as the plants recycle carbon dioxide and release oxygen during the process of photosynthesis.
Plant-based liquid transportation fuels such as ethanol and soy biodiesel are considered biofuels. However, biofuel production is not limited to plant-based materials.
### Bioenergy Words
- **Biodiesel** – a biofuel used in diesel engines that is produced from vegetable oils or fats; may be used as a replacement for diesel fuel or blended with diesel fuel, a petroleum-based fuel.
- **Bioenergy** – renewable energy made from any material directly or indirectly produced by photosynthesis.
- **Biofuels** – liquid transportation fuels that are directly or indirectly plant-based, including, in the case of biodiesel, animal fats.
### Plant-based Petroleum
The hydrocarbons in petroleum developed from the energy once captured by plants trapped in fossil layers millions of years ago.
### Ethanol
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is produced primarily from carbohydrates (starches, sugars, or cellulose). Grains high in starches, like corn and grain sorghum, are interchangeable in the ethanol making process. Most of the new ethanol production facilities use a “dry milling” process to produce ethanol. The grain is milled into flour before beginning a fermentation process. During the fermentation process, only the starch component of the grain is converted into alcohol. The dry milling process produces three products: alcohol (ethanol), distillers grains, and carbon dioxide. Distillers grains are fed to livestock and the carbon dioxide is used in food processing and bottling as well as the petroleum industry.
Ethanol produced from plant materials (cellulosic biomass) is chemically identical to that produced from grains. However, the carbohydrates found in plant materials (cellulose) are more complex.
### Grain to Ethanol
(dry mill process)
```
grain → cleaning → grinding → cooking → fermentation → carbon dioxide
heat, enzymes → yeast → steam → distillation → distillers grains → ethanol
```
Source: KFAC
### Milling
Find detailed information on flour milling in Unit 6, Machines and Technology.
than those found in grains (starch), requiring different processes to break the carbohydrates down into simple sugars that can be fermented into ethanol. Cellulosic biomass includes crops grown specifically for fuel production as well as plant wastes, such as wheat straw, sawdust, or paper pulp. Research continues to determine the potential of additional crops, like switchgrass or Jerusalem artichoke, to economically and efficiently produce ethanol.
Before it is sold to consumers, ethanol is blended with gasoline. In the United States, a blend of 15 percent ethanol and 85 percent gasoline has been approved for use in model year 2001 and newer cars, light-duty vehicles, and medium passenger vehicles (SUVs). Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to run on any blend up to 15 percent gasoline and 85 percent ethanol. In 2010, ethanol replaced the gasoline refined from 445 million barrels of imported oil, the equivalent of more than the total crude oil that the United State imported from Saudi Arabia that same year.\(^8\)
**Biodiesel**
Biodiesel is a biofuel produced from fat or oil. It is the fastest growing alternative fuel in America, according to the U.S. Energy Information Center. Although it can be blended with petroleum diesel at any level, biodiesel itself does not contain any petroleum. Biodiesel can be made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oil.
To produce biodiesel, oilseeds are first processed into vegetable oil. Then, through a chemical process called “transesterification,” the vegetable oil is separated into two products – methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerin. The glycerin is used in soap, lotion, and other consumer products.
Soybean oil is a common source for the oil processed into biodiesel. One bushel of soybeans (60 pounds) yields 1.5 gallons of biodiesel, according to the American Soybean Association. Since biodiesel production uses only the oil portion of the soybean, soybean meal – the protein portion of the seed – is still available for food and livestock feed uses.
**Processing Oilseeds**
Find detailed information on processing oilseeds into vegetable oil in Unit 6, Machines and Technology.
**CONVERTING VEGETABLE OIL TO BIODIESEL**
Source: Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University
**OTHER PRODUCTS FROM KANSAS PLANTS**
At the present time, plant-based materials only account for a small percentage of the world's manufacturing inputs. Industrial uses of plants include chemical and biological processes that utilize whole plants, as well as the portions of the plant not used for food or feed production. Many products currently on the market utilize Kansas crops to supplement or replace nonrenewable resources like petroleum.
Naturally occurring chemicals extracted from plants are the major sources for some chemicals, including sorbitol, cellulose, citric acid, natural rubber, many amino acids, and proteins. While those chemicals are used in their original molecular state, other plant components are broken down to provide products from specific molecules. For example, the refining process for ethanol involves fermenting the starch from a corn kernel, which results in alcohol that can be separated from carbon dioxide and other coproducts. The alcohol is used for ethanol while the carbon dioxide is sold for other uses, like adding carbonation to beverages.
Extracts and essential oils are used in food and consumer products to create flavors and aromas or add coloring.
**Biodegradable Silverware**
Credit: Scott Bauer, USDA ARS
**Soy Ink (left) vs. Petroleum-based Ink Formula**
Credit: Keith Weller, USDA ARS
**LOOK FOR THE LOGO!**
**Soy Ink**
Credit: United Soybean Board/Soybean Checkoff
**FLAVONOIDS**
Flavonoids are compounds naturally produced by plants and categorized according to chemical structure.
More than 4,000 flavonoids have been identified and are being examined for potential health benefits for people and animals.
Plant-based Renewable Resources
Depending on the plant, the seeds, bark, leaves, roots, or fruit may be the resource processed. Specific components may be physically isolated for uses based on their properties or produced by enzymatic transformation or fermentation.
Oilseeds
Oilseeds are plants that produce seeds rich in oil. The oil is primarily extracted from the seeds, rather than other plant parts. Oilseeds include soybeans, sunflowers, canola, peanuts, cotton, and flax. In some crops, like corn, cotton, and flax, the oil produced by the seeds may be a coproduct of processing the seeds for other uses. Seed oils often contain high amounts of fatty acids with individual characteristics, such as those associated with specific aromas. The molecular structure of these fatty acids makes them useful in various formulations for many industrial and consumer products.
At the present time, soybeans account for 90 percent of the oilseeds produced in the United States. Nearly all the soybeans produced in the United States are "crushed," which is the process of separating and extracting the oil. Between 18 to 19 percent of the weight of the whole soybean is oil. Industrial applications for soy oil consume 13 percent of the soy oil produced in the United States.\(^9\) Soy oil is used in plastics, printing inks, lubricants, solvents, crayons, textiles, and biodiesel.
Grains
Grains are crops that produce a small, hard seed. Cereal grains, such as wheat, corn, grain sorghum, and rice, produce seeds that are used as food for people or as feed for livestock. Nonfood uses of grains make up a small, but increasing, percentage of grain usage. Industrial processing typically starts by milling the grain, following steps similar to those used to produce flour. The key step in making grains into industrial and consumer products is the conversion of carbohydrates to usable chemicals or fibers. Biological catalysts, such as enzymes or microorganisms, are commonly used to stimulate or accelerate these chemical reactions. For example, high fructose corn syrup originates as a starch in the corn kernel, which is broken down to glucose. During the refining process, enzymes convert the glucose into fructose. The final product is a blend of fructose and other sugars, primarily glucose. Scientists are developing new ways to convert carbohydrates into usable chemicals through the use of inorganic (non-living) catalysts.
The largest industrial use of grain in the United States is the production of ethanol. After feed uses, ethanol is the second largest use of corn in the United States, using 4.65 billion bushels of corn in 2010. In 2010, the amount of livestock feed generated by the ethanol industry nearly matched the total amount of grain fed to cattle in the nation's feedlots.\(^{10}\)
In addition to ethanol, nearly 4,000 other consumer products from toothpaste to windshield washer fluid use corn or corn components. Products made from cornstarch are used in pharmaceutical and pet products, corn-based plastics and textiles, and food packaging materials.
**The Facts: Fuel vs. Food**
About 1 percent of the corn produced in the United States is sweet corn.
Less than 10 percent of the U.S. field corn crop is used for direct human consumption in corn-based foods like corn flakes, cornmeal, and cornstarch.
In general, retail food prices tend to rise by a fraction of any change in farm prices – less than 10 percent in the case of corn-based foods.
Using $2.28 (the 20-year average) as the farm price for a bushel of corn, the approximate value of corn in a box of corn flakes is 3.3 cents and the value of the high fructose corn syrup in a 2-liter bottle of soda is 3.8 cents.\(^{11}\)
Ethanol also represents a growing market for grain sorghum. According to the United Sorghum Checkoff Program, 30 to 35 percent of the grain sorghum produced by U.S. farmers is used to produce grain-based ethanol.\(^{12}\) Grain sorghum and corn are interchangeable in the ethanol-making process. Historically, in Kansas, more grain sorghum than corn was used in ethanol plants.
Wheat can also be used to produce ethanol but food products represent the largest use of wheat in the United States and around the world. Even so, nonfood and industrial applications represent a growing market for U.S. wheat producers. The unique elastic qualities of wheat gluten, which make wheat ideal for making breads or other food products, make wheat useful in the production of adhesives, biodegradable packaging materials, and construction materials. Wheat gluten is also used by the pharmaceutical industry to manufacture pill capsules and by the papermaking industry in paper coatings. In addition to wheat gluten, wheat starch is used in cosmetic products and adhesives, like those found on postage stamps.
**Wild Phlox**
Credit: Kirsten Bosnak, Kansas Biological Survey
**Native Plants**
In the future, Kansas farmers may add native plants to the mix of crops grown in Kansas for industrial and consumer uses. Native prairie plants hold great promise for the development of products that could benefit human health. The Native Medicinal Plant Research Program at the University of Kansas is targeting plants that have been used by American Indians for medicinal purposes, focusing on plants from the Great Plains region. The program is a collaborative project of the University of Kansas’ Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Kansas Biological Survey.
Plants are identified and collected, usually from public lands. Once the plant material has dried, it is ground in a laboratory mill until it is about the consistency of oregano spice found on the grocery store shelf. From there, the plant material is tested for its chemical makeup and screened for biological properties.
In order to grow and reproduce, plants produce large quantities of specific chemical compounds. In addition, plants make other chemicals in much smaller quantities, particularly when stressed. Those secondary compounds may help the plant fight off disease or predator insects, survive in a drought, or reproduce under less than ideal situations. Once thought to have little or no value, scientists have discovered that these secondary compounds have great potential for food, cosmetic, veterinary, health,
**Prescription Medicines**
Secondary compounds from plants or synthetic compounds modeled on plant molecules are the source of 25 percent of the prescription medicines dispensed in the United States today.
Source: Kansas Native Medicinal Plant Research Program
Plant-based Renewable Resources
and pharmaceutical products. In fact, secondary compounds from plants or synthetic compounds modeled on plant molecules are the source of 25 percent of the prescription medicines dispensed in the United States today, according to Barbara Timmerman, chair of medicinal chemistry at the University of Kansas.
The Native Medicinal Plant Research Program began collecting plant specimens for testing in 2010. In addition to testing the plant materials, the program maintains the Native Medicinal Plant Research Garden north of Lawrence and is building a Prairie Ethnobotany Database, which has identified American Indian uses of more than 900 unique plant species. Although the program is relatively new, early research results are promising, showcasing opportunities to develop new products from native Kansas plants.
Forestry Products
More than 5,000 products come from trees. In addition to paper, lumber, and other wood products, tree extracts and tree fibers are used in many products, ranging from toothpaste and deodorant to carpets and fabrics like silk and rayon. Advanced technologies have developed products so that almost 100 percent of a tree can be used when it is harvested. Even the hull (shell) of the black walnut is used – for polishing, to clean jet engines, as filler in dynamite, as a filtration medium, and as an ingredient in cosmetic and dental products. Charcoal is also a forestry product. At one time, there was a large charcoal plant in southeastern Kansas that produced briquettes for outdoor cooking from coproducts from sawmills.
One of the more recent developments in Kansas is the use of wood waste (sawdust or ground wood) as fuel. According to the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, several facilities in Kansas are using wood wastes to supply their energy needs. For example, wood waste from Custom Wood Products in St. Marys is being used to dry alfalfa before it is made into pellets at the alfalfa mills of Bert and Wetta Sales, Inc. near Abilene. The Kansas Department of Health and Environment also reports that at least one sawmill in southeast Kansas is exploring the possibility of using anaerobic digestion to process sawdust, using the resulting biogas to generate electricity.
The Carbohydrate Economy
The term “carbohydrate economy” describes opportunities to expand the use of plant-based materials. In the future, biorefineries and new processing systems based on using plant materials in specific ways for specific uses will be more common, rather than plant materials just serving as alternative sources for existing processes. Bioprocessing will improve the utilization of coproducts from the waste streams of processing systems with the use of microbes and enzymes.
Biotechnology is important to increasing crop yields and protecting plant production. Advances in biotechnology allow scientists to modify plant components to align crops with the needs of processing systems like raising or lowering oil, starch, or protein content. Crop producers will continue to choose which crops to produce and select specific varieties based on intended...
end uses. Expanded choices might be between food or feed uses, feed uses or feedstocks (raw materials for industrial uses), oil or starch production, fiber or sugar production, or pharmaceutical or polymer uses. To address environmental concerns, crop producers might even grow plants based on their ability to store carbon in their roots, bark, or other plant parts.
Petroleum-based plastics increased 400 percent between 1970 and 1990, gradually replacing glass, metal, and paper products.\(^{15}\) While that type of rapid growth is not expected in nonfood uses of plant-based materials, opportunities for additional uses of these renewable resources continue to grow.
---
**ENDNOTES**
1. Joanna L. Stratton, *Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier* (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1981), p. 62.
2. Robert D. Perlack, Lynn L. Wright, Anthony F. Turhollow, Robin L. Graham, Bruce J. Stokes, Donald C. Erbach, "Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Supply," U.S. Department of Energy, April 2005, p. 1, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final_billionton_vision_report2.pdf.
3. Janet Bealer Rodie, editor, "Fiber First," *Textile World*, September/October 2011, http://www.textileworld.com/Articles/2011/September/Sept_Oct_issue/Sustainability_Fiber_First.html.
4. "Renewable Energy Consumption and Electricity Preliminary Statistics 2010," U.S. Energy Information Administration, June 28, 2011, http://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/preliminary/.
5. "Ethanol Myths and Facts," U.S. Department of Energy, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/ethanol_myths_facts.html.
6. "Policy Positions: Food vs. Fuel," Renewable Fuels Association, October 2011, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/pages/policy-positions-food-vs-fuel/.
7. "Ethanol Facts: Energy Security," Renewable Fuels Association, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/pages/ethanol-facts-energy-security.
8. "Ethanol Facts: Energy Security," Renewable Fuels Association, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/pages/ethanol-facts-energy-security.
9. "Domestic Utilization: Soy Oil Consumption," SoyStats® 2010, The American Soybean Association, http://www.soystats.com/2010/.
10. "Ethanol Facts: Agriculture," Renewable Fuels Association, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/pages/ethanol-facts-agriculture.
11. Ephraim Leittag, "Corn Prices Near Record High But What About Food Costs?," *Amber Waves*, U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, February 2008, p. 3, 4, http://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/February08/PDF/CornPrices.pdf.
12. "Sorghum Market Development," United Sorghum Checkoff program, http://www.sorghumcheckoff.com/sorghum-market-development.
13. Steven Hill, "Prescription: Plants," *Kansas Alumni*, July/August 2011, p. 26, http://nativeplants.ku.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Alumni-story2.pdf.
14. Ken Powell, "New Organic Waste-to-Energy Trends in Kansas," Kansas Environmental News, Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Summer/Fall 2010, p. 6.
15. "Plant/Crop-based Renewable Resources 2020," U.S. Department of Energy, January 1998, p. 9, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/ag_vision.pdf.
REFERENCES
Dunford, Nurhan, *Food Technology Fact Sheet: Biodiesel Production Techniques*, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, OK, http://www.fapc.biz/files/factsheets/fapc150.pdf.
Dunford, Nurhan, *Food Technology Fact Sheet: Oil and Oilseed Processing III*, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, OK, http://www.fapc.biz/files/factsheets/fapc160.pdf.
“Ethanol Facts,” Renewable Fuels Association, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/pages/ethanol-facts.
“Ethanol Roadmap,” National Corn Growers Association, http://www.ncga.com/uploads/useruploads/ethanol_roadmap.pdf.
*Exploring Kansas Natural Resources Educator’s Guide* (Manhattan, KS: Kansas Foundation for Agriculture in the Classroom, 2008).
Leibtag, Ephraim, “Corn Prices Near Record High But What About Food Costs?,” *Amber Waves*, U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, February 2008, http://www.ers.usda.gov/AamberWaves/February08/PDF/CornPrices.pdf.
“Native Medicinal Plant Research Program,” The University of Kansas, http://nativephants.ku.edu/.
“Plant/Crop-based Renewable Resources 2020,” Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, January 1998, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/ag_vision.pdf.
“The Technology Roadmap for Plant/Crop-based Renewable Resources 2020,” Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of Energy, February 1999, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/technology_roadmap.pdf.
TEACHER’S RESOURCES
The Kansas Foundation for Agriculture in the Classroom (KFAC) offers lesson plans and other educational resources on the KFAC website: www.ksagclassroom.org. | 73d8c15e-18b9-4791-93e1-35960e5f5509 | CC-MAIN-2024-26 | https://cdn.agclassroom.org/ks/resource/guides/plants/09plantbased.pdf | 2024-06-25T22:35:17+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-26/segments/1718198866422.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20240625202802-20240625232802-00495.warc.gz | 136,568,418 | 5,577 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.944322 | eng_Latn | 0.991708 | [
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Bed Bug Management—One Step at a Time!
Step 1: Inspection
Matthew Frye, New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Cornell University
1. Sleep tight.
2. Is that a bite?
3. Could it be bed bugs?
4.
5. Inspect your bedroom: knife, flashlight, pill jar, sandwich bag, screwdriver, tweezers, contractor bags.
6. Inspect cracks and crevices near the bed, including floor molding ...
7. ... electrical outlets and switchplate covers ...
8. ... the bedframe and headboard ...
9. ... under the mattress tag ...
10. ... seams on the mattress and boxsprings.
11. Bed bug evidence
12. Don’t worry!
13 Collect a sample.
14 Seal insect in a plastic bag ...
15 ... or place insect in a pill jar ...
16 ... or seal insect in clear tape.
17. Visit a county Extension office.
18. Other insects may look like bed bugs. Correct identification is important.
20. Learn about bed bug biology.
21. Life stages of the bed bug.
22. Bed bug bites itch ...
23. ... but they are not known to transmit any disease.
Time to make a plan.
Do it yourself ...
Tools for Bed Bug Control
- Vacuum Cleaner
- Steam Cleaner
- 2-3 mil Plastic Garbage Bags
- Duct Tape
... or call a qualified professional.
The next step is Get Rid of Clutter. | <urn:uuid:48634c60-eb64-4c2e-ab6e-e66890f7778b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.stoppests.org/stoppests/assets/File/bb-mgmt-inspection-NYSIPM.pdf | 2018-07-21T18:57:37Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592654.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721184238-20180721204238-00571.warc.gz | 538,933,774 | 298 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.967535 | eng_Latn | 0.992498 | [
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Measure and Analyze Heat in your City
**Fixed station**
Weather stations and lower-cost, individual temperature sensors can measure atmospheric conditions. Networks of fixed stations can be used to understand spatial temperature variation on a larger scale.
**Mobile traverse**
Ground-level temperature measurement conducted by bicycle, car, or a walking individual can capture spatial variation in temperature.
**Satellite**
Satellites capture images of the Earth’s surface and measure its brightness, which can then be converted to temperature estimates.
**Aerial sensor**
Temperature data collected via aircraft-borne instruments can offer both a larger geographic coverage than fixed stations and a higher level of resolution than satellites, due to their lower altitude.
Once you’ve collected the data you can analyze and map your data to better target your policies and actions.
Identify stakeholders to engage throughout this process, including:
- Community members
- City government departments
- Universities
- Meteorological agencies
Map daytime and, where possible, nighttime temperatures. If possible, create maps with estimated air temperatures. | 83070216-9b44-4762-b903-f74b9340fef2 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://heatactionplatform.onebillionresilient.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2023/07/Measure-and-Analyze-Heat-in-Your-City.pdf | 2024-03-04T02:14:14+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476409.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304002142-20240304032142-00532.warc.gz | 293,632,012 | 203 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.994719 | eng_Latn | 0.994719 | [
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Types of injury
A sports injury is any kind of injury, pain or physical damage that occurs as a result of sport, exercise or physical activity.
Sports injuries are unfortunately inevitable, and are dependent on a performer’s intensity of training, the preparation he or she makes to avoid injury, and the ways in which rest and recovery are planned into a training and competitive programme. Figure 2.1 outlines the factors influencing how injuries are caused and can be dealt with.
Sports injuries are:
- Most commonly associated with the musculo-skeletal system, which includes muscles, joints and their associated tissues such as ligaments and tendons.
- Commonly classified as acute or chronic.
- Mild, moderate or severe.
- Characterised by pain, swelling, tenderness, weakness and the inability to use or place weight on the injured area.
- Acute injuries refer to sports injuries that happen in a moment.
- Chronic injuries are characterised by a slow, sustained development of symptoms, that culminate in a painful inflammatory condition.
Acute injuries
Common symptoms associated with acute sports injuries:
- Acute injuries require immediate first aid treatment at the scene of the injury.
- Sudden severe pain.
- Stretching painful in the case of a muscle strain.
- Swelling, inflammation, bruising or tenderness over injured area.
- Restricted mobility above and below injured area.
- Loss of stability in the case of leg injuries.
- Loss of function in the injured area.
- Protruding bone from the skin in the case of a compound fracture.
- Deformity around injured area.
- Cold purple colouration of skin indicating a lack of proper blood circulation in that injured part.
Fractures
A bone fracture is a break in the bone and is caused by excessive external forces and so is classified as traumatic fracture. There are two major classes:
- Simple fractures (figure 2.2) are broken bones that remain within the body and do not penetrate the skin.
- Compound fractures are broken bones that penetrate through the skin and expose the bone and deep tissues to the exterior environment, creating an open wound with a risk of infection.
Dislocations
A dislocation occurs when the bones which meet at a joint, are separated by a violent action so that the joint no longer functions.
- For example, a shoulder dislocation occurs when a player’s arm is forced outwards and upwards by a tackle or heavy landing and the shoulder joint pops out.
- Injuries can occur quite easily because the shoulder joint is a shallow ball and socket when compared to the hip joint.
- A dislocation is usually accompanied by a sprain (page 31).
- Repeat dislocations of the same joint are common because the initial dislocation stretches the joint capsule and ligaments, and results in joint hypermobility.
Common soft tissue injuries
A soft tissue injury occurs when muscles, ligaments and tendons are damaged. Common soft tissue injuries usually occur from a sprain, a strain or a one off blow resulting in a contusion or bruise (caused when blood vessels are damaged or broken as the result of a blow to the skin). Contusions are common in contact sports such as rugby and boxing. Soft tissue injuries can result in pain, swelling, bruising and loss of function.
Strains
- Muscles can be damaged both by direct trauma (impact) or indirect trauma (overloading).
- A strain (pull or tear) refers to damage to muscle fibres or its attaching tendons caused by a sudden stretching force or a very forceful contraction of the muscle.
- The tearing of the muscle can also damage small blood vessels, causing local bleeding, or bruising (known as a haematoma), and pain caused by irritation of the nerve endings in the area.
- The most common muscle injuries occur in high speed activities such as sprinting and weight lifting, which load muscles such as the hamstrings, quadriceps, calf, back and biceps.
- Muscle tears range from a mild to moderate to severe strains or complete rupture.
Sprains and tears of ligaments
- A ligament is an extension of a joint capsule consisting of tough, fibrous connective tissue that provides stability by joining bone to bone positioned inside a joint (intracapsular) and outside of a joint (extracapsular).
- In a sprain, ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn.
- One of the most common knee injuries is an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) sprain or rupture. The ACL runs diagonally across the middle of the knee and prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur, as well as providing rotational stability to the knee.
- Athletes who participate in high demand sports like soccer and basketball, are more likely to injure their ACLs.
- About half of all injuries to the ACL occur along with damage to other structures in the knee, such as articular cartilage, meniscus or other ligaments.
Ligament injuries
There are three graded categories for all ligament injuries:
**Grade 1 sprain**: the ligament is mildly damaged as it has been slightly stretched, but is still able to help keep the knee joint stable.
**Grade 2 sprain**: the ligament is stretched to a point where it becomes loose, and is commonly known as a partial tear of the ligament.
**Grade 3 sprain**: a complete tear of the ligament into two pieces. For example, a complete tear of the ACL creating an unstable knee joint (figure 2.3).
A complete rupture leads to mechanical instability, whilst tearing may damage the proprioceptive feedback mechanism.
The ACL can be injured in several ways:
- Changing direction rapidly.
- Stopping suddenly.
- Slowing down while running.
- Landing from a jump incorrectly.
- Direct contact or collision, such as a football tackle.
Symptoms of cruciate ligament injuries
- A ‘popping’ noise is associated with a ruptured ACL.
- The knee gives way and becomes unstable.
- Causing further damage to the cushioning cartilage (meniscus) of the knee.
- Pain and swelling within 24 hours.
- Loss of full range of motion.
- Tenderness along the joint line.
- Discomfort whilst walking.
- When a ligament is torn completely, it can be replaced with a graft, for example, the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint can be replaced using a hamstring tendon graft (page 43).
Achilles tendon injuries
- A tendon is a tough cord or band of dense white fibrous connective tissue which contacts a muscle to a bone and transmits the force which the muscle exerts.
- The Achilles tendon is located at the back of the ankle and connects the powerful calf muscles to the heel bone (calcaneus).
- When the calf muscles contract, the Achilles tendon is tightened, pulling the heel.
- This allows the foot to point and stand on tiptoe, vital to such activities as walking, running, and jumping.
- Tears of the Achilles tendon can be tiny (microtears), or large (macrotears), causing pain, swelling, and impaired movement.
- Tears may occur suddenly (acute), during activity or gradually over time (chronic).
- A complete tear through the tendon, which usually occurs about 2 inches above the heel bone, is called an Achilles tendon rupture.
- A rupture can occur when a significant load has been applied quickly and sustained without adequate warm-up.
- An Achilles tendon rupture is more common in those with pre-existing tendinitis of the Achilles tendon.
- By the age of thirty, tendons begin to lose their elasticity with increasing degenerative changes, but the process can be delayed by regular exercise.
- Total tendon ruptures often occur in a degenerated tendon and is especially common in older athletes who return to sport after some years’ absence from training, and middle-aged men and women participating in recreational sports that require bursts of jumping, pivoting, and running. Most often these are in sports such as tennis, squash, basketball, and badminton.
- A rupture is most likely to occur when an individual makes a forceful push-off by the thigh muscles whilst the knee is extended. One example might be preparing for a overhead shot during a badminton rally.
- Other common causes for a rupture can occur as a result of a sudden trip or stumble when the foot is thrust in front to break a fall, forcefully overstretching the tendon, or abruptly stepping into a hole.
- A complete rupture of the Achilles tendon may make a ‘popping’ sound, followed by pain and swelling of the lower leg.
- Figure 2.4 compares a ruptured and normal Achilles tendon.
- Treating an Achilles tendon rupture requires surgery or long-term immobilisation of the ankle.
**figure 2.4 – a ruptured and normal achilles tendon**
Sprains and tears within joints
- Common sites of sprains are the ankle, knee and thumb joints.
- Sprains happen most often in the **ankle** (figure 2.5) in sports that involve twisting and turning movements, such as in netball.
- Knee sprains are common football injuries.
- Thumb sprains are common in skiing and contact sports such as judo.
Ice therapy is a common method used for acute joint and muscle injuries and is part of the **RICE** First Aid procedure as follows:
- **Rest** - stop the activity as soon as the injury occurs to prevent making it any worse.
- **Ice** - apply to injured area for 10-15 minutes then remove for 20 minutes (and repeat) to reduce internal bleeding and swelling.
- **Compression** - reduces swelling, supports soft tissues, minimising further damage, and so speeds recovery.
- **Elevation** - elevating the injured area above the heart aids the drainage of any liquid/leakage caused by the injury thereby reducing swelling and inflammation.
Chronic or overuse injuries
Common symptoms associated with chronic overuse sports injuries:
- Chronic injuries start off with **mild symptoms** that enable performer to ignore the injury and carry on with his or her activities.
- Followed by a gradual **increase of pain** and inflammation over a period of time resulting from continued **overuse**.
- Increase in pain during sporting activity.
- Mild swelling after completion of sporting activity.
- Constant **aching at rest**.
- Chronic injuries are also associated with fatigue.
Shin splints (periostitis)
Shin splints are a type of **soft tissue injury** due to **inflammation** of the **periosteum** (a layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone), usually caused by repeated stress on the tibia. Shin splints are common in people who do a lot of running or other activities that involve repeatedly putting weight on the legs, such as tennis or basketball.
Shin splints can usually be treated at home as follows:
- **Rest**: stop the activity that causes shin splints for at least two to three weeks, then gradually resume normal activities
- **Ice**: for around 10 minutes every few hours for the first few days. This helps to relieve pain and swelling
- **Pain relief**: such as paracetamol and ibuprofen help to relieve the pain.
- **Switch to low-impact activities**: such as cycling, swimming and yoga.
Tendinopathy
Tendinopathy refers to a disease of a tendon including tenderness on palpation and pain, often felt when exercising. Tendonitis is an acute tendon injury accompanied by swelling ('itis'), resulting from **excessive overuse**, and describes common elbow injuries, experienced by tennis players, golfers and throwers.
The elbow joint
The **elbow joint** is surrounded by muscles that move the elbow, wrist and fingers. The tendons in the elbow join the bones and muscles together, and control the muscles of the forearm. **Golfer’s elbow** is not as well known as its cousin, **tennis elbow**. Both are forms of tendinopathy. The difference is that **tennis elbow** stems from overusing tendon attachments to the **outside** of the elbow, while **golfer’s elbow** is caused by overusing tendons on the **inside** of the elbow.
Elbow
Golfer’s elbow is a common overuse injury associated with playing golf and throwing activities such as javelin and bowling in cricket. It is caused by overusing the muscles in the forearm that allow the individual to grip, rotate the arm, and flex the wrist.
Repetitive flexing, gripping, or swinging can cause irritations to the tendons creating pronounced tenderness and pain when the medial epicondyle is subjected to pressure, and when the hand is flexed downwards (palmer flexion) at the wrist joint against a resistance.
Tennis elbow is a common overuse injury associated with racket sports such as squash, badminton and tennis. For example, in tennis it can be caused by repetitive faulty stroke technique, such as hitting backhand balls by using wrist movements instead of hitting backhand balls with a firm wrist and a movement of the whole arm and shoulder.
Top level tennis players (figure 2.6) may develop lateral epicondylitis despite having good playing technique and is usually caused by the serving action during which the wrist is bent at the same time as the forearm is turned inwards.
Those who hit an exaggerated ‘top spin’ and in so doing rotate the forearm vigorously inwards (excessive pronation) can also be affected. This was the injury sustained by Andy Murray at the beginning of the 2017 tennis season. The flexor muscles, that are principally responsible for these movements, have their origins at the medial epicondyle of the elbow.
The symptoms are similar to those of golfer’s elbow, but are located on the outer aspect of the elbow joint. If the muscles and tendons are irritated, it can cause thickening of the tendon and pain near the bony lump (the lateral epicondyle) on the outside of the joint.
General tendonitis symptoms include:
- Pain which mainly affects the outside aspect of the elbow (tennis elbow) or inside of the elbow (golfer’s elbow) that can radiate along the upper and lower arm.
- Weakness in the wrist.
- A tender local hot spot over the epicondyle.
Stress fractures
A stress fracture is a small crack in a bone resulting from overuse. There are two theories about the origin of stress fractures:
- The fatigue theory states that during repeated protracted effort, such as running, the muscles pass their peak of endurance and are no longer able to support the skeleton during impact applied as the foot strikes the ground. The load is therefore transferred directly to the skeleton. Its tolerance is eventually exceeded causing a tiny crack or stress fracture.
- The overload theory is based on the fact that certain muscle groups contract in such a way that they cause the bones to which they are attached, to bend. For example, the contraction of the calf muscles causes the tibia to bend forward like a drawn bow. After repeated contractions the innate strength of the tibia is exceeded and it cracks.
More than 50 percent of all stress fractures occur in the weight-bearing bones of the foot and lower leg because of the repetitive forces they must absorb. Typically, runners sustain stress fractures of the lower third of the fibula and high jumpers of the upper third of the fibula.
Symptoms and diagnosis
- **Pain** is felt during training as intensity increase and eventually a dull ache which persists after the exercise period.
- Local **swelling** and **tenderness** can be felt over the fracture area.
- Stress fractures affect people of **all ages** who participate in repetitive sporting activities and are especially common in tennis players, runners, gymnasts and basketball players.
- Repeated use of **X-ray** examination is used to check the **process of healing**, whilst the athlete is resting and using prescribed crutches to relieve the injured part.
- If stress fractures are to be avoided, the athlete should pay particular attention to selecting appropriate **footwear, equipment** (page 40) and periodisation of training or load.
Overuse or chronic injuries are particularly difficult to diagnose and treat. **Recovery** from chronic injuries takes time and needs careful programming to restore the individual back to pre-injury levels using many of the rehabilitation methods discussed on page 42 onwards.
Prevention of injuries
Extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors affecting sports injuries
Table 2.1 outlines the intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors which affect sport injury. Intrinsic risk factors are those within the performer, and extrinsic risk factors are those derived outside the performer.
**Table 2.1 – intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors in sport injuries**
| intrinsic risk factors | extrinsic risk factors |
|------------------------|------------------------|
| gender | training volume, overtraining |
| age increases injury risk as bone tissue loses strength | sport technique |
| body mass and body composition | playing surfaces |
| muscle balance/imbalance | equipment difficulties, eg selecting the perfect ski boots, skis and poles |
| joint flexibility (or lack of it) | clothing/footwear/equipment |
| orthopaedic and skeletal features | environmental conditions |
| conditioning | |
Although the **chances of injury** in sport can never be fully eradicated, preventative measures and procedures can be put into place to minimise the risk of getting injured, as discussed in managing risks (page 41).
Intrinsic risk factor variables
**Conditioning**
Regardless of the sport involved, most athletes need **general muscle fitness** to reduce the risk of injury to the muscle-tendon unit itself and to the joints protected by muscle activity. **Weight training** and **circuit training** are common training methods that are used improve the general **strength and conditioning** of muscles.
Athletes must be fit enough to be able to perform the skills needed to compete in their sport and so long-term preparation is needed in training for many activities, for example, running a marathon for which preparation can take several months.
When athletes become tired, performance levels can drop and injuries are more likely to occur due to fatigue.
Conditioning
A core stability conditioning programme benefits good muscle balance and coordination (figure 2.7). Good core stability involves the effective recruitment of the muscles that stabilise the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex, together with those that stabilise the shoulder girdle. Many athletes attend pilates, a body-conditioning technique that concentrates on strengthening the core postural muscles needed by all active sportspersons.
Variance in training avoids the overuse injuries associated with using the same exercises and movements year round, and builds the right foundation for achieving peak performance at the right time.
All training/competitive activities should begin with a warm-up. A warm-up takes the body from a non-active state to one ready for exercise. The absence of a warm-up or an inadequate warm-up is a common cause of injury.
Lack of flexibility can limit range of movement (ROM) and lead to sprain and strain injuries. Hyper-mobility enables joints to move beyond the normal range expected for that particular joint and can lead to poor joint stability and dislocations.
A cool-down gradually returns the body to its former resting state with reduced injury risk. A major physiological value of an active cool-down is to flush out lactic acid thereby preventing muscle soreness (DOMS).
Sport performers require sports specific training programmes aimed at developing those muscle fibres which are used most intensively in competition. These programmes should include a variety of skills, drills and techniques that should mimic the desired sporting action as closely as possible.
STUDENT NOTE
For reviews of antagonistic muscle action, warm-up, cool-down and preparation and training methods refer to AS/A1 Edexcel ISBN 978190142488, Chapter 1, page 25, Chapter 2, page 32, Chapter 8, page 121 and Chapter 7, page 87 respectively.
Muscle balance
Human movement and function requires a balance of muscle length and strength between opposing muscles surrounding a joint. Normal amounts of opposing force between muscles are necessary to keep the bones centred in the joint during motion, to create muscle balance.
Muscle imbalance occurs when opposing muscles provide different directions of tension due to tightness and/or weakness. When a muscle is too tight, the joint tends to move in that direction and is limited in the opposite direction since this is typically the path of least resistance.
There are also two recognised causes of muscle imbalance:
• Neuromuscular imbalance due to the predisposition of certain muscle groups to be either tight or weak.
• Biomechanical imbalance resulting from poor technique.
Muscle imbalances can be characterised by either side-to-side (right versus left) or front-to-back (agonist versus antagonist) differences in muscle length or strength. Most musculoskeletal pain syndromes are caused by front-to-back differences, or imbalances of muscles surrounding a joint, rather than side-to-side differences (in the frontal plane).
For example, the quadriceps and hamstrings of the knee joint perform opposite motion (antagonistic pairing), and so an imbalance between the two could put undue stress on the knee joint. A tight hamstring would not allow the joint to glide normally or fully extend, which could put extra stress on the quadriceps muscle and patella (knee cap) tendon.
Muscle balance
**Muscle imbalance** can be the result of poor weight training techniques, or playing intense sports where one side of the body is used slightly more than the other as in the repetitive action of kicking in football.
When muscles are balanced the human body moves efficiently, requiring less energy and preventing unnecessary stress on the muscles, nerves, ligaments and joints. This synergy is known as **neuromuscular efficiency**, requiring the interaction of the neuromuscular systems.
It is important to know which muscles need to be **strengthened** and which muscles need to be **stretched** in order to create good muscle balance.
**Good posture** ensures that movements can be performed with minimal strain. For example, when the body leans slightly to one side, the nerves associated with the muscles and ligaments send messages to other muscles to help correct this movement by telling muscles to contract to regain muscle balance. If there are imbalances within this unit, problems can occur, such as **decreased performance**, muscle trauma and injury.
**Running posture** is an important technical aspect for both enhancing performance and minimising injury risk. Runners who lean forward (figure 2.8) to a greater extent are more economical (run faster for a given oxygen uptake) and less likely to suffer from knee injuries, the most common of which occurs at the **patellofemoral joint** (PFJ) - a joint between the patella and femur).
**PFJ pain syndrome** is often caused by imbalances in the muscles surrounding the knee, which affect the kneecap (patella) and cartilage within the joint. Symptoms include a **scratching**, **grinding** or **clicking** sensation in the knee, and non-specific knee pain.
Maintaining a **forward lean** without losing straight alignment over long distances requires certain level of **torso strength**, which is why **strength** and **mobility** exercises are fundamental in improving running performance and reducing injury risk.
**Muscle balance assessment**
A muscle balance assessment is a series of tests and observations that evaluate joint ROM, strength and coordination, and muscle flexibility. Such assessments can establish what is working well or not so well.
For example, an **isokinetic lido leg strength test** can assess the strength ratio between the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups. For good muscle balance the ideal ratio should be 2:1. If it is greater that this value, the hamstring muscle group becomes susceptible to injury.
**STUDENT NOTE**
Proprioceptors, such as Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles, are specialised sensory receptors sensitive to stretch, tension and pressure located in tendon, joints and muscles. They relay information about muscular dynamics, limb position and kinaesthesia (movement sense) to conscious and subconscious portions of the CNS.
**Proprioceptive training methods**
**Proprioceptive training methods** can improve muscle balance, as is the case with **plyometric** training. The emphasis is placed on making the ROM more stable, in particular in single limb tasks.
Proprioceptive training methods
Proprioception is the ability to sense stimuli arising within the body regarding position, motion, and equilibrium.
For example, in an ideal long-term athlete development plan (LTAD) a coach could teach a young athlete to land bilaterally off low level drops, from horizontal jumps/bounding (figure 2.9) and jumps using a multi-directional approach.
To achieve a softer landing, the coach could tell the athlete that they need to land on the front of the foot, and then flex the knees into a squat position in order to dissipate the ground reaction force effectively.
This would avoid such high peak forces in shorter time frames on landing, which has been demonstrated as a most likely cause of knee and muscle/tendon injuries.
The aim is to be able to absorb and handle the impact of eccentric loads on landing and ground stroke in high velocity running.
The progression within single leg landings would ensure the athlete can land softly to begin with, promoting good landing mechanics of holding and maintaining good postural balance by controlling the alignment of the knee and effective position of the trunk in a neutral position.
The proprioceptors therefore have to adapt to control these movements and keep a balanced athletic position on landing. Once achieved, the young athlete is ready to progress from low level muscle balance work through to greater training loads, thereby increasing the muscular strength and balance.
By improving an athlete’s proprioceptive ability, he or she can gain the balance skills necessary to maintain stability for their sporting needs.
Muscle balance is enhanced by having a strong core as discussed above.
Extrinsic risk factor variables
Technique
If an athlete does not have a good technique he or she is more likely to sustain a sports injury. Poor technique can expose players to the risk of acute injury. For example, rugby tackling with the head in front of the ball carrier’s leg rather than behind it.
Injuries are not the only by-product of poor technique, performance levels will also be decreased by poor technique as this will prevent optimum strength, power and speed in the particular movement or shot.
In injury prevention, good technique training from a coach is vital and should start when athletes are young. Movement patterns in technique training must be performed correctly right from the start as it can be difficult to correct a faulty pattern later (as illustrated in the example within the proprioceptive training methods).
Achieving optimal coordination requires constant repetition of the various elements of the movement. This is achieved by establishing good interaction between the muscles and the nervous system to produce good muscular coordination.
Technique
Technique training should be assigned to the beginning of the training session when it is easier to concentrate and the body is well-rested.
All athletes should have a solid technical foundation before taking part in competition.
The coach is responsible for planning appropriate levels of intensity, duration, frequency and variance within a training programme to prevent overtraining.
Overuse injuries refer to injuries sustained from repeated action. For example, repetitive, excessive overload can cause microscopic injuries, leading to inflammation, which is the body’s response to injury.
Repeated low level impacts can cause chronic injury, for example, Achilles tendinopathy if long-term measures, such as rest and strengthening are not taken.
Protective equipment and clothing
For some sports, protective equipment is important to prevent damage to participants. This is particularly relevant when the sport or activity involves physical contact with other players.
Equipment in any sport may be inadequate, poorly designed or ineffective and not suitable for age, stature or ability. For example, generic trainers (footwear) will not provide the support and grip needed for throwing events.
Protective clothing can be faulty or insufficient to meet the needs of the sporting activity. Specialised protective clothing (figure 2.10) has been developed for many sports with well known examples from fencing, field hockey, cricket, baseball, American football and equestrianism.
Boxing and other martial arts require helmets (with or without face guards), padding, boxes, strapping, gloves, mouth guards and so on, depending on the rules of the sport, and the damage allowed to be inflicted within the rules of the sport. All these pieces of equipment are designed to prevent injury to vulnerable parts of the body.
Specialist clothing is also required for low and high temperatures to maintain body temperature within a safe range.
Wicking fabrics (a mixture of cotton and man-made light and stretchy fibres) are used in a range of sports clothing. The wicking properties have the ability to soak up sweat then move it away from the body, thus saving energy on maintaining skin temperature, and preventing hyperthermia (heat exhaustion). In cold conditions such fabrics insulate the body thereby reducing hypothermia.
Energy absorbing plastics (also known as shear-thickening, energy absorbing materials, for example D30) are used as materials to create foam-filled clothes that cushion, absorb and dissipate the energy resulting from a high impact blows. The shear-thickening property means that greater the force acting on it, the more solid the material becomes. This material is used in ski clothing and sports such as motor racing clothing to provide significant protection from injury against high impact incidents.
Compression clothing (page 46) works by supporting and protecting body tissues, increasing circulation, assisting in the removal of lactic acid and thereby reducing DOMS.
Footwear, braces and strapping
Sports footwear is the most important item of equipment for most sports. When choosing sports footwear, several factors must be taken into consideration including the sport involved and the surface used.
For example, in long-distance running the weight of the shoes can be of importance. They should not, however, be so light that their stability is impaired.
Elite athletes are often provided with bespoke footwear. The foot is scanned to capture its shape, then footfall is analysed (using forceplate technology). This indicates how the foot lands and moves and leads to the development of personalised footwear, whose aim is to make movement more efficient, improve performance and reduce the likelihood of injury (figure 2.11).
Proper fitting and sport-specific footwear reduce the risk of injury to the soft tissues, bones or joints of the lower limb.
The risk of a sprained ankle and other such injuries has been shown to significantly be reduced by wearing braces such as ankle supports (as worn by tennis star Andy Murray - figure 2.12).
There are a few items that can be used in training, but not allowed in competitive situations. For example, strapping a shot putter’s fingers or hand helps prevent finger knuckle sprains, but is not allowed in competition.
There are many other examples of protective equipment, all of which contribute in the prevention of sports injuries.
The environment and safety hazards
A hazard is something that is potentially dangerous to an individual or activity or both. For example, if a sports hall roof leaks the floor may become wet and so it will need to be coned off and dried to prevent people slipping during a physical activity.
Temperature, wet and windy conditions can also be responsible for injury, and particularly cyclists should take care when cycling on wet, greasy roads.
The ability to perform vigorous exercise for long periods is limited by hyperthermia (over heating) and loss of water and salt in sweating. Athletes should know the hazards of vigorous exercise in hot, humid conditions particularly in ultra endurance events, and should be able to recognise the early warning symptoms that precede heat injury.
Managing risks
Managing risks refers to the practice of identifying potential risks in advance, analysing them and taking precautionary steps to reduce/curb the risk. This is known as a risk assessment.
Injury prevention and management is an important component of a coaching programme for participants in many sports and activities. An important function of a coach is to identify, evaluate and refine an injury risk coaching strategy programme for everyone in the coaching group, in addition to managing injury recovery strategies.
Coaches must also take account of guidelines and assessment opportunities from national governing bodies, experts and their own prior experience when designing and delivering injury prevention and management strategies.
Managing risks
Scientific experts at Loughborough University Sport and Technology Institute have developed a running kinematics assessment facility that uses motion analysis technology (figure 2.13).
This technology objectively assesses the running efficiency of the athlete and so can identify poor running technical elements that could potentially injure the athlete.
Another example of risk management, is that of physiotherapy screening services which are designed for sports persons of all ability. Standard tests are used to assess strengths and weaknesses in key areas, such as strength, flexibility (figure 2.14), core control and balance. This information can be used in exercise prescription for musculoskeletal conditioning, thereby decreasing the risk of getting injured.
To be effective, injury prevention management has to be properly integrated into the participants’ programme.
In summary there are several key progressive stages that will assist a coach and athlete to minimise the risk of injury as outlined in table 2.2
Table 2.2 - stages for prevention of injuries
| | progressive stages for injury prevention |
|---|----------------------------------------|
| 1 | analyse the athletes’ current risk of injury in relation to their level of development, previous history and the demands of the sport |
| 2 | select and plan activities, information and advice that will help the athletes minimise the risk of injury |
| 3 | where necessary, seek the support of other specialist staff |
| 4 | ensure that the strategy for injury prevention effectively supports and integrates with other training programme components |
| 5 | provide planned activities, information and advice to minimise the risk of injury |
| 6 | evaluate and review the success of the strategy for injury prevention |
| 7 | monitor and refine the strategy for injury prevention as part of the athletes’ programme |
Safety measures
Safety measures, which are intrinsic to sports coaching and teaching, include understanding the rules, having the kit and equipment appropriate to the sport and making use of technologies as illustrated in figure 2.13.
Coaches, athletes, teachers and officials must abide by set rules that are intended to minimise the chances of getting hurt or injured, by taking precautionary measures.
Safety measures
For example, in throwing activities, such as javelin, hammer and discus a risk assessment would include:
- Correct age-related, type, weight and dimensions of throwing equipment is selected by staff.
- Athletes wear appropriate clothing and footwear.
- The athlete should always check that the predicted line of flight and adjacent area are clear of individuals.
- Implements should not be retrieved until supervising staff directly instructs the thrower (or field official) to do so.
Although the chances of injury in sport can never be fully eradicated, preventative measures and procedures can minimise the risk of injury for sports’ performers.
Rehabilitation from injuries
Rehabilitation programmes
Rehabilitation is the process of restoring full physical function after injury.
A rehabilitation programme should be designed with individual short-term and long-term goals in mind. The overall programme and individual exercises should progress safely and effectively (figure 2.15).
Traditional treatments of muscle/joint and ligaments injuries include rest, ice, elevation, compression (RICE), rehabilitation exercises, and anti-inflammatory medications. In recent years, advances in understanding of muscle injury physiology and healing, have led to the development of contemporary recovery methods.
The timescales and treatment options involved in rehabilitation from injury depend upon the age of the person, severity of the injury, fitness levels and active daily lifestyles.
Immediately following an acute injury, the injured person should cease activity and the injured area must be immobilised to prevent further injury. The most important physical therapy used at this stage is cryotherapy (cold therapy) usually accompanied by protection, optimal loading, rest, ice, compression and elevation. This combination is known as POLICE (page 51).
An acute, inflammatory phase can last several days. The use of compression, elevation, alternating hot and cold therapies, and treatments such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy HBOT (page 47) and light massage can be used to stimulate the growth of new blood vessels and begin the stretching and strengthening of the damaged body part. Therapeutic exercise may be beneficial during this early stage to minimise de-conditioning. For example, isometric exercises assist in the increase in ROM and minimise strength loss in the injured part and related muscles.
The repair and healing process of the injured area takes place from anywhere between 3 weeks to a year after injury, but could be less depending on the extent of the injury.
Example 1: healing of a ligament in a sprained ankle
- The healing of a ligament in a sprained ankle joint can take between 2-8 weeks, depending on the severity of the impact and the extent of the injury.
- When the injured athlete can tolerate pain on moving the ankle joint, rehabilitation training can start.
- Proprioceptive training is very important, otherwise the ligament is likely to be stretched again, and strengthening of the peroneus longus and brevis muscles will reattain pre-injury strength levels.
Example 1: healing of a ligament in a sprained ankle
- During this recovery period the ankle joint should be protected from further overstretching with the help of adhesive strapping, an elastic bandage or tape or an ankle brace.
- Proprioceptive ability can be trained through specific exercises, such as the use of a wobble board (figure 2.16) most commonly used in the rehabilitation of ankle injuries, such as ankle sprains.
- In the case of the injured athlete, the improvement can compensate for the loss caused by injury.
- This has the effect of decreasing the chances of re-injury.
- It is recommended to start balancing on two legs, before progressing to one leg wobble board balances.
- Wobble board training can be introduced to the rehabilitation programme once swelling and bruising have disappeared and the injured athlete has regained bipedal balance.
Example 2, recovering from anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery
The ACL is one of the restraining ligaments in the knee, as it prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia. It provides important information about balance to the joint and surrounding muscles, and gives the knee stability during rotational movements like twisting, turning and sidestepping.
A ruptured ACL is a common injury sustained in team sports such as soccer, rugby, netball, hockey and basketball. When it has been torn it is unable to heal and the balance information it carries is also lost.
- A reconstructed ligament involves replacing it with a graft taken from one of the hamstring tendons.
- Following the immediate surgical reconstruction of the ACL, rest, regular application of a cryocuff (figure 2.17) on the knee provides iced water compression to help reduce pain and swelling.
- Within 24 to 48 hours following the operation the patient is encouraged to walk with the aid of crutches (used to off-load weight bearing on the injured leg) and a fully supporting leg brace (figure 2.18) and is discharged as an outpatient for regular outpatient physiotherapy appointments.
- Between 5-7 days after discharge the patient should be able to flex the knee 60-90 degrees at the first physiotherapy appointment.
- For the next 2 weeks the aim is to regain ROM and start balance re-education by working through a series of exercises.
- For example, in a lying position lift the leg 2-3 inches only keeping the knee straight.
- Hold for 5 seconds and repeat 10 times, 4 times per day, after any sutures/clips have been removed.
- After 2 weeks, the wound should be healed, swelling reduced, walking with a limp and flexion improved to 110 degrees.
- Between 2-6 weeks, the aim is to continue the balance activities and commence light strength and endurance training.
- Goals include working on full range of movement, balancing on one leg, single leg squats and step ups, minimal activity related to swelling and clinical review.
- Between 6-12 weeks, the quadriceps/hamstring tone and definition will be poor. The graft fixation will be more secure within the femur and tibia enabling more vigorous strength training to commence. The goal during this phase of recovery is to improve strength in all leg muscles, so that equality between limbs is near.
- Between 3 to 6 months, running and twisting manoeuvres are introduced, building up to light sports. Gym work is encouraged until leg strength is equal (between limbs).
- The 6 month goal aims to have rehabilitated the knee to near normal function, to be able to return to non-contact sport/training and have a final review at the clinic if all is good. Return to contact sport is recommended when the leg is at least 85% the strength of the other.
Physiotherapy
The role of physiotherapy in sports medicine is one of participation in both prevention and treatment of injuries. The aim during injury rehab is to restore original function to the affected part.
Physiotherapy uses a range of physical recovery methods for musculoskeletal injuries that includes heat treatment, massage and exercise prescription. This is a big section to cover and so a restricted number of contemporary recovery methods are discussed.
Ultrasound therapy
Ultrasound is a deep heating process that uses acoustic sound waves to generate mechanical disruption of tissues. A gel is used on the surface of the skin to reduce friction and assist transmission of the ultrasonic waves. The treatment head is then moved over the surface of the skin, in the region of the injury, providing gentle massage as it transmits the energy into the tissue with no added strain to the injured area. Although ultrasound therapy was a popular treatment used by physiotherapists up to 10 years ago, it is used more sparingly within modern sports’ recovery methods.
Ultrasound also acts as a pro-inflammatory process to stimulate the presence of macrophages (a type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris). Macrophages also play an important anti-inflammatory role and can decrease immune reactions through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (small proteins, such as interferon, that are important in cell signalling). Their release has an effect on the behaviour of cells around them.
Ultrasound therapy increases the extensibility of structures such as ligaments, tendons and fibrous scar tissue inside and outside the joint capsule, resulting from the build up of mature collagen fibres which may form after the injury.
This softens any scar tissue, within muscle tendons and/or ligaments, without any strain.
Ultrasound therapy is beneficial immediately following the acute stage of an injury and should be discontinued when pro-inflammatory agents are no longer needed.
There is a possibility that the ill-advised use of ultrasound can damage nervous tissue.
Joint mobilisation and massage of soft tissue
Sports massage is defined as a collection of massage techniques performed on athletes or active individuals for the purpose of aiding recovery from exercise sessions or rehab from injury.
- Massage techniques assist in soft tissue mobilisation, muscle function and reduce local pain (figure 2.19).
- Muscle and joints can be passively moved to full range.
- In addition sports massage reduces DOMS symptoms following intense anaerobic training.
- Sports massage needs to be regular and can be expensive.
- There are much cheaper ways of gaining the above benefits.
For example, a foam roller massage has many of the same benefits as a sports massage done by a practitioner, including reduced inflammation, scar tissue and joint stress, as well as improved circulation and improved flexibility (figure 2.20).
- Rolling preps muscles for stretching and so is a valuable part of a warm-up and cool-down for both rehab and regular schedules.
- Sports massage can only be used for treatment during the acute stage in terms of lymphatic drainage in order to reduce swelling.
- However sport massage treatments are mainly carried out at the repair stage.
- Care should be taken that excessive forces are not applied to traumatised tissue.
Electro stimulation
Electro stimulation (ES) also known as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), is a training technique used for injury prevention, injury treatment, toning, pain relief, muscular recovery and physical preparation.
Electrodes are placed on the muscle groups such as the abdominal muscles, hamstrings (figure 2.21), calf muscles, plantar arch muscles and lower back muscles. An electric current is produced which is sent to the nerve fibres causing a mechanical response in the muscle. The current settings can vary depending on the clinical pathology requirements.
ES is thought to affect the body with associated therapeutic benefits that:
- Stimulate muscles to contract, by stimulating muscle fibre recruitment.
- Stimulate nerves to decrease pain by stimulating larger nerve fibres that can override the smaller nerve fibres that produce pain.
- Increase blood flow to speed healing.
- Reduce inflammation.
- Stimulate cells to reproduce and speed healing.
- Assist the removal of lactic acid following a training session or competition and hence reduce DOMS.
- ES can be used early on in the recovery process when a wound has healed but the injured body part is not ready for loading.
- ES in combination with physical activity, serves to stimulate weaker muscles to contract and improve strength more quickly.
Exercise programmes to strengthen weakened muscles/joints.
- In the case of a planned surgical procedure, the physiotherapist can be valuable both before and after.
- For example, prior to an ACL or meniscus operation, it is essential for the patient to exercise his or her thigh muscles as they are responsible for stabilising the knee, and if they are well-trained before the operation, subsequent rehabilitation is facilitated.
- Assessing an individual’s functional state is part of the physiotherapist’s work. By analysing the causes and consequences of a functional impairment, the physiotherapist can draw up a programme for the treatment of muscles, joints and ligaments.
- The treatment methods used are flexibility, strength and coordination in prescribed portions, together with encouragement, rest and pain relief.
Strength training
One of the major detraining effects that occur during long-term injuries is muscular atrophy of the unused limb. It is therefore essential that these particular muscles increase their size back to normal. Within the early stages of muscle rehabilitation, muscular size can be increased by effective electrical stimulation to the muscle.
Core stability exercises should not be neglected and can be combined with the start of performing some more traditional weight training exercises. The plank (figure 2.22 and figure 2.7, page 36) is one of the best body weight training exercises for improving core conditioning (which is often compromised following injury) but it also works gluteal and hamstring muscle groups, supports posture and improves balance.
As soon as the injured athlete can tolerate increased loading, he can progress through his rehab process back into more traditional strength and conditioning training programmes. For example, free squats can progress to single leg squats.
Strength training
Strengthening the quadriceps and hamstrings will directly result in increased stability of the knee joint and in turn further reduce the reoccurrence of hamstring injuries such as tears. During this period, the injured athlete will start to benefit from anatomical adaptations, such as muscular hypertrophy as he or she gradually progresses to pre-injury strength levels.
Elastic band training and tubing
Elastic resistance is a unique type of resistance training that can be safely used in injury rehabilitation. The resistance provided by the latex elastic band or tubing is based on the amount that the band or tubing is stretched. Thera Band (a brand name for a type of elastic band of varying strength) elastic resistance training increases strength, mobility and muscle function, as well as reducing joint pain.
For example, following a shoulder injury, the main focus is to increase the range of movement and muscle strength, especially the rotator cuff which is a group of muscles that rotate the arm (figure 2.23).
Note that in this example the resistance is light, but sufficient to create the required adaptive physiological response.
Rest and active rest
The physiotherapist will include rest and active rest to give stressed body parts time to recover prior to the next part of the rehabilitation programme.
- Modern rehab includes rest as essential recovery time after trauma. Active rest means that low level exercises are undertaken in order to improve the blood flow through affected areas without physical stress, and therefore to promote healing via blood carried nutrients, particularly oxygen.
- Cell to cell activation is really important, since it stimulates the healing process.
- This also has the effect of preventing a muscle or other soft tissue from healing at a shorter length than it was before the injury. This is because post-trauma muscle length is unpredictable depending on joint flexibility and nutrition.
- Low level activity also has the effect of keeping muscle fit enough to exert force once an injury is healed.
Compression clothing
Compression clothing works by applying a constant pressure on the body part, which adds external pressure to the veins.
- By squeezing the muscle, venous return is enhanced, which may reduce the potential for venous pooling.
- And a reduction in post-exercise symptoms such as light headedness/dizziness.
- Increased venous return facilitates an increase in cardiac output (Starling’s Law of the heart), resulting in increased transportation of oxygenated blood to recovering tissues.
- An increased blood supply will carry nutrients to the muscles and help remove waste materials more quickly.
- Recovery is improved and DOMS is reduced.
Compression clothing is also said to potentially enhance sporting performance by:
- Reducing muscle oscillation (vibration of leg muscles due to the repetitive impact loading).
- Increasing proprioception.
- Improving body aerodynamics.
Products include socks, short and long tights and short-sleeve and long-sleeve tops. Compression stockings are worn by runners, basketball players and other athletes hoping the socks will boost their performance and reduce the risk of muscle soreness, injuries and muscle cramps.
Compression clothing
Compression stockings are known to decrease post-exercise soreness, by increasing circulation and reducing the lactic acid build-up during the exercise period, thereby reducing DOMS and preventing medical conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Compression tights (figure 2.24) may be useful for people with certain existing injuries, by providing support to minimise undesired movement of underlying tissues. Faster recovery means being able to train for longer periods sooner, and basically doing more of it. But to get the full benefits for recovery associated with compression tights, they must be worn during and after exercise for up to 24 hours.
When the compression clothing is too tight it can cause tissue damage by restricting blood flow and ROM. It is recommended to seek specialist guidance on fabric specifications.
The rationale for wearing compression sportswear is solid, but the evidence is weak.
Climate chambers
Environmental chambers replicate different climates at the press of a button with precise and harmonious control of altitude, temperature and humidity.
Hyperbaric chamber
A hyperbaric oxygen chamber is an example of a chamber that provides a controlled climate in which sporting injuries can be treated.
Research has found that healing is promoted by increasing the oxygen partial pressure surrounding affected areas. The various techniques employed to promote this are:
- Oxygen tents.
- Sleeping in a greater than normal proportion of oxygen in breathed air.
- Hyperbaric (meaning high pressure) chambers (figure 2.25), in which an injured athlete will spend periods of time in a zone in which the air pressure is above normal.
- Therefore forcing oxygen above normal pressure into the body. This is called hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT).
HBOT is a treatment which enhances the body’s natural healing process by inhalation of 100% oxygen in a total body chamber, where atmospheric pressure is increased and controlled. Initially HBOT served to provide a means of therapy to facilitate a speedier resumption to pre-injury activity levels as well as improve the short and long-term prognosis of the injury.
HBOT sessions can commence as soon as the injured athlete has recovered from the initial treatment phase.
HBOT is now commonly used as a regular therapy within professional sports such as rugby, soccer and cricket, with its known benefits listed below. Such benefits allow athletes of every level to recover faster, perform sharper, and train longer.
HBOT benefits
- Delivers up to 25 times normal levels of oxygen to body tissues.
- Stimulates the growth of new blood vessels, thus improving blood flow to areas with an arterial blockage that may have resulted from an impact injury.
- Reduces fatigue from inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues.
- Speeds up recovery from fatigue such as DOMS.
- Boosts immune system function by stimulating white blood cell activity, thereby controlling infection.
- Decreases swelling and inflammation.
- Promotes regeneration of injured tissues.
- Decreases ligament and tissue healing time.
- Aids the repair of stress fractures and breaks.
HBOT benefits
HBOT is an example of a secondary therapy used to treat sports injuries and its purpose is to assist the primary treatment received, for example, from a physiotherapist or doctor. HBOT assists in the recovery of acute traumatic injury to muscle contusions and sprains and strains thereby reducing recovery time.
Hypobaric chambers
A hypobaric chamber or an hypoxic tent (low oxygen tent, figure 2.26), provide a hypoxic environment that contains a reduced amount of oxygen in the air compared with sea level atmospheric pressure (hypobaric means low pressure).
Hypoxic simulation occurs in cells and tissues that are in a hypoxic state and so is responsible for a number of adaptive responses that enable the body to make better use of the limited oxygen available. The main adaptive response is an increase in manufacture of red blood cells (erythropoietin production), alongside increases in myoglobin, mitochondria and oxidative enzymes levels.
These responses support an increased oxygen and nutrient delivery to body tissues undergoing repair, such as the healing of bone fractures. This is of great value to the process of rehabilitation from injury, particularly when the athlete is exercising within the hypobaric environment during the active phase of rehab.
In addition, this hypoxic microenvironment acts as a protective mechanism for recovery by stimulating the repair of a variety of proteins, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and osteoblasts used in the healing of fractures.
As with the HBOT recovery method, hypoxic sessions can commence as soon as the injured athlete has recovered from the initial sedentary treatment phase to the active recovery phase of rehab.
Sauna and steam heat room therapies
- Heat therapies should not be used immediately after an injury as this will increase body temperature and increase bleeding in the surrounding area and so will not be beneficial until after 48 hours after the injury and during rehabilitation.
- Within a climate chamber, such as a sauna or steam room, depending on the heat and humidity, core temperature starts to increase within 5–15 minutes.
- It is important to limit the time spent in heat chambers (hot or cold) otherwise body tissues become damaged.
- Heat creates a stress response in the body.
- As temperature rises, the body responds by rerouting blood flow to increase blood vessel dilation and secreting a number of hormones, including the growth hormone (GH, or somatotropin) which assists in increasing the rate of musculoskeletal tissue repair.
- Heat therapy reduces cellular oxidation rates (high rates of oxidation may compromise the recovery rate and cause damage to cell membranes).
- Heat therapy also stimulates heat-shock proteins, which play a role in organising other proteins that are thought to play a role in the growth/repair of muscle tissue.
- Heat therapy provides an ideal environment for regaining the ROM of joints and muscles.
- With heat therapy’s ability to enhance muscle growth and limit oxidation, it should also enhance the injury recovery processes alongside other contemporary recovery methods.
Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy is the treatment by means of applications of cold temperatures, and can be used as soon as the wound has healed (i.e. no broken skin). Cryotherapy treatment decreases skin, subcutaneous and muscle temperature, causing narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction). Its goal is to decrease cellular metabolism, decrease inflammation, pain and muscle spasm. A variety of cold applications can be used to treat sports injuries.
Whole body cryotherapy (WBC)
WBC involves exposing individuals to extremely cold dry air (below -100°C) for two to four minutes in a **cryogenic chamber**. Reduction in skin and muscle tissue temperatures reduces blood flow to the arms and legs (**vasoconstriction**) and divert blood flow to the body’s central core.
On leaving the chamber, blood flow returns to the arms and legs (**vasodilation**) reinstating normal oxygen levels, thus aiding the healing process. WBC relieves muscle soreness and **inflammation** following high intensity training, as a result of reduced muscle metabolism, and is a popular recovery method used by professional sportspeople. WBC is a much quicker alternative to ice baths, but does require specialist expensive equipment.
Alternative cold therapy methods
Various alternative and cheaper cooling therapies are used in acute sports injuries as well as rehabilitation of the injured athlete, injury prevention and recovery from training and competitions. For example, ice packs, ice towels, ice massage and frozen gel packs.
Ice baths
**Ice baths** (figure 2.27) use the fact that **chilling** the affected area can **reduce local inflammation**. The ice bath is thought to constrict blood vessels, flush waste products such as lactic acid and reduce swelling and tissue breakdown.
Total cold water immersion
Studies have shown that total cold water **upright immersion** (at an optimal temperature of 10 degrees and up to 10 minutes immersion) **decreases inflammation** following injury and aids recovery from training. The effect is best when the water pressure is greatest. In addition, it gives the athlete a feeling of perceived freshness.
Precautions should be taken because prolonged application of very low temperatures could have detrimental effects.
Contrast therapy
This is the alternating use of hot and cold application to an injured muscle or body part for therapeutic effect (for example, increasing blood flow to speed up the recovery process).
Hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy is a therapeutic whole-body treatment that involves moving and exercising in a warm water pool. The temperature, pressure and movement of water are controlled and changed according to who’s using the pool.
For example, **aquajogging** (figure 2.28) has proven to be a very good form of injury rehabilitation. This is because of its **low impact** on the muscles and the use of water resistance as an effective way of applying force to the lower limbs.
This combination avoids muscle soreness, stress fractures and aching joints and enables an injured athlete to **maintain fitness** during a rehabilitation programme. This method of hydrotherapy can be used as an alternative option to training on hard running surfaces, in addition to supporting recovery from hard impact training.
Nutrition
By choosing the right diet and supplements, recovery from injury can be enhanced. Eating a diet that achieves a balance between allowing the immune system to function normally, whilst preventing the inflammatory response from becoming excessive, will speed up the process of rehabilitation from injury.
Nutrition
Some foods contain anti-inflammatory agents as found in leafy green vegetables, avocados, fish (mackerel and salmon), mixed nuts, seeds and garlic. Turmeric is an anti-inflammatory spice that contains curcumin, an agent that suppresses the breakdown of protein and enhances the uptake of glucose into muscle, all good for injury rehabilitation.
A diet planned for injury recovery should avoid pro-inflammatory foods, such as processed foods high in saturated fats, and foods containing trans fats found in cakes, pies and cookies.
Getting the optimal energy intake is important. When the body is healing it requires more calories (CHO) than when completely sedentary but not as much as it would require than when training at full fitness. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) can be a useful guide to work out a required calorie intake. Usually the main adjustment to be made is in reducing pre- and post-workout carbohydrates (in the case of injury this is a rehab workout).
Having plenty of good quality protein such as quality meat, whey and dairy products is important. Protein provides essential amino acids that provide the building blocks for recovery (figure 2.30).
Increase oily fish intake and consider taking a fish oil supplement, such as omega 3 fish oil capsules. Helpful foods include oily fish such as salmon tuna and mackerel, olive oil, nuts and seeds and avocado.
Eat foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals (figure 2.31). The immune system can be suppressed following injury and is important in supporting the body through the healing process.
Foods that contain essential micronutrients, like vitamins B and D, copper, calcium, and magnesium, as well as other compounds. Bromelain (in pineapple) and curcumin (in turmeric) are known to be effective in healing body tissues.
Supplementing the diet with whey protein and essential amino acids, such as glutamine, may be useful in providing some of the building blocks for tissue repair. While a good rehabilitation programme is a must when recovering from injury, having the correct nutritional strategy also plays its part.
POLICE and RICE
There are two recognised first aid methods that are used to assist the healing process:
RICE
RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation) is a traditional procedure applied to soft tissue injury. Apply the frozen object to the area for 20 minutes three times a day for the first 48 hours.
- **Rest**: by resting the injured body part, further damage is prevented and the healing process is speeded up.
- **Ice**: applied to injured body part, reduces internal bleeding and swelling. Ice can help to reduce acute pain.
**RICE**
- **Compression**: reduces swelling by supporting soft tissues, minimising the danger of further damage and speeding up recovery. Compression is used in conjunction with ice to cool and compress the injury, for example the use of a cryo-cuff (figure 2.17, page 43).
- **Elevation**: elevating the injured area above the heart aids the drainage of any liquid/leakage caused by the injury, reducing swelling and inflammation to the injured site.
**POLICE**
The POLICE method is another simple acronym to help ensure that the injured body part is protected, optimally loaded, and receives the benefits of ice, compression, and elevation.
POLICE (Protection, Optimal Loading, Ice Compression and Elevation) is a more recent procedure for injuries, though not necessary soft tissue injuries. The main difference between RICE and POLICE is the inclusion of Protection and Optimal Loading in POLICE.
- **Protection**: includes rest and protection for the injured area during the first few days following an injury.
- If it hurts to bear weight on the injury, use assistive devices, for example, crutches or a hinged brace (figure 2.18, page 43).
- If it hurts to move the area, immobilise it with a splint.
- These aids offer protection for the injured area.
- After a few days, gentle motion can be started whilst maintaining a level of protection.
- **Optimal loading**: whilst protecting the injured body part, gentle motion can, and should be started as soon as possible during the repair phase of a rehab programme.
- For example, after a shoulder injury the injured person would be able to progress from a few days of rest to passive ROM, active ROM, and finally, rotator cuff strengthening exercises (figure 2.23, page 46).
- This progressive loading of the injured body part can help promote optimal healing of the injury, and it can prevent delays in returning to normal due to joint and muscle tightness or muscle atrophy.
- Progressive optimal loading is highly supported by medical practitioners.
- POLICE is much better than RICE as rest is not always required.
**Summary of advantages and disadvantages of rehabilitation strategies**
**Table 2.3 - advantages and disadvantages of compression clothing**
| advantages | disadvantages |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| compression clothing increases venous return and transportation of oxygenated blood to body tissues | compression clothing is expensive to buy |
| removes waste products such as lactic acid | if clothing is too tight, it can cause tissue damage and decrease ROM |
| recovery is improved and DOMS and cramping are reduced | need to seek specialist guidance on fabric specifications |
| compression stockings help prevent DVT following surgery | the rationale for wearing compression sportswear is solid, but the evidence is weak |
| reduces muscle oscillation | |
| muscle and joints can be passively moved to full range | |
| increases proprioception | |
| body shape is more aerodynamic | |
**Table 2.4 - advantages and disadvantages of nutrition as a therapy**
| advantages | disadvantages |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| in association with a controlled rehab programme, eating the right foods and supplements and required intake will aid the recovery process | |
### Table 2.5 - advantages and disadvantages of physiotherapy
| advantages | disadvantages |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| physiotherapy offers a range of recovery methods that treat both acute and chronic musculoskeletal field injuries within a rehabilitation programme | physiotherapists rely on the experience of other team members that may not always be correct in their injury diagnosis |
| this ranges from joint, nerve and soft tissue mobilisations as well as other modalities which are underpinned by a scientific evidence base, such as ultrasound and electro stimulation (ES) | going privately for both physiotherapy and sports massage sessions is expensive |
| ultrasound reduces the healing time of certain soft tissue injuries, during the early rehab phase, by acting as a pro-inflammatory agent | ultrasound therapy has been associated with nervous damage and should only be applied during the early stages of rehab |
| ES serves is to stimulate weaker muscles to contract and improve strength more quickly | in acute injuries, taping may restrict circulation |
| sports massage assists in soft tissue mobilisation, muscle function and pain reduction during the repair stage | massage cannot be used on soft tissue injuries such as tendon ruptures and open wounds |
| muscle and joints can be passively moved to full range | |
| sports massage can be used as a gentle recovery method during the acute stage of an injury to assist in lymphatic drainage in order to reduce swelling | tape may cause irritation by mechanical or chemical means or because of allergy and the effects may be exaggerated by sweating, itching and bacterial infection |
| taping and bracing are recovery methods used by physiotherapists to support a weakened part of the body, without limiting its function | taping may lull the athlete into a false sense of security, encouraging the athlete to resume his or her sporting activity too soon thereby making the injury worse |
| physiotherapists are part of a team which includes doctors, other therapists, sport psychologists and coaches who work together to maximise the athlete’s recovery | |
### Table 2.6 - advantages and disadvantages of climate chambers
| advantages | disadvantages |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| environmental chambers replicate different climates at the press of a button with precise and harmonious control of altitude, temperature and humidity | access to climate chambers may be difficult and therefore climate chamber treatment may be limited |
| to provide controlled environments where rehab of both acute and chronic injuries can take place from the initial injury phase to active full recovery | methods may be restricted to those who can afford it or elite athletes who are supported by a medical care scheme |
| HBOT facilitates a speedier resumption to pre-injury activity levels, following injury, due to increased delivery of increased amounts of oxygen to body tissues | not always 100% effective |
| hypobaric chambers stimulate erythropoietin production and hence oxygen uptake that can be used to stimulate the healing of bone fractures | |
### Table 2.7 - advantages and disadvantages of cryotherapy
| advantages | disadvantages |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| less pain because nerve activity is slowed down | if an ice pack is too cold or applied for too long, it can actually damage skin and nerve tissues |
| less swelling because constriction of the blood vessels helps reduce blood flow to the area, reducing swelling | prolonged exposure in a cryochamber can give the athlete hypothermia, in addition to long-term tissue damage |
| faster healing because cellular activity slows down, which contributes to a faster healing process | the sudden drop in body temperature can be harmful, causing a sudden increase in heart rate and breathing rate |
| removes waste materials from the injured site | |
### Table 2.8 - advantages and disadvantages of heat therapies
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| A combination of hot and cold therapies dilates and constricts the blood | Heat treatment should not be too hot, as this may lead to the skin being |
| vessels of the muscles thereby increasing the flow of oxygen and nutrients | burnt |
| to musculoskeletal tissues, helping to heal the damaged tissue and removing| |
| waste products | |
| Heat stimulates voluntary muscles and the sensory receptors in the skin, | Heat treatments should not be used on damaged skin or on areas where |
| decreasing the transmissions of pain signals to the brain and partially | circulation is poor |
| relieve the discomfort | |
| Heat application facilitates stretching the soft tissues, including | |
| muscles, connective tissue, and adhesions that become stiff following | |
| injury | |
| Hydrotherapy provides a safe, low impact form of heat therapy used in | |
| rehabilitation programmes | |
### Table 2.9 - advantages and disadvantages of RICE and POLICE
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| RICE is an established first aid procedure using during the initial injury | People can take the rest phase a little too far, and that can lead to |
| phase | decreased muscle strength and flexibility and so delay the restoration of |
| | normal functional mobility and activity |
| POLICE extends the remit of RICE to include protection and optimal loading| Compressing an injury may reduce swelling, but when too tight it can cause |
| and so deals with both the initial phase of an injury to the recovery | numbness, tingling, or increased pain |
| phases of healing and rehabilitation | Some experts believe that ice, applied initially after an injury, impedes |
| | the normal healing process |
**Summary of how coaches can assist athletes to manage and recover from injury**
### Table 2.11 - summary
| Coaches assist athletes by: |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Working with the athlete and specialist staff to evaluate the nature of the injury and its |
| physical and psychological implications for performance and rehabilitation |
| Working with the athlete and specialist staff to devise a strategy to assist the athlete to |
| manage and recover from injury |
| Ensuring the strategy is effectively integrated into the overall coaching programme |
| Providing and supporting agreed activities that will assist the athlete to manage and |
| recover from the injury |
| Evaluating and reviewing the success of the strategy for injury management and recovery |
| Monitoring and refining the strategy for injury management and recovery as part of the |
| coaching programme |
**Practice questions**
1) Sports injuries can be broadly classified as either acute or chronic.
a) Explain what is meant by these two classifications, using examples where appropriate.
4 marks
b) What are the common causes of chronic injuries?
3 marks
2) a) Describe the medical condition known as tendinopathy.
2 marks
b) What are the similarities and differences between golfer’s elbow and tennis elbow?
6 marks
Practice questions
3) Why are joint sprains a particular problem? 2 marks
4) Screening is a key part of the professional sportspersons daily life. How can it be used in injury prevention? 4 marks
5) Rapid recovery from injury is vital for elite performers and they now use a wide range of injury recovery techniques. For each of the following methods describe the treatment and its purpose.
a) Cryotherapy. 3 marks
b) Proprioceptive retraining. 3 marks
c) Therapeutic massage. 3 marks
6) Playing kit and equipment are major factors that an athlete needs to consider in injury prevention. Identify the key factors that affect the selection of their use. 4 marks
7) Tiny tears and inflammation can develop near the site of an injury.
a) Explain how cooling down and compression clothing can speed up the recovery process. 6 marks
b) Explain why it is important for an athlete to recover after exercise. 4 marks
c) Identify three other strategies used by athletes to speed up recovery. 3 marks
8) Hyperbaric oxygen chambers and ice baths are aids to rehabilitation for elite performers. Briefly describe how each of these therapies assist in this process. 6 marks
9) Describe a suitable method of treatment that is appropriate for an acute soft tissue injury. 4 marks
10) Explain how periodisation could be used to minimise the risk of sports injuries. 4 marks
11) Elite competitors often continue training with and through their injuries. Discuss the implications for coaches and sports medical teams in establishing an appropriate protocol for rehabilitation and return to sport from injury. 15 marks
12) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of contemporary rehabilitation strategies when dealing with sports injuries. 8 marks
13) A basketball player twists his ankle in a game and has to leave the court.
a) Describe the immediate treatment that they should use. 4 marks
b) The injury does not respond to the treatment. Identify two other treatments that could be used to help recovery. 3 marks
14) Discuss the principles and guidelines for injury prevention. 5 marks
15) Why should stretching be part of an injury preventative training programme? 2 marks
16) Discuss the importance of nutrition as part of an injury rehabilitation programme. 6 marks
17) Assess the use of POLICE rather than RICE as a rehabilitation strategy for sporting injuries sustained in a team game. 8 marks
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ABOUT THE BOOK
Worlds collide at a Chicago airport, where twelve young Americans with roots in East and Southeast Asia discover that the journey is just as important as the destination. After an incident at a TSA security checkpoint causes confusion, tension, and a number of flight delays, each of the twelve youths share their own story of navigating family, culture(s), belonging, identity and finding one’s voice, as well as their gates. This heartfelt anthology of interconnected stories written by twelve celebrated and award-winning Asian American authors is sure to appeal to young people of all backgrounds, no matter where they are from and where they are headed.
WRITTEN BY
Traci Chee
Mike Chen
Meredith Ireland
Mike Jung
Erin Entrada Kelly
Minh Lê
Grace Lin
Ellen Oh
Linda Sue Park
Randy Ribay
Christina Soontornvat
Susan Tan
EDITED BY
Ellen Oh
ABOUT THE EDITOR
ELLEN OH is a founding member of We Need Diverse Books and winner of the Asian/Pacific American Award Honor for Children’s Literature for Finding Junie Kim, as well as middle grade and YA books such as Haru, Zombie Dog Hero, The Dragon Egg Princess, The Spirit Hunters series, and the Prophecy trilogy. Ellen is a former adjunct college instructor and lawyer with an insatiable curiosity for ancient Asian history. Originally from New York City, Ellen lives in Rockville, Maryland, with her husband, three human children, and two dog children and has yet to satisfy her quest for a decent bagel. You can visit her online at www.ellenoh.com.
PRE-READING ACTIVITIES
1. Before reading, take a look at the book cover. What catches your eye? Based on the colors and illustration style, what kind of stories do you think are inside? What emotions might the people on the cover be experiencing? Where do you think they are? Where do you think they are going?
2. Read the dedication and think about what it might mean in general and what it means to you specifically. Write a reflection before continuing to read. After finishing the book, return to this reflection. What might you like to change or add to what you wrote earlier?
3. Before reading, quietly think about where your family is originally from and how they got to where you live now. What do you see in your mind when you think about that journey? Draw or write about that trip, but do not share what you created until you have finished reading the book. Once you’ve finished reading, revisit what you created and write a response on how similar or different your imagined experience was compared with the stories in the book.
4. Before reading, set aside five sticky notes or bookmarks to place on the pages that impact you the most as you read the book. Once you have finished reading the book, choose your favorite impactful page, and share your reasons for selecting it in writing or in group discussion.
Guide prepared by Candice Wing-yee Mack, co-chair of the Asian Pacific American Librarians’ Association’s Asian Pacific American Awards for Literature, systemwide Teen Services Manager at the Los Angeles Public Library, and adjunct professor at the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies at UCLA. Candice took her first flight when she was less than a year old to visit her Poh Poh in Hong Kong, where her family is from, and having visited Chicago many times, she is now a fan of its famous Garrett Mix.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. What is your favorite memory of a grandparent, older relative or older adult close to you? Do you remember a time when you helped them like explaining something new or translating for them like Paul does for his Grandma (p. 15)? What did you help them with?
2. What do you think that Mr. Peters was implying when he said “I don’t know how they do things where you come from…” (p. 21)? How was he trying to make Jae’s mom feel? How would you have responded to that if you were Jae or his mom?
3. What do you see in your mind when you think of the word “family”? Did your mental image of family change or not while you were reading this book? Write a definition of the word “family,” integrating concepts explored in You Are Here.
4. Why do you think Officers Umbridge and Kowler gave Lee a hard time about his guitar (p. 69)? Who is someone famous or professional who inspires you and who shares your background?
5. What is a tradition that your family follows that you don’t think other people would believe that you do? Why do you think that they would not believe that you and your family practice that?
6. Has there been a time where you wanted to stand up for someone (maybe yourself) but didn’t? If you could go back in time, what would you change? What will you try to do if something like that happens again?
7. Why was it so difficult for Natalie to share her feelings with Beth? Think of a time when your friend shared something you did that was wrong or made them uncomfortable. How did you react? Did you change your behavior or learn something new?
8. Do you recognize Henry’s and James’s anxious and uncomfortable feelings in the airport (p. 145-150)? How do they navigate this experience? How would you try to support Henry or a classmate in a similar situation?
9. What are your thoughts on giving away “Clothes, toys, books… anything you don’t want” (p. 168)? Have you done that before? How did it make you feel?
10. Why does Jane’s Gong Gong and Mom keep saying “none of our business” (p. 186) or “Not our business!” (p. 191)? What causes Jane to change her mind about Harrison Douglas (p. 200)?
11. Khoi is very nervous about not knowing the language that his family speaks (p. 204). Do you know more than one language? If yes, what is it? Can you speak it or write it or both?
12. What leads Eomma to take Soojin to move to Korea (p. 222)? What eventually leads Eomma to reconsider making Soojin move?
EXTENSION ACTIVITIES
1. **YOU ARE HERE (NOW)** Many Asian countries are mentioned throughout the book. As you read, make a list of these countries, and research how many countries are in Asia and what they are. Explore your own background and where your family members are from. Research the original geographic areas your family is from and the cultural practices from those areas. Reflect on which ones, if any, your family still practices, if and how they may have changed and why.
2. **YOU ARE THERE** Quietly think about the last time you traveled somewhere with your family. What do you see in your mind when you think about that journey? Now think about your favorite place to visit. Where is it? What about it makes it your favorite place to travel to?
3. **WE ARE HERE** Do research, online and with the help of your school or community library, to find nonprofit organizations that work to support young people who have experienced bullying. What are ideas you have to help someone who is being bullied? Write what you would say or do and with a friend or partner, practice acting out what you would say or do to help someone being bullied.
4. **YOU DID IT HERE** Watch a video of Eddie Van Halen playing “Eruption,” mentioned on p. 65 and notice how complicated and difficult the song is to play on the guitar. What is something that you mastered that was once very difficult for you? Did you celebrate being able to do it? If yes, how?
5. **WE’RE LISTENING HERE** Discuss the power of music to inspire, entertain, learn from or bring back memories, then share a song that you would choose and explain why. Choose one line or a part of the song that is the most meaningful to you, and write it on a piece of paper that you can decorate however you like. Consider making a playlist featuring a song selection for each of the twelve stories in the book.
---
“Reminds us that a more functional, less ailing America requires not just the courage to speak but the courage to listen.”
— *New York Times Book Review*
“Not only important, but essential.”
— *School Library Journal* (starred review)
“An intersectionally diverse, multifaceted collaboration that’s artfully conceived and executed.”
— *Publishers Weekly* (starred review)
“Compelling and nuanced.”
— *Kirkus Reviews* (starred review)
“Consistently engaging and rewarding.”
— *Booklist* (starred review)
“Vividly illustrates the talents of a diverse group of creators as well as the rich and varied range of Asian American experiences and identities.”
— *BookPage* (starred review)
“Compassionate and compelling.”
— *Bulletin of the Center for Children’s Books* (starred review) | abed8736-8be7-4eee-bf92-37a7aaf15872 | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | https://media.btsb.com/TitleLessonPlans/4508.pdf | 2024-07-20T13:33:19+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763515164.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20240720113754-20240720143754-00677.warc.gz | 337,431,332 | 1,867 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.997236 | eng_Latn | 0.998015 | [
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Recommendations for Circular Built Environments
Prof Usha Iyer-Raniga
March 2021
Circular built environments
What?
Circular economy is about: designing out waste, keeping materials and products circulating in the system, optimising resources, providing long lasting solutions so we do not draw on the use of virgin resources, and regenerating natural systems.
Why?
Building stock will double by 2050 in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Global material use will double by 2060. Building materials comprise a third of material use. Concrete will contribute to 12% of GHG emissions by 2060.
Where?
Focus will be on the new growth regions of the world, in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. By 2050, almost 80% of the world’s population is expected to be in urbanized Asia and Africa.
Advantages:
• Reduce and eventually eliminate the use of virgin resources.
• Reduce and eliminate environmental impact.
• Support local jobs and local economies
Collaboration and financing
- Apolitical collaboration between various stakeholders
- Changing existing practices with circularity in mind
New business models
- From owning to sharing/renting
- New opportunities from green design and valuation
- New procurement models
- Building passports
- High value recovery products in renovation
Sustainable procurement
- Value add services
- New markets to be explored
- Repair and consider durability
- Collaborate to anticipate new standards & regs
Life cycle thinking
- Capital cost
- Operating cost
- Building footprint
- Up-skilling
- Green jobs and green skills
Building materials
- Material reuse
- Bio-based materials
Education and skills
- New vocational/trade skills, higher ed
- Circular maintenance skills
- Circular renovation
- Waste microgrids
Monitoring and reporting
- 12 SDGs out of 17
- SDG 12, 11, 13, 9, 7, 8, 6, 17, 3, 15, 4, 1
- Core indicators: 12.2.1/8.4.1, 12.5, 11.c.1
- 10 secondary ind:
- 9.4.1, 11.6.1, 7.2.1, 6.3.1, 6.4.1, 7.1.2, 13.2.1, 12.7.1, 11.1.1, 12.a.1
Adaptation and resilience
- Responsibly sourced materials, local tech, renewable energy
- Diversity in the supply chains
- Skilling and reskilling needed
Think and act differently: linear to circular
- Government to lead
- Industry to innovate supply chain
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EDITOR'S LETTER
LOOKING BACK AT 2021
Looking Ahead to the New Year
2022 ART GALA
FEBRUARY 17TH, 2022
WE'RE HIRING!
RELATIONSHIP BUILDING THROUGH SELF-REFLECTION IN ART EDUCATION
THE SCIENCE OF KINDNESS
ART ADVICE
MEL ART SCHOLARSHIP
DEADLINE: MARCH 8, 2022
Is this your first time attending a Modest Fly Art gala? If so, here are some things you should know:
- The gala is a three-hour art show that showcases our student’s artwork.
- All of the artwork is for SALE and the price of the artwork depends on the student’s tuition fee.
- Each piece SOLD will cover ONE MONTH of art class for that specific student.
- There will be hors d’oeuvres and drinks served at the gala.
- You do not have to be there the entire timespan of the gala but, there will be an awards ceremony, typically held at 6:30PM that evening. Please try to be there during that time.
- Dress code is dressy casual.
- Everyone needs tickets, EXCEPT for ACTIVE STUDENTS. Tickets can be purchased at the door, or at the studio, or previously at the link provided: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/modest-fly-arts-2022-art-gala-tickets-223682579617
WE'RE HIRING!
Modest Fly Art is looking for a fun, creative, loving, and enthusiastic art teacher to work outside of the studio with preschoolers!
Requirements:
Art Skills and a positive personality required. Please email work and resume to firstname.lastname@example.org
Looking forward to meeting you!
As we move through our teaching process and gain more expertise, we begin researching and experimenting in more ways than one. We, as a team, with the instructors pictured above (Ms. Mari, Ms. Collette, and Ms. Gabby), performed independent research on building relationships through self-reflection with a group of selected students. As we learned more from the specific methods we used for our research, we altered our set curriculum to fit our research findings. We are sure that the personal bonds and relationships built within the studio space between teacher and student are crucial to the student's learning experience. Offering this type of educational approach will be of utmost value to our students during their educational endeavors and the choices they make towards their future. We are capable of building personalized curriculums and customized learning paths for each student once the instructors can work through these methods and make it their priority to get to know their students personally. If we enforce these practices, we can create completely different teaching and learning systems.
The curriculum and the potential of the initial setup of 'how to teach' are immense and being open to new ideas, while having a collaborative teacher group, and discussing ways of building a shared inquiry can change how everything functions and correlates. We have the future of art education in our hands and not taking a moment to pay attention now will only result in further lack of interest in the arts, and, in time, the disappearance of the arts overall. The findings through this inquiry have made me realize other wonderings that come to mind. I wonder about how we can adapt these methods and apply them to the education system so that we can find these connections in every classroom across the globe. That would be powerful and as long as I am involved in education, I will work towards creating that for the future of our children.
The Science of Kindness
You are probably familiar with that flush of satisfaction that washes over you when you've performed an act of kindness: the irrepressible smile after you've helped someone load their groceries, the blast of self-esteem when you find someone a job or the tune you want to hum after giving a homeless woman a $10 bill. But did you know that those powerful feelings are more than just emotions?
Scientific research on human kindness is exploding. And we're learning that acts of compassion not only make us feel better, they also make us healthier. Studies show that altruism lights up the pleasure and reward centers in your brain as if you were the recipient of the good deed and the giver. This activates neurochemicals that can boost mood, relieve symptoms of depression, reduce pain, improve memory and amp up energy. Kindness has even been shown to have a positive effect on our immune systems, something we all want more if in the era of COVID-19.
According to the Mayo Clinic, "Kindness can positively change your brain. Being kind boosts serotonin and dopamine, which are neurotransmitters in the brain that give you feelings of satisfaction and well-being, and... endorphins, which are your body's natural pain killer."
A Stanford Medicine study from the Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education found that participants experienced reduced anxiety, as well as a greater ability to control their anxious thoughts, after participating in a nine-week compassion training course. This stress-reducing function translates into better heart health, less inflammation in the body and a host of other physical benefits. What's more, numerous studies have found that witnessing acts of kindness activates oxytocin, the so-called "love homrome" that mothers experience when breastfeeding their babies or when we hug, kiss, or lovingly look into the eyes of our pets. Oxytocin not only triggers feelings of affection and emotional warmth, it can affect everything from lowering blood pressure to increasing optimism.
Of course, acts of kindness are really about the receiver, not the giver - no matter how much we enjoy the benefits. And science has lots to say about how kindness affects recipients as well. Not only do receivers experience similar neurochemical uplift, according to a 2020 study published in Emotion, they also tended to "pay it forward."
The Science of Kindness continued...
Ready to ride a kindness wave, but not sure where to start? "Practice daily, but with simple acts like helping out a mom you see with her stroller, or even offering mental kindness by giving someone the benefit of the doubt," says Rosenberg.
While these acts may seem insignificant, she notes that the more kindness you practice, the easier it will become to act altruistically.
10 Small Deeds to do today:
1. Smile at someone you pass on the street. A happy face makes everyone feel better!
2. Compliment at least five people on their hair, their outfit, their smile, their spirit - anything!
3. Bake some cookies or other treat for your neighbors.
4. Pay it backward! Cover a coffee or other purchase for someone behind you in line.
5. Buy a pair of socks for an unhoused person. Next to money, socks are the most needed items by individuals and shelters: They provide warmth, comfort, and protection.
6. Leave an extra generous tip to a server or other worker to show your appreciation.
7. Leave bottles of water and packaged snacks on your front porch with a sign telling your delivery person or mail carrier to enjoy!
8. Give someone the gift of your attention by putting your phone away during a conversation.
9. Shovel a neighbor's walk after a snowfall.
10. Stop trying to be first: Let someone go in front of you in line, in traffic or through an entrance (and hold the door for them).
Credit: Breathe Magazine. https://www.breathemagazine.com/
A good illustration starts with a line and getting the basics right creates a strong foundation for your art.
In pen and ink illustration, combining lines creates not only shapes but also gives texture, tone, and value to the work. Let’s take a look at several drawing techniques that are commonly used.
**HATCHING**
Also known as parallel hatching. This technique fills a space with closely drawn parallel lines. The lines should be drawn going to the same direction and equally spaced. Lines can be drawn horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.
**CROSS-HATCHING**
Cross-hatching is similar to hatching. Draw the hatch lines, then draw another set that goes the opposite direction. This creates a darker value. When you draw the lines closer to each other, it is referred as tight cross-hatching.
**CONTOUR HATCHING**
Instead of using straight lines, this technique uses curved lines. It also can be used to create a three-dimensional effect and contrast in texture.
**STIPPLING**
Stippling is a technique that uses dots instead of lines to create tones.
TICK HATCHING
This method is similar to stippling, but uses short lines instead of dots.
DID YOU KNOW?
The distance between the lines and dots you create will change the tone and value. The closer they are, the darker it will look. The farther apart they are, the lighter they will look.
HEADS UP!
Different writing tools create different kinds of lines! Try doing these different techniques using different tools and compare the outcome. What kind of art style will they work with?
With illustration and drawing, hand movement is more varied than writing. Practice helps build familiarity and control.
MEL Art Scholarship
Modest Fly Art is offering an ART SCHOLARSHIP for A YEAR of ART LESSONS in 2022. Applications must be fully completed and turned in no later than March 8th, 2022.
These awards will be determined on a competitive basis and requires the submission of an art portfolio, a bio / artist statement and two letters of recommendation. All applicants will be emailed a notification of completion results by March 30th, 2022. Payments will be made directly to the recipient’s tuition for the entire year they will be attending classes.
ARTWORK
Create a portfolio of work showcasing your best efforts. Include any artwork you feel best depicts your abilities and exemplifies your inspiration as an individual. All artwork should be labeled with title, size, and medium used.
BIO / ARTIST STATEMENT
The bio/artist statement must include a little bit about yourself, your background, culture, and values. Include why you chose to be an artist and why you think you deserve this scholarship personally. Your artist statement should include your artistic goals and describe how your submitted work represents your vision and perspective. Your bio / statement may not exceed two pages. Be sure to include your name at the top of your statement and include a cover letter.
DEADLINE
Submit (email or drop off) your completed files along with your artwork, bio / artist statements and letters of recommendation by March 8th, 2022.
EMAIL Submission to:
email@example.com
or
firstname.lastname@example.org
LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION
Please submit two letters of recommendation. They must be written by non-family member. (Ex. teacher, employer, etc.)
IN-PERSON Submission can be MAILED / DROPPED off to:
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In 2013, 3,399 children (ages 0 to 14) were killed or injured in Indiana motor vehicle collisions. Approximately 6 percent of all children involved in crashes in the state were killed or experienced incapacitating injuries.
A child is 2.7 times more likely to be killed or experience an incapacitating injury when unrestrained.
In 2013, the rate of incapacitating injury per 100,000 population was 11.4 among the 4- to 7-year-old age group and 26.2 in the 8- to 14-year-old age group.
Between 2009 and 2013, the 8- to 14-year-old age group exhibited rates of restraint use of 85 percent or lower. In 2013, the 8- to 14-year-old age group had the lowest rate of restraint use (82 percent), and restraint use among the 1- to 3-year-old age group was the highest (97 percent).
The rate of fatal and incapacitating injuries per 1,000 children involved in alcohol-impaired collisions rose from 98 per 1,000 in 2009 to a five-year (2009-2013) high rate of 133 in 2010, and was 67 in 2013.
In 2013, the serious injury rate per 1,000 children involved in collisions in Indiana was lowest in urban (43 per 1,000) and suburban (71) areas and highest in exurban (77) and rural (101) locales.
Research has shown that the use of child restraints, including child safety seats and lap/shoulder belts, reduces the risk of fatal and incapacitating injuries. NHTSA strongly recommends that child occupants progress through four stages of restraint usage from birth to adulthood; revised guidelines were released in 2011 for this process (Figure 1). Current Indiana child passenger restraint law requires all child occupants ages 15 and under to be properly restrained in a child restraint device or seat belt in all seating positions in all vehicles. In addition to legislative efforts, child passenger safety experts have developed further recommended safety standards and best practices. NHTSA and several safety partners sponsor Parents Central (http://www.safercar.gov/parents/index.htm), a website that provides parents and caregivers access to a wide variety of tools and resources for keeping children safe in and around motor vehicles.
This fact sheet summarizes information on traffic collisions involving children in Indiana between 2009 and 2013. It examines general trends, injury status by age group, restraint usage and seating position, alcohol-related crashes, and geographical analysis by census locale and county. Indiana collision data come from the Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System (ARIES), as of March 21, 2014.
**Figure 1. Car Seat Recommendations for Children**
**Birth — 12 months**
Your child under age 1 should always ride in a rear-facing car seat. There are different types of rear-facing car seats: Infant-only seats can only be used rear-facing. Convertible and 3-in-1 car seats typically have higher height and weight limits for the rear-facing position, allowing you to keep your child rear-facing for a longer period of time.
**1 — 3 years**
Keep your child rear-facing as long as possible. It’s the best way to keep him or her safe. Your child should remain in a rear-facing car seat at least until the age of two, and should continue to ride rear-facing until he or she reaches the top height or weight limit allowed by your car seat’s manufacturer. Once your child outgrows the rear-facing car seat, your child is ready to travel in a forward-facing car seat with a harness.
**4 — 7 years**
Keep your child in a forward-facing car seat with a harness until he or she reaches the top height or weight limit allowed by your car seat’s manufacturer. Once your child outgrows the forward-facing car seat with a harness, it’s time to travel in a booster seat, but still in the back seat.
**8 — 12 years**
Keep your child in a booster seat until he or she is big enough to fit in a seat belt properly. For a seat belt to fit properly the lap belt must lie snugly across the upper thighs, not the stomach. The shoulder belt should lie snug across the shoulder and chest and not cross the neck or face. Remember: your child should still ride in the back seat because it’s safer there.
Source: NHTSA, http://www.safercar.gov/parents/RightSeat.htm, current as of June 24, 2014.
**GENERAL TRENDS**
From 2009 to 2013, the number of children killed in Indiana traffic collisions increased 5 percent annually and the number experiencing incapacitating injuries remained fairly stable (Table 1). Between 2012 and 2013, the total number of child fatalities in Indiana traffic collisions rose by 30 percent, from 27 to 35. The number of children who experienced incapacitating injuries fell 7 percent, from 208 in 2012 to 194 in 2013. Based on the 2012 Indiana child population estimates (Table 2), the *8- to 14-year-old* age group is over-represented among child injuries—8- to 14-year-old children represent 48 percent of the Indiana child population but comprised 57 percent of child injuries in 2013. This age group also represented the highest injury rate (308 per 100,000 population). The lowest injury rate (157 per 100,000 population) was among the *less-than-1-year-old* age group. Among the *1- to 3-year old* age group that represents 19 percent of the Indiana child population, this cohort accounted for only 13 percent of injuries among children.
### Table 1. Children injured or killed in Indiana traffic collisions by injury status and age group, 2009-2013
| Age group | 2009 Count | 2009 % | 2010 Count | 2010 % | 2011 Count | 2011 % | 2012 Count | 2012 % | 2013 Count | 2013 % | Annual rate of change |
|--------------------|------------|----------|------------|----------|------------|----------|------------|----------|------------|----------|-----------------------|
| **Fatal** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Less than 1 year old | 29 | 100.0% | 29 | 100.0% | 30 | 100.0% | 27 | 100.0% | 35 | 100.0% | 29.6% |
| 1 to 3 years old | 2 | 6.9% | 4 | 13.8% | 5 | 16.7% | 11 | 40.7% | 8 | 22.9% | -27.3% |
| 4 to 7 years old | 5 | 17.2% | 6 | 20.7% | 7 | 23.3% | 7 | 25.9% | 8 | 22.9% | 14.3% |
| 8 to 14 years old | 19 | 65.5% | 17 | 58.6% | 15 | 50.0% | 9 | 33.3% | 17 | 48.6% | 88.9% |
| **Incapacitating** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Less than 1 year old | 12 | 6.1% | 11 | 5.6% | 9 | 5.9% | 10 | 4.8% | 3 | 1.5% | -70.0% |
| 1 to 3 years old | 28 | 14.2% | 28 | 14.4% | 17 | 11.2% | 28 | 13.5% | 29 | 14.9% | 3.6% |
| 4 to 7 years old | 41 | 20.8% | 47 | 24.1% | 30 | 19.7% | 53 | 25.5% | 35 | 18.0% | -34.0% |
| 8 to 14 years old | 116 | 58.9% | 109 | 55.9% | 96 | 63.2% | 117 | 56.3% | 127 | 65.5% | 8.5% |
| **Non-incapacitating** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Less than 1 year old | 213 | 6.3% | 179 | 5.1% | 168 | 5.1% | 167 | 5.1% | 116 | 3.7% | -30.5% |
| 1 to 3 years old | 496 | 14.7% | 493 | 14.1% | 447 | 13.7% | 452 | 13.9% | 393 | 12.6% | -13.1% |
| 4 to 7 years old | 765 | 22.7% | 798 | 22.8% | 789 | 24.2% | 797 | 24.5% | 829 | 26.6% | 4.0% |
| 8 to 14 years old | 1,903 | 56.4% | 2,032 | 58.0% | 1,859 | 57.0% | 1,840 | 56.5% | 1,776 | 57.0% | -3.5% |
| **Other injuries** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Less than 1 year old | 12 | 24.0% | 18 | 35.3% | 12 | 27.3% | 10 | 23.8% | 9 | 16.1% | -10.0% |
| 1 to 3 years old | 12 | 24.0% | 11 | 21.6% | 15 | 34.1% | 14 | 33.3% | 15 | 26.8% | 7.1% |
| 4 to 7 years old | 10 | 20.0% | 9 | 17.6% | 2 | 4.5% | 5 | 11.9% | 15 | 26.8% | 200.0% |
| 8 to 14 years old | 16 | 32.0% | 13 | 25.5% | 15 | 34.1% | 13 | 31.0% | 17 | 30.4% | 30.8% |
| **Not injured** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Less than 1 year old | 14 | 2.7% | 9 | 2.3% | 8 | 2.2% | 7 | 1.9% | 11 | 3.2% | 57.1% |
| 1 to 3 years old | 19 | 3.6% | 26 | 6.5% | 29 | 7.9% | 24 | 6.4% | 23 | 6.8% | -4.2% |
| 4 to 7 years old | 35 | 6.6% | 28 | 7.1% | 31 | 8.5% | 24 | 6.4% | 25 | 7.4% | 4.2% |
| 8 to 14 years old | 460 | 87.1% | 334 | 84.1% | 297 | 81.4% | 318 | 85.3% | 280 | 82.6% | -11.9% |
Source: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014
Notes:
1) Includes individuals identified as *drivers*, *injured occupants*, *pedestrians*, and *pedalcyclists*.
2) The *less than 1 year old* age group does not include data records coded as *drivers* aged 0 years, due to unavailable or invalid age reporting. Unknown age or birthdate often result in a default value of "zero years" in the ARIES database.
### Table 2. Indiana child population estimates (2012) and traffic injuries (2013)
| Age group | Estimated IN population | Share of IN child population | 2013 total injuries | Share of IN child injuries | 2013 injury rate per 100K |
|--------------------|-------------------------|------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------|
| Less than 1 year old | 82,933 | 6.3% | 130 | 3.8% | 156.8 |
| 1 to 3 years old | 254,836 | 19.3% | 445 | 13.1% | 174.6 |
| 4 to 7 years old | 353,100 | 26.7% | 887 | 26.1% | 251.2 |
| 8 to 14 years old | 629,457 | 47.7% | 1,937 | 57.0% | 307.7 |
| Total | 1,320,326 | 100.0% | 3,399 | 100.0% | 257.4 |
Sources: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014; U.S. Census Bureau
Notes:
1) The most recent population estimates available by age are for 2012.
2) Total injuries are sum of children with fatal, incapacitating, or other injuries. Excludes individuals classified as *not injured*.
3) Total injuries for *less than 1 year old* excludes individuals classified as *driver*.
Figure 2 shows rates of child fatalities and incapacitating injuries in collisions (per 100,000 population) for 2009 through 2013. Over the five-year period, the rate of fatalities and injury for the 8- to 14-year-old age group was consistently higher than other age groups over the five-year period. From 2009 to 2013, the rate of fatalities and incapacities injuries among the less-than-1-year old age group declined steadily from 16.8 per 100,000 population in 2009 to 6.0 in 2013. In 2013, the rate of fatalities in collisions (per 100,000 population) was highest in the 1- to 3-year-old age group (3.1). In the 8- to 14-year-old age group, the rate of incapacitating injury was 20.2 per 100,000 and 11.4 in the 1- to 3-year-old age group (Figure 3).
**Figure 2. Child fatal/incapacitating injury rates in Indiana collisions, per 100,000 population, by age group, 2009–2013**
Sources: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014; U.S. Census Bureau
Note: U.S. Census 2008-2012 data was used to calculate rates; 2013 population estimates by age were not yet available.
**Figure 3. Rates of child fatalities and incapacitating injuries in Indiana collisions, per 100,000 population, 2013**
Sources: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014; U.S. Census Bureau
Note: U.S. Census 2008-2012 data was used to calculate rates; 2013 population estimates by age were not yet available.
The number of children killed or injured in traffic collisions by person type (drivers, vehicle occupants, pedestrians, and pedalcyclists) is depicted in Table 3. In 2013, child occupants experiencing incapacitating injuries (121) accounted for 53 percent of all fatal and incapacitating injuries (calculated from table). Between 2012 and 2013, the number of child pedestrian fatalities increased by 100 percent, from 3 to 6; the number of child pedestrians experiencing incapacitating injuries rose by 28 percent, from 36 to 46. While drivers experiencing incapacitating injuries increased by 17 percent between 2012 and 2013, over the five year period from 2009 to 2013, the number of drivers killed declined 17 percent annually.\(^1\)
### Table 3. Children killed or injured in Indiana traffic collisions by injury status and person type, 2009-2013
| | 2009 | | 2010 | | 2011 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | Annual rate of change |
|----------------------|--------|-------|--------|-------|--------|-------|--------|-------|--------|-------|-----------------------|
| | Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | 2012-13 | 2009-13 |
| **Fatal** | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Driver | 1 | 3.4% | 1 | 3.4% | 1 | 3.3% | 1 | 3.7% | 2 | 5.7% | na | 18.9% |
| Injured occupant | 20 | 69.0% | 18 | 62.1% | 21 | 70.0% | 23 | 85.2% | 25 | 71.4% | 8.7% | 5.7% |
| Pedalcyclist | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 3.4% | 1 | 3.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 5.7% | na | na |
| Pedestrian | 8 | 27.6% | 9 | 31.0% | 7 | 23.3% | 3 | 11.1% | 6 | 17.1% | 100.0% | -6.9% |
| **Incapacitating** | 197 | 100.0%| 195 | 100.0%| 152 | 100.0%| 208 | 100.0%| 194 | 100.0%| -6.7% | -0.4% |
| Driver | 15 | 7.6% | 6 | 3.1% | 10 | 6.6% | 6 | 2.9% | 7 | 3.6% | 16.7% | -17.3% |
| Injured occupant | 127 | 64.5% | 134 | 68.7% | 98 | 64.5% | 145 | 69.7% | 121 | 62.4% | -16.6% | -1.2% |
| Pedalcyclist | 15 | 7.6% | 15 | 7.7% | 16 | 10.5% | 21 | 10.1% | 20 | 10.3% | -4.8% | 7.5% |
| Pedestrian | 40 | 20.3% | 40 | 20.5% | 28 | 18.4% | 36 | 17.3% | 46 | 23.7% | 27.8% | 3.6% |
| **Non-incapacitating injuries** | 3,377 | 100.0%| 3,502 | 100.0%| 3,263 | 100.0%| 3,256 | 100.0%| 3,114 | 100.0%| -4.4% | -2.0% |
| Driver | 73 | 2.2% | 65 | 1.9% | 78 | 2.4% | 63 | 1.9% | 61 | 2.0% | -3.2% | -4.4% |
| Injured occupant | 2,834 | 83.9% | 2,988 | 85.3% | 2,750 | 84.3% | 2,794 | 85.8% | 2,656 | 85.3% | -4.9% | -1.6% |
| Pedalcyclist | 238 | 7.0% | 203 | 5.8% | 189 | 5.8% | 177 | 5.4% | 168 | 5.4% | -5.1% | -8.3% |
| Pedestrian | 232 | 6.9% | 246 | 7.0% | 246 | 7.5% | 222 | 6.8% | 229 | 7.4% | 3.2% | -0.3% |
Source: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014
\(^1\)Due to possible ARIES reporting errors designating very young children as drivers, this fact sheet's analysis does not include children aged '0' who were categorized as drivers. It is possible that other child age groups include similar miscategorizations.
RESTRAINT USE AND SEATING POSITION
Restraint use rates among children in traffic collisions tend to decline as children get older (Figure 4). In 2013, the *8- to 14-year-old* age group had the lowest rate of restraint use (82 percent). Between 2009 and 2013, this age group exhibited rates of restraint use consistently lower than 85 percent. The highest rate of restraint use over the five-year period was 97 percent among children *less-than-1-year old* in 2012; the rate for 2013 was 96 percent.
Table 4 shows the risk of *fatal* and *incapacitating* injury when child vehicle *occupants* were unrestrained. In 2013, among all restrained children involved in collisions, 4 percent were killed or experienced incapacitating injuries, while 11 percent of unrestrained child occupants were killed or sustained such injuries. This indicates that a child is 2.7 times more likely to be killed or experience an incapacitating injury when unrestrained. Unrestrained occupants in the *1- to 3-year old* age group were 6.8 times more likely to be killed or experience incapacitating injuries than children in the same age group who were properly restrained. These relative risk ratios were statistically significant (p<0.05).
**Figure 4. Restraint use among children involved in Indiana traffic collisions, by age group, 2009-2013**
Source: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014
Note: Restraint use rates are calculated based on individuals identified as *driver* or *injured occupant* where restraint use was known.
**Table 4. Risk of fatal or incapacitating injury to child vehicle occupants involved in Indiana collisions, by restraint use, 2013**
| Age group | Restrained? | Fatal or incapacitating injuries | Non-serious injuries | Total | % Fatal/incap injury | Relative risk | Lower limit | Upper limit |
|--------------------|-------------|----------------------------------|----------------------|-------|----------------------|---------------|-------------|-------------|
| Less than 1 year old | No | 1 | 4 | 5 | 20.0% | 7.6 | 1.0 | 60.7 |
| | Yes | 3 | 111 | 114 | 2.6% | | | |
| 1 to 3 years old | No | 4 | 9 | 13 | 30.8% | 6.8* | 2.6 | 17.3 |
| | Yes | 17 | 356 | 373 | 4.6% | | | |
| 4 to 7 years old | No | 9 | 68 | 77 | 11.7% | 4.6* | 2.1 | 9.9 |
| | Yes | 17 | 646 | 663 | 2.6% | | | |
| 8 to 14 years old | No | 26 | 238 | 264 | 9.8% | 1.9* | 1.3 | 3.0 |
| | Yes | 63 | 1,176 | 1,239 | 5.1% | | | |
| Total | No | 40 | 319 | 359 | 11.1% | 2.7* | 1.8 | 3.8 |
| | Yes | 100 | 2,289 | 2,389 | 4.2% | | | |
Source: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014
Notes:
1) The *less than 1 year old* age group does not include data records coded as *drivers* aged *0 years*, due to unavailable or invalid age reporting. Unknown *age* or *birthdate* often result in a default value of "zero years" in the ARIES database.
2) *Non-serious* injuries include those reported as *non-incapacitating, possible, refused,* and *unknown* in the injury status field of the crash report.
3) *Relative risk of fatal or incapacitating injury* is the ratio of the percent of children in each age group killed or experiencing incapacitating injuries who were restrained compared to the percent killed or experiencing incapacitating injuries who were unrestrained. Ratios greater than 1 indicate a higher risk of fatality or incapacitating injury for individuals who were unrestrained.
4) * Indicates that relative risk ratios are significant at p<0.05 for child age groups *1 to 3 years old, 4 to 7 years* of age, and *8 to 14 years old*. For example, in 95 out of 100 cases, the relative risk would fall within the lower and upper limit range presented.
The number and restraint usage rates for children by injury type and seating position are shown in Figure 5. In 2013, the largest number of child fatalities occurred in the *rear-left* passenger seating position. Fifty-six percent of these 10 fatalities were restrained. The greatest number of incapacitating injuries was experienced by child passengers in the *front right* seating position (30); of those, 86 percent were restrained.
Approximately 30 percent of all child occupants killed or sustaining incapacitating injuries were identified as being in the *rear left* seating position. The relative risk of fatal or incapacitating injury was greater for unrestrained than restrained child occupants in all seating positions, with the exception of the *front center* position (Table 5). Child occupants seated in the *rear left* position who were unrestrained were 4.2 times more likely to suffer fatal and incapacitating injuries than those restrained.
**Figure 5. Children in Indiana collisions by injury status, seating position, and restraint use, 2013**
| Injuries (restraint use rate) | Fatalities | Incapacitating injuries | Non-incapacitating injuries |
|------------------------------|------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------|
| | 2 (50%) | 7 (71%) | 76 (51%) |
| | 2 (na) | 7 (100%) | 53 (46%) |
| | 5 (60%) | 30 (86%) | 607 (94%) |
| | 10 (56%) | 33 (66%) | 703 (89%) |
| | 4 (0%) | 15 (92%) | 314 (79%) |
| | 2 (100%) | 26 (76%) | 796 (93%) |
| | 2 (100%) | 8 (29%) | 137 (72%) |
Source: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014
Notes:
1) Injuries include only children (ages 0-15) sustaining *fatal*, *incapacitating*, *non-incapacitating*, and *possible* injuries where valid seating position was reported.
2) Percentages depicted are the percentage of individuals reported as properly restrained by injury type in each seating position.
**Table 5. Risk of fatal and incapacitating injury to children involved in Indiana collisions, by seating position, 2013**
| Seating position | Restrained? | Fatal or incapacitating injuries | Non-serious injuries | Total | % Fatal/incap injury | Relative risk | Lower limit | Upper limit |
|---------------------------|-------------|---------------------------------|----------------------|-------|----------------------|---------------|-------------|-------------|
| Front left (driver) | No | 3 | 33 | 36 | 8.3% | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2.2 |
| | Yes | 6 | 37 | 43 | 14.0% | | | |
| Front center | No | 0 | 21 | 21 | 0.0% | na | | |
| | Yes | 2 | 18 | 20 | 10.0% | | | |
| Front right | No | 6 | 37 | 43 | 14.0% | 2.9* | 1.3 | 6.5 |
| | Yes | 28 | 545 | 573 | 4.9% | | | |
| Rear left | No | 15 | 73 | 88 | 17.0% | 4.2* | 2.3 | 7.6 |
| | Yes | 26 | 613 | 639 | 4.1% | | | |
| Rear center | No | 5 | 61 | 66 | 7.6% | 1.7 | 0.6 | 4.8 |
| | Yes | 11 | 238 | 249 | 4.4% | | | |
| Rear right | No | 6 | 52 | 58 | 10.3% | 3.7* | 1.6 | 8.8 |
| | Yes | 21 | 730 | 751 | 2.8% | | | |
| Far back/sleeper | No | 5 | 36 | 41 | 12.2% | 2.9 | 0.8 | 10.3 |
| | Yes | 4 | 92 | 96 | 4.2% | | | |
| Total | No | 40 | 313 | 353 | 11.3% | 2.7* | 1.9 | 3.9 |
| | Yes | 98 | 2273 | 2371 | 4.1% | | | |
Source: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014
Notes:
1) Limited to children identified as *drivers* or *injured occupants* where valid seating position was reported and restraint use was known.
2) *Non-serious* injuries include those reported as *non-incapacitating*, *possible*, *refused*, and *unknown* in the injury status field of the crash report.
3) *Relative risk of fatal or incapacitating injury* is the ratio of the percent of children in each seating position killed or experiencing incapacitating injuries who were restrained compared to the percent killed or experiencing incapacitating injuries who were unrestrained. Ratios greater than 1 indicate a higher risk of fatal or incapacitating injury for individuals who were restrained.
4) * indicates relative risk ratios are significant at p<0.05 for front right, rear left, and rear right seating positions. For example, in 95 out of 100 cases, the relative risk would fall within the lower and upper limit range presented.
ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED COLLISIONS
In 2013, 75 children were involved in alcohol-impaired traffic collisions (Figure 6), which involved a driver with a blood alcohol content (BAC) test result at or above 0.08 grams per deciliter (g/dL). The number of children involved in alcohol-impaired collisions rose from 82 in 2009 to 90 in 2010. The number fell slightly in 2012 to 86 and to a five-year low of 75 in 2013. Over the five-year period, the rate of child involvement in alcohol-impaired collisions peaked in 2011 at 23.1 per 1,000 involved. Figure 7 shows the number and rate of *fatal* and *incapacitating* injuries per 1,000 children involved in alcohol-impaired collisions. The rate rose from 97.6 *fatal* and *incapacitating* injuries per 1,000 children involved in alcohol-impaired collisions in 2009 to a five-year high rate of 133.3 in 2010; in 2013, the rate fell to 66.7. In 2013, five children sustained *fatal* or *incapacitating* injuries in alcohol-impaired collisions.
**Figure 6. Children involved in Indiana alcohol-impaired collisions, 2009-2013**
Source: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014
**Figure 7. Children killed or injured in Indiana alcohol-impaired collisions, 2009-2013**
Source: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014
MONTH, DAY OF WEEK, AND TIME OF DAY
The average number of collisions involving children that occurred each month for a five-year period (2009-2013) is depicted in Figure 8. Months with the highest average number of collisions involving children were in the late spring and summer—May (416), June (411), and July (390). Winter months, including January (239) and February (235), reflect the lowest monthly average counts for collisions involving children.
Figure 9 shows the number of collisions involving children by day of week and time of day (day/night). In 2013, the daily average count of day-time collisions involving children was 381. The daily average of night-time collisions involving children was 153. Daily counts by time of day follow a similar pattern with total day and night-time collisions involving children on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday exceeding the respective daily averages.
Source: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014
The number of fatal and incapacitating injury collisions involving children by day of week and time of day (day/night) is depicted in Figure 10. In 2013, the highest daily counts of fatal and incapacitating injury collisions involving children occurred during day time hours, peaking on Friday (26), Saturday (30), and Sunday (35). When compared to total collisions (see Figure 9), fatal and incapacitating injury collisions involving children by day of week and time of day reflect a dissimilar pattern. The highest number of night-time fatal and incapacitating injury collisions involving children occurred on Wednesday (14), while the lowest number of day-time fatal and incapacitating injury collisions involving children occurred on this day of the week.
**Figure 9. Indiana traffic collisions involving children, by day of week and day/night, 2013**
Source: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014
Note: Day is defined as 6am - 5:59pm. Night is defined as 6pm - 5:59am.
**Figure 10. Fatal and incapacitating injury collisions involving children, by day of week and day/night, 2013**
Source: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014
Note: Day is defined as 6am - 5:59pm. Night is defined as 6pm - 5:59am.
GEOGRAPHY OF TRAFFIC INJURIES
In 2013, the fatal and incapacitating injury rate per 1,000 children involved in traffic collisions in Indiana was lowest in *urban* (43.2 per 1,000) but substantially higher in *suburban* (70.8), *exurban* (76.9), and rural (101.0) locales (Figure 11). Maps 1 to 4 depict rates of child traffic injuries and fatalities by age group and county. The mean traffic injury/fatality rate per 1,000 for the *less-than-1-year* old age group was 1.5 (Map 1), while the mean rate for the *8- to 14-year-old* age group was 2.8 (Map 4).
**Figure 11. Children killed or injured in Indiana traffic collisions, by locale, 2013**
Source: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014
Child injury/fatality rates in Indiana traffic collisions, by county, 2013
Map 1. Less than 1 year old
Median county injury/fatality rate = 0.0
Mean county injury/fatality rate = 1.5
n = 121 children involved
Injury/fatality rate per 1,000 population
- 0.0
- 0.1 to 2.1
- 2.2 to 3.3
- 3.4 to 11.3
Sources: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014; U.S. Census Bureau
Note: Includes child injuries reported as fatal, incapacitating, non-incapacitating, and possible.
Child injury/fatality rates in Indiana traffic collisions, by county, 2013
Map 3. Ages 4 to 7 years old
Median county injury/fatality rate = 2.2
Mean county injury/fatality rate = 2.3
n = 872 children involved
Injury/fatality rate per 1,000 population
- 0.0 - 0.9
- 1.0 to 2.2
- 2.3 to 3.2
- 3.3 to 8.8
Sources: Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System, as of March 21, 2014; U.S. Census Bureau
Note: Includes child injuries reported as fatal, incapacitating, non-incapacitating, and possible.
Map 4. Ages 8 to 14 years old
Median county injury/fatality rate = 2.8
Mean county injury/fatality rate = 2.8
n = 1,920 children involved
Injury/fatality rate per 1,000 population
- 0.0 to 1.8
- 1.9 to 2.8
- 2.9 to 3.6
- 3.7 to 7.3
DEFINITIONS
• **Annual rate of change (ARC)** is the rate that a beginning value must increase/decrease each period (e.g., month, quarter, year) in a time series to arrive at the ending value in the time series. ARC is a “smoothed” rate of change because it measures change in a variable as if the change occurred at a steady rate each period with compounding. For example, to measure change in a variable from 2009 to 2013, it is calculated as \((\text{Value in 2013}/\text{Value in 2009})^{1/4} - 1\).
• **Census locale:** *Urban* is defined as Census 2010 Urban Areas (expanded in 2010); *suburban* as areas within 2.5 miles of urban boundaries; *exurban* as areas within 2.5 miles of suburban boundaries; and *rural* as areas beyond exurban boundaries (i.e., everything else).
• **Not injured** status includes individuals involved in collisions reported as *null* values in the injury status code field. NOTE: The *not injured* category in ARIES should include only uninjured *drivers*; nonetheless, *vehicle occupants* are sometimes reported as *not injured* on the crash report completed by the investigating officer.
• **Non-incapacitating** injuries include those injuries reported as *non-incapacitating* or *possible*.
• **Restraint use:** Vehicle occupants injured in Indiana collisions are counted as having been restrained when the investigating officer selects any one of the following passenger vehicle safety equipment categories on the Indiana Crash Report: (1) *lap belt only*; (2) *harness*; (3) *airbag deployed and harness*; (4) *child restraint*; or (5) *lap and harness*.
REFERENCES
National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2014, April). *Children*, DOT HS 812 011, Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved April 30, 2014 from http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812011.pdf
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2011, March). *Car Seat Recommendations for Children*.
DATA SOURCES
Indiana State Police Automated Reporting Information Exchange System (ARIES), as of March 21, 2014.
U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Single-Year of Age and Sex for the United States and States (2012), provided by the Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University.
Traffic Safety Project
A collision produces three levels of data: collision, unit (vehicles), and individual. For this reason, readers should pay particular attention to the wording of statements about the data to avoid misinterpretations.
Designing and implementing effective traffic safety policies requires data-driven analysis of traffic collisions. To help in the policy-making process, the Indiana University Public Policy Institute is collaborating with the Indiana Criminal Justice Institute to analyze 2013 vehicle crash data from the Automated Reporting Information Exchange System (ARIES), maintained by the Indiana State Police. This marks the eighth year of this partnership. Research findings are summarized in a series of fact sheets on various aspects of traffic collisions, including alcohol-related crashes, trucks, dangerous driving, children, motorcycles, occupant protection, and drivers. An additional publication provides information on county and municipality data, and the final publication produced is the annual Indiana Crash Fact Book. These publications serve as the analytical foundation of traffic safety program planning and design in Indiana.
Indiana collision data are obtained from Indiana Crash Reports, as completed by law enforcement officers. As of December 31, 2013, approximately 99 percent of all collisions are entered electronically through ARIES. Trends in collisions incidence as reported in these publications incorporate the effects of changes to data elements on the Crash Report, agency-specific enforcement policy changes, re-engineered roadways, driver safety education programs, and other unspecified effects. If you have questions regarding trends or unexpected results, please contact the Indiana Criminal Justice Institute, Traffic Safety Division for more information.
The Indiana Criminal Justice Institute
Guided by a Board of Trustees representing all components of Indiana’s criminal and juvenile justice systems, the Indiana Criminal Justice Institute serves as the state’s planning agency for criminal justice, juvenile justice, traffic safety, and victim services. ICJI develops long-range strategies for the effective administration of Indiana’s criminal and juvenile justice systems and administers federal and state funds to carry out these strategies.
The Governor’s Council on Impaired & Dangerous Driving
The Governor’s Council on Impaired & Dangerous Driving, a division of the Indiana Criminal Justice Institute, serves as the public opinion catalyst and the implementing body for statewide action to reduce death and injury on Indiana roadways. The Council provides grant funding, training, coordination, and ongoing support to state and local traffic safety advocates.
Indiana University Public Policy Institute
The Indiana University Public Policy Institute (PPI) is a collaborative, multidisciplinary research institute within the Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs (SPEA), Indianapolis. PPI serves as an umbrella organization for research centers affiliated with SPEA, including the Center for Urban Policy and the Environment and the Center for Criminal Justice Research. PPI also supports the Indiana Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (IACIR).
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
NHTSA provides leadership to the motor vehicle and highway safety community through the development of innovative approaches to reducing motor vehicle crashes and injuries. The mission of NHTSA is to save lives, prevent injuries and reduce economic costs due to road traffic crashes, through education, research, safety standards and enforcement activity.
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Beauty refines us
Beauty is one of the streams that feeds kindness, warmth and love. The wonder we feel when we see a dog-rose bush, blazing with red berries and orange leaves; a little maple tree, or a shapely apple tree, on which only a few yellow leaves linger; a tomato bush, burnt by the breath of the first night frost: all these things awaken in children’s hearts a tender, benevolent and caring attitude towards the living and the beautiful. A child feels sympathy for plants that are preparing for the winter. For children, plants are living creatures who will feel the cold of the penetrating winds. Children want to protect plants from the cold. When we cover roses and grape vines for the winter, the children carefully, tenderly bend each little branch to the earth, trying not to break or damage them. In winter the children talk anxiously about young trees, wondering if they feel the cold. And when we collect snow to supply more moisture to the trees, the children see this work as an expression of their heartfelt concern for beauty, and not just as a fulfilment of an obligation.
I see great educational significance in a child witnessing, understanding, feeling, experiencing, and ultimately realising the great mystery that is the awakening of life in nature. The first spring blooms and opening buds, the first tender blades of grass, the first butterfly, the first croak of a frog, the first swallow, the first thunder, the first trill of a sparrow: all these things I show to children as expressions of the beauty of eternal life. And the more deeply they are inspired by this beauty, the more strenuously they strive to create beauty. For the children, a blossoming orchard is a real occasion for celebration. Early in the morning the children come to the orchard and admire the waves of white, pink, violet and orange blossoms, which appear to float over the orchard, and listen to the chorus of the bees. You must not sleep in on these days, I teach the children, you must get up at dawn, or you will sleep through this beauty! And the children get up before sunrise, so as not to miss those magic moments when the first rays of the sun light up the flowers, laden with dew.
Dear reader,
I hope you are keeping well.
This month’s newsletter contains more stories from *I will tell you a story… Philosophy for Children*. The stories in the opening section of the book are about beauty and its effect on the human psyche and the development of values. In Sukhomlynsky’s system of education there is a very strong link between the development of values and an appreciation of beauty.
Each of the six sections in *I will tell you a story… Philosophy for Children* is introduced by a selection of reflections from Sukhomlynsky’s educational writings, and this month the first page of the newsletter presents a sample of these reflections, under the heading ‘Beauty refines us’.
The remainder of the newsletter contains fifteen little stories or vignettes about beauty that have not previously been published.
I hope you enjoy them.
Best wishes,
Alan Cockerill
A sunny winter’s day
The sun rises and reveals an amazing scene: the trees are covered with white hoarfrost, as if overnight they had grown leaves made of fluffy bird’s down. I approach a willow and touch its branches. I am instantly covered with light silver flakes. ‘No,’ I think to myself, ‘I won’t touch you again, willow. May everyone see your enchanting attire.’
A chickadee flies over to me, chirps a greeting, and lands on the willow’s branch. How did it manage to settle there without disturbing the tree’s fluffy garment?
‘Chickadee,’ I ask, ‘Can you make this beauty last forever? Can you stop the wind from blowing and disturbing this soft down?’
The chickadee replies, ‘If this beauty were to last forever, you would never see beauty again. You would miss the beauty of the sky in spring, the beauty of dawn, and the song of a nightingale.
I return home, sit by the window, take a pencil, and record all this beauty on a large piece of paper: the willow’s white gown, the blue sky, the bright sun, and the kind chickadee.
A quail’s song
It is a warm summer evening. The sun has set. The crimson glow in the west has faded. Stars sparkle in the dark blue sky. We sit on an ancient burial mound and gaze at the village with its white huts and green gardens. Tall poplars grow on the outskirts of the village, watching the road as it disappears into the distance. They seem to be wondering where the road ends. They watch and watch, but they still do not know.
From a deep ravine, the evening darkness spreads out like a river. Its waves have covered the steppe and the village. In this sea of darkness, everything seems strange. Tall haycocks resemble enchanted fairytale ships. In the dusk, the forest looks like a gigantic wave that has come rolling in and then suddenly frozen.
Far away, in a field, a quail starts singing. A nocturnal bird flaps nearby. A fish splashes in the pond. Its ripples murmur and then fall silent.
Everything in the forest is singing
In spring we went for a walk in the forest.
The sun rose, a light breeze sprang up, and all the trees in the forest began to sing. Each one sang its own song.
The birch tree sang a tender song. Hearing it, we felt like going over to the white-barked beauty and embracing it.
The oak sang a song of courage. When we heard the song of the oak, we wanted to be strong and brave.
The willow, drooping over the pond, sang a thoughtful song. When we listened to its song, we reflected that autumn would come, and all the leaves would fall from the trees.
The rowan tree sang an anxious song. This song brought on thoughts of a dark night and a furious storm, forcing the slender rowan tree to bend over and seek the earth’s defence.
Those are the songs we heard in the forest.
The oak and the willow
An oak and a willow have grown side by side on a riverbank. The willow is the first to wake in the spring. You rise at dawn, walk to the river, and
see the willow’s branches wrapped in a clear, green mist. The willow buds are sprouting. As they sprout, they fill the air with their scent. A starling comes to the willow, lands on its branches, feasts on a green bud, and trills its joyful song.
When the willow is already covered with rustling leaves, the oak is still dark and leafless. It sleeps and does not want to wake. People say that an oak will not wake until it hears the rumble of the first thunderstorm. Finally, thunder rumbles, and the oak’s buds start sprouting. The first sticky leaves emerge, and each day they grow larger and larger, till by summer they are thick, sinewy, and strong.
In autumn, when the cold winds blow, the willow’s leaves turn golden, but the oak is still green. It does not want to prepare for winter, even when the willow’s golden gown has been shed into the river. The oak remains as green as a field of wheat. Only frost can make the oak reconsider its stubbornness: the oak’s leaves change colour and whither, but they are not shed. Yellow, golden, brown, cherry-coloured, the leaves remain on the tree throughout the winter, a coat of many colours.
**Good-bye, sun!**
In the evening a little girl was saying good-bye to the sun. It was setting on the horizon.
‘Good-bye, sun,’ said the little girl.
‘Good-bye, little girl,’ answered the sun. ‘Go to sleep. I will also rest. Early in the morning I will wake up and tenderly greet you. Wait for me by that window.’
The girl went to sleep. She dreamt of a blue sky.
At last, the sun rose. Its gentle rays touched the little girl’s face. She woke up and said, ‘Good day, Sun! How glad I am to see you!’
**Beautiful and ugly**
Mariia Ivaniivna said, ‘Children, I would like you to think about what seems most beautiful to you, and what seems most ugly. Think about it, and then write about it.’
I thought for a long time about what is most beautiful. It seemed to me that the most beautiful thing of all is the little white flowers of a lily of the valley, the colour of marble. They are so soft and tender. The very sight of them makes me happy. They make me feel like doing something good. I want people to say that I am a good, obedient girl and a kind daughter to my mother and father.
The most beautiful thing is when people are kind to each other. For instance, one day an old man was sitting on a bench under a tall tree. He had been travelling on the bus when he began to feel ill. He had got off the bus and sat down to rest on the bench. My mother invited him into our home, gave him some medicine and fed him. The old man had a rest and then went home.
And I’ll tell you what the ugliest thing is. A boy’s grandmother died. She was really old: ninety years old. And he did not go to the funeral. And when his grandmother was ill, he did not visit her. How could he feel no pain? The ugliest thing is when people are heartless and mean.
**If I were invisible**
If I were invisible, I would see so many interesting things! I would visit meadows and riverbanks, creeping up to a nightingale and listening to his song. I would sit beside him, listening to the way he sings and looking into his eyes! What do they look like? What does he see when he is singing his mesmerizing song?
I would also like to see another wonder. A cricket lives in our garden. Every evening he starts chirping his song. It is more like the sound of violin than a song. I think that he takes his tiny violin just before sunset, runs his bow over the strings, and enchanting music rings out. If I were invisible, I would get to see his violin and bow. Otherwise, whenever I come close to the cricket, he sees me and falls silent.
In the evening, a red rose closes its petals, but in the morning, it shows off its beauty, its petals now open and charming. My mother says that a rose wakes at dawn but is very shy and will never open its petals if somebody is watching it. If I were invisible, I could watch and see how the rose washes its petals in the morning dew and opens them. Though I would not dare to spy on it like that. That would be impolite. Modesty is a beautiful quality, and beauty should be preserved.
**The butterfly and the flower**
Someone threw a red flower into the pond. A white butterfly flew over the pond and saw the red flower. It landed on it and sat there, and gently waved with its wings. The flower sailed along, and the butterfly sailed with it.
A swallow swept down over the water and was amazed. How strange! How did that butterfly learn to swim?
The swallow touched the water with its wing, sending a ripple over its surface. The flower rocked, and the butterfly swayed.
It was having fun sailing on the pond!
The sun and the ladybird
In autumn, a ladybird crawled under the bark of a tree to rest. The little bug slept through the winter, unafraid of the severe frosts and the burning winds. She slept and dreamt of a warm, sunny day, a fluffy cloud in a blue sky, and a brightly coloured rainbow.
In the middle of winter there was a warm, sunny day. It was quiet in the forest, with not a breath of wind. The sun warmed up the dark bark, and the ladybird grew hot. She woke up, yawned luxuriously, and peeped out from under the bark. She wanted to spread her wings and fly, but the sun warned her, ‘Don’t venture out, ladybird! Hide away in your warm bed. It is too early for you to fly out. You will perish. My rays are warm, but the frost is treacherous and will kill you. There are blizzards and freezing winds and hard frosts still to come.’
The ladybird heeded this good advice. She took a deep breath of fresh air and crawled back into her warm bed.
The noisy stream and the silent river
A deep, wide river flows through a green valley. Its water flows slowly. Ships and rafts wend their way along it. The river is quiet, silent.
Meanwhile, a small stream flows between the mountains. Swift and noisy, it is always in a hurry, gushing over the pebbles and always babbling about something, explaining how it was born from melting snow high in the mountains. Then the noisy stream meets the silent river. Enchanted by the majesty of the river, the stream falls silent. It is suddenly ashamed to chatter, when the river is so silent.
The tree stump and the oak
A young, curly, green oak grew in the forest. Underneath the oak was a stout, grey, rotting tree stump.
‘Once, I was a young, green oak just like you,’ murmured the stump. ‘But now, look at me, I am just a stump!’
‘Will I really become a stump like you?’ protested the young oak tree.
‘Yes, just like me.’
‘I don’t like that idea at all,’ said the oak tree. ‘I would rather be struck by lightning and burnt to a crisp.’
There was a peal of thunder, and a flash of lightning struck the crown of the young oak. The oak was set ablaze and burnt like a candle. Then rain poured down and quenched the fire. Just one green branch remained. From it the oak regrew, spreading until it finally became as green and curly as the young oak before the thunderstorm.
As for the stump, when the lightning struck, it was so frightened that it collapsed in a heap.
The luckiest leaf
At night, the leaves of an aspen tree sleep, but when the sun rises, they tremble as if they are alive.
I once witnessed how aspen leaves greet the sun. I woke at the break of dawn, walked to a tall aspen tree, and sat under it, waiting for the sun to rise. The sky to the east was crimson red and at any moment the sun’s blazing disc would appear on the horizon. I could not yet see it, but the aspen leaf at the top of the tree could. It turned red and rustled joyfully, greeting the sun, while its brothers lower down were still dozing.
‘I am the luckiest one and the happiest,’ sang the leaf at the top of the aspen tree. ‘I see the sun before everyone else and bathe the longest in its rays. I am the last one to bid it goodnight.’
I want to be as fortunate as that leaf up on high.
The bristly beetle
A bristly beetle climbs to the top of a clover stalk. He has two long moustaches that look like radio antennas. He raises them towards the sky. The antennas start waving. Do you know why he raises them? He is sending a signal, a telegram, to his friend in the garden, saying, ‘Come over, my friend! I’ve found a sweet clover leaf. Let’s eat it together and drink of a drop of dew.’
I am interested to see what happens next. I see another bristly beetle fly over to the clover. Of course, he is from the garden! The two sit together and wave their moustaches. Why do they not eat the clover leaf? Perhaps the bristly beetle from the garden has misunderstood the telegram from the bristly beetle on the clover. Or perhaps they will have a chat first and then eat the leaf.
Yasenets – the first thin ice
Yesterday evening, waves still lapped at the edge of the pond, but today there is a frost. The pond is covered with the first thin layer of ice, which in Ukrainian we call yasenets. A little crucian carp lives in the pond. He is swimming around and wants to take a look at the shore, but the ice will not let him. The fish is surprised. ‘What is that?’ he wonders.
A rainbow in the sky
A rainbow is shining high up in the clouds above the pond. It is a colourful bridge linking the sun to the earth. The sun uses it to drink water from the pond. It built the rainbow, and now it is tired and thirsty. | b0306e40-e2e8-4160-99aa-ad188b8e79ea | CC-MAIN-2024-33 | https://dnpb.gov.ua/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Sukhomlynsky-News-105.pdf | 2024-08-07T19:39:13+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-33/segments/1722640707024.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240807174317-20240807204317-00331.warc.gz | 167,255,449 | 3,548 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998342 | eng_Latn | 0.998823 | [
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WORLD SLEEP DAY – HOW IT BEGAN
World Sleep Day (WSD) has grown steadily since its inception. The first WSD was held on March 14th 2008, under the slogan ‘Sleep well, live fully awake’. The 2009 WSD operated under the slogan “Drive alert, arrive safe” and had 49 separate articles, mentioning “World Sleep Day”. 2010’s WSD slogan was “Sleep well, stay healthy” and experienced continued growth of international coverage. The 2011 WSD slogan was “Sleep well, grow healthy”—with emphasis on promoting quality sleep for all ages. The 2012 World Sleep Day slogan was “Breathe easily, sleep well” held on March 16, 2012. The 2013 slogan was “good sleep, healthy aging” held on March 15, 2013. The 2014 the slogan is “restful sleep, easy breathing, healthy body” held on March 14, 2014. For 2015 the slogan is “When Sleep is Sound, Health and Happiness Abound” and will be held on Friday March 13th, 2015.
WSD is an annual event intended to be a celebration of sleep and a call to action on important issues related to sleep. It is organized by the World Sleep Day Committee of the World Association of Sleep Medicine (WASM), and aims to lessen the burden of sleep problems on society through better prevention and management of sleep disorders. The World Sleep Day is on the Friday before the March equinoxes, and therefore, the date changes each year. The following are future World Sleep Day dates: 2016 is March 18th, and 2017 is March 17th.
WSD is co-chaired by committee members Antonio Culebras, MD, professor of neurology at SUNY, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; and Liborio Parrino, MD, assistant professor of neurology at Parma University, Italy; with support from WASM’s Executive Director Allan O’Bryan.
WSD events take place primarily online at www.worldsleepday.org, featuring educational and historical videos, education materials, and public service announcements. WASM has issued the following declaration related to World Sleep Day:
WORLD SLEEP DAY DECLARATION:
- Whereas, sleepiness and sleeplessness constitute a global epidemic that threatens health and quality of life,
- Whereas, much can be done to prevent and treat sleepiness and sleeplessness,
- Whereas, professional and public awareness are the first steps to action,
- We hereby DECLARE that the disorders of sleep are preventable and treatable medical conditions in every country of the world.
MEDIA SPOKESPEOPLE
Where possible, we suggest identifying and preparing a message for an internal spokesperson to front your WSD activities. Depending on time and resources, media/message training may also help to prepare your spokesperson for various media activities such as telephone interviews, live TV or radio. WASM is preparing a list of spokespeople from countries around the world. Please contact WASM at email@example.com for a list of international spokespeople or to be considered as a spokesperson. Internal spokespeople from WASM include the following:
WORLD SLEEP DAY DELEGATES
WASM currently has over 200 World Sleep Day delegates spreading awareness of sleep issues in over 50 countries around the globe. These delegates contact local media, organize public awareness events, host conferences and much more under the auspices of World Sleep Day.
Here are a few examples of our delegates’ activities for 2014 including the 4 Distinguished Activity Awardees:
- Dr. Liborio Parrino (Italy) worked alongside the Italian Red Cross and put an ambulance in squares throughout Italy handing out flyers to the public.
- The Sleep Apnea Treatment Centers of America moved a life size bed to various locations around Tampa Bay, FL handing out flyers and good sleep information to the public.
- Federal Almazov Medical Research Center in Russia, Delegates: Lyudmila Korostovtseva & Irina Zavalko translated the WASM 10 Commandments into Russian, and held multiple lectures in several locations for a wide variety of ages.
- Australasian Sleep Association & Sleep Health Foundation Delegate: Sarah Biggs had 23 schools and over 6000 children involved across Australia and New Zealand. Many schools made a special day out of it by making World Sleep Day a pajama party at school.
- Dr. Vijaya Krishnan (India) organized a full marathon along with addressing the public about what is Sleep Apnea, the 10 commandments of sleep hygiene for adults and children. Dr. Krishnan also spoke about the risk factors causing Sleep Apnea and the importance of obesity in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
- Dr. Birgitte Holzinger (Austria) held a press conference in which 25 journalists appeared and were very interested and helped them by spreading the knowledge about their field to the public.
- Dr. Ximena Alvarado (Bolivia) brought awareness of World Sleep Day through local and national coverage TV and radio interviews through FIDES TV – Home Medical Program, run by the Medical College of Bolivia and the Bolivian Society of Internal Medicine. 500 people attended on the day of the interview.
- Egyptian Scientific Society for Sleep Medicine & Research Delegate: Ahmed Gharib held: two different press releases on Al Ahram newspaper (the most widely read newspaper in Egypt), shedding light on the physiology of sleep, the importance of sleep hygiene and the measures taken to diagnose and treat the various sleep disorders among adults and children. There was also a media release on Abu Dhabi TV addressed to the Arab public.
If you would like to become a World Sleep Day delegate please go to www.worldsleepday.org for more information. Or, contact Katherine Walker at firstname.lastname@example.org.
WORLD SLEEP DAY 2015 PRESS RELEASE
A press release for the 2015 World Sleep Day will be available in February 2015, introducing the 2015 activities, date, theme, and activities occurring around the globe. The press release will be
posted on our website www.worldsleepday.org. Please contact email@example.com for more details.
**KEY MESSAGES**
A critical component of public relations (PR) is communicating the right messages to the right audiences at the right times. It is important for messages about World Sleep Day to be consistent across countries, particularly with the volume of information that is now available on the Internet. Defining key messages and adapting them to your target audience is crucial.
Please note: Not every message will be relevant to each of your target audiences, so you need to adapt them accordingly.
The following key messages are designed to give you a template to work from and can be adapted to suit the media environment and focus within your countries. WASM committee members, WSD delegates, and sleep professionals around the world will be engaging in PR activities that discuss sleep disorders relative to this year’s “When Sleep is Sound, Health and Happiness Abound” theme in order to raise awareness of WSD. The key messages below can be used as talking points to enable you to have consistent messages with others around the world. Bolded key messages should be viewed as primary messages when time or space is limited.
**SLOGAN: WHEN SLEEP IS SOUND, HEALTH AND HAPPINESS ABOUND**
- **BREATHE WELL:** (Identifies with sleep apnea, CPAP treatments) Breathing regularly during sleep is critical to maintain well-being and health. Interruption of the breathing function during sleep is called sleep apnea. This is a pervasive and common disorder that affects 4% of men and 2% of women.\(^{22}\)
- **REST WELL:** (Identifies with sleep environment) Environmental conditions, such as temperature, noise, light, bed comfort and electronic distractions, play a significant role in one’s ability to get proper sleep—and, subsequently, in overall sleep-related wellness. (See WASM 10 Commandments.)
- **DREAM WELL:** (Identifies with mental health of sleep) Sleep disturbance is a risk factor of both physical and mental disorders\(^{34}\). Mental health problems for which sleep disturbance elevates risk most commonly include depression\(^{28-30}\), and anxiety disorders\(^{31-33}\).
- **DRIVE WELL:** (Identifies with excessive sleepiness) Failure to obtain quality sleep may lead to poor alertness, lack of attention, reduced concentration while driving.
**GENERAL MESSAGES**
- World Sleep Day is an annual event to raise awareness of sleep disorders and the burden that they place on society. World Sleep Day 2015 will be held on Friday March 13, 2015.
- Most sleep disorders are preventable or treatable, yet less than one-third of sufferers seek professional help.\(^{4}\)
- Sleep problems constitute a global epidemic that threatens health and quality of life for up to 45% of the world’s population.\(^{3}\)
- Better understanding of sleep conditions and more research into the area will help reduce the burden of sleep disorders on society.
Three elements of good quality sleep are:
- Duration - The length of sleep should be sufficient for the sleeper to be rested and alert the following day.
- Continuity - Sleep periods should be seamless without fragmentation.
- Depth - Sleep should be deep enough to be restorative.
TALKING POINTS and KEY MESSAGES
Primary:
- Research shows that we spend up to one-third of our lives sleeping. Sleep is a basic human need, much like eating and drinking, and is crucial to our overall health and well-being.
- Sleep, like exercise and nutrition, is essential for metabolic regulation in children. There is evidence for a link between sleep duration and childhood obesity. The findings are more apparent in girls. Sleep duration is the effect of day-to-day variability of sleep-wake timing on weight regulation.\textsuperscript{19,20}
- Breathing regularly during sleep is critical to maintain well-being and health. Persistent interruption of the breathing function during sleep is called sleep apnea. This is a pervasive and common disorder that affects 4% of men and 2% of women.\textsuperscript{22}
- Sleep apnea causes daytime sleepiness and fatigue, and may lead to conditions such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, stroke\textsuperscript{27}, and diabetes.
- Lack of sleep or poor quality sleep is known to have a significant negative impact on our health in the long and short term. Next day effects of poor quality sleep include a negative impact on our attention span, memory recall and learning.\textsuperscript{5} Longer term effects are being studied, but poor quality sleep or sleep deprivation has been associated with significant health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, weakened immune systems and even some cancers.\textsuperscript{6,7,8}
- Lack of sleep is related to many psychological conditions such as depression, anxiety and psychosis.\textsuperscript{9,10}
- Quality sleep is crucial to ensure good health and quality of life.
Importance of good-quality, restorative sleep
- Good quality and restorative sleep is essential for day-to-day functioning. Studies suggest that sleep quality rather than quantity has a greater impact on quality of life and daytime functioning.\textsuperscript{12}
- Healthy sleep in children will improve the child’s overall wellness. WASM has created the 10 commandments of Healthy Sleep for Children, available at \url{www.worldsleepday.org}.
- Poor quality sleep has a greater negative impact on health, well-being and satisfaction with life than the quantity of sleep a person gets.\textsuperscript{9,13}
- Quality sleep is responsible for alertness, improved functioning the following day and better quality of life.
Consequences of sleep disorders
- Sleep disorders cause significant individual and societal burden and form a serious public health problem.
Obstructive sleep apnea significantly impacts health and well-being. The drop in oxygen that occurs when breathing stops due to OSA puts a strain on the heart and can lead to a number of serious health conditions.
Directly or indirectly, disrupted sleep can have a negative effect on family life and relationships by affecting a person’s mood and the way in which they are able to perform daily activities and interact socially.\(^{13}\)
**Extent of the epidemic**
- 35% of people do not feel they get enough sleep, impacting both their physical and mental health.\(^{21}\)
- Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects approximately 4% of the adult population.\(^{21}\) If not properly managed, OSA can have a significant impact on a person’s health and well-being.
- Restless Legs Syndrome is a common disorder and occurs in between 3-10% of the population, although the number of people affected and the severity of the condition differs between countries.
- People who have OSA stop breathing repeatedly during sleep. OSA is caused by a blockage of the upper airway. The collapse of the airway may be due to factors such as a large tongue, extra tissue or decreased muscle tone holding the airway open.
- Each breathing pause can last from 10 seconds to more than a minute and is accompanied by a drop in oxygen associated with each event. The events may occur 5 to 50 times or more each hour. This puts a strain on the heart and can lead to a number of serious health conditions (U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, NIH, 2009).
**Known consequences: some statistics**
- A US study has estimated the annual costs of insomnia to be between $92.5 billion and $107.5 billion.\(^{17}\)
- 71,000 people suffer injuries every year due to sleep-related accidents.\(^{16}\)
- 1,550 people die because of sleep-related accidents.\(^{16}\)
- 46% of individuals with frequent sleep disturbances report missing work or events, or making errors at work, compared to 15% of healthy sleepers.\(^{18}\)
**Insomnia**
- Insomnia affects between 30-45% of the adult population.\(^{3}\)
- Primary insomnia (insomnia with no underlying condition) affects 1-10% of the general population, increasing up to 25% in the elderly.\(^{3}\)
- Lack of sleep or poor quality sleep also leaves us more vulnerable to accidents. People who suffer insomnia are seven times more likely to become involved in an accident causing death or serious injury than good sleepers.\(^{11}\)
- Studies have shown that people with insomnia suffer from more symptoms of anxiety and depression than people without insomnia.\(^{9}\)
- Insomnia has a negative impact in all areas of a sufferer’s life.
- Insomnia can affect work performance, with a change in character and a drop in the quality of work. If the disorder remains untreated, this may even lead to reduced job prospects and loss of employment.\(^{13}\)
SLEEP BREATHING PROBLEMS
Obstructive sleep apnea is very prevalent, but under recognized. The Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study estimated a prevalence of 24% among men and 9% among women in that state in the United States. In northern India, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is 13.7%. OSA is an independent risk factor for hypertension and other cardiovascular ailments. In children, sleep apnea may be the underlying cause of neuropsychological disturbances. Pediatric sleep apnea is typically associated with adenotonsillar hypertrophy.
Both adults and children should be formally investigated in sleep centers if sleep apnea is suspected, because both adult and pediatric sleep apnea is treatable and correctable; a correct and precise diagnosis is always required.\(^{26}\)
Sleep apnea is diagnosed with polysomnography in the sleep laboratory. Treatment with non-invasive positive airway (continuous positive airway pressure, or CPAP) ventilation is generally successful. For mild forms of sleep apnea, the application of oral devices can be beneficial. Surgery to remove excessive tissues in the oropharynx may be considered for individuals who cannot tolerate non-invasive equipment or who have obvious obstruction to airflow in the oropharynx by redundant tissue growth or large tonsils. There is proof that successful correction of sleep apnea with non-invasive positive airway pressure ventilation lowers mean blood pressure and may reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Excessive daytime somnolence generally improves with successful treatment of sleep apnea.
WHAT YOU CAN DO ABOUT IT
- Join the World Sleep Day 2015 celebrations.
- Obtain more information at [www.worldsleepday.org](http://www.worldsleepday.org).
- Help put more emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders in general and of sleep breathing problems in particular.
- Spread the message that more research is needed to completely understand sleep and to understand the causes of sleep disorders.
- Be cognizant that most sleep problems can be managed by changing behaviors around sleep, medical therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy.
- Be aware that patients suffering from sleep complaints, or who suffer from excessive daytime sleepiness, should see a physician and, if needed, obtain a consultation in a sleep center.
HISTORICAL VIDEOS
Historical videos document significant discoveries in the field of sleep medicine. Visit www.worldsleepday.org to view the following historical video content.
- Prof. Michel Billiard of Montpellier, France, gives a historical perspective of the evolution of narcolepsy as a clinical entity (English).
- Dr. Ernest Hartmann describes 50 years of dedication to the exploration of sleep and dreams.
- Dr. E. Lugaresi tells the story of a patient with fatal familial insomnia.
- Dr. Carlos Schenck narrates the discovery and clinical development of REM sleep-related disorders.
- Dr. Karl Ekbom Jr. narrates how his father Professor Karl-Axel Ekbom developed the modern concept of restless legs syndrome.
- Dr. Peter Halasz of Budapest, Hungary, discusses his background in researching the relationships between epilepsy and sleep.
- Dr. Allan Hobson discusses his early research on rapid eye movement sleep and dreams.
- Dr. Christian Guilleminault is interviewed providing details on early discovery of obstructive sleep apnea.
A video in memory of Prof. Pasquale Montagna – 1950 – 2010
PRINCIPLES OF GOOD SLEEP
Violation of the 10 Commandments of Sleep Hygiene can cause poor quality of nocturnal sleep, short duration of sleep, fragmentation of sleep and serious sleep deprivation in adults.
10 COMMANDMENTS OF SLEEP HYGIENE FOR ADULTS
1. Fix a bedtime and an awakening time.
2. If you are in the habit of taking siestas, do not exceed 45 minutes of daytime sleep.
3. Avoid excessive alcohol ingestion 4 hours before bedtime and do not smoke.
4. Avoid caffeine 6 hours before bedtime. This includes coffee, tea and many sodas, as well as chocolate.
5. Avoid heavy, spicy, or sugary foods 4 hours before bedtime. A light snack before bed is acceptable.
6. Exercise regularly, but not right before bed.
7. Use comfortable bedding.
8. Find a comfortable temperature setting for sleeping and keep the room well ventilated.
9. Block out all distracting noise and eliminate as much light as possible.
10. Reserve the bed for sleep and sex. Don’t use the bed as an office, workroom or recreation room.
10 COMMANDMENTS OF SLEEP HYGIENCE FOR CHILDREN [AGES BIRTH TO 12 YEARS]
1. Go to bed at the same time every night, preferably before 9:00.
2. Have an age-appropriate nap schedule.
3. Establish a consistent bedtime routine.
4. Make your child’s bedroom sleep conducive – cool, dark, and quiet.
5. Encourage your child to fall asleep independently.
6. Avoid bright light at bedtime and during the night, and increase light exposure in the morning.
7. Avoid heavy meals and vigorous exercise close to bedtime.
8. Keep all electronics, including televisions, computers, and cell phones, out of the bedroom and limit the use of electronics before bedtime.
9. Avoid caffeine, including many sodas, coffee, and teas (as well as iced tea).
10. Keep a regular daily schedule, including consistent mealtimes.
World Sleep Day 2015 has partnered with sleep societies, commercial enterprises and individuals around the world to raise awareness about sleep-breathing problems. Visit our website www.worldsleepday.org for information on 2015 activities.
Bibliography
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LOGOS
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WHAT IS EPILEPSY?
Complete the following statements from information from the video-animation.
1. Brain CELLS generate electricity.
2. A SEIZURE is a sudden burst of electrical activity that causes a person to experience new sensations or movements.
3. Epilepsy can affect ANYONE.
4. Avoid TRIGGERS as they make seizures happen more often and are different for each person with examples such as flashing LIGHTS, periods, stress, lack of SLEEP, high temperature, drug, and ALCOHOL use.
ANSWERS
www.epilepsyweb4kids.ca
WHAT IS EPILEPSY?
Answer the following multiple choice questions based on the information from the video animation.
1. When is Purple Day?
a. April 3
b. March 26
c. September 30
2. How many people are impacted by epilepsy?
a. 1/1000
b. 1/100
c. 1/10
3. Which aspect of life is not affected by epilepsy?
a. Work
b. School
c. Driving
d. None of the above
ANSWERS
www.epilepsyweb4kids.ca | 03239345-5bb2-4736-8132-18bde17b4ed8 | CC-MAIN-2025-08 | https://epilepsyweb4kids.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/whatisepilepsyanswers.pdf | 2025-02-17T19:29:30+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-08/segments/1738832259438.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20250217191831-20250217221831-00530.warc.gz | 202,816,920 | 254 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.988692 | eng_Latn | 0.990518 | [
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DEAR KINDERGARTEN FAMILY,
Welcome to Issue 3! We hope that you are enjoying the various Learning through Play activities at home and have checked out our Blog. In this issue, you will find activities to enjoy with your child as you talk, read, create and play, everyday! Soon, you will receive an invitation to attend a Welcome to Kindergarten family orientation session at the school. At that session, you will receive a bag of learning resources, which you can explore with your child as you both look forward to Kindergarten!
The WTK Team
firstname.lastname@example.org
| INSIDE | PAGE |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| Talking & reading together - Rhyme Time | 2 |
| Exploring math together - Fingers, fingers! | 3 |
| Math Around Us | 3 |
| Patterning | 4 |
| Finding letters & numbers in nature | 4 |
| Playing Outdoor Together - Mud Pies | 5 |
| Exploring feelings together - Calming Kit | 6 |
www.welcome-to-kindergarten.ca | email@example.com
Rhyme time
Hearing rhymes in words is important for learning to read.
- Try singing songs, reading poems and making up your own rhymes (e.g., The fat cat is wearing a hat).
- Many of the Welcome to Kindergarten songs rhyme. Check out the WTK music at https://welcome-to-kindergarten.ca/ten-fun-interactive-songs
Hey diddle, diddle,
The cat and the fiddle,
The cow jumped over the moon.
The little dog laughed,
to see such sport
and the dish ran away with the spoon.
WHY IT MATTERS
Reading provides children with a wide range of ideas, views and experiences.
Fingers, fingers!
Children need experience counting to fully understand number concepts. Let’s start with our fingers!
- Hold your hands behind your back. Together with your child chant: “Fingers, fingers, 1, 2, 3. How many fingers do you see?” Using two hands, hold up three fingers.
- Children can say ‘three’ or show three with their fingers.
- Vary how you show each number on your fingers. Example: five can be two and three fingers or one and four fingers. It is important to show five in many ways before slowly moving up to 10.
WHY IT MATTERS
Math helps children build confidence and make sense of the world around them.
Math Around Us
Counting on is an important math concept for children.
- Make a habit of counting things in everyday life. For example, count your steps and the stairs you climb, count socks, count the blue cars you see on the street.
- Measure and count while you cook or bake. Bath time is a great time for measuring.
- Build things together; count as you go along. Use comparison words, like taller, shorter, longer etc. Try different shapes to see which ones work.
- While reading, count the animals or people on the page and notice the page numbers. There are lots of counting books you can read with your child.
Patterning
- Look for collections of objects in your house, for example: rocks/gems, clothespins, blocks, cars/trucks, beads, buttons, animal figures...
- Create patterns using these items. For example, make a patterned necklace using beads and string: red bead, blue bead, yellow bead, red bead...
- You can make patterns with your body (e.g., clap, hop, clap, hop).
WHY IT MATTERS
Children build science and math skills when they sort, compare, measure, describe and predict.
Finding letters & numbers in nature!
Letters and numbers can be found everywhere in the world around you. You can also use everyday objects to recreate letters and tell stories.
- Walk around your community and point out all the letters and numbers you can see.
- Use sticks, leaves, petals, etc. to form different numbers, letters and words (e.g., your child’s name).
- Draw or take pictures of the letters and numbers you find or make.
Mud pies
- Add some water to dirt to make your own mud.
- Explore the mud with your hands – mould and shape it.
- Find some treasures to add to your mud pie!
WHY IT MATTERS
Fresh air and movement supports problem-solving, independence, creativity, and physical development.
Creative Exploration
Collage
- Collage is a fun art experience using various types of materials such as newspaper, magazines and recycled materials.
- Encourage your child to create art by gluing smaller pieces of torn paper onto a larger piece.
- Use outdoor collections like twigs, petals and leaves to create a nature collage.
- Use your imaginations and have fun creating original art together!
WHY IT MATTERS
Children develop independence, problem-solving and thinking skills through creative exploration. They develop and express their unique personalities when they create.
Exploring Feelings Together
Calming Kit
- Gather items that help your child feel calm, such as a squeeze ball, a small stuffy, a favourite book, a family picture, fidget toys etc.
- Put these items in a box or bag that can be easily accessed by your child.
- Encourage your child to use these calming materials when they are feeling sad or upset.
WHY IT MATTERS
When we talk about feelings with children, they learn to understand the feelings of others and to manage their feelings.
TALKING AND SINGING BUILDS:
- relationships
- memory
- rhythm & rhyme
- belonging
- enjoyment of music
- listening & speaking skills
- an appreciation for cultural stories & oral traditions
CREATING BUILDS:
- problem-solving skills
- imagination & personal expression
- small & large muscle control and coordination
- measurement, geometry & spatial sense
PLAYING BUILDS:
- decision-making skills
- cooperation
- physical skills
- curiosity
- self-awareness & regulation
- math concepts & vocabulary
- confidence & well-being
- empathy & understanding
READING BUILDS:
- vocabulary
- a sense of story
- knowledge
- print, letter & number awareness
YOU ARE YOUR CHILD’S FIRST AND BEST TEACHER!
- Follow your child’s lead as you play and discover together
- Talk and read with your child in your first language
- Help your child to share and take turns
- Encourage your child to make choices and decisions
- Celebrate your child’s learning
MORE RESOURCES TO EXPLORE
We hope you enjoyed reading this newsletter. You are receiving this newsletter because your child’s school participates in the Welcome to Kindergarten™ Program.
Many other resources can be found on our blog! Check it out regularly to discover extra tips on how you can support your child’s development.
You are your child’s first and best teacher, so have fun talking, reading, creating and playing every day!
EXPLORE MORE RESOURCES HERE
https://welcome-to-kindergarten.ca/blog
About Welcome to Kindergarten™
Welcome to Kindergarten™ is a registered Canadian trademark of Canadian Education Warehouse.
Welcome to Kindergarten™ (WTK) supports new Kindergarten children and families, in warmly welcoming them to school. WTK offers high quality early learning materials and family support. All WTK activities and resources are based on current research and effective practice in early learning, transition to school, family engagement and community involvement. | 7c4a179f-f8a8-439d-abdf-d8c83e48e890 | CC-MAIN-2025-08 | https://parkland.sd28.bc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/2024-05/LTP%20Issue%203.pdf | 2025-02-15T10:37:55+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-08/segments/1738831951979.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20250215085341-20250215115341-00243.warc.gz | 410,047,838 | 1,549 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.995954 | eng_Latn | 0.99698 | [
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PENNICHUCK WATERSHED POSTER CONTEST 2022
AMHERST MIDDLE SCHOOL – AMHERST, NH
FIRST PLACE
YOU
‘thirsty?’
then
CLEAN UP
your
ACT!
✓
Throw away trash
X
Littering
✓
Pickup waste
SECOND PLACE
Water is a material we all need and is provided by many sources such as glaciers, the ground (or ground water), and surface water like lakes, rivers, etc. Most of our drinking water comes from that surface water. The surface water is filtered for debris and chemicals but some contaminants still reach the faucet. The contaminants come from different sources including oil spills, soapy waters, construction sites, litter and animal poop!!! To avoid this communities should/could pickup trash, place their animals away from water sources or pick up after them (to avoid waste contaminates) and be more careful when handling chemicals.
THIRD PLACE
We did not receive a parent permission slip
GRAND PRIZE CONTEST WINNER
AMHERST MIDDLE SCHOOL – AMHERST, NH
Help Stop Pollution in the Watershed!
Bad VS. Good
- Oil leaks in cars
- Leaving pet waste on sidewalks
- Leaving trash on sidewalks
- Fix the oil leaks
- Pick up your pets waste
- Throw away your trash
By fixing these problems you’re keeping our watershed clean! | 708419e9-3a3d-449e-9ddf-5d6937fca134 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://pennichuck.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Amherst-Middle-Amherst-NH-5th-grade-Permission-Slip-2022-36x36-1.pdf | 2023-10-01T09:50:11+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510810.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001073649-20231001103649-00530.warc.gz | 483,322,458 | 292 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.995578 | eng_Latn | 0.995578 | [
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Origami & crafts
Goal:
Our community project was an origami and crafts CCA for students in Grades 2 - 4. We created a variety of crafts, including paper hot balloons, origami bats and paper snowflakes. Through these CCA sessions, we not only encouraged our students to be creative but also developed a variety of skills ourselves through preparing and presenting our lessons.
Global context:
Personal and Cultural Expression
ATL Skills:
1. Accessing information to be informed and inform others
2. Meeting class schedules and deadlines
3. Practicing strategies to reduce stress anxiety
4. Practicing flexible thinking by viewing multiple perspectives
5. Help others when appropriate and encourage contributions from others
By Lucia and Emma | 231bd104-adae-4e45-b22c-128b15a21c1d | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://resources.finalsite.net/images/v1619076974/hzscishisnet/dohpdqy517dzgcan45wr/Chen_Emma_Exhibition_Poster_.pdf | 2023-02-07T06:08:35+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500384.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207035749-20230207065749-00850.warc.gz | 478,174,154 | 149 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.991939 | eng_Latn | 0.991939 | [
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PROTECT your child with the proper gear
- Bikes – helmet
- Scooters – helmet, knee pads, elbow pads
- Skateboards – helmet, knee pads, elbow pads, wrist guards
- Inline Skates – helmet, knee pads, elbow pads, wrist guards
Proper fit and maintenance are also important. Your child’s feet should reach the ground while sitting on the bike seat. Make sure the reflectors are secure, brakes work properly, gears shift smoothly and tires are tightly secured and properly inflated.
PROTECT children across your community
You can help make your community safer for all children.
- Get involved in a local sports and recreational safety effort. To find a SAFE KIDS coalition near you, visit www.safekids.org.
- Support state and local legislation to require all children to wear helmets when on bikes, scooters, skateboards and inline skates.
- Wear a helmet when you ride. Children are more likely to wear helmets when riding with others who wear them. Encourage other parents to do the same.
- Support bike safety education in your community. Attend a class with your child.
BIKE SAFETY and other wheeled sports
Put safety on the brain.
National SAFE KIDS Campaign
For more information contact:
The National SAFE KIDS Campaign
1301 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Suite 1000
Washington, DC 20004-1707
202-662-0600
www.safekids.org
1/04 No. 3380
Your child is 14 times more likely to survive a bike crash if she is wearing a helmet.
Bikes, scooters, inline skates and skateboards help kids stay physically fit, and develop balance and coordination. Yet more than 1,000 children a day are treated in emergency rooms for injuries received while riding. Younger children are most at risk; however, even experienced riders get hurt, often when they collide with motor vehicles. Head injury is the leading cause of death and disability in bicycle crashes.
Unfortunately, children’s actions can also put them at risk. Many injuries occur when kids ride into a street without stopping, turn left or swerve into traffic coming from behind, run stop signs or ride against the flow of traffic. The majority of bicycle injuries occur on shorter streets, within a mile of the child’s home.
The good news is that supervision, instruction and proper protective equipment including helmets can help prevent and reduce the severity of many of these injuries. The following tips will help you protect your child from harm.
PROTECT your child by teaching the rules of the road
Riders should be restricted to sidewalks and paths until they reach the age of 10 and can demonstrate they know the rules of the road. Supervision is essential until children develop the necessary traffic skills and judgment.
Teach your children:
- **Bicycles are vehicles, not toys.** Riding bikes, scooters, skateboards and inline skates – especially around traffic – is an important responsibility.
- **When on the road, ride with traffic** rather than against it. Ride as far to the right as possible.
- **Use appropriate hand signals.**
- **Respect traffic signals.** Stop at all stop signs and red lights.
- **Stop and look left, right and left again before crossing an intersection.**
- **Look back and yield to traffic coming from behind before turning left at intersections.**
- **Don’t ride when it’s dark.** If riding at dusk, dawn or in the evening is unavoidable, use lights on the bike. Make sure your bike has reflectors as well. Wear clothes and accessories that incorporate retroreflective materials.
PROTECT your child with proper helmet use
Encouraging your children to wear helmets when they ride is the best thing you can do to protect them from injury.
- **Don’t negotiate.** It’s estimated that 75 percent of bicycle-related deaths among children could be prevented with a bicycle helmet.
- **Be sure the helmet bears a CPSC (U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission) label.**
- **Correct fit is essential.** Helmets should be comfortable and snug, but not too tight. They shouldn’t rock back and forth or side to side.
- **Make sure your child wears her helmet correctly** – centered on top of her head and always with the straps buckled. Children who wear their helmets tipped back have a 52 percent greater risk of head injury than those who wear their helmets properly.
- **If your child is reluctant to wear his helmet, try letting him choose his own.** Helmets come in many colors and styles – allowing children to choose a helmet that’s “cool” may make them less likely to take it off when you’re not around. | debc7e9a-db3c-4530-8b10-e1731b6d0de9 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://tuxedoems.org/wp/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/bike-and-other-wheeled-sports-safety.pdf | 2021-12-01T06:59:32+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359093.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201052655-20211201082655-00514.warc.gz | 658,659,217 | 966 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.996149 | eng_Latn | 0.998163 | [
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Saturday, 1 May 1999, at 8.00pm
Strathfield Town Hall
STRATHFIELD SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA
founded by Emily Finn in 1969
SOLOMON BARD
Conductor
KIAN LIM
Acting Concertmaster
PRUE PAGE, Flute
SUE-ELLEN MONAGHAN, Flute
KIAN LIM, Violin
Soloists
ORCHESTRA PATRON
Councillor Laurel O'Toole, Mayor of Strathfield
PROGRAM
Overture with Fanfares
Mary Mageau
(1934 - )
Concerto for Two Flutes & Orchestra
Domenico Cimarosa
(1749-1801)
Soloists: Prue Page & Sue-Ellen Monaghan
Swan Lake, Suite for Orchestra
Peter Illyich Tchaikovsky
(1840-1893)
Interval
Reflection of the Moon On The Water
Hua Yan-jun (arr Bard)
Soloist: Kian Lim
Night on Bare Mountain
Modest Moussorgsky
(1839 - 1881)
Symphony No. 101 (The Clock)
Franz Joseph Haydn
(1732-1809)
The Strathfield Symphony Orchestra acknowledges with thanks the assistance of the Strathfield Municipal Council.
PROFILES
PRUE PAGE
Prue Page began flute lessons at 30. Her teachers included James Galway and Margaret Crawford, and she was fortunate enough to attend masterclasses of Marcel Moyse in the UK. Early years included considerable solo performances, as well as orchestral and chamber music. There were also many occasions of improvisation - with folk song, poetry, mime and story-telling, mostly in London. There were four world tours with a Latvian group, Saules Josta, performances with Mikis Theodorakis in Paris, performances as soloist with Koto, as well as recording of contemporary Iranian music. Prue Page is currently a member of the "Music of Joy" group, recording and performing Indian music. She is also principal flute with the Strathfield Symphony Orchestra.
Her first contact with the Suzuki Method was as a violin parent enjoying many years with Jan Cooper. Prue was invited to organise Suzuki flute in Sydney as an appointed Teacher Trainer. The wide expansion of the Suzuki flute program is due to Prue's expertise and influence, and she continues to teach both in Sydney and in Wollongong, with her students consistently achieving at high levels. Some of the first Suzuki flute students are now professional flautists and teachers.
SUE-ELLEN MONAGHAN
Sue-Ellen is Associate Principal Flute in the Strathfield Symphony Orchestra. She studied flute with Prue Page at the Wollongong Conservatorium where she graduated with a Bachelor of Creative Arts in Performance in 1991 and was appointed to the teaching staff. She undertook further studies with Margaret Crawford at the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts where she gained her Graduate Diploma with distinction. She became a freelance performer and now teaches at the International Grammar School at Neutral Bay.
KIAN LIM
Kian first studied violin in his native Singapore under the leading soloist and orchestral violinist of the day, concert master of the Singapore Symphony Orchestra. Despite excellent grades and encouragement of music teachers, and work with Radio Singapore, Kian came to Australia to study medicine at the University of Sydney. Between his medical studies he had a short course at the Sydney Conservatorium; tutorials with the Scottish concert violinist, Maurice Claire, who auditioned Kian in Singapore; played with the Sydney University Orchestra under the baton of Professor Peart and Eric Gross; and played solos and chamber works for various churches, charities and colleges in NSW.
After graduating from University, Kian worked in various hospitals in NSW and so played in Orchestras such as the Wollongong Symphony, as the leader in the musical production "Showboat" and with the Newcastle Choir production of the "Messiah". Kian joined the Strathfield Symphony Orchestra in 1991. Since 1993, on the invitation of musical director, Gary Stavrou, Kian has been involved as first violinist, participated in two NSW orchestral festivals and won two consecutive gold awards with the Balmain Sinfonia. His current involvement with two orchestras gives him widened musical experience, unique scope to improve his technique and great joy.
After studies in harpsichord and composition with Leon Stein at De Paul University, Chicago, and with Ross Lee Finney and Leslie Bassett at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor), Mary Mageau won a fellowship to study with George Crumb at Tanglewood in 1970, and studied electronic music at the Catholic University, Washington DC. In 1974, she came to Australia as a guest lecturer for the Brisbane College of Advanced Education, and she now resides in Queensland permanently, having married an Australian. She formed the Brisbane Baroque Trio in 1979, which combined Baroque works with new commissions, and currently teaches at the Queensland Conservatorium. Her works include symphonic, choral and numerous piano works, as well as chamber works for recorder and wind groups, and she has received various commissions, notably "An Early Autumn's Dreaming" for the Queensland Philharmonic Orchestra (1993). *Overture with Fanfares* was composed in 1998, especially for the Strathfield Symphony Orchestra, commissioned by Eva Griffith, second oboe in the Strathfield Symphony Orchestra, in memory of her life long friend, Heinz Harant, who died in 1992. Mary Mageau was the composer chosen for this commission after a previous work, "Pacific Portfolio" was performed and enjoyed by the Orchestra in June 1998.
There is a popular misconception in the West that Chinese music consists mostly of loud clashes of gongs. In fact, the Chinese had written beautiful, serene melodies many centuries ago, as the present work shows. The original theme is hidden in the mists of antiquity, but Hua’s revival, written for Chinese instruments, may have been inspired by the story of the famous Chinese poet of the 8th Century AD named Li Po, who is believed to have drowned while attempting to embrace the moon’s reflection in a lake. Note that the soloist will imitate the style of the Chinese violin for which it was written. A Chinese bamboo flute will also be used.
The original title of this ‘orchestral fantasy’ was “St John’s Night on the Bare Mountain”, referring to a bleak location near Kiev where, according to local legend witches gathered for a Black Sabbath on St John’s Eve. Mussorgsky revised his original score several times, and Rimsky-Korsakov made further revisions after Mussorgsky’s death. For all it’s re-working, the music retains its stark and vivid descriptive power.
Swirling violins and shrieking woodwind, then a heavy, menacing theme on the brass, depict the arrival of the witches and their horrid chatter. A little later, oboes and bassoons introduce a grotesque dance tune. The dancing grows wilder, punctuated by a rather mocking fanfare on the brass. The music moves to a hair-raising climax, with clashing cymbal and thud of brass drum, until the chiming of a church bell heralds the dawn. Weak, exhausted-sounding strings mark the end of the internal revelries. A desolate clarinet solo is followed by a brighter passage for solo flute, and notes on the harp lead to the final hushed chord on strings and woodwind, as peace returns to the scene.
Haydn was a big star in the 1790s, and for his second visit to London in 1794, he wrote six symphonies. He knew exactly what his audiences wanted: a bit of novelty, a bit of mystery, some good bright tunes, and sparkling orchestration. In this, one of the last symphonies that he wrote, Haydn has developed the ‘classical’ four-movement symphonic form to its fullest and grandest extent. Taking advantage of the resources available to him in a large and wealthy city like London, he scored it for a large classical orchestra, including two clarinets and two trumpets.
Like most of the London symphonies, this one starts with an eerie, minor-key introduction. But Number 101 got its nickname from the tick-tocking motion of the second movement, which Haydn no doubt put in to make sure people remembered the work. There’s another lopsided clock accompaniment to the flute melody in the third movement, while the fourth movement has sections of light and shade before a dramatic big finish. Yet another masterpiece from the Haydn production line.
**ORCHESTRA MANAGER** - Margaret Shirley
**STAGE MANAGER** - Russel Watson
**LIBRARIAN** - Jill Hobbs
**LIBRARY ASSISTANT** - Beatrice Ip
Program notes supplied by:
*Collier Encyclopaedia of Music*, Sir Jack Westrup and F. Li Harrison, revised by Conrad Wilson, 1984 (Chancellor Press, London)
*The Classical Collection*, 1993 (Eidos Publishing Ltd)
*The Reader’s Digest “Favourites from the Classics”*, 1991. (Reader’s Digest (Australia) Pty Limited)
PROFILES
SOLOMON BARD
Solomon Bard’s musical education began in North China where, at the age of ten, he commenced violin studies. From the age of fifteen, Solomon played regularly with the Harbin Symphony Orchestra and conducted at the music Academy where he was studying.
Setting aside music as a career, Solomon pursued medicine, graduating as a medical doctor in 1939. But after World War II he became the conductor of the newly-formed Sino-British Orchestra (later the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra). He relinquished his post in 1953 to become the concertmaster and deputy conductor, a post he held until 1976. In 1969, he was guest conductor with the National Philharmonic Orchestra of the Philippines.
Solomon’s long-standing interest in Chinese music and Chinese instruments was rewarded by appointment in 1983 as conductor to the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, with which he toured Australia, Japan, Korea and China. He moved to Australia in 1993 and was appointed conductor of the Strathfield Symphony Orchestra in December 1994.
THE ORCHESTRA
In the 1960’s, Miss Emily Finn, a well-known teacher in Strathfield, saw the need for an amateur orchestra in the area. She refused to listen to doubters, and with the assistance of Strathfield Council, The Strathfield Symphony Orchestra was formed in 1969, the first performance under the baton of high school teacher, Richard Gill, being performed on 28 June 1969.
Over the years many talented young musicians were given the opportunity to play with the Orchestra, some of them for the first time. The youngest was 9 year old violinist Kim Marshall. Others who are today well-known artists include Jane Rutter (flautist); Simon Tedeschi (piano); Kathryn Lambert (piano); Natalie Chee (violin); William Chen (piano), and Marilyn Meier (piano).
The Orchestra is now in its 29th year of music making in the Strathfield area, an achievement for any amateur orchestra. It keeps going because of the support from Strathfield Council, a grant from the Ministry for the Arts NSW, and its many subscribers and players.
THE ORCHESTRA MEMBERS
VIOLIN I
Kian Lim Acting Concertmaster*
Levina Walters
Carol Henson
Belisario Hernandez
Beatrice Iacono
Beatrice Ip
Lisa Lebedev
Glenn Murray
Annabelle Williams
VIOLIN II
Dorita Orzaes*
Wolf Frishing
Pam Allen
Antonia Canaris
Chris Kotsaris
Teresa Rogers
Margaret Simpson
Behram Taleyarkhan
VIOLA
Ted Davis*
Fflur Harvey
Michael Canaris
Chris Elenor
Thomas Talmacs
Nikola Babic
CELLO
Haydn Skinner*
Roger Barker
Iris Hooper
Joy Lukunic
Sarah Moberley
Geoff Widmer
DOUBLE BASS
Darryl Neve*
Nick Lebedev
Manfred Schoen
HARP
Marie-Chantal Bertinazzo+
FLUTE
Prue Page*
Sue-Ellen Monaghan
PICCOLO
Prue Page*
OBOE
Margaret Shirley*
Eva Griffith
CLARINET
Rachael Clarke*
Joe Davies
BASSOON
Pat Taylor*
Alex Thorburn
FRENCH HORN
Terry Dewhurst*
Elizabeth Dalton
Colin Dunn
Jill Hobbs
TRUMPET
David Young*
Andrew Hodgvliet
TROMBONE
Lindsay Smart*
Ross Blum
BASS TROMBONE
Brian Sedgwick*
TUBA
Russel Watson
TIMPANI AND PERCUSSION
Merrilee McNaught*
Liam Childs
Emma Hayes
* Denotes Principal
+ Denotes Freelance
STRATHFIELD ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY
PATRON:
Councillor Laurel O’Toole
Mayor of Strathfield
SOCIETY MEMBERS:
Dr N A Andersen
Mr R Bernie
Mrs G Clarke
Mr T Davis*
Dr S Dickinson
Mr D B Dunlop*
Mrs J Dunlop
Miss C Edwards
Mrs M Edwards*
Mr & Mrs G Hawkshaw
Mr R A Knight
Mr J B Linley
Mr B McBurney*
Brother J McGlade
Miss P A McPhillamy
Miss P J McPhillamy
Mrs S Mahableshwarwalla*
Mrs J C Moroney
Mr & Mrs I G Nicol
Mr & Mrs P Smith
Mr R Watson
Mrs J Widmer
Ms N C Woods
* Life Member
We require three volunteers to assist on each concert night with the supper. Please give us your name and telephone number if you can assist. Thank you. We wish to thank Teresa Rogers for preparing this program.
FUTURE CONCERTS IN 1999
Sunday, 27 June 1999, at 2.30pm
Saturday, 4 September 1999 at 8.00pm
Saturday, 27 November 1999 at 8.00pm
Become a member of the Society and save money.
New Playing Members are welcome. We would welcome especially new, competent string players.
Rehearsals take place every Monday evening at 7.45pm in the Strathfield Town Hall.
For further information, please call Solomon Bard on (02) 9327 3439. | <urn:uuid:df29d8cf-b1f4-40cf-b10b-073ba5710633> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://strathfieldsymphony.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/1999-season-1-program.pdf | 2019-01-24T04:04:01Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584518983.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124035411-20190124061411-00065.warc.gz | 645,256,621 | 3,090 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.917285 | eng_Latn | 0.99496 | [
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May 2022
Dear Students,
Welcome to AP Calculus! I can’t wait to start the year with all of you and have my eye on the prize; the first two weeks of May! It seems like a lifetime from now, but it will be here before we know it. You will be sitting for the AP exam, well rested, well prepared and ready to take on the world.
Looking toward our year together, I am sending a small packet of problems for you to do before school begins. I hope the problems will help us all hit the ground running in September. Please do NOT attempt to do all of the work on the night before school begins. You won’t have enough time to ask questions or complete the work carefully and late work is unacceptable. As will be the policy next year, you will not have the opportunity to correct assignments, so please submit the good work that I know you are capable of doing. You would not be signed up for this course if someone did not think you could do it. I have faith in you!
The problems will be **due on the first day of class** and these assignments will be part of your first grades of the quarter. If you need any guidance, please contact me via e-mail or speak with a classmate. You must submit your own work, as you will all year, but you may benefit from discussing the material with your peers. Discussing problems and strategies does NOT mean copying each other’s work. This is NEVER acceptable! Yes I will be grading these.
Calculus may be my favorite course to teach and I am looking forward to walking through many doors with you.
Please feel free to contact me with any questions or concerns and get ready for an exciting year!
Sincerely,
Mr. Titcomb
email@example.com
Directions/Expectations:
• In the header please write your name, my name, and the title of the assignment (summer work 1, 2, etc…).
• You **WILL NOT BE ABLE TO COMPLETE THEM ALL IN ONE NIGHT!**
• I also wouldn’t do them all right away. It is good to see what you remember after a little break from school.
• Please do the problems in order and number them. Do **NOT** try to do the problems on these sheets.
• **Keep each assignment separate** as they may be graded and returned separately.
• Staple your sheets for each assignment together. No other method of attaching sheets is acceptable.
• Arriving at class without stapled and labeled work is arriving **UNPREPARED**.
• Clearly identify answers, unless the answer is to show or verify something.
• **Show all of your work** and simplify your answers.
• All graphs must be labeled. This includes axes, scale and any other important features.
• **Do not use a calculator** for any of these problems. You are on your honor. You will be expected to be able to work without one on many quizzes and exams and large portions of the AP exam.
• Submit neat work that another human being can read easily. Illegible = no credit = not good for you. Write big enough to read!!!!!
• Do not cramp your work so that comments cannot be made. No room = no comments = not good for you.
• Write the problem so that this serves as a reference. Answers out of context will be of no use to you. The AP graders have a name for this: bald answers. They receive NO credit!
• Submit your best work.
1. Simplify the following: (no negative or zero exponents in final answer)
a. \[ \frac{x^3}{x^{-5}} \]
b. \[ \frac{2x^3}{y^{-5}} \cdot \frac{y^2}{3x^7} \]
c. \[ x^{\frac{1}{3}} \cdot x^{\frac{3}{5}} \]
2. Multiply \((x + 2)^2\)
3. Simplify \[ \frac{x - 4}{4 - x} \]
4. Simplify \[ \frac{x^2 - 4x - 5}{x^2 + 2x + 1} \]
5. Given the point \( P\left(-1, \frac{4}{3}\right) \)
a. Find an equation for the vertical line through \( P \).
b. Find an equation for the horizontal line through \( P \).
6. Write the point-slope equation for the line through \( P(0, 3) \) with slope, \( m = 2 \).
7. Write the slope-intercept equation for the line with slope \( m = \frac{1}{3} \) and \( y \)-intercept \( b = -1 \).
8. Write a general linear equation for the line through the two points \((-2, 1)\) and \((2, -2)\).
9. Use the \( x \)- and \( y \)-intercepts to graph the line \( 3x + 4y = 12 \). Label the graph, including the intercepts.
10. Given \( P(-2, 4) \) and the line \( L: x = 5 \)
a. Write an equation for the line through \( P \) that is parallel to \( L \).
b. Write an equation for the line through \( P \) that is perpendicular to \( L \).
11. Write an equation for the line with \( x \)-intercept 3 and \( y \)-intercept -5.
12. Write an equation for the line \( y = f(x) \), where \( f \) has the following values
| \( x \) | -2 | 2 | 4 |
|--------|----|---|---|
| \( f(x) \) | 4 | 2 | 1 |
Solve each equation for all real values of \( x \). (check for extraneous solutions in # 1, 4, and 5)
1. \[ \frac{2}{x+1} = \frac{x-2}{2} \]
2. \[ x^2 - 9x + 9 = 0 \]
3. \[ \frac{1}{x} + x = 4 \]
4. \[ \frac{5}{e^x + 1} = 1 \]
5. \[ \sqrt{x-1} - \frac{5}{\sqrt{x-1}} = 0 \]
6. Given \( f(x) = 3x^2 - x - 1 \), find \( f(0) \) and \( f(-2) \).
7. Is \( x = -1 \) a zero of the function \( p(x) = x^3 - 3x^2 - x + 3 \)? Why or why not?
8. The sides of a rectangle are \( x \) and \( 3 - 2x \).
a. Express the rectangle’s area as a function of \( x \).
b. Express the rectangle’s perimeter as a function of \( x \).
c. Explain why \( x \) cannot equal 2.
9. The height and diameter of a cylinder are equal. Express the volume of the cylinder as a function of its radius.
10. Find the average rate of change of \( f(x) = 3\sqrt{x} \) (or if you prefer to think of it as the slope of the secant line) over the interval \([4, 25]\)
11. A car travels 297 miles in a period of 270 minutes. Find the average velocity of the car in miles per hour over this time period. (Observe that your answer should be in miles/hour and you are given information in units of minutes. A change of units will be necessary. Also recall that the average velocity is the average rate of change in position with respect to time, that is, change in distance divided by time elapsed.)
1. Determine if the function is even or odd algebraically. That means look at $f(-x)$.
a. $f(x) = x^4$
b. $f(x) = x + 2$
Use interval notation to express the domain and range.
2. Given $y = 4 - x^2$
a. Find the domain
b. Find the range
c. Sketch the graph
3. Given $y = \sqrt{x - 1}$
a. Find the domain
b. Find the range
c. Sketch the graph
4. Given $y = \frac{1}{x + 3}$
a. Find the domain
b. Find the range
c. Sketch the graph
5. Given $y = |x + 4| - 3$
a. Find the domain
b. Find the range
c. Sketch the graph
6. Graph both functions $f(x) = \frac{x^2 - 9}{x - 3}$ and $g(x) = x + 3$
a. Are the domains equal?
b. Does $f$ have a vertical asymptote? Explain.
c. Explain why the graphs appear to be identical. Describe their differences.
d. Are the functions identical? Explain why.
7. Sketch the graph of the piecewise function
$$f(x) = \begin{cases}
3 - x & , \quad x \leq 1 \\
2x & , \quad 1 < x
\end{cases}$$
8. Without using a graphing calculator, match the graphs with their functions listed below and right $i-v$. Each viewing window is $[-7, 7]$ by $[-10, 10]$
(You don’t need to reproduce the graphs, this time, and this time ONLY; just write the answers.)
a. __________
b. __________
c. __________
d. __________
e. __________
\[
\begin{align*}
i. & \quad f(x) = x^{-4} \\
ii. & \quad f(x) = -2x^4 \\
iii. & \quad f(x) = \left(\frac{1}{10}\right)x^{-4} \\
iv. & \quad f(x) = x^4 \\
v. & \quad f(x) = \left(\frac{1}{10}\right)x^4
\end{align*}
\]
1. Sketch the graphs of \( y = 2^x \) and \( y = \log_2 x \). Label your graphs clearly including asymptotes and at least two points on EACH graph.
2. Find the domain of \( y = -3\log(x + 2) \). Tell what the “parent” function is and how the graph of this function relates to it in terms of shifts, stretches and reflections. You need NOT graph it, just describe the graph.
3. Use properties of exponents to decide which pair of functions are identical:
\[ y_1 = 3^{2x+4}, \quad y_2 = 3^{2x} + 4, \]
\[ y_3 = 9^{x+2} \]
4. Complete the statement to illustrate the property of logarithms
a. Product rule: \( \log_3 5x = \) ________________
b. Quotient rule: ____________________ = \( \log y - \log 17 \)
c. Power rule: \( \ln 2^{-5} = \) ________________
5. If possible, find a pair of numbers \( x \) and \( y \) such that \( xy = 6 \) but it is not true that \( \ln 6 = \ln x + \ln y \)
6. Use properties of logarithms to expand \( \log_3 (a^2 \sqrt{b})^4 \)
7. Use properties of logarithms to condense \( 3\log_4 x + \frac{1}{2}\log_4 x^2 \). Assume \( x > 0 \)
8. Solve each equation
| a. \( 4^{1-2x} = 2 \) | b. \( \log_x 64 = -3 \) | c. \( \log_3 \sqrt{x-2} = 2 \) |
| d. \( 25^{2x} = 5^{x^2-12} \) | e. \( 9^{2x} = 27^{3x-4} \) | f. \( 2^{x-1} \cdot 8^{-x} = 4 \) |
9. Given \( f(x) = x^3 - 1 \), find \( f^{-1}(x) \) and verify that \( (f^{-1} \circ f)(x) = (f \circ f^{-1})(x) = x \)
1. Draw a $30^\circ-60^\circ-90^\circ$ triangle. Let the hypotenuse have length 2. Find the lengths of the other two sides.
2. Draw a $45^\circ-45^\circ-90^\circ$ triangle. Let the hypotenuse have length $\sqrt{2}$. Find the lengths of the other two sides.
3. Convert each angle in degrees to radians. Express your answer as a multiple of $\pi$.
\[135^\circ, \quad 210^\circ, \quad 18^\circ, \quad 15^\circ\]
4. Convert each angle in radians to degrees.
\[\frac{5\pi}{4}, \quad \frac{2\pi}{3}, \quad -\frac{5\pi}{2}, \quad -\frac{3\pi}{2}\]
5. \[\sin^{-1}\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) =\]
6. \[\cos^{-1}\left(-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) =\]
7. \[\tan^{-1}(1) =\]
Solve each equation on the interval $0 \leq \theta < 2\pi$
8. \[\cos \theta = \frac{1}{2}\]
9. \[\sin(2\theta) + 1 = 0\]
10. \[2\cos \theta + \sqrt{2} = 0\]
11. Sketch one period of the graph of $y = \sin(2x)$
12. Sketch two periods of the graph of $y = 2\tan x$
For 13-17, use the graph above.
13. \[ \lim_{x \to 0} f(x) = \]
14. \[ \lim_{x \to -6^+} f(x) = \]
15. \[ \lim_{x \to -1} f(x) = \]
16. For what values of \( x \) would the limit of \( f(x) \) not exist?
17. What value for \( f(-3) \) would make \( f \) continuous at \( x = -3 \)
18. Determine where \( f \) is discontinuous. Be sure to support your answer with work.
\[
f(x) =
\begin{cases}
-4, & x \leq 3 \\
x - 7, & 3 < x < 5 \\
x^2 - 10, & x \geq 5
\end{cases}
\]
19. \[ \lim_{x \to 2^-} \frac{x + 2}{x - 2} \]
20. \[ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^2 - 3x}{x} \]
1. Graph the polar coordinate \((-3, -\frac{\pi}{3})\)
2. Graph the polar coordinate \((3, -\frac{3\pi}{2})\)
3. Change the given rectangular coordinates into polar coordinates. \((-3, 3)\)
4. Change the given polar coordinates into rectangular coordinates. \((0, -1)\)
For 5-8, convert each rectangular equation to polar equation that expresses \(r\) in terms of \(\theta\).
5. \(y = -x\)
6. \(y = -2\)
7. \(x + 5y = 8\)
8. \(x^2 + (y + 3)^2 = 9\)
For 9-11, convert each polar equation to a rectangular equation.
9. \(r = 9\)
10. \(r = \frac{-6}{\cos\theta}\)
11. \(r = 3\sin\theta\)
For 12-15, graph the polar equation.
12. \(r = -4\sin\theta\)
13. \(r = 1 - \cos\theta\)
14. \(r = 3\sin2\theta\)
15. \(r = 2 + 3\sin\theta\)
16. Sketch the vector as a position vector \(\vec{v} = 4\vec{i} - 2\vec{j}\)
17. Eliminate the parameter \(t\). Write the equation on the line given. Then sketch the parametric equation using arrows to show increasing values of \(t\). \(x = t - 3\), \(y = t^2\)
For 1-2, write the first four terms of the given sequence given the general or recursive formula.
1. \(a_n = \frac{2n - 3}{n + 1}\)
2. \(a_n = \frac{-5n!}{(n+1)!}\)
For 3-6, evaluate the given sum.
3. \(\sum_{i=3}^{8} \pi\)
4. \(\sum_{k=1}^{4} (-1)^k (k - 5)\)
5. \(\sum_{i=1}^{6} (2i + 2)\)
6. \(\sum_{k=1}^{4} \left(-\frac{1}{4}\right)^k\)
For 7-8, express the given sum using sigma notation. Use 1 as the lower limit of summation.
7. \(2^2 + 3^4 + 4^6 + ... + 10^{18}\)
8. \(7 - \frac{8}{2} + \frac{9}{3} - ... + \frac{15}{9}\)
For 9-10, given the first four terms of the given sequence, find the sum of the first 20 terms. You can leave your answer in the formula since you do not have a calculator.
9. \(-3, 1, 5, 9, ...\)
10. \(2, -6, 18, -54, ...\)
11. Find the 30th term of the sequence given in number 10 (You may leave your answer as a formula).
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We want to welcome you to our 10th annual Drinking Water Report. This report contains important information about the quality of the drinking water the Southwest Water Authority delivers to you each and every day. We work tirelessly to make the water that comes from your tap as fresh, clear, and good tasting as we can, but we want you to be assured that nothing is of a higher priority to us than drinking water safety.
Here is the treatment process from the source to you.
The raw water intake is located at Lake Sakakawea, a surface water source, about 86 miles northeast of Dickinson. Sodium permanganate is added to the water at this point to reduce tastes and odors in the water. From there the water is pumped 26 miles to Dodge where chlorine and ammonia are added to form chloramines, whose job it is to inactivate microorganisms like Giardia, viruses and bacteria in the water. The water then travels another 60 miles to the Water Treatment Plant in Dickinson where it is treated using the following processes:
- Clarification and softening, where lime, alum, and a flocculant are added to clarify the water and reduce hardness to about 6.5-8 grains per gallon (or 110-140 parts per million).
- Stabilization, where carbon dioxide is added to adjust pH and phosphate is added as a scale and corrosion inhibitor. Fluoride is also added at this point.
- Filtration, where several dual-media filters remove suspended particles not removed in the clarification and softening process. Filtration can also be effective in the physical removal of the protozoan Cryptosporidium.
- Disinfection, where chloramines are once again added to reduce bacteria to a safe level.
From here, the drinking water is pumped through the distribution system to all our customers, including you.
Let’s share a few words about drinking water contaminants.
The sources of drinking water (both tap water and bottled water) include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and wells. As water travels over the surface of the land or through the ground, it dissolves naturally-occurring minerals and, in some cases, radioactive material, and can pick up substances resulting from the presence of animals or from human activity. Contaminants that may be present in source water include:
- Microbiological contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, which may come from sewage treatment plants, septic systems, agricultural livestock operations, and wildlife.
- Inorganic contaminants, such as salts and metals, which can be naturally-occurring or result from urban stormwater runoff, industrial or domestic wastewater discharges, oil and gas production, mining, or farming.
- Pesticides and herbicides, which may come from a variety of sources such as agriculture, urban stormwater runoff, and residential uses.
- Organic chemical contaminants, including synthetic and volatile organic chemicals, which are by-products of industrial processes and petroleum production, and can also come from gas stations, urban stormwater runoff, and septic systems.
- Radioactive contaminants, which can be naturally-occurring or be the result of oil and gas production and mining activities.
As part of a nationwide program, the North Dakota Department of Health recently completed an assessment of our source water and determined that our water system is moderately susceptible to potential contaminant sources. They also noted that “historically, Southwest Water Authority has effectively treated this source water to meet drinking water standards.” Information about the Source Water Assessment can be obtained by calling 701-225-9147 or 1-888-425-0241, or e-mail us at firstname.lastname@example.org.
This is important information about drinking water safety.
Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of contaminants does not necessarily indicate that water poses a health risk. More information about contaminants and potential health effects can be obtained by calling the Environmental Protection Agency’s Safe Drinking Water Hotline (1-800-426-4791). Additional information about drinking water is available on EPA’s website at www.epa.gov/safewater/.
Consumer Confidence Report for Southwest Pipeline Project
Customers Served by the Dickinson Water Treatment Plant
In order to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, EPA prescribes regulations which limit the amount of certain contaminants in water provided by public water systems. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations establish limits for contaminants in bottled water which must provide the same protection for public health.
Some people may be more vulnerable to contaminants in drinking water than the general population. Immuno-compromised persons such as persons with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, persons who have undergone organ transplants, people with HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders, some elderly, and infants can be particularly at risk from infections. These people should seek advice about drinking water from their health care providers. EPA/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines on appropriate means to lessen the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium and other microbial contaminants are available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (1-800-426-4791).
Now we’ll talk about which contaminants were detected in our drinking water.
EPA requires us to monitor for over 90 drinking water contaminants and those that were detected are listed in the table to the right. Test results are from 2007. The State does allow reduced monitoring for certain contaminants because their levels do not change significantly over time. For this reason, some of the test results are more than one year old.
Definitions and abbreviations:
• Action Level or AL: The concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements which a water system must follow.
• Maximum Contaminant Level or MCL: The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology.
• Maximum Contaminant Level Goal or MCLG: The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety.
• Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level or MRDL: The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants.
• Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal or MRDLG: The level of a drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contamination.
• Parts per billion or ppb: 1 ppb is equivalent to adding 1 pound of a contaminant to 999,999,999 pounds of water (about 120,000,000 gallons).
• Parts per million or ppm: 1 ppm is equivalent to adding 1 pound of a contaminant to 999,999 pounds of water (about 120,000 gallons).
• Treatment Technique or TT: A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water.
• N/A: Not Applicable • ND: Not Detected • NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Units
So the bottom line is this.
At Southwest Water Authority, our highest priority is your family’s health where drinking water is concerned. With that thought in mind, we are pleased to report that our water system was in compliance with all drinking water regulations in 2007. We want you and all of our valued customers to be informed about their water utility, so if you have any questions about this report or any other concerns, please contact Roger Dick, Water Treatment Plant Manager at 701-225-9147 or Sandy Burwick, CFO/ Office Administrator at 1-888-425-0241, or e-mail us at email@example.com. We encourage you to participate in decisions that may affect our water by attending any of our regularly scheduled meetings, which are held on the first Monday of each month at 6:30 p.m. If you are planning on or would like to request agenda time, please contact us at 1-888-425-0241 for information on time and location. If you are aware of non-English speaking individuals who need assistance with the appropriate language translation, please contact us at any of the numbers listed above. In order to allow individuals who consume our drinking water, but who do not receive water bills to learn about our water system, we would appreciate it if our large volume water customers would post copies of this report in conspicuous locations or distribute them to tenants, residents, patients, students, and/or employees.
| Contaminant (units) | MCLG | MCL | Level Detected | Detection Range | Test Date | Exceedance or Violation? | Major Sources in Drinking Water |
|---------------------|------|-----|----------------|-----------------|-----------|--------------------------|--------------------------------|
| **Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Removal** | | | | | | | |
| Alkalinity (ppm) | N/A | N/A | 159 | 147 - 159 | 2007 | N/A | Natural erosion, plant activities, and certain industrial waste discharges. |
| TOC (ppm) Source Water | N/A | TT | 2.88 | 2.70 - 2.88 | 2007 | N/A | Naturally present in the environment. |
| TOC (ppm) Finished Water | N/A | TT | 1.86 | 1.75 - 1.86 | 2007 | N/A | Naturally present in the environment. |
| **Microbial Contaminants** | | | | | | | |
| Turbidity\(^1\) (NTU) | N/A | TT = .3 | 0.21 | N/A | 2007 | 100% of samples met turbidity limit | Soil runoff. |
| **Inorganic Contaminants** | | | | | | | |
| Copper (ppm) | 1.3 | AL = 1.3 | 0.127 | N/A | 2007 | No sites exceeded the Action Level | Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of natural deposits; Leaching from wood preservatives. |
| Lead\(^2\) (ppb) | 15 | AL = 15 | 7.65 | N/A | 2007 | One site exceeded the Action Level | Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of natural deposits. |
| Nitrate-Nitrite (ppm) | 10 | 10 | 0.06 | N/A | 2007 | No | Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits. |
| **Disinfectants** | | | | | | | |
| Chloramines (ppm) | MRDLG = 4 | MRDL = 4.0 | 2.8 | 2.51 - 2.91 | 2007 | No | Water additive used to control microbes. |
| **Disinfection By-products** | | | | | | | |
| Total Haloacetic Acids (ppb) | N/A | 60 | 11 | 8.61 - 13.1 | 2007 | No | By-product of drinking water disinfection. |
| Total Trihalomethanes (ppb) | N/A | 80 | 6 | 4.54 - 6.94 | 2007 | No | By-product of drinking water chlorination. |
| **Radioactive Contaminants** | | | | | | | |
| Uranium, Combined (ppb) | 0 | 30 | 0.388 | N/A | 2003 | No | Erosion of natural deposits. |
TABLE OF DETECTED UNREGULATED CONTAMINANTS\(^3\)
| Contaminant (units) | MCLG | MCL | Level Detected | Detection Range | Test Date | Exceedance or Violation? | Major Sources in Drinking Water |
|---------------------|------|-----|----------------|-----------------|-----------|--------------------------|--------------------------------|
| Alkalinity, Carbonate (ppm) | N/A | N/A | 4 | ND - 4 | 2007 | N/A | Natural erosion, plant activities, and certain industrial waste discharges. |
| Bicarbonate as HCO\(_3\) (ppm) | N/A | N/A | 194 | 176 - 194 | 2007 | N/A | Natural erosion, plant activities, and certain industrial waste discharges. |
1. Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of the water. It is monitored because it is a good indicator of the effectiveness of your filtration system.
2. Infants and children who drink water containing lead in excess of the action level could experience delays in their physical or mental development. Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure.
3. EPA has not established enforceable drinking water standards for unregulated contaminants, but they are monitored to determine whether or not future regulation is warranted. | <urn:uuid:5f2227f9-1791-46b2-b4b9-4218545f3677> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.swwater.com/wp-content/uploads/2007DickinsonCCR.pdf | 2018-10-19T14:00:42Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512400.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019124748-20181019150248-00546.warc.gz | 1,095,803,641 | 2,867 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.995659 | eng_Latn | 0.995713 | [
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Contents – click on the link below
How to use this work program
Accessing the online resources
Running the program each week
Getting help
What you need to know this week
Week overview
Students need to work out:
We are also hoping that students will learn:
Structural stages
Monday: At-Home Investigation
Tuesday: Connecting Lesson
Wednesday: Application Lesson
Thursday: Interleaved Practice Questions
Friday: Connecting Lesson
How to use this work program
Accessing the online resources
To access the online resources, please go to: https://www.backtofrontmaths.com.au/b2fmathshome
Running the program each week
Each week is designed with five maths lessons so that you can do it each day. Different days have different types of lessons to make sure that students experience the kind of thinking that they need to continue growing in maths. The types of lessons include:
- **At-home investigation**: This is a hands-on task where students explore a new idea before they are taught that skill. They need to come up with an idea to try to solve the problem, try out their idea, decide if it worked or not, try again if needed, and explain what they did. If your child has time with your teacher with a webcam, the teacher will generally be doing this lesson with your child. This is the lesson that will require the heaviest input from you to help your child think through an idea and generally requires the use of some hands-on materials that are listed in the information page.
- **Connecting lesson**: This type of lesson has questions that lead students to develop their ideas and learn a new skill. It should be fairly easy for a student to do, but you will need to be available to read the question to your child as needed, encourage them to think further, and make sure that they complete the work. Most of these lessons will include 10 minutes of practising number operations or concepts through activities or games.
- **Interleaved practise lesson**: This type of lesson provides 8-10 questions from different areas of maths so that students practise remembering what they have previously been taught. Some of the questions may not be easy for your child, so feel free to help whenever you see them struggling.
- **Generalising lesson**: This lesson contains some extension material for use if your child found the week’s lessons too easy. *If you would prefer*, you can spend this lesson playing more of the number games that are included in the connecting lesson or giving your child time to complete any of the lessons that they have not yet done.
Getting help
The website above will have answers to frequently asked questions as well as videos to help you successfully teach your child at home. If you have further questions or need support, please contact your child’s teacher directly using the contact details that they have provided to you. If they can’t answer your questions, they will contact the B2FMaths@Home team directly to get an answer within 3 days.
What you need to know this week
Week overview
This week we are teaching the concept arrays and counting patterns. We will particularly be focusing on arrays of objects arranged into a grid-like pattern (e.g. tiles or the top of Lego blocks). This model for multiplication and division has links with many other concepts in later years, such as area, volume, fractions and helps develop a firm foundation for understanding algebra.
Students need to work out:
- How to draw arrays (grid-structures) and groups to represent multiplication (e.g. 4 fives as 4 rows of 5).
- Connections between addition and multiplication
- How to easily calculate multiplication for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 facts, and be able to efficiently work out 6, 7, 8 and 9 facts (see Distributive Property below).
We are also hoping that students will learn:
- Arrays can be easily split to show other facts. In later years we will call this the **Distributive Property**
\[ \begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
& & & & & & \\
\hline
& & & & & & \\
\hline
& & & & & & \\
\hline
& & & & & & \\
\hline
\end{array} \]
4 sevens is the same as
4 fives *and* 4 twos
\( 4 \times 7 = 4 \times 5 + 4 \times 2 \)
- Arrays can be rotated to demonstrate that \( 4 \times 3 = 3 \times 4 \). In later years we will call this the **Commutative Property**
\[ \begin{array}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
& & \\
\hline
& & \\
\hline
& & \\
\hline
\end{array} \quad = \quad \begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
& & & \\
\hline
& & & \\
\hline
& & & \\
\hline
\end{array} \]
4 threes = 3 fours
- **Prime numbers**, like 7, can only be made by multiplying 1 by itself. That means that they only have 2 factors: themselves and 1. When we arrange prime numbers into arrays, they make lines.
\[ \begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
& & & & & & \\
\hline
\end{array} \]
- **Composite numbers** have more than 2 factors. They make arrays other than in one line.
- **Even numbers** can all make arrays with 2 on one side (as one factor). **Odd numbers** can’t.
- **Square numbers** can make square arrays.
\[ \begin{array}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
& & \\
\hline
9 & & \\
\hline
& & \\
\hline
\end{array} \]
Structural stages
Look at your child’s drawings to determine what structural level they are at. Emphasise moving to the next structural stage rather than drawing larger amounts. For teachers: Joanne Mulligan has more information on developing structural thinking in the PASMAP research available online.
Each of the drawings below is of a tens frame (rectangle with 2 rows of 5), drawn by a child who is familiar with tens frames but can’t see one. Each drawing was completed by a child aged between 5 and 8.
Prestructural: does not have 10 squares, not arranged in to correct number of rows or columns
Emergent: correct number of rows or columns, but not both, or just 10 in one line but without 2 rows
Partial structural: can draw 10, but not also keep the structure of rows and columns, often this means 2 rows of 5 but not having the squares touching
Structural: both drawings show structural thinking, however the dots on the images show that the child needed to check that there really were 10
Students will be thinking about arrays to develop multiplicative thinking. They will also be focusing heavily on structural drawing of arrays and moving from additive to multiplicative thinking. Time with families is well-spent in establishing multiplication patterns and, if possible, becoming fluent in multiplication facts.
Students need experience in creating and drawing objects arranged into structures in order to develop strong mental objects for numbers. The term “mental objects” refers to being able to move things around like real objects in your mind. You have to be able to manipulate them, not just picture them. This will help students later with place value, algebraic thinking, multiplicative thinking, understanding fractions and lots more.
- Students need to develop an appropriate vocabulary to describe what they see. Use words such as: rows, lines, columns, 3 twos or 3 groups of two, lined up, arranged, “counting in 2s” etc
- Construction and deconstruction of models provides experiences that help young students to build perceptive understanding of multiplicative relationships.
- Drawing the models helps students develop a stronger understanding. Have them collect a certain number of blocks and then line them up, cover the blocks, then draw from memory.
- While both arrays and groups can be used to represent multiplication and division, arrays are much more powerful. They show both factors and the multiple at the same time. They connect “counting in” (e.g. number in each row), with multiplying. They can be used later to show properties of numbers such as “square”, “prime”, “composite” and to also demonstrate the commutative and distributive laws. They are incredibly important for algebra and are also linked with an understanding of fractions and probability. Please don’t skip arrays.
- We need to move on from simply drawing arrays made of lots of boxes to drawing rectangles and cutting them into pieces. This helps develop the structural thinking needed for division.
What to emphasise
If you have time online with a webcam
Work on having students draw rectangles and cut them to make arrays rather than just drawing everything individually. Check that the parents understand how the number games for the week work and make sure that you ask the student if they have played them yet.
If you have only email or phone contact
Check that parents have read the “What you need to know this week” section. Check that they understand the importance of using the number tasks and interleaving sheet so that students retain what they have learned and think regularly about number.
Tracking student achievement
- Has the student solved problems using efficient strategies for multiplication (one number should be 2, 3, 4, 5 or 10)? Tick N2C.
- For N2B students need to use efficient strategies for solving multiplication problems using any single digit number.
- Can students recall multiplication facts for 2, 3, 5, and 10? Tick N7C.
Monday: At-Home Investigation
You will need:
• Grid paper that is provided
• Coloured pencils
• If you have some large Lego pieces then feel free to use those instead of the image provided
Steps:
1. Make sure you have read “What you need to know this week” so that you know what to emphasise with your child.
2. Read the sheet to your child. When your child draws the rectangle of 6 x 12, they do not need to draw on all the dots. One square can stand for one dot. Just draw around the outside of a rectangle 6 x 12.
3. Ask for your child’s ideas on how to solve the problem but cutting up either the 12 or the 6 to make it easier. Hopefully they will work out that cutting the 12 into a 10 and a 2 is much easier than cutting it into 2 sixes. Once they have tried their own way first, feel free to suggest using a 10 and a 2.
4. Try to encourage your child to use any multiplication facts that they already know rather than counting all the dots. For example, “Do you know your 10x facts? How about we look at this big part then? What would 6 x 10 be?”
5. Discuss what your child found out with them. Keep in mind the ideas from the “What you need to know this week” section so that you can ask questions that are appropriate to the issues identified. Try to encourage your child to explain how they have solved the problem and focus on using that strategy for breaking up other tricky multiplication situations.
Below are a few ideas for how your child could solve the problem. They all work. Some are easier.
Split the 12 into 10 and 2
\[ 6 \times 10 = 60, \quad 6 \times 2 = 12 \]
\[ 60 + 12 = 72 \]
Split the 6 into 5 and 1
\[ 5 \times 12 = 60, \quad 1 \times 12 = 12 \]
\[ 60 + 12 = 72 \]
Split the 6 into 2, 2, 2
\[ 2 \times 12 = 24 \]
\[ 24 + 24 + 24 = 72 \]
At-Home Investigation
Sometimes arrays are quite large and need to be broken into smaller amounts to make the multiplication easier.
Examine a large Lego piece
The Lego piece below has lots of dots on it. It is 6 dots wide and 12 dots long. Draw a rectangle on your grid paper to represent the Lego piece. How long is it? How wide is it?
Think it through
Multiplying $6 \times 12$ is tricky. Perhaps there is a way that we can break up the 12 or the 6 to make it easier? Write down at least 2 ideas about how you could break your rectangle up to make it easier to work out the total number of squares. Here is an example of how we could break up $4 \times 7$ into a $4 \times 5$ part and a $4 \times 2$ part.
Try out at least 2 of your ideas on your grid paper. Sketch what you did here and write on the numbers. What did you find that worked?
Generalise your findings:
Do you think you could come up with a similar idea for other tricky numbers too? What might you do if one side of the rectangle was 4 and the other side was:
- 6
- 7
- 9
- 8
Day 1, Week 3, Year 3
© Kennedy Press Pty Ltd For free use in 2020 during the virus pandemic www.backtofrontmaths.com.au
This is a **Problem Solving and Reasoning** task.
The emphasis is *modelling* arrays and exploring how to cut the array into parts to make multiplication easier. We want students to think about *similarities, differences* and *patterns* or *characteristics*. There is also an emphasis on *generalising* – such as realising that the orientation of an array does not change how many objects are in the array – and exploring the distributive property to solve problems.
Distributing arrays is something that you can do via a webcam. Children can also hold up their drawings of arrays if they do them in pen. If needed, children can also cut out and glue the squares into an array before drawing.
**Watch out for:**
- Adults drawing for the children
- Levels of structural thinking – you might want to check that children can draw multiple arrays for 12 before moving to this task
- Focusing too heavily on counting rather than using more efficient strategies.
**Good questions to prompt thinking:**
- Show me your array.
- Turn your array sideways. Did the amount of squares change? How do you know?
- 12 is too tricky to count in. Is there a way that we could break it into parts to make it easier?
- What parts are there in 12? What multiplication facts do you know that are easier?
**Students requiring support:**
- Reduce the number of squares to $6 \times 6$ and draw the array instead
- Glue squares into an array
- Check structural thinking by drawing 12 in an array
- Use the Year 2 problem and weekly program if your child is considerably stuck
**Extension:**
- Use a Lego base plate instead. This has many small dots, so it is ideal for forcing students to use more efficient strategies than counting.
- Cover over some parts of the blocks and ask children to find the covered parts.
- We will be applying this thinking to Area in a couple of weeks, so feel free to refer to area now.
Tuesday: Connecting Lesson
Number task for 10-15 minutes: Finding a total
Choose a composite number between 10 and 50.
Roll a dice 4 times to get 4 numbers, or just pick any 4 numbers between 1 and 8.
Try to use those numbers to get as close as possible to your target number.
Rules:
- Not all 4 numbers have to be used
- A number can only be used once
- Use any operation you like (+ - x ÷) and any others that you know (e.g. powers or square roots, ! etc.)
Try at least 3 numbers.
Worksheet task: 15-20 minutes
This lesson is a review of the connection between addition and multiplication. It shouldn’t be too hard to do. It focuses heavily on counting patterns using 2s, 3s, 5s and 10s as knowing these facts is required for students to achieve the “C” standard.
Lego fours task: 15 minutes
Use Lego bricks to represent rows/columns of 4. Make each one and encourage your child to work out how many dots there are. Please note: being able to work out increasing and decreasing sequences with 4s is a requirement for a B standard (e.g. counting in 4s). This task is great for developing that understanding.
Your child also has to be able to work out multiplying any single digit number to achieve a B standard. This doesn’t mean knowing all the multiplication facts yet, just being able to work them out.
The following pictures show arrays. Your job is to work out how to count arrays without having to count every single object.
1. One way that I could count the following muffins is like this: 2, 4, 6, 8.
2. What is another way that I could count them?
3. How could I count the muffins below?
4. How else could I count these muffins?
5. How could I count these jerseys?
6. How else could I count these jerseys?
7. Soldiers were lined up in rows of five. There were four rows of five.
- Colour in red one of the sets of counting numbers that would help you work out how many soldiers there were. Write them here:
- Colour in blue the other set of that would help you work out how many soldiers there were. Write them here:
Which number is coloured in red and blue? Explain why it is coloured in both colours.
8. Muffins were lined up in rows of four. There were six rows of four.
- Colour in red one of the sets of counting numbers that would help you work out how many muffins there were. Write them here:
- Colour in blue the other set of that would help you work out how many muffins there were. Write them here:
Which number is coloured in red and blue? Explain why it is coloured in both colours.
**Backwards Question:**
What is missing from this counting pattern? ___, ___, 6, ___, 12, ____
How did you know?
This is a **Reasoning** task.
The purpose of this lesson is to *discuss*, the *similarities* and *differences* between arrays and make *connections*. This activity emphasises partial structural models for arrays and links to counting strategies, so feel free to work on structural models instead.
To help students retain the information, make sure that they have *explained their reasons* to their parents. If you have time online with students, emphasise connections between “counting in” and the multiplication fact.
The Lego task is an optional extra but is great for helping families to see the connection between “counting in” and the array structure. It is also useful for building confidence in adults and enjoyment for children.
Wednesday: Application Lesson
This lesson allows your child to practise what they have learned over the past two days and focus on the connection between addition and multiplication.
Number game for 10-15 minutes: Array fun
You will need: a print out of the grid at the bottom of this page, 2 colours of pencil, one or two dice.
1. Player one rolls the two dice (or one dice two times). The numbers rolled are the length and width of your array to colour! (e.g. a 4 and a 3 would need a 4 x 3 array) You can turn it sideways to fit. Colour your array on the grid, then it is the other player’s turn.
2. The player who wins is the last player who can draw their array.
Worksheet task: 15-20 minutes
This lesson is following on from what your child learned yesterday about arrays. The purpose of the lesson is to connect the arrays with both addition and multiplication. For each array, have your child describe the number of rows, the number in each row, and explain the connection out loud.
Connecting adding and multiplying
Both adding and multiplying number sentences can be used to describe arrays. Your job is to use the questions below to work out how they are connected.
Matthew collects stickers. He puts them in rows of five on his sticker chart. He makes six rows of stickers. How many does he have? Draw his sticker collection below:
1. How could you count the stickers in collections? Write the counting numbers that you could use at the end of each row and column.
2. Using the counting numbers, write two different Addition number sentences that you could use to work out how many stickers there are altogether. Use this space:
3. Now write two different Multiplication number sentences that you could use to work out how many stickers there are altogether. Check them with your calculator. Use this space:
The number sentences that you wrote are connected. Use the questions below to work out how they are connected.
Add sentence: \(5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 =\)
Multiply sentence: \(5 \times 6 =\)
Write any others that are related here:
1. Look at the Multiplication sentence.
- What does the five mean?
- Where is the five in the drawing?
- Where is the five in the Addition sentence?
2. Look at the Multiplication sentence.
- What does the six mean?
- Where is the six in the drawing?
- Where is the six in the Addition sentence?
3. If Matthew had seven rows instead of six, how would your number sentences change? Write new number sentences below and adjust your picture above.
This is an **Application** lesson. It gives students another chance to develop an understanding of the connection between addition and multiplication in arrays. At the end of this lesson students need to be able to solve multiplication problems using efficient strategies to meet the Achievement Standard.
**Other considerations:**
- Check that the student has played the number games and remind parents that it is important if they haven’t played them with their child.
- Ask the parent to work on recall of multiplication facts for at least 2, 3, 5 and 10s as this is a requirement for the Achievement Standard.
Thursday: Interleaved Practice Questions
Why we are using mixed up questions:
In this lesson your child will be reviewing a range of skills that they have learned previously. Each question is unrelated to the previous question, because we want your child to have to think hard about what to do. Mixing up questions like this, rather than just practising related questions, has been shown in research to improve student retention of concepts by 60% over a 4 month period.
What to expect:
Your child will probably have forgotten how to complete quite a few of the questions. If needed, change the numbers in each question to make them easier because this will still require your child to think hard and remember a process. If they still can’t work it out, feel free to show them, but try using different numbers rather than the exact same question. There are answers to each question on the website in case you get stuck.
Interleaved practice
Number:
1. Starting at 4 257, count in 100s until you get to 5 257.
2. $342 - \_\_\_ = 127$
3. What number is 1 more than 5 099? Now write the number that is 10 more and the number that is 100 more than 5 099.
4. Read this number and say it: 1 708. Write it in words. How many thousands, hundreds, tens and ones does it have?
5. Share 30 counters to show halves. Then show thirds and fifths.
Measurement/Geometry:
6. Find and draw a container that has a 1 litre capacity. Write down the name of one container that holds less than a litre and one that holds more than a litre.
7. How long is it until lunch time?
8. Draw a simple map to show how to get from your bedroom to the kitchen. Include how many steps are needed and the turns you need to make.
Chance/Data:
9. What can you tell from the information in the graph?
Write 3 true statements.
What is one thing that the graph does not tell you?
The questions on this worksheet are drawn from the “C standard” of the Achievement Standard. See your tracking sheet for more detail. Each week the interleaved questions will get a little harder, and more concepts will be reviewed throughout the program as we teach that concept. We have included answers to these questions on the B2FMaths@Home so that parents can find them if needed.
Support for struggling students:
You might like to try the interleaved questions from a lower year level, or simply reduce the numbers in the questions. You might also give the student the answer then ask them to work out how the answer was obtained.
Friday: Connecting Lesson
Working out multiplication facts
In the previous lessons this week we have been working hard to connect addition and multiplication. We have also introduced the idea of cutting larger arrays into parts to make it easier to calculate. In this worksheet your child will use all of the strategies that they have learned to calculate all the multiplication facts to 10x10.
Please note: the facts do not need to be solved in any particular order. Try starting by asking your child which facts they already know. Fill those in first. Once the easier facts are done, ask your child to think about which strategies they could use to calculate the remaining facts.
By the end of this year, your child needs to recall easily the facts for at least 2, 3, 5 and 10s (this includes questions such as 8x3 as one of the numbers is in the list). They do not need to recall 4, 6, 7, 8 or 9s, but they do need to have efficient strategies to be able to work them out. Games are one of the best ways to improve recall of number facts, so feel free to play the games from this week often to build your child’s fluency.
D20. Work out x facts
You need to be able to work out how to multiply numbers and remember the answers quickly. In this activity you will work out each of the multiplication questions and fill the results into the table.
Strategies to use:
1. Skip counting (3, 6, 9)
2. Doubles (2, 4, 6, 8)
3. Counting on from what you know (I know 3 x 2 is 6, so 3 x 3 must be 3 more than 6)
4. Turn arounds (I know 4 x 5 is 20, so 5 x 4 is 20 too)
Choose a blank square. Line up the row it is in with the column it is in. There will be a number at the start of the row and at the start of the column. Multiply the two numbers and put the answer in that square. (Eg see below: 4 x 5 = 20)
| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|----|
| 1 | | | 3 | | | | | | | |
| 2 | | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | | | 9 | | | | | | | |
| 4 | | | | 20| | | | | | |
| 5 | | | | | 20| | | | | |
| 6 | | | | | | 6 | | | | |
| 7 | | | | | | | 7 | | | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | 8 | | |
| 9 | | | | | | | | | 9 | |
|10 | | | | | | | | | | 10 |
Backwards Question:
If my answer was 12, what numbers could I have multiplied to get it? Give as many answers as you can.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
This is a **Reasoning** lesson. It is designed to see if students can apply the strategies and processes they have learned for multiplication to efficiently calculate single-digit facts.
If you have time online with students, you might like to extend this further by asking them to go on an array hunt in their house. They could photograph arrays that they find and then calculate the number of objects in each array. This also gives students the opportunity to solve a complex and challenging problem and to think about the logic involved.
**To extend student thinking further:**
- Ask students to count all the shoes in their house. They could line the pairs of shoes up down the hallway to take a photo and count them.
- Create arrays of any single digit number and explore breaking them into parts.
- Cover parts of arrays, such as showing partly folded fabric. | 46cab090-2125-4c8c-af81-da6f3530e224 | CC-MAIN-2024-38 | https://www.backtofrontmaths.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Week-3-Year-3-work-program-for-teachers.pdf | 2024-09-10T23:33:50+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-38/segments/1725700651323.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240910224659-20240911014659-00563.warc.gz | 619,086,821 | 6,338 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.98213 | eng_Latn | 0.999433 | [
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In the middle of Europe, the Czech kingdom was ruled by a strong and powerful king Přemysl. He was also very famous abroad, but there he was better known as Oscar. Because Přemysl wanted to expand his possessions, he married Duchess Margaret, who was too old and could not give birth to an heir to the king.
The age difference between the spouses was almost 30 years. Soon after, Přemysl fell in love with his wife's lady-in-waiting, who was nicknamed Palčěřík for a short haircut.
But their love did not remain without consequence.
Agnes Palčěřík became pregnant after some time.
The lovers gave birth to a son, whom they gave the name Nicholas. However, because he did not come from marriage, he could not lay claim to the royal crown.
The king wondered how to provide for his first-born son.
Although he was not allowed to take over the kingdom from him, he loved him very much.
When Nicholas grew up, he received from his royal father the town of Opava and its surroundings to learn how to farm.
Meanwhile, the king remarried in Prague and another son was born, who could already take over the kingdom. In the meantime, Nicholas happily farmed in Opava and started his own family. He was sorry that he could not become king, but the laws of the time were uncompromising.
Thus, the royal line died out by the sword. However, Premysl's illegitimate son Nicholas continued to live in Opava.
In 1306 in Olomouc they murdered Přemyslid's grandson, the last Czech king of the Přemyslid dynasty.
And what was next? | 3ef8b373-7f71-47eb-b108-dd122b28f70d | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://echreproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Open-ended-comics-Annex-to-LP3-CZ.pdf | 2022-08-15T18:15:39+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00196.warc.gz | 17,047,792 | 347 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.999514 | eng_Latn | 0.999586 | [
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Natural landscape
This trail enables the hiker to walk through and contemplate the unique geological nature of the rock conglomerates of Montsant, represented by cliffs, grottoes, caves and crags. Everywhere there is walling with dry stone walls, and also large numbers of dry stone walls, left over from the more agricultural landscape of the massif. The most widespread crop in the area is wheat, which provides oil of extreme quality.
**Serra dels Solans (4.2):** A rocky ridge on the south side of Cabacés that slope gently down to Montrant river on the other side.
**Coves Altes (4.4):** Three grottoes showing the way in which the strata in the rock conglomerate rest one on top of the other, between layers of other materials.
Cultural heritage
Cabacés situated at an altitude of 358 m on a small hill between the valleys of Les Comes and Montsant. Medieval in origin, its land was part of the Barony of Cabacés. Parish church: Parish church of Sant Joan Baptista. Another interesting detail, this has an interesting gothic altarpiece from the 14th Century.
Municipal Museum: This museum contains exhibitions of works by Miquel Barceló and other local artists, as well as works by El Greco.
**Chapel of Sant Joan (4.1):** A small chapel with a bell tower from the 16th Century, this chapel contains tile-mosaic representations of biblical scenes.
**Cabin of Peret Bassetes (4.3):** A circular dry stone building in La Grassa (4.5). A grotto with construction similar to that of Cabacés, with a roof made of dry stone walls which tradition links to prehistoric cults. This is also known as Les Neus, in reference to the wife of Alfons de Borbà, who visited the cave in 1370. Beneath the chapel is a spring, which formed the basis of the first irrigation system in the village.
**Chapel of Sant Roc (4.7):** Built in 1594, making the most of the wall of a grotto, the interior is from the late Gothic period.
A trail on the western slopes of the Serra de Montsant, recommended for those who want to enjoy historical and spiritual heritage in a beautiful natural environment.
The trail passes through nearly half of the nine chapels within La Serra de Montsant Natural Park. Both the climb up, which is reasonably hard at the start, and the descent, are easily accessible for all types of hiking fans and are not overly difficult. Follow the path that leads from the car park to the village and then the path to the chapels, which are indicated with wooden signs placed by Turisme de Catalunya, the Tourist Board of Catalonia.
This walk can be completed in a morning if enough time is allowed, but it is recommended to stop for lunch, making the most of the facilities with barbecues and tables at the chapel of La Foa. However, remember to take your rubbish with you, as there are no waste bins along the route.
You can take this walk any time of year. On the sunniest days, walkers can refresh themselves and quench their thirst at La Foa.
**Technical description**
- **TOTAL DISTANCE:** 8.8 km
- **TOTAL TIME:** 2 h 40 min (rest stops not included)
- **DIFFICULTY LEVEL:** MEDIUM (not suitable for small children)
- **TOTAL ASCENT:** 340 m
---
**Trail description**
The departure point for this walk is the car park at the entrance to the village. Climb the more difficult part of Major as far as the chapel of Sant Roc 1.4. Turn right and the track goes left. Here you’ll find the canal and the old washing-places. Pass the track in the same direction. To the left you will pass a cemented track leading down to Daltvereda. After a short while there is a signpost indicating the path to the chapel off to the left. After passing the Pont (bridge) d’en Sola, another signpost shows the route to be followed. Pass the olive grove, and after that take the old stone track that climbs straight ahead. You should follow the path that leads to the chapel of Sant Jordi before arriving at the top, on the left of the Serra dels Solans 4.2. Continue climbing gently up the ridge. The path levels out and after a while you will find the cabin of Peret Bassets 4.3. From this track, several paths lead to the caves formed by erosion in the rock, or known as Coves Rites 4.4, although you’ll need to concentrate to find them. Continue following the ridge until you reach a path. A sign indicates the direction to take, to the right. After a short while you will reach the Barranc d’Es Solans 4.5. At the bottom of the ravine, various geological phenomena can be seen in the walls of Es Solans. When the appropriate sign is reached, take the track leading down to La Foa. After a short while you will see at the bottom of the ravine the chapel of La Capella 4.6. Take the chapel of La Foa 4.7 by the path that runs to the crest of the hill and then passes by the side of olive groves as far as a crossroads. Take the path leading to the right, which goes to the chapel of Sant Roc 1.4. You will soon come across a concrete wall on the right to join the path of the irrigation ditch. The path turns into a track and finally enters the village behind the chapel of Sant Joan. | 7a038bca-26e0-4c09-b90a-1bc51a8b71c4 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.turismepriorat.org/sites/default/files/route/attachment/it4_cabaces_0908_vf_en_t_0.pdf | 2021-12-03T19:38:16+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362918.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203182358-20211203212358-00618.warc.gz | 1,147,310,075 | 1,210 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.997351 | eng_Latn | 0.998316 | [
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The first “surface activity” on the Moon (Armstrong’s 1st step) and the last moments for Cernan and Schmidt, A17
We’ve come to call the Moon’s surface, as a scene of activity, as the “Out–Vac” – yes an allusion to Australia’s Outback, as exposed not only to vacuum, but to all the cosmic elements that affect the Moon: cosmic rays, solar flares, and the incessant micrometeorite rain, and the extreme heat of “dayspan” and the extreme cold of “nightspan.”
While pioneers will spend most of their time in pressurized environments under a shielding blanket of moondust, some will have to venture out-vac for limited periods to explore and prospect for minerals, to build roads and other outside construction jobs. But people will also travel across the surface in motor-coaches and trains.
There will be shielded arenas left unpressurized so that people can engage in sports that combine low gravity with vacuum, without the risk of radiation exposure and hot-cold extremes. Artists will create sculptures to say “we are here to stay” around entrances to individual homesteads as well as to settlement gates, and along the walkways through “out-vac” nature parks. Of course, many similar works of art will adorn individual homes and public places “inside.”
Some will venture out to look for rare rocks, others for road racing, just plain hiking, and more. One way or another, as much as pioneers will have to spend most of their time more fully sheltered, they will nonetheless engage in recreational activities out-vac. And, of course, they will travel between settlements and outposts which will slowly spread the human presence around the globe, an expanse as large as Canada, The United States, Brazil, and China put together. Motor coaches will come first, but as the number of population centers grows, uniquely designed railway tracks and cars will appear.
Not all will be content to live in the growing settlements, on their way to become cities. Small hamlets will appear where there is economic justification for them. Life on the Moon will flower into many kinds of situations, just as on Earth: something for everyone. And there will be National Parks and Monuments. People will visit the sights!
Not to forget the sights in the sky: Earth, of course from Nearside, and the Milky Way in unbelievable glory on the farside. Out-vac activities will do a lot to make the Moon a “world.”
CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX MMM THEMES: Surface Activities and Rural Luna
MMM #3 Essays in "M" – Mare/Maria – Multiple Sites – Mounds
MMM #5 MOON WEATHER, Essays in "M" – Middoors, Matchport
MMM #7 MOON CALENDAR Essays in "M" – Month or Sunth
MMM #9 Essays in "M" – Mare Moscoviensis – Marequator”
Farside: PART I: Lunar Asymmetry as a Clue to the “Origin Question”
Moonsports
MMM #10 FAR SIDE IDEAL FOR ASTRONOMY, Pioneer's Lunar Astronomy Quiz
Essays in "M" Focus on Farside – Means of Transportation, Monastery
Farside: Part II: The Ideal Site for Frontline Astronomy
MMM #15 Rural Luna: Living in the Boondocks can be relative
MMM #17 Liquid Airlocks; Mail to MMM: The Moon's Atmosphere
MMM #20 An Amateur Lunar Telescope Design
MMM #21 Lunar Overflight Tours: The A.F. Jules Verne
MMM #22 First Exports; First Souvenirs
MMM #23 Pioneer's Quiz: The Moon's Surface: Gas Scavenger; Tailings
MMM #25 Lava Tubes
MMM #26 Prinzton Rille Bottom Settlement; Part 1 The Rille as a Settlement Site
MMM #31 MoonGlow
MMM #37 Ramada; Flare Sheds; Solar Fringe Benefits of Intense Lunar Sunshine
Moon Mining and Common Eco–Sense
MMM #39 Moon Mining & Engineering Realities
MMM #43 Dayspan, Nightspan, Sunth
MMM #44 Ice Caves; Earth–based Searches for Lunar Lavatubes
MMM #55 Robo–Ants
MMM #47 "Plymouth" TV Movie
MMM #48 Hostels on the Moon: Lowering the Threshold for Lunar Occupancy
Part 1: The Visiting "Amphibious" Vehicle
MMM #49 The Hostel's share of the workload
MMM #50 Hostel–appropriate architectures
MMM #52 The Role of the Campfire; Firesides
MMM #54 Inventors wanted for off–road vehicles
MMM #55 Skyscrapers on the Moon?" Moon Roofs
MM Review #12 Railroading on the Moon
MMM #62 A Wheeled Walker Vehicle
MMM #69 7 Wonders of the Moon: Tourist Earnings
MMM #76 Picture Window Cliches
MMM #79 Rural Luna:Lunar Roads; Cicumlunar Route L1;
Waysides, Service Centers & Inns; Vehicle Design Constraints
MMM #81 Lunar "Atlasball" go anywhere vehicle;
Surface Vehicles and Transportation; Over the road long distance trucking and rigs;
"Toadmobile" Conversions; Beyond the Beaten Path; Go anywhere Spider;
Camping under the stars
MMM #82 The Beaten Path
MMM #83 Off the Beaten Path: "Tarns"
MMM #84 Tarntecture; Ghost Towns and Ruins
MMM #85 Wayside Tarns; Farm Tarns; Mining Tarns; The Jumping Jeep
MMM #86 Science Tarns; Recluse Tarns; Relayside;
Role of Rural Luna in the future of a human Moon
MMM #87 The Brass Spittoon
MMM #88 Bursting Apollo's Envelope; Prize Lunar Real Estate
MMM #89 Sheltering the first Lunar Outpost
MMM #90 Overnighting; Revisiting the Moon Buggy
MMM #91 Personnel from Scouts to Settlers: Rethinking the moon Buggy;
Commercial Moonbase Brainstorming Workshop
MMM #92 Pioneer Holidays
MMM #94 Primitive Roots of Lunan Culture;
Exposure to Weather of Raw Space; Lack of a Global Biosphere
MMM #92 The Global Lunar Desert:
Earth's Atmosphere and Moon's Regolith as "Cradle Blankets";
Two Moons: Earth-facing and Earth-oblivious
MMM #96 Spacesuit Aversion
MMM #97 The Moon will Remains Frontier
MMM #99 To and From the Lunar Surface
MMM #100 Lure of the Moon's Hidden Covered Valleys: Lavatubes
MMM #102 Technical Comments on #100–101 Lavatube Articles;
Footsteps on the Moon and Other Leavings;
MMM #107 Earth Color Medley Calendar in the Nearside Sky
MMM #111 Lunar Skyscrapers;
Opportunities on the Moon for the incurable Outdoorsman
MMM #112 The Out-Vac Sculptor
MMM #115 High Noon: Coping with Dayspan Heat: Skiing the Moon
MMM #117 Scenic Cableways;
Land-cruising Gypsy House Boats; Cruising Mare Crisium;
Nearside/Farside Sea; Lighthouses and Beacons
MMM #120 Essence of the Frontier: "Readiness to Reinvent Everything"
MMM #121 Lunar intercity flights via the "Interchute"
MMM #124 Windows focused on Earth;
Man-rated Mass Drivers to and form orbit
MMM #126 Potentiation (power storage)
MMM #130 Coasts, Harbors, Lighthouses, Lavatubes
MMM #136 An "All-in-One" Moon Resort
MMM #138 The Black Sky Blues
MMM #140 Transportation and Town Sites
MMM #151 Engaging the surface with Moonsuits
MMM #152 Lighthouse Network for Travelers
MMM #161 Tourist Cluster on the Moon
MMM #164 Eclipses: the Lunar Experience
MMM #170 Early Frontier Highways on the Moon
Pursuing Nomadic Lifestyles on the Lunar Frontier
MMM #172 Using Marsten Matting to build frontier roads
Blacklight FantasyExcursions in Lavatubes
MMM #175 Creating "Nature Walks" on the Moon
MMM #176 Tele-Crafted Art Objects;
The Black Sky Blues Revisited; Music to Watch Moonscapes By
MMM #192 Weather Forecasting on the Moon
MMM #206 Sweet Spot for Lunar Surface Sports?
MMM #210 It Came from the Bowels of the Moon
MMM #214 Protecting Lunar Surface Facilities from Sandblasting by Rocket exhaust
MMM #215 The Moon's Alpine Valley: Scenic Treasure vs. Vital Transportation Corridor
MMM #225 "Skinsuit" Accessories May Open Great Lunar Outdoors
MMM #234 Lunar Thermal Wadis & Exploration Rovers;
Salvaging Google Lunar X-Prize "Also-Rans"
MMM #238 Fresh look at the Spacesuit Concept
MMM #240 Mare Ingenii Farside "Sweet Spot"
MMM #241 Farside SETI Telescope Array
MMM #242 Telepresence-operated Robonauts will revise all "Scenarios
MMM #244 Could "Paying Working Tourists" Open the Moon Faster, for Less?
MMM #246 Turtle-back Spacesuits & Suitlocks – Recent NASA experiments;
How to go for a nice walk on the Moon and not get lost
MMM #259 Lunar Toll Roads – Taming the Magnificent Desolation of the "Out-Vac"
MMM #260 "Telepresence" Tours of the Moon: How Soon?
MMM #264 Revisiting the "Snuglining" & "Snuglocks" Concepts
SUB-THEME INDEX: MMM THEMES: Surface Activities and Rural Luna
NOTE: There must be many ways to group the many articles listed below. We make no claims that this one is the best, but it may help.
Geographic Diversity of the Lunar Environment
MMM #3 Essays in "M" – Mare/Maria – Multiple Sites – Mounds
MMM #5 MOON WEATHER, Essays in "M" – Middoors, Matchport
MMM #7 MOON CALENDAR Essays in "M" – Month or Sunth
MMM #9 Essays in "M" – Mare Moscoviensis – Marequator”
Farside: PART I: Lunar Asymmetry as a Clue to the “Origin Question”
MMM #10 FARSIDE IDEAL FOR ASTRONOMY, Pioneer's Lunar Astronomy Quiz
Essays in "M" Focus on Farside – Means of Transportation, Monastery
Farside: Part II: The Ideal Site for Frontline Astronomy
MMM #15 Rural Luna: Living in the Boondocks can be relative
MMM #25 Lava Tubes
MMM #43 Dayspan, Nightspan, Sunth
MMM #92 Pioneer Holidays; The Global Lunar Desert:
Earth's Atmosphere and Moon's Regolith as "Cradle Blankets";
Two Moons: Earth-facing and Earth-oblivious
MMM #94 Primitive Roots of Lunan Culture;
Exposure to Weather of Raw Space; Lack of a Global Biosphere
MMM #97 The Moon will Remains Frontier
MMM #99 To and From the Lunar Surface
MMM #100 Lure of the Moon’a Hidden Covered Valleys: Lavatubes
MMM #102 Technical Comments on #100–101 Lavatube Articles
MMM #130 Coasts, Harbors, Lighthouses, Lavatubes
MMM #192 Weather Forecasting on the Moon
MMM #241 Farside SETI Telescope Array
“Out-Vac” Resources, Power Generation & Economic Activities
MMM #23 Pioneer’s Quiz: The Moon’s Surface: Gas Scavenger; Tailings
MMM #17 Mail to MMM: The Moon’s Atmosphere
MMM #22 First Exports; First Souvenirs
MMM #31 MoonGlow
MMM #37 Solar Fringe Benefits of Intense Lunar Sunshine; Moon Mining & Common Eco-Sense
MMM #39 Moon Mining & Engineering Realities
MMM #44 Ice Caves; Earth-based Searches for Lunar Lavatubes
MMM #91 Commercial Moonbase Brainstorming Workshop
MMM #96 Spacesuit Aversion
Settlement Construction
MMM #17 Liquid Airlocks
MMM #26 Prinzton Rille Bottom Settlement; Part 1 The Rille as a Settlement Site
MMM #47 "Plymouth" TV Movie
MMM #48 Hostels on the Moon: Lowering the Threshold for Lunar Occupancy
Part 1: The Visiting "Amphibious" Vehicle
MMM #49 The Hostel's share of the workload
MMM #50 Hostel--appropriate architectures
MMM #55 Skyscrapers on the Moon?" Moon Roofs
MMM #76 Picture Window Cliches
MMM #88 Bursting Apollo's Envelope; Prize Lunar Real Estate
MMM #89 Sheltering the first Lunar Outpost
MMM #111 Lunar Skyscrapers
MMM #124 Windows focused on Earth
MMM #214 Protecting Lunar Surface Facilities from Sandblasting by Rocket exhaust
Lunar Exploration: Robots, Pioneers, Tourists, Settlers
MMM #55 Robo–Ants
MMM #91 Personnel from Scouts to Settlers
MMM #136 An "All-in-One" Moon Resort
MMM #234 Lunar Thermal Wadis & Exploration Rovers; Salvaging Google Lunar X-Prize "Also-Rans"
MMM #242 Telepresence–operated Robonauts will revise all "Scenarios
MMM #244 Could "Paying Working Tourists" Open the Moon Faster, for Less?
MMM #246 Turtle–back Spacesuits & Suitlocks – Recent NASA experiments;
How to go for a nice walk on the Moon and not get lost
MMM #260 "Telepresence" Tours of the Moon: How Soon?
Rural Luna & Transportation
MMM #15 Rural Luna: Living in the Boondocks can be relative
MMM #37 Ramada; Flare Sheds
MMM #54 Inventors wanted for off-road vehicles
MMM #79 Rural Luna:Lunar Roads; Cicumlunar Route L1;
Waysides, Service Centers & Inns; Vehicle Design Constraints
MM Review #12 Railroading on the Moon
MMM #62 A Wheeled Walker Vehicle
MMM #81 Lunar "Atlasball" go anywhere vehicle;
Surface Vehicles and Transportation; Over the road long distance trucking and rigs;
"Toadmobile" Conversions; Beyond the Beaten Path; Go anywhere Spider;
Camping under the stars
MMM #82 The Beaten Path
MMM $83 Off the Beaten Path: "Tarns"
MMM #84 Tarntecture; Ghost Towns and Ruins
MMM #85 Wayside Tarns; Farm Tarns; Mining Tarns; The Jumping Jeep
MMM #86 Science Tarns; Recluse Tarns; Relayside;
Role of Rural Luna in the future of a human Moon
MMM #90 Overnighthing; Revisiting the Moon Buggy
MMM #91 Rethinking the Moon Buggy
MMM #121 Lunar intercity flights via the "Interchute"
MMM #124 Man-rated Mass Drivers to and form orbit
MMM #140 Transportation and Town Sites
MMM #152 Lighthouse Network for Travelers
MMM #170 Early Frontier Highways on the Moon; Pursuing Nomadic Lifestyles on the Lunar Frontier
MMM #172 Using Marsten Matting to build frontier roads
MMM #215 The Moon’s Alpine Valley: Scenic Treasure vs. Vital Transportation Corridor
MMM #259 Lunar Toll Roads – Taming the Magnificent Desolation of the “Out–Vac”
MMM #264 Revisiting the “Snuglining” & “Snuglocks” Concepts
“Out–Vac” Recreation, Artistic Expression, and Tourism
MMM #9 Moonsports
MMM #20 An Amateur Lunar Telescope Design
MMM #21 Lunar Overflight Tours: The A.F. Jules Verne
MMM #52 The Role of the Campfire; Firesides
MMM #69 7 Wonders of the Moon: Tourist Earnings
MMM #87 The Brass Spittoon
MMM #102 Footsteps on the Moon and Other Leavings;
MMM #107 Earth Color Medley Calendar in the Nearside Sky
MMM #111 Opportunities on the Moon for the incurable Outdoorsman
MMM #112 The Out–Vac Sculptor
MMM #115 High Noon: Coping with Dayspan Heat: Skiing the Moon
MMM #117 Scenic Cableways; Land–cruising Gypsy House Boats; Cruising Mare Crisium;
Nearside/Farside Sea; Lighthouses and Beacons
MMM #138 The Black Sky Blues
MMM #161 Tourist Cluster on the Moon
MMM #164 Eclipses: the Lunar Experience
MMM #172 Blacklight FantasyExcursions in Lavatubes
MMM #175 Creating "Nature Walks" on the Moon
MMM #176 Tele–Crafted Art Objects; The Black Sky Blues Revisited; Music to Watch Moonscapes By
MMM #192 Weather Forecasting on the Moon
MMM #206 Sweet Spot for Lunar Surface Sports?
MMM #210 It Came from the Bowels of the Moon
MMM #225 "Skinsuit" Accessories May Open Great Lunar Outdoors
MMM #238 Fresh look at the Spacesuit Concept
MMM #240 Mare Ingenii Farside "Sweet Spot"
Surface Activities Private Enterprise Opportunities
MMM #17 Liquid Airlocks
MMM #22 First Exports; First Souvenirs
MMM #31 MoonGlow
MMM #37 Ramada; Flare Sheds; Moon Mining and Common Eco–Sense
MMM #39 Moon Mining & Engineering Realities
MMM #43 Dayspan, Nightspan, Sunth
MMM #55 Robo–Ants
MMM #47 "Plymouth" TV Movie
MMM #48 Hostels on the Moon: Lowering the Threshold for Lunar Occupancy
Part 1: The Visiting "Amphibious" Vehicle
MMM #49 The Hostel's share of the workload
MMM #50 Hostel–appropriate architectures
MMM #52 The Role of the Campfire; Firesides
MMM #54 Inventors wanted for off-road vehicles
MMM #55 Skyscrapers on the Moon?" Moon Roofs
MM Review #12 Railroading on the Moon
MMM #62 A Wheeled Walker Vehicle
MMM #76 Picture Window Cliches
MMM #79 Waysides, Service Centers & Inns; Vehicle Design Constraints
MMM #81 Lunar "Atlasball" go anywhere vehicle;
Surface Vehicles and Transportation; Over the road long distance trucking and rigs;
"Toadmobile" Conversions; Beyond Beaten Path; Go anywhere Spider; Camping under the stars
MMM #83 Off the Beaten Path: "Tarns"
MMM #84 Tarntecture; Ghost Towns and Ruins
MMM #85 Wayside Tarns; Farm Tarns; Mining Tarns; The Jumping Jeep
MMM #86 Science Tarns; Recluse Tarns; Relayside; Role of Rural Luna in the future of a human Moon
MMM #87 The Brass Spittoon
MMM #91 Commercial Moonbase Brainstorming Workshop
MMM #96 Spacesuit Aversion
MMM #99 To and From the Lunar Surface
MMM #100 Lure of the Moon's Hidden Covered Valleys: Lavatubes
MMM #102 Footsteps on the Moon and Other Leavings;
MMM #111 Lunar Skyscrapers; Opportunities on the Moon for the incurable Outdoorsman
MMM #112 The Out–Vac Sculptor
MMM #115 High Noon: Coping with Dayspan Heat: Skiing the Moon
MMM #117 Scenic Cableways; Land–cruising Gypsy House Boats; Cruising Mare Crisium;
Nearside/Farside Sea; Lighthouses and Beacons
MMM #121 Lunar intercity flights via the "Interchute"
MMM #124 Windows focused on Earth; Man-rated Mass Drivers to and form orbit
MMM #126 Potentiation (power storage)
MMM #130 Coasts, Harbors, Lighthouses, Lavatubes
MMM #136 An "All-in-One" Moon Resort
MMM #138 The Black Sky Blues
MMM #140 Transportation and Town Sites
MMM #151 Engaging the surface with Moonsuits
MMM #152 Lighthouse Network for Travelers
MMM #161 Tourist Cluster on the Moon
MMM #170 Early Frontier Highways on the Moon; Pursuing Nomadic Lifestyles on the Lunar Frontier
MMM #172 Using Marsten Matting to build frontier roads
Blacklight FantasyExcursions in Lavatubes
MMM #175 Creating "Nature Walks" on the Moon
MMM #176 Tele-Crafted Art Objects; The Black Sky Blues Revisited
MMM #206 Sweet Spot for Lunar Surface Sports?
MMM #210 It Came from the Bowels of the Moon
MMM #225 "Skinsuit" Accessories May Open Great Lunar Outdoors
MMM #238 Fresh look at the Spacesuit Concept
MMM #240 Mare Ingenii Farside "Sweet Spot"
MMM #242 Telepresence–operated Robonauts will revise all "Scenarios
MMM #244 Could "Paying Working Tourists" Open the Moon Faster, for Less?
MMM #259 Lunar Toll Roads – Taming the Magnificent Desolation of the "Out–Vac"
MMM #260 "Telepresence" Tours of the Moon: How Soon?
MMM #264 Revisiting the "Snuglining" & "Snuglocks" Concepts
MMM #3 – March 1987
ESSAYS IN "M":
Mare – Maria – Multiple Sites – Mounds
M is for MARE, PL. MARIA (MAH-ray, MAH-ri-a)
The large dark areas on the Moon, the so-called Lunar Seas, formed three to four billion years ago when most of the large impact basins filled with layers of a very low viscosity lava and cooled. Some such basins on the Farside of the Moon did not fill with lava and are called "Thassaloids" (from the Greek word for sea).
While an initial Lunar Base might be built just about anywhere, once more extensive settlements are built, the maria are clearly preferable. The regolith, the loose surface material, composed of rock fragments and soil, which overlies consolidated bedrock, has a very variable thickness in the highlands, from zero to 30 meters. On the mare, however, the regolith has a more uniform depth of about 10 meters, which makes construction easier. While Lunar concrete relying on calcium rich highland soil and supported hydrogen will be a lot cheaper for initial base construction than pre-built modules brought from Earth, once a lot of construction is planned, even that method will be too costly. The only way to go is site-extrusion, building the structures from the fused soil on the site itself. Mare soils melt 200C (360F) lower than highland soils and so will require significantly less energy either in fusing rammed soil or in making panels of cast basalt. The melt's lower viscosity will also help in some applications.
The levelness of the mare surface will also be an asset to laying out any extensive settlement. And importantly, the average atomic number and weight of mare soils, as compared to highland soils, makes them preferable for shielding against cosmic rays, etc.
But the best mare sites will be just "offshore" so to speak, so that highland soil, richer in aluminum and calcium, will also be available for manufacturing and processing. Finally, such a site will offer more scenic and recreational interest. [Articles in later MMM issues call for "coastal" sites, in the spirit of this last paragraph.]
M IS FOR MULTIPLE SITES:
One settlement a world does not make! Of course one must start with a single site, and it will be able to serve most of the initial needs. But no site has all the assets. Soils differ not only from highland (or "terrae") to mare but also from mare to mare and even within a given mare. Different materials are available to the prospective processor or miner at such sites as crater and rille walls, the central peaks of some large craters, and the so-called dark mantle deposits.
Some polar areas might have permashade fields of frozen volatiles like ice and carbon oxides. Some sites will be especially scenic. Locations along the limb between nearside and farside "librate": the Earth will alternately be just above and just below the horizon -- anyone want to build the first Lunar Honeymoon Resort? An observatory dedicated to the Great Andromeda Galaxy, M31, could be built in the North, while a similar installation in the south could concentrate on the Magellanic Clouds. Farside would be best for observation of the Milky Way and for giant radio telescopes and SETI searches, etc.
M IS FOR MOUNDS:
The first impression anyone will have of a Lunar Settlement will be that of a complex of mounds, the two-four meter (six-thirteen foot) overburden of Lunar soil used as thermal insulation and cosmic ray shielding. The downward pressure of this much lunar soil per square inch is much less than the upward pressure of the air inside the habitat. So this blanket of soil does not present a stress upon the habitat(s). You can look at this blanket of dust as an analog of the blanket of air which protects you could freeze out Earth's atmosphere, it would provide a light snowy blanket about 15 feet thick.
On Earth, the weather forecast often plays a major role in our decisions. Can we go golfing? Fishing? Swimming? Can we go on a picnic or hang out the wash to dry? Do we need an umbrella? Or a shovel? Will it be a good day to paint the house or wash the car? Or are indoor activities in order?
Beyond this, we anxiously watch storm paths. Will the latest hurricane threaten the area where we live? Is there a danger for blizzard, ice-storms, tornados, brushfires, etc?
Finally, without the fickle weather, how would one ever find anything to say to a stranger or acquaintance? On the weather free Moon, will we be at a loss for words, passing one another on the street with eyes averted? Will sports be more closely watched, not because we really enjoy them, but because we need something innocuously trivial to talk about as a social lubricant?
Well, the Lunar environment isn't quite all that cut and dried. First, believe it or not, there will be a slight seasonal difference in the seemingly steady-state indoor Lunar temperature. (Six feet down, insulated from the heat of the sun and the cold of the night, the Lunar soil is a steady -20° C or -4° F, very manageable for the buried habitats and factories and connecting walks, streets, and plazas. Just the heat of life and industrial processes will make up most of the heating needed to provide livability.) There is a difference nonetheless of about 3° F between March and September. This seasonality comes not from polar tilt (only 1.5 degrees) but from the Moon and Earth being 4 million miles closer to the Sun on January 1 than on July 1 with a couple of months lag time in consequent build up and loss of extra heat.
Then there are solar flares. Flare seasons are long and in sync with times of active Sun with a period of about eleven years from peak to peak and quiet flare-free times in between. But in flare season, warnings of particular storms will be on very short notice. Flare storms will not affect indoor or "midoor" (see this month's "Essay on 'M'", below) activities but will affect those who have business on the surface. A network of permanent flare shelters, e.g. at intervals along highways, etc. will probably be built. There will probably be portable or mobile shielding canopies at construction and mining sites. These will probably be in common use anyway, as working under them will require lighter suits that need pressurization but not cooling or as high a degree of micro meteorite protection. Such suits will be more comfortable, more supple, and allow many more accumulative hours of surface activity at reduced cosmic ray exposure.
But there will always be some work done outside the easy range of such protection. For these workers and for travelers, warning times must be maximized. One way to do this would be a set of six solar synchronous satellites. Here I do not mean synchronously interposed between Earth-Moon and Sun, but in an orbit, well within Mercury's, where they each remain in step with the rotating Sun. The Sun's "day" is slightly variable, but an orbit about 16 or 17 million miles out would allow the "Vulcansats" to keep track of potential flare-producing sunspots for the duration of their lifetimes, each satellite watching its own 60 degree wide sector.
Moonquakes are below the threshold of concern and would be felt only by instruments. But meteor showers, especially the predictable ones, will stir protective measures. On Earth, these bits of comet debris burn up in the atmosphere and are harmless beauties. On the Moon they zoom in without visible indication. They just hit, now and then with damage. But what is life, if there is no risk at all?
MMM
ESSAYS IN "M": Middoors – Matchport
By Peter Kokh firstname.lastname@example.org
FOREWORD: On the Moon, exiting an airlock in a space suit is something that architecture and engineering will both seek to make as unnecessary as possible. This for two reasons. First the high Lunar vacuum (10E-12 torr daytime facing the solar wind, 10E-14 torr nighttime sheltered from the solar wind) is a precious industrial and scientific resource especially in combination with the Moon's substantial gravity. Opening airlocks for exit or entry and purging atmosphere into the vacuum, if done frequently enough, will degrade the vacuum to a point that the solar wind can't restore through its flushing action. Second, the nitrogen used as a buffer gas and biogenic ingredient in the colony's atmospherule must be imported and therefore must be conserved. Making up for preventable losses could well tax the colony's capacity for growth.
M IS FOR MIDDOORS:
On Earth we have been familiar with the distinction between indoors and outdoors for many thousands of years. In the last two decades or so, a new environment, the middoors, has become familiar to most of us in the form of the enclosed, climate-controlled streets and plazas of many a shopping mall. The "landscaped", sunlit central atrium in some new hotel and office buildings offers another kind of model.
In Lunar cities, except to enter and exit those (e.g. industrial) facilities which for safety's sake must keep their air unmixed with that of the city at large, it will be possible to go most anywhere without donning a space suit. Homes, schools, offices, farms, factories, and stores will exit, not to the airless, radiation-swept surface, but to a pressurized, soil-shielded, indirectly sunlit grid of walkways, residential streets, avenues, and parkways, parks, squares, and playgrounds.
While the temperature of traditionally indoor places could easily be maintained at "room comfort" levels, that of the interconnecting middoors of the city could be allowed, through proper design, to register enough solar gain during the course of the long Lunar day (dayspan), and enough radiative loss during the long nocturnal period (nightspan) to fluctuate 10 degrees F on either side, for example from 55-85 degrees F during the course of the month. "The Great Middoors" could be landscaped with plants thriving on this predictable variation. This would be both invigorating and healthy for people, plants, and animals alike, providing a psychologically beneficial monthly rhythm of tempered mini-seasons. Of course the middoors could also be designed to keep a steady temperature. But oh how boring that would be!
Section of a neighborhood: individual homes open onto pressurized "middoor" streets hosting the bulk of the settlement's modular biosphere and vegetation.
M IS FOR MATCHPORT:
To go from one Lunar city to another, or from the city to the space port or other outlying installations, or to transfer from one vehicle to another, all vehicles and city docks or marinas will be equipped with standardized matchports or interlocks. These will probably be of unisex design rather than male-female, and with either able to do the necessary aligning for safety's sake (although there will undoubtedly be protocols). When the two match-ports are aligned and locked (vehicle-vehicle or vehicle-city), the narrow -- hopefully less than 1 cm -- vacuum gap will be slightly over-pressurized allowing port doors to unseal and open easily inward (into vehicle, into city).
Prior to disengagement, the port doors closed, the narrow inter-door gap would first be flushed with pure oxygen and then this would be pumped out (into vehicle, into city) to provide a low grade vacuum which would seal both port doors by internal pressure (vehicle, city) allowing the vehicle to pull back its matchport and depart, with the escape to the outdoors of only a minuscule amount of cheap oxygen -- no precious nitrogen would escape.
There would probably be three common matchport sizes: for personal surface vehicles, for public surface transports, and for cargo rigs. Outside of safety drills held periodically, perhaps most Lunans will live and travel widely about the Moon without ever putting on a spacesuit. It won't be necessary.
MMM
MMM #7 – July 1987
ESSAYS IN "M"
Month or Sunth – Meridian – Metonic Period
M FOR MONTH, OR SUNTH:
Originally, of course, the term “month” meant the span of a full set of four phases of the Moon, e.g. from full moon to full moon, or from new moon to new moon, terms which render the appearance of the Moon to the inhabitants of Earth. On the Moon itself, this lunar month of 29.53 Earth days would rather appear to denote a full set of phases of Earth, e.g. full earth to full earth, except that this definition of month would seem irrelevant to anyone living on the Farside from which Earth was never visible.
Rather, to the Lunar Settlers, this period, called a lunation by our astronomers, will simply signify the period from sunrise to sunrise or from sunset to sunset – wherever they happen to live on their adopted new home world. From a Lunan’s point of view, it’s all about where the Sun is in their sky, and has nothing to do with Earth at all. Earth could cease to exist and their would be no more “full moons” or “new moons” to reckon by. Just the interval between sunrises (or sunsets).
Introducing “the Sunth”
Accordingly, pioneers might well prefer to call it simply the “sunth.” This term is less stuffy than “lunation” which is really a geocentric term signifying the period from “new moon to new moon.” The term “sunth” and avoids confusion with our own Earth calendar months of Roman origin which do not coincide at all with lunar months as they average about a day longer in order to divide the year into twelve neat periods with no leftover days. The Sunth then would be the natural way of reckoning the passage of time on the Moon.
The sunth will also be the primary consideration in scheduling activities which depend upon the availability of sunlight and/or solar power. This will include mining and industrial operations, road building and prospecting, The local time of sunth will also determine the timing of agricultural chores.
M IS FOR MERIDIAN:
The Replogle globes of Earth and Moon alike are divided into 15 degree longitudinal segments. For the Earth, this is a natural, since 15 degrees is the width of the idealized “time zone” (15 x 24 = 360).
On the Moon, however, the slow daily crawl of the terminator line dividing sunshine from darkness is just over 12 degrees (12 deg., 11 min., 27 sec.). So for the purposes of settlers of the Moon or for people on Earth who want to better comprehend what life on the Moon would be like, future Moon globes might display meridians marked every 12 degrees. Thirty 12° sections equals a full circle of 360° Thirty quasi “date zones” if you will. Even if these zones do not precisely measure the sun’s slow crawl across the sky they would offer a close enough approximation to allow Lunan students and others to easily estimate by how many dates the sunth is retarded or advanced in his/her location in comparison to other settlement sites and outposts on the Moon.
M IS FOR METONIC PERIOD:
A 5th Century B.C. Athenian by the name of Meton noticed that the Moon's phases returned to the same dates of the year after 19 years (i.e. 228 calendar months = 235 lunar months). The Metonic period is important for anyone who would devise a calendar which respected the 29.53 day lunar month or sunth, and yet reconcile it with Earth's 365.25 day year at least periodically. MMM
A Moon Calendar for Lunar Settlements
By Peter Kokh email@example.com
To be sure, there will be settlers on the Moon with "Tory" hearts, i.e. unwilling to give up the ways of Old Earth, however inappropriate to the new world. Earth's calendar is one such piece of baggage best left at home. On Earth, counting time by "moons" may be convenient for nomads and rustic hunter-gatherers, but the overriding temporal fact of life since the dawn of the agricultural age remains the length of the year: the four seasons.
But on the Moon, however, the four seasons do not apply -- except for astronomers. The overarching pacer of life will be the Sunth (see M is for Month, above).
Since the slow rhythm of sunrise and sunset cannot be ignored on the Moon, the calendar should be organized around it, no ifs, ands, or buts.
Keeping the standard 24 hour day/date
Because of Earth's proximity to the Moon and the high density and intensity of Earth-Moon communications and commerce (as compared, for example, to Earth-Mars intercourse), it will be convenient to keep the standard 24 hour day -- probably called "date" on the Moon to avoid confusion with the longer sunth.
A simple calendar of alternating 29 and 30 date sunths will do the trick, especially if every fortieth date (or on the closest weekend thereto) an extra hour is added (as we do in the fall switching from daylight-savings to standard time) to make the sunth average 29.5 dates exactly.
Then a two page calendar would always be valid even as to the times of local sunrise and sunset to within the hour, per location.
This system would be enhanced greatly if the sunth were four weeks exactly, which would require adding an eighth day three weeks out of eight.
Advantages of an occasional 8-day week
Such an extra day would be a logical choice for religious feasts and holy days and for secular holidays alike. Since the extra day would not be a working day but an off day providing three long weekends out of every eight, it should be a popular feature and add cultural color to life on the Moon.
This way sunrise and sunset would occur, for a particular place, not only on the same dates of the sunth but also on the same days of the week which will be important for business and industry (see article: POWERCO in this issue)
Naming the days of the Week
Since, obviously, lunar weeks and weekdays would not line up or keep cadence with those of Earth (no need to), new names are in order. Let me offer three possibilities, naming the days of the lunar week after:
- **The major moons or satellites of the solar system:**
- Luna, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan, Triton (plus 3 weeks out of 8, Titania)
- **The stars in the Big Dipper** or Plough visible on the Moon anywhere north of 30 degrees South:
- Dubhe, Merak, Phad, Megrez, Alioth, Mizar, Alkaid (a plus 3 weeks out of 8, Alcor)
- **The stars of the Pleiades** which can be seen from almost anywhere on the Moon:
- Alcyone, Merope, Electra, Celaeno, Taygeta, Asterope, Maia (plus 3 weeks out of 8, Pleione and/or Atlas) They were the parents of the famous seven sisters).
Note: “Pleiades” was the name chosen by Artemis Society International, for its original short-lived newsletter.
Fiscal Considerations
For fiscal and accounting convenience – divisibility into “quarters,” for example – the calendar should have twelve sunths invariably -- like the Islamic model rather than the Jewish one (which sometimes has thirteen). This would yield a short “year” or “ennium” of 354 dates that would slip seven sunths out of alignment with Earth's calendar after nineteen years (see M is for Metonic Period above: 19 years & 235 Sunths)
So every nineteenth year an extra seven sunth period could be added, to be called “the Renaissance” and devoted to constitutional and institutional renewal, reform, and rededication, thus bringing the Moon's calendar back into step with Earth's and providing a predictably popular generation-long rhythm as a creative fringe benefit of which lunar civilization could be proud.
There are alternatives of course, but why compromise with those inappropriately attached to terrestrial customs. It's a brand new world and why not start fresh with new traditions? "Tories" can always import Earth calendars and keep them under their pillows. MMM
This article is online at: http://www.asi.org/adb/06/09/03/02/008/mooncalendar.html
ESSAYS IN ‘M’
By Peter Kokh
M is for Mare Moscoviensis. The “Sea of Moscow” is the prominent mare area in the far northeast quadrant of the Lunar farside. In flagrant violation of the tradition that calls for Lunar Seas to be named after weather phenomena, states of mind, or directions, the Soviet discoverers of this farside lava plain exercised their naming prerogative and christened it after their largest city. I have come upon the apology that, after all, “Moscow is a state of mind.” Now I must confess, having been there, that there is some subtle truth to this claim. Moscovites are justly immensely proud of the assets of their 850 year old city, carefully nurtured and built-upon generation after generation. In the interests of good will, I’ll withdraw the complaint if the free translation of Mare Moscoviensis as: Sea of Civic Legacy” is allowed. :-)
M is for Marequator (Mare + Equator) – an imaginary “great circle” belt around the Moon that crosses the Lunar equator near the limbs between nearside and farside, and rises to about 30–35° north near the longitude that passes through mid-nearside (0°) and descends to about 30–35° south near 180°, the longitude bisecting farside. (see the maps in the Farside I article this issue) Such a line seems to evenly bisect both the major mare features of nearside and the skimpy farside placement. Someday a circumlunar highway might logically follow such a route. Another possibility is a superconducting lunar girdle along this path, with regularly spaced solar power stations, half of which will always be in full sunlight, endowing this “dynequator” with continuous abundant energy to be conveniently tapped by most “coastal” (mare shore/highland coast) settlement sites. A magnetic levitation rail route for high speed inter-settlement travel would be a logical adjunct.
PART I: Lunar Asymmetry as a Clue to the “Origin Question”
FARSIDE PART 1 By Peter Kokh
To many of you in your teens, twenties, even early thirties, the “Farside of the Moon” conjures up no special images. You’ve always known (or have been able to look up) what that face of our satellite forever averted from Earth looks like. However, for those of us who came of age well before 1959, the term “Farside” will forever carry a lingering thrill of mystery. For all of mankind’s history up to that point, now one had ever seen, even vicariously, the back 41% of the Moon that its elliptical orbit-locked rotation kept forever out of sight from Earth-bound vantage points.
Speculations, of course, abounded, with little to limit them. The most popular and grating misconception was that the “far” side was synonymous with “dark” side. However, these outfacing lunar precincts are equally blessed with the alternating relentless glory of solar was shaped like some pushed-in deflated beach ball, folded in on itself, so that with the foundations of the rear face up against the roots of the front face, the back was some enormous hollow holding atmosphere, water, life, and of course, a mutually unsuspected and unsuspecting civilization whose differences from our own were left to one’s fancy. In contrast, most scientists and educated laymen fully expected the mystery side to look much like the familiar side, i.e. a complex pattern of lighter crater-pocked highlands, and darker mare planes, seas of congealed lava-basalt.
Suddenly, on October 4, 1959, two years to the day after the orbiting of Sputnik I – the Soviet probe Luna 3 in an equally epochal feat, returned the first crude low-resolution photographs of the previously unknown hemisphere which showed at once that while this newly revealed hinterland of Earth’s faithful; orbit-mate had the familiar elements of lighter highlands and darker plains, the proportions were startlingly different, and unsuspected. While the basaltic floods cover a major portion (37%) of the hemisphere that charms Earthbound lovers, creating the “man-in-the-moon” naked eye visage, these lava upwellings have pooled in only a few small and scattered basin bottoms on the aloof side, making it far less photogenic.
At first, no one could suggest a plausible reason for such a surprising variance. But further probes revealed some salient facts. First, the Moon was not all that round. Rather it was slightly egg-shaped with the pointy end facing Earth. Second, the Farside did have great basins just like those on the nearside: the South-Pole-Aitken basin is considerably larger than the familiar Mare Imbrium, the Sea of Rains. But these basin were largely “dry” – not flooded with post-impact upwellings of lava. So these basins are categorized as thalassoids – “sea-like” rather than maria – seas. Only a few basins-within-basins are thinly and irregularly covered with mare-like floods. (I like to call a small, irregular, and isolating pooling of mare-like deposits a diluvium [plural diluvia] from the Latin word for flood.
Further orbital data eventually suggested a partial explanation. On the Earth-facing side, the lunar crust is perhaps 60 km (37 miles) thick, whereas it averages closer to 100 km (62 miles) thick on the private side. Thus the molten magmas of a younger lunar interior had further to go to reach surface release.
Why this crustal difference? In the absence of hard data from Apollo or Luna sample-return missions to substantiate any answer, the prevailing wisdom is that the farside crust must be substantially less dense in composition and unlike the nearside highlands it superficially resembles, so as to float higher above the underlying mantle.
It is pardonable that public and private curiosity, driven as they are by the notoriously short attention span of the media, did not allow follow-up sampling missions to these regions to fill in the pieces of what remains the great puzzle over the origin of the Moon. Is the Moon a breakaway daughter of the Earth? Or is it a stunted sister, having evolved side by side from the onset of planet formation? (the pacific basin is much too young to represent a “scar” of such an event.) Or is it a successfully wooed spouse, born and bred elsewhere in the Solar System?
The substantial differences in chemical composition between the lunar and terrestrial crusts seems rule against the first two suggestions, while a successful capture scenario has never been developed to support the third contention. A recent hybrid offering attempts to solve both constraints. According to this hypothesis, the early still-forming Earth was hit at just the right angle by a “Mars-sized” planetesimal (how can anything “Mars-sized” be “-esimal”?) vaporizing a significant portion of proto-Earth’s pristine crust, the volatile elements escaping in the process to account for the chemical differences (the Moon’s crust being generally volatile-deficient) and the heavier refractory elements recon-densing in Earth-orbit to form the Moon. This new thesis is gaining widespread currency and might be called the Eve theory (i.e wife from husband’s rib.) I propose we call the suspected “Mars-sized plane-tesimal” Velikovsky. Apparently we are now to believe such billiard-ball events respectable, so long as they are surmised to have occurred in conveniently early eons!
I remain unconvinced, for two reasons. First, in the absence of plans (except by the World Space Foundation) for probes to Sun-hugging Mercury that could answer the question, I feel that Mercury's crustal composition may be similarly volatile-depleted and bear a far closer match to Lunar element and isotope abundance patterns than the above hybrid thesis can explain. Second, the new impact residue theory leaves totally unaddressed the reasons for the great font-back hemispheric topographical and crustal symmetries in the Moon that were pointed out above.
Rather I would offer instead that this nearside-farside asymmetry is an accident of capture, an encounter with an aboriginal Earth satellite retinue that remain undigested because the Moon was already far along in its differentiation and consolidation at the time, being perhaps the one last major planetesimal forming in Mercury's orbital domain that instead of being assimilated to the quicksilver planet was ejected from its orbit by Mercury in a close flyby pass, the action-reaction relic: Mercury's present atypically high orbital eccentricity and inclination, not to be expected so close to the Sun.
In the absence of contraindicating Mercury sample-returns to disabuse me of this notion, I believe that the new desiccating-vaporization-splashout myth of lunar origin has severe weaknesses. To boot, few question Mars' capture of Phobos and Deimos.
MOON SPORTS By Peter Kokh
One can easily think of non-team sport activities that might work well on the Moon: gymnastics, swimming, road rallies, etc. But you can scratch sailboating, sky-diving and other such outdoor sports.
Physical Constraints on Moon Sports
But what interests me here are the possibilities for spectator team sports. On the Moon, "sixth-weight" (1/6th G) will allow balls to bounce higher and travel farther (though, middoors, air resistance will have its customary effect) and at the same time reduce players' traction, maneuvering, and braking abilities, all while momentum remains quite "Earthlike."
Promising and not-so-promising models
Even with a greatly deadened basketball, for example, the game as we know it could not be played. The bounce, even if restrained in height, would be slower, and players could not dart about the court as easily, dribbling in slow motion. Baseball, Football, Soccer, and Hockey would be similarly affected. Rather than produce caricatures of familiar and beloved sports, it would be better to start fresh, and invent substitute sports from scratch.
Better candidates for adaptation, serving as a point of departure for "designer Moon Sports" might be handball or racquetball, or its exciting distant Basque relative, Jai Alai (pronounced Hi-a-lye) [a game like handball, played on a walled court with a hard ball, popular in Spain, Latin America and parts of the United States (Florida); pelota. The ball is caught and thrown with a curved wicker basket fastened to the arm – World Book], but without the parimutuel trappings. For lunar adaptation, the side walls could be thick one-way glass, allowing spectators to sit behind.
Table tennis or ping pong, bowling, and such small-field sports as lawn bowling, croquet, and miniature golf might work well enough, but these are not substitute for the big spectator sports. What can we do now, here on Earth, to help give future lunar settlers a head start in this direction?
We would need to simulate lunar conditions. An awkward and certainly unworkable "game plan" would be to do so by tying carefully metered helium balloons to athletes' arms, legs, and torsos to simulate reduced weight and traction along with undiminished momentum. A much better idea is computer simulation, in which all the effects of sixthweight on traction, acceleration, speed, bounce, trajectory, braking, etc. could be taken into account. Gaming rules would certainly be affected. Side walls could be as important as the playing field or court customarily considered. All the elements of a proposed game must be varied: number of players, type of ball and/or other equipment, dimensions, rules etc. until a computer simulation resulted that promised exciting, ever interesting and gripping play.
On Earth, we have already taken preexisting games as points of departure and created new sports which bear only a curious relationship to their design ancestors. Thus, English Rugby is a distant precursor of American Football and English Cricket of American Baseball. On a hunch, I’d recommend any would-be Lunar contact sport designer would do well to consider Rugby for inspiration.
**Income-generating sports telecasts**
The goal is a number of sports well-enough designed not only physically but in game play to excite spectators and keep them coming back, resulting not only in whole new sections in the Guinness Book of Records, but in heightened Tourist Lure! The “Saturday Wide World of Sports” TV show would have to change to “Wide Worlds of Sports” as telecasts of Lunar sporting events to Earth become commonplace and finally bring home to “Joe 6-Pack” in his Earthbound armchair that, yes, the “world” has expanded to include new turf.
Such telecasts could be a source of considerable income to the settlements, adding in both royalties and purchases of commercial time for sponsors. And here and there will be the young Earthling who will crave to try these sixthweight sports, which he/she can now only passively watch, kindling in them the first ardors of a yearning to join the settlers someday.
---
**MMM #10 – November 1987**
**Pioneers’ Lunar Astronomy Quiz**
**QUESTIONS**
1. How many square degrees are there in the sky?
2. Our stellar coordinates are based on Earth’s equator and axial tilt. This is too home-world-chauvinistic a system to take with us to the Moon and beyond. Using celestial coordinates based instead on the ecliptic, the plane of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, is also chauvinistic but would be acceptable to astronomers on the Moon since the Moon shares that plane. But anticipating mankind’s spread beyond Earth-Moon space into the Solar System at large, what coordinate system do you think a “Union of Solar System Universities” might adopt?
3. Has any astronomy been done from the Moon?
4. Who was the “Father of Radio Astronomy?”
5. What is the north “Pole Star” of the Moon?
**ANSWERS**
1. $4 \pi$ steradians or square radians. A radian is $67^\circ 17' 44.80624"$ so this works out to $41,253^\circ^2$ (square degrees.) This encompasses all vectors. If you are situated on a planetary surface, half of this ($20,626.5$ square degrees) is underfoot and half “in the sky” i.e. above the horizon.
2. The orbital plane of Jupiter, inclined to “our own” “ecliptic” by $1^\circ 3'$. Not only is Jupiter the largest and most massive planet, but close to 75% of the angular momentum of the entire Solar System, Sun included, lies in Jupiter’s motion in that plane. That would make Jupiter’s ecliptic the logical standard for the whole Solar System. Transposition of coordinates, thanks to computers, will not be a big deal. We already transpose our own to keep up with the precession of the equinoxes as the points in the sky at which Earth’s poles aim rotates in a circle around the poles of the ecliptic over many millennia.
3. Charles M. Duke II, an astronaut on the Apollo 16 mission to the Descartes region, became the “father of lunar astronomy”: when he took astrophotographs of interstellar gas clouds and of the ultraviolet halos around some galaxies (April 21, 1972.)
4. In the early 1930s, Karl Jansky, a young radio engineer at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, concerned about the ever-present static that is part of radio reception, detected a very faint but steady noise that could not be traced to any mundane source, and concludes that it came from space. By 1933 he had pinpointed the direction of the source. It lay in Sagittarius towards the center of the galaxy. He received little recognition before his death.
5. Zeta (z) Draconis, a 3.2 magnitude star some 600 LY away. [see chart] This is also the north polar star of the Sun and of the entire Solar System [read: Jovian ecliptic) and as such is the center of the
circle traced in the heavens by Earth’s north pole as it precesses through a circuit every 25,750 years (Polaris just happens to be our Pole Star during the present period.) Thus z Draconis is “the pole of our pole” so to speak. Perhaps in time Zeta will be appropriately renamed “Zenith Draconis”. And at the opposite pole is the Large Magellenic Cloud (Nebecula Major) at “Nadir Doradus.”
ESSAYS IN “M” Focus on Farside
By Peter Kokh
M is for Means of Transportation to and from a Farside Astronomy site.
Powered portions of rocket (suborbital or not) landings and ascents to and from the lunar surface, ought not to be allowed in line-of-sight from a Farside Radio Astronomy installation in order to avoid interference. Instead “Farport” ought to be located at the end of a surface road from the radio telescope facility at least ten or more degrees away and around the Moon’s curvature [c. 200+ mi or 300+ km]. It might be best to locate Farport inside the farside zone which is within line-of-sight of the L4 and L5 Lagrange points at all times, say within 35° of the central Farside meridian. Then communications too would be routed via-surface cable to Farport before being relayed to/from the S.E.T.I. telescope facility.
M is for Monastery.
Despite serious inroads both by the age of skepticism and by the current preoccupation with self-fulfillment and self-gratification, a small hard core population remains drawn to contemplation-with-service, free from the burden of life’s many distracting hassles. Such persons offer a psychologically stable manpower source that could be tapped for support of personnel at outlying lunar bases and installations (such as an isolated Farside Radio Telescope Installation pursuing the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) where a full-spectrum-city-life is unlikely to develop. While they might not reproduce their numbers, neither would they come for limited tours of duty. They would certainly find the “atmosphere” congenial to their way of life.
Here in deep Farside, with Earth never above the horizon, with telecasts from Earth blocked by the Moon’s own mass, and with the Milky Way unimaginably brilliant in the nighttime skies, will be an ideal site for a monastery tasked with the S.E.T.I search. ###
FARSIDE Part II. The Ideal Site for Frontline Astronomy
By Peter Kokh – http://www.asi.org/adb/06/09/03/02/010/farside.html
A popular theme of science fiction has long been the idea of using the Moon, and particularly the lunar “farside”, as a platform for astronomical research. The advantages the Moon offers over today’s orbital satellite astronomy are considerable:
1. **Shielding over 50% of all vectors** (2 p steradians), and with it, halved exposure and vulnerability to cosmic rays, flares, and micrometeorites
2. **Greatly reduced radiation** coming from particles trapped in Earth’s magnetosphere and Van Allen Belts
3. **Vastly reduced vulnerability** to the swiftly multiplying trash-belt of cavalierly discarded space junk, a trend which, if not soon reversed, will eventually render LEO orbits unusable
4. **A rotation rate 400–500 times slower** (0.5 degrees or 33 arc minutes per hour versus 240 degrees for the typical LEO-sited facility, and with it the possibility of long exposure times of up to two weeks or more, extreme stability, and long integration times
5. **Ease of access** for maintenance and changeout of equipment
6. **Low 1/6th g** which will be a mechanical plus in comparison to both 0g and 1g and which will allow very large instruments and which also serves to scavenge dust out of the environment very rapidly (not so in the "Sargasso sea" environments of LEO, L4, and L5.)
These advantages over LEO facilities are available anywhere on the Moon. Even for radio astronomy, the Earth presents a far smaller cross-section and can conceivably be baffled out-of-sight, especially since Earth's position in any nearside sky remains fixed within libration limits of a few degrees.
Radio astronomy has been at the forefront of astronomical research for more than two decades. At first very crude in its resolving power, integrating arrays of radio telescopes can now achieve angular resolution and detail that optical astronomers can only drool over. But the problem arises with interference from man-made radio and TV signals which make for poor listening even as Earth's thermally shaky atmosphere makes for poor seeing for optical instruments. The idea, long a favorite in science fiction, has been to put radio telescopes beyond reach of such interference on the far side of the Moon. Here we can best listen to the "music of the spheres" from natural astrophysical processes and, some hope, from intelligent species, if there are any out there trying to make their presence known.
**FARAF – Farside Advanced Radio Astronomy Facility**
Not just anywhere on Farside will do, however. Not only should such an installation be closer to the equator than the lunar poles, so as to cover as much as possible of both celestial hemispheres, but it should be in the shadow, not just of Earth-direct transmissions but of indirect relayed transmissions from the L4 and L5 Lagrange areas, 60° ahead and behind the Moon respectively in its orbit about the Earth, where the Moon's version of synchronous communications satellites will be placed.
**Line-of-sight exposure to L4 and L5 encroaches 60° or more (if "halo" orbits are used) on each flank of Farside thus ruling out such otherwise ideal sites as Tsiolkovsky crater, Mare Orientalis, and Mare Moscoviensis.** Rather, only a central "orange-slice" between 155° E and 155° W ought to be considered, restricting outposts to 25° either side of the central Farside meridian, 180°. And a treaty or convention may be needed to prohibit the use of the L2 Lagrangian position behind the Moon for anything but intermittent tight-beam transmissions on a non-casual emergency basis only. Laser-based communications relays via L2 to Farside points are a possible substitute. If such alternative communications systems cannot be developed, it may be necessary to make Deep Farside off-limits to home-steaders except at, around, and in support of FARAF.
We have already mentioned some mare/diluvium-floored Farside locations that must be ruled out. Highland type sites abound, of course, and the ivory-tower ideal site at 0° latitude (the equator) and 180° E-W is on highland terrain. However, this would limit us to highland-sourced building materials and rougher topography than would be available at a highland/mare "coastal" or "near-shore" site which would offer the advantages of both kinds of soil and terrain. Further, mare-like areas will be vastly superior for such extended installations as a Socorro (NM) type Very Large Array or even for its design-archetype, the "Cyclops" Array.
Unfortunately, there is no such mare/coastal site anywhere near dead-center Farside. The site I suggest is northeastern Mare Ingenii (variously translated as the Sea of Engineers or the Sea of Ingenuity) centered about 168° E and 32° S. While this location is further south than one might wish, it will still allow full coverage of the entire Milky Way and such important nearby galaxies as M31 (Andromeda) and M33 (Triangulum). Bear in mind that, on the Moon, the apparent celestial equator will more nearly coincide with the ecliptic -- the plane of the sun and path of the major planets.
Left: dark basalt floored Tsiolkovsky stands out. Right: flat-floored Thomson Crater
The view of Thompson / Mare Ingenii is towards the south, opposite the orientation of lunar maps. Mare Ingenii is located at the "antipodes" of the impact center of the Mare Imbrium basin which is the largest basin on the Moon's Nearside. The area has a vestigial local mini-magnetosphere, probably an artifact of the plasma that flowed around the Moon in all directions to this location from the Mare Imbrium impact. This mini-magnetosphere might offer some feeble protection for astronomical instruments from the solar wind.
Mare Ingenii is incompletely and thinly covered over much of its expanse with mare lava sheets. The best flooding conveniently occurs in the large (70 mi = 112 km) Thomson Crater in the ENE part of the Mare Ingenii basin. This is surely the ideal site for the next generation VLA (Very Large Array), a "Y"-shaped array of movable, tracked, steerable radio telescope dishes that can provide significant resolving power, working in concert. Ancillary smaller outlying installations for further image integration over longer baselines could be placed at convenient Farside sites outside our "orange-slice" preserve. (It goes without saying that a competing free space array anchored in L4 and L5 with a baseline of about 400,000 miles (643,000 km), should also be built and teleoperated from central Nearside.)
On Thomson’s north crater rim are some small deep craters that might prove suitable for a large unsteerable Arecibo-like dish, appropriately scaled up as far as the reduced lunar gravity will allow. Nor need our Mare Ingenii-Thomson site be restricted to radio astronomy. Dedicated optical/infrared observatories concentrating full-time exclusively on the two Magellanic Clouds, the major companion satellite galaxies of our Milky Way, lying at (LMC) and near (SMC) the lunar celestial south pole and always above the horizon from our proposed FARAF site, are a logical adjunct.
What about the supporting settlement itself? Not only will astronomers and technicians be needed, but also support personnel to grow food and maintain the life-support systems, in short a whole community of eventually some hundreds. And what about a name for the place? Thomson City? Or tired, stuffy names related to the history of radio astronomy or SETI such as Marconi, Sagan, Jansky, Spielberg, or New Socorro? Personally, I would like to see something more suggestive of the special vocation of this unique settlement such as Sussuri (Latin for 'whispers', i.e. of the stars) or simply Stella-rum (Latin: 'of the stars').
Sussuri would have a very distinctive ambience. Earth would be out of sight and out of mind. The sunless fortnights would be dominated by the Milky Way in spectacular unrivaled brilliance. The whole mentality would be outward-oriented, astro-empathic, in tune with the stars (and any supposed intelligent species circling them). A major hobby will be brainstorming end-runs around the restrictions imposed by the speed of light and the shortness of human lifetimes.
The psychological distance of Sussuri from Earth and its flesh-pot distractions will be far greater than any physical quarter million miles. For some, not all, of course, Sussuri could be a stimulating place to live out one's twilight years.
MMM
MMM #15 – May 1988
LIVING IN THE "BOONDOCKS" CAN BE RELATIVE!
RURAL LUNA By Peter Kokh
If the Moon, all 14.5 million square miles of it, is not "rural," what is? To be sure, the first beachhead bases will be preoccupied with doing Lunar Science and successful demonstration and pilot plants for the production of Liquid Oxygen from the fine lunar soil. Such footholds will hardly amount to small "hamlets".
But upon first expansion, the Moon bases will concentrate on feasibility demonstrations of various forms of lunar-sourced construction; they will then proceed to the manufacture of a spectrum of building products for use locally, in Earth orbit, and in Mars orbit. Leveraging on these beginnings, if we make a serious effort to fully diversify on-Luna manufacturing to exploit the LEO and Mars markets, then one or more genuinely urban biospheres will arise.
So back to the question: given this incipient "urbanization" of one or more lunar sites, will there be any room on the Moon for homesteaders who prefer more elbow room and looser ties to civilization?
Well beyond the outskirts of "The City" (until there is more than one, locals may not pay much attention to proposed proper names), there may be a growing number of mobile nomadic science / prospecting camps searching for economically abundant concentrations and deposits of useful elements that exist only in taunting traces in the soils around The City. If such lodes are found, new settlements may be founded to mine and ship them to urban factories or to render them into marketable products on the spot. Depending on the market for such products, the new site may remain a rural village or grow to become a rival city. Bear in mind that rich concentrations of specific ores are not to be expected on the Moon except in a few Sudbury-like astroblemes, relics of the impact of particularly mineral-rich asteroids. On Earth, most ore deposits have been laid down in multi-million year long episodes of hydrotectonic leaching, a process probably unique to Earth and Io in our Solar System. But there are different soil types: highland soils, and a variety of mare soils deposited by successive episodes of lava flooding. Further, some crater central mountain peaks may be upthrust mantle material such as relatively denser pyroxene. The prizes will be useful concentrations of copper, platinum, lead, etc., all of which are unlikely.
Both underneath sites well known for the reddish glows of TLP ("transient Lunar phenomena") and elsewhere (where there are no 'leaks') there may lie deep underground pockets of unreleased volcanic gases or volatiles. No matter what their composition, detection of these reservoirs will likely lead to new homestead locations. Particularly harvestable water ice and / or carbon dioxide ice deposits (when mixed they are called 'clathrate') will call for at least temporary encampments as well.
Thus a number of lesser towns or even rival cities may develop, all feeding the local lunar economy, which in turn supports ventures in LEO (Low Earth Orbit) and in the Mars PhD area, and sooner or later in the L4 / L5 locations. Roads will be built apace, and along them, at intervals, will be needed way stations that support road maintenance, refueling, vehicle repair, closed life support system recharging, flare shelter, inn-space, food, first aid, communications, etc., and probably serving not only travelers and truckers along the main routes, but off-road excursions for tourists, prospectors, and scientists.
Where the beaten path takes a long detour about some obstacle such as mid-mare wrinkle ridges, rilles (ravines that have resulted from collapsed lava tubes), or sand scarps, for example, is it not plausible that entrepreneurs might build bridges, fjords, or cuts and rightfully establish tolls for the shortcut they provide? Here and there, the run-of-the-mill lunar scenery ("once you've seen one crater, you've seen them all" is far from the truth) is relieved by some exceptional vista e.g. the Alpine Valley, the crater rims of such unique beauties as Aristarchus, Copernicus, Theophilus, and Tycho come to mind; such spots may support tourist inns.
A site along the east or west limb (90° east or west) will afford monthly Earthrise and Earth-set (caused by libration resulting from the Moon's eccentric orbit about Earth). The Earth will rise a few dedegrees clear of the horizon and a fortnight later be a few degrees below it, affording "twin skies": half the time a picture-window postcard scene of the Earth-kissed horizon, half the time (with Earth out of sight) the Milky Way will fill the sky with a brilliance we can only imagine. Here, especially along preexisting roads, would be a good spot for a honeymoon motel or a get-away-from-it-all retreat house, etc.
But not to wax too romantic, there will be dampening facts of lunar life. Firstly, to insure that there is a sufficient economic basis for such rural locations, a lunar authority would do well to license them, restricting them to minimum intervals depending upon current traffic volume projections. Survival without traffic support will be far, far more difficult than it is on live-off-the-land-friendly Cradle Earth! Applicants or applicant groups for rural openings may well have to bid for them, based on skills, abilities, talents, financial resources, and experience. At first the niches for such rustic rooting will be few, but they should grow exponentially as the multi-site economy expands and diversifies.
Secondly, hermitages and single family mines, farms, or inns, etc. may be both unsafe, and unendurable. The reason is that unlike on Earth, where we all share the same biosphere, on the Moon, each city, town, village, hamlet, camp, and isolated homestead must be a biosphere unto itself. And the smaller the biosphere, the less stable, less diversified, and less satisfying the sustenance it affords. Unless you and yours are stoics content to live on chlorella and algae mush, there will be a certain minimal size to any such isolated biospheres. To support a bare minimum exchange of service functions and division of labor as well as menu variety and social outlets, the village-sized, or at least hamlet-sized, island of humanity will likely be the smallest the Moon could support. As in lunar towns and cities, individual residences, greenhouses, workplaces, etc. will all be interconnected by pressurized passages to afford the convenience and safety of integrated biospheres.
And you thought the Moon would be the ultimate get-away-from-it-all! Best head for some of the less settled areas of good old Cradle Earth! Our challenging gray neighbor may have room enough for small towns and villages, but the antisocial need not apply.
Such rural settlement as does occur will undoubtedly provide opportunity for diversification of food crops, meat animals, ornamental plants, and specialized arts and crafts. Separation combined with ingenuity and diverse mineral endowments will suggest unique feature products for which the town or hamlet may someday be renowned. Certainly, a rural subculture will arise. Radio, folk song and dance, and country ballads, as well as its own special etiquette, brand of hospitality, and 'ways' will instantly distinguish lunar rustics from city people. But they will share the Moon, a common bond which will set them uniformly apart from Earthsiders. The future of both urban and rural Luna will rise or fall together.
For the city dwellers, the existence of a number of rural communities will be both a safety valve and a constant source of cultural cross-fertilization and enrichment, as all Lunar citizens seek to continue their acculturation and adjustment to their new host world. The adventure should not be boring.
Peter Kokh April 1988
What better way to traverse "rural luna" with minimum disturbance of the terrain from a high perch where you can best see the moonscapes at their close-up best from a Spider, or all by oneself in this go-anywhere motor "squirrel cage."
INDUSTRIAL USE VACUUM-PRESSURE TRANSIT OF PRODUCTION ITEMS IN FULL OR PARTIAL GRAVITY, (REAL OR ARTIFICIAL) WITHOUT VENTING OF AIR
LIQUID AIRLOCKS By Peter Kokh
While many take a cavalier and could not-care-less attitude toward the preservation of lunar vacuum -- a precious industrial and scientific asset -- and seem thoughtless of the expensive non-conserving lifestyle which continuously vents costly import nitrogen through routine, frequent airlock cycling, this author finds both attitudes unacceptable and presents and alternative airlock-system to handle some important categories of traffic between pressurized and non-pressurized areas.
On the Moon or other airless bodies or in free space, where vacuum is already provided, a "barometric column" of a suitable liquid and of appropriate height, will seal in the atmospheric pressure of a habitat, factory, or warehouse via a U or J shaped tube.
AIR BAROMETER: a device for measuring atmospheric pressure. The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere which is the pressure that will support a column of mercury (Hg) 760 mm (76 cm or 29.92 in) high. This corresponds to the pressure exerted by a column of air about 5 miles (8km) high if its density were constant and equal to that at sea level. If a long glass tube which is sealed at one end and open at the other is filled with mercury and then is stood upright with the open end downwards in a dish containing mercury (or in a U-shaped tub open at one end) then so much mercury will flow out of the tub (or up the other, open end) until a column of mercury 760 mm in height above the level in the dish (or in the upturned open end of the tube) remains. The space above the mercury in the closed end of the tube is vacuum and contains no air. From: THE WAYS THINGS WORK, AN ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TECHNOLOGY, Simon and Schuster, 1963. Page 220.
A continuous loop conveyor provided with the appropriate grip/release system with one end in the external vacuum, the other in the internal pressurized environment, will allow transit on a production basis without the venting of air (nitrogen and/or oxygen) such as occurs in the conventional vestibule-type cycling airlock, an early classic of science-fiction and still taken quite for granted by most writers, both technical and non-technical alike. (For Shame!)
Entry and Exit of “Routine Items” into/out of pressurized environments
Such a liquid barometric seal could become standard on the Moon (and, for example, on spoke-and-wheel shaped free space settlements) to allow entry and exit of routine items. For entry into pressurized environments, we think not so much of imports (from Earth or other settlements) -- these can be taken care of by "match port" docking -- as of those items which it is useful or efficient to manufacture in a vacuum but which will be used in the interior of the settlement. Metal and glass items are possible instances.
For exit, we think not so much of exports of items manufactured in pressurized environments and intended for use within other settlements -- or vehicles -- as of items so manufacture intended for use in vacuum. Of both categories (candidates for entry or exit) there should be several if not many instances. Very real losses of nitrogen, especially, but also of oxygen, can be avoided and vacuum degradation prevented, by the employment of such a liquid airlock system in well chosen cases. Two problems must be discussed.
[1] The first problem is the availability of a suitable "barometric" liquid. Such a liquid should be fluid over a wide range of temperatures so that its utility is not constrained. A relatively high specific gravity or density would be a plus because it would proportionately shorten the required sealing column. It should have a low vapor pressure so that the rate at which it evaporates into the vacuum is slow enough to represent a substantial savings over the continual nitrogen loss that would result from the alternative reliance on a conventional cycling airlock system. Its cost of acquisition, by support from Earth or by lunar sourcing should again be lower than the cost of the nitrogen conserved over the lifetime of its use.
[2] Finally, such a liquid should be relatively inert, not corroding or otherwise adversely affecting either the items carried through it or the conveyor that carries them. It should drip off the exiting parts easily, both in vacuum and in air.
**Candidate Liquids**
Three possibilities suggest themselves. The first is Mercury (Hg), the densest choice by far. However, it is highly unlikely that mercury can be lunar-sourced. The cost of its upport must be added to that of its acquisition (purchase), and very large volumes of it will be needed, the cross-section of these industrial-scaled liquid airlocks being orders of magnitude larger than that of barometers and thermometers. Finally, mercury has a highly toxic reputation -- well-earned -- that would require very special handling on both ends. Despite its high specific gravity, we can pass over this choice.
The second choice is Gallium (Ga) which before its expected discovery was referred to as eka-aluminum. This element is very scarce but widely distributed on Earth in zinc blends and bauxite. Traces of it have been found in lunar soils, but it may be some time before it can be extracted economically in the quantities required for this prospective use which would be in competition with its desired service in gallium arsenide photocells for solar arrays (more efficient than the far cheaper silicon). Which usage would be more strategically important, I am not prepared to guess.
The credits of gallium are considerable. It is liquid from 30.1 °C – 1983 °C (86 °F .. 3601 °F) -- a very serviceable range for lunar and free space environments and industrial conditions -- and has a very low vapor pressure. Its specific gravity as a liquid is 6.081 (times as dense as water), which is very attractive, if somewhat less than half that of mercury. Of its inertness and benignness, I would not know.
The third choice is NaK (pronounced "knack"), a eutectic liquid alloy so-called from its constituents: sodium (Na) 23% and potassium (K) 77%. NaK, unlike its constituents, is liquid from a temperature not much higher than room temperature to about 800 °C -- again a highly serviceable range. Its thermal capacity is high. This, together with its expected economical lunar-sourcability will make it the industrial coolant of choice (instead of water/steam) for many lunar applications, possibly nuclear reactors among them. Against its cheapness as compared to other choices, Hg and Ga, must be balanced its low density or specific gravity which is comparable to that of water. This means that for its use in a barometric sealing liquid airlock system, the necessary column must be six times that of a system using gallium, and nearly fourteen times that of a system using mercury.
Nonetheless, while far from ideal, such high columns are still within the realm of practicability. Given the importance of the strategic goals (conserving nitrogen and preserving vacuum), all else considered, NaK is the logical choice. Possible showstoppers are its degree of inertness or lack thereof, of which I am ignorant, and the evaporation rate in vacuum, of which again I know nothing. As to its density, suffer a layman's naïveté to suggest experimenting with solutions of NaK and sodium disulfide or potassium disulfide, which might raise the value to a more practical level.
**HEIGHTS OF BAROMETRIC SEALING COLUMNS IN VARIOUS GRAVITY AND PRESSURE SITUATIONS.**
(The height is shown in meters with foot' and inch" equivalent given in parentheses)
| Gravity: Earth-like situation (1.0 g) | Gravity: Mars-like situation (0.38 g) |
|--------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Pressure: 1.0 ATM | Pressure: 1.0 ATM |
| Pressure: 0.5 ATM | Pressure: 0.5 ATM |
| Liquid | Liquid |
Gravity: Moon-like situation (0.16 g)
Pressure: 1.0 ATM 0.5 ATM
Liquid
| | 0.76 (29' 9") | 0.38 (15' 0") | 2.00 (78' 7") | 1.00 (39' 4") |
|--------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
| Hg | | | | |
| Ga | 1.74 (58' 5") | 0.87 (34' 2") | 4.58 (15' 0") | 2.29 (7' 5") |
| NaK | 10.33 (33' 9")| 5.17 (17' 5") | 27.18 (89' 0")| 13.59 (44' 5")|
Note the extra incentive (besides the 63% savings in nitrogen upports) that the lower column height in 0.5 ATM provides (0.5 ATM consisting of 21 parts oxygen and 29 parts nitrogen or 50/100 ATM vs. 1.0 ATM consisting of 21 parts oxygen and 79 parts nitrogen or 100 / 100 ATM). NASA suggests this mixture as quite livable.
**Application on Rotating Structures with Artificial Gravity**
In rotating space structures with artificial gravity, the motivation to preserve the external vacuum disappears, but the economic necessity of conserving nitrogen remains, and the barometric seal liquid airlock will be a wise choice for the appropriate categories of goods traffic. The figures given above are valid to this venue as well. Thus a torus with 1/6th gravity (Moonlike) and 0.5 ATM internal pressure could be outfitted at each spoke with a liquid airlock with one end inside the torus and the other end piercing the ceiling on the side of the spoke and with a 101.7 foot column differential using NaK. This might come in especially handy for parts manufactured inside the rotating settlement for use in adding on to it from the outside. For a full 1.0G 1.0 ATM Stanford Torus, the corresponding column height would be 33.9 feet. The height in both cases seems eminently practical.
For Bernal Spheres and O'Neill Cylinders, liquid airlocks can still be used, but they must creep up the outside of the end caps and will be a mite trickier to use. To my knowledge, no one has discussed the possibility of liquid airlocks for either space settlements or lunar installations.
**Application on Other Airless Worlds**
The applications on other large airless satellites (Io, Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa in descending order of gravity) will be quite similar to those on Luna. But smaller bodies, e.g. Ceres, Iapetus, etc. will require column heights that would seem quite impractical -- many hundreds of feet or more. Economics will determine the cut-off point.
**Engineering Challenges**
The second problem -- for those of you waiting for the other shoe to drop -- is that of inventing (and patenting) the appropriate conveyor system with a grip / release system that probably must be design-specific for each type of production-line ware making the transit inwards or outwards. As we are dealing with a system open to vacuum on one end, the whole must be as thoroughly service-free as possible and operate without snags or jams. Here is where this neat idea must descend from the head-in-the-clouds abstract to the nuts-and-bolts concrete. The liquid airlock idea may be patentable in itself, but I doubt it, and the need for the real world experimentation is paramount; hence the lack of hesitation in throwing it out into the public domain.
**Getting your feet wet -- Experiment!**
For those of you itching to experiment with different liquids and diverse conveyor systems, but requiring the possibility of profits from here-and-now terrestrial applications markets, here are some possibilities to spur on this pre-spin: transit between everyday Earth environments and special atmosphere chambers using pure nitrogen, pure chlorine, pure hydrogen, or other gases; transit into and out of "clean rooms".
Such applications may seem sparse, but I venture they will be deemed important enough -- at least in some high-traffic instances -- to support the costs of research and development necessary. If this is indeed the case, here are avenues of experimentation which will put invaluable experience and knowhow "on the shelf" from where we can take them, at greatly minimized cost and delay, when we need them for space or lunar use eventually. Another important ULTERIOR VENTURE entered into for profit below and ulterior utility above. If we leave it to NASA, it wouldn't get done! It's not a need for a non-industrial outpost such as NASA has limited its vision to include.
MAIL to MMM: The Moon’s Atmosphere
I have been following MMM’s debate on the use of nuclear power on the Moon. There seems to be the assumption that because there is no sensible lunar atmosphere, there never will be. Once we come to stay, however, that could change. The natural lunar atmosphere weighs about 10 tons, with a replacement and loss rate of about 50 grams per second. Most of it consists of solar wind particles enjoying a brief rest before rushing off again, and radioactive decay products such as radon waiting to be photo-ionized off into space.
Humans will probably be far messier than that. Gasses from pressure hull leakage, regolith processing, rocket exhaust, etc. will outstrip natural sources by several orders of magnitude. Unless we’re exceedingly careful, the natural atmosphere would soon be merely a trace element in a man-made one that will be thick enough to stop the solar wind and some UV from reaching the surface. Under those conditions the lower portions of this nouvelle atmosphere will be protected from the main loss mechanisms and the stay time of typical air molecules may rise from weeks to millennia.
The future history of the Moon’s atmosphere is hard to predict, depending as it does, on human activity and on the unknown absorptivity of the lunar surface. I don’t suppose the air will ever get thick enough to tempt one to go outside sans spacesuit, but there will be enough, someday, to require appreciable changes in lunar hardware and operations. A thousand years from now, Earthlings may look up to see not only the lights of lunar cities, but also the ruddy, oxidized disc of a deeply tanned man-in-the-moon. Joe Suszynski
MMM #20 – November 1988
Amateur Telescope to be used on the Moon, without a spacesuit
Access to a spherical viewing room is via a hatch in the ceiling of pressurized habitat. Once inside, seated in the chair, the viewing room rotates in directions needed to aim the telescope on the desired target.
Looking through a space suit helmet just would not work! This design is from an MSOE (Milwaukee School of Engineering) student, Ron August, and was the winning entry in a design contest cosponsored by the (Milwaukee) Lunar Reclamation Society and the American Lunar Society in 1988-89.
How would you provide for stargazing in shirt sleeve comfort on the airless Moon?
AN AMATEUR LUNAR TELESCOPE DESIGN
Note: electronic ways to channel a telescope image from a scope on the surface to a comfortable viewing area within a pressurized habitat were not admissible in this “engineering” exercise.
Submitted by Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE) student and MLRS member Ron August of Hubertus, Wisconsin. This concept involves a moving, spherical shaped viewing room, with the telescope an integral part of it, that is completely pressurized, heated, and accessible from the habitat below. Entrance to the room is by way of an airtight hatch system.
Once inside the viewing room, the observer will be strapped into a viewing chair which has all controls for movement of the telescope (and viewing room) and focusing of the telescope.
Movement of the telescope/room is achieved by a controller wheel which moves the room into position to point the telescope at anything above the horizon in all directions. The room is suspended by a low friction smooth-running bearing system.
This was the winning design in a competition cosponsored by MLRS and the American Lunar Society. Two other entries received honorable mention, including one in which a zenith-pointing telescope had its base within the habitat, the shaft piercing the regolith shielding overburden and open to the vacuum. The scope turned in a sleeve using a barometric liquid seal and surface mirrors to redirect the view. (see MMM #17 “Liquid Airlocks” above)
NOTE: The editor has been well-received by astronomy club audiences over the years for his talk on how future settlers will pursue their amateur astronomy hobby. He has also stressed that through human presence, we will over time learn much more about the planets and moons.
MMM
MMM #21 – December 1988
Earlier than you think
Lunar Overflight
LUNAR OVERFLIGHT TOURS By Peter Kokh
To be honest, it will be a long time before you can go to your local (or any other) tourist agency and book a two week tour on the Moon. Even after we have returned to Sol III B to set up permanent bases and installations, even after actual settlement has begun, facilities for tourists will be a while coming.
All the same, within a decade of the start up of tours to LEO (Low Earth Orbit), flyby "overflight" tours out to the Moon will begin. All the talk of micro-gravity processing aside, the real gold mine in space may well be tourism, once new vehicles bring access costs down. Now there is simply not that much of a jump from tours to LEO to following in the trajectories of Apollos 8, 10, and 13 which took three crews out to the Moon without landing, as in the classic novel by Jules Verne. In brainstorming ways to bootstrap an economically profitable return to the Moon, would-be entrepreneurs should not overlook the comparatively low threshold to lunar overflight excursions.
Perhaps you think the prospect of paying good money for a lunar odyssey sans 'Moonfall' would be too much of a tease and disappointment to attract much business? Read on. We offer this future fiction scenario set 20 years from now in 2008.
My Flight on the A.F. Jules Verne
Space Fiction By Simon Cook
The sleek "silver sliver" of our Boeing 808B Columbiad gently eased off the rocket sled trolley that served as its 'first stage' at the end of its track at Jose Marescal Aerospaceport just north of Quito, Ecuador and began its streak for orbit. (At 9500 ft. elevation and smack on the Equator, Quito had become the first civilian gateway to space, serving both the Americas. Similarly advantaged, 8600 ft. high Nairobi fills the same need for Europe, Africa, and western Asia. The third gateway, serving East Asia and Australia is Singapore whose sea-level handicap means smaller payloads and fewer passengers to orbit.)
Within the hour the Columbiad pulled up to the new Orbitel SupraTropicana, owned jointly by the three gateway aerospace-lines (Equatoriana, Aerospace Kenya, and Singapore Aerospacelines), Terre-Lune (say teh'r loon') Excursions Ltd., and Motel 6 ("the only luxury you want to pay for is the view"). At 1000 km or 600 miles up, the SupraTropicana is the highest orbiting of all the man-rated orbital facilities yet built.
This avoids the need for periodic reboosting caused by the drag of the tenuous upper atmosphere, but the real rationale behind the orbit choice is that following a zero inclination equatorial orbit, the guests of the orbitel would otherwise see only a narrow swath of the Earth below, repeated over and over - a slice through South America, Africa, Indonesia, and lots and lots of water. But at this higher altitude, at least the entire tropics lie within the orbitel's horizons.
A few hours in the SupraTropicana calms us down from the excitement of the boost up from Quito, and allows us to get our space-sickness medication adjusted. We all enjoy enjoy the Olympian view.
The 36 tourist class passengers and the 12 crew class (we get a fare break for one time service as ship personnel, after a bit of training, of course) are welcomed aboard Terre-Lune Excursions' flagship, the A.F. Jules Verne, by its permanent staff of two, the captain and first officer. This arrangement (a crew class in which paying passengers assist) drastically cuts overhead and allows TLE Ltd. to offer more for the money. At these prices, that's a must!
The Jules Verne is quite a ship. The 'A.F.' stands for aerobrake ferry. A ferry is any spacecraft capable of plying a regular route without, however, ever landing anywhere. It is meant for space alone. Being equipped with an aerobrake means it can return from deep space and use the friction of a low-angle graze of Earth's upper atmosphere to shed enough velocity to skip back out neatly into the desired orbit. As the aerobrake apparatus weighs a lot less than the extra fuel, the ship would otherwise have to carry for deceleration, an A.F. has more capacity for cargo and passengers, and that after all is what pays the bills.
She is a beauty -- once you come to appreciate the elegant efficiency of her design! She looks ungainly next to the Trans-Atmospheric Columbiad and does not at all remind one of the great spaceliners conjured up by "Sci-Fi" writers.
At the 'bottom' is the gentle curve of the wide aerobrake shield which has shutters that open to expose the exhaust bells of the rocket engines. [ILLUSTRATION below]
Above the aerobrake, are the engines, fuel tanks, and the umbilical tether-cable reel and winch. On a platform above all this sit two of the three cylindrical habitation units or 'habules' (the initiated simply call them 'cans') built by Occupod and brought up on the Hercules Heavy Lifter. One of the habules is a sleeper-lounge whose name plaque reads Moonlight Sonata. The other is the diner-lounge with the pretentious French name (no reference to the cuisine!) La Vache Sautante (say la vahsh' soh tahnt') ("the jumping cow").
Above and nestled between these is the third habule, an observation-lounge named Claire de Lune ("moonlight") with roll-top shutters over vista windows along its topside, used during the lunar over-flight, and petal-shutters over the end cap windows which offer views of the receding Earth and approaching Moon on the way out, vice versa an the way back. (Why the ship cruises sideways you'll see shortly.)
Letter home continues
Concourse between the three habules is via a triangle of pressurized passageways at either end, the modest bridge being attached to one of these. So this gives you some idea of what the JV looks like during power mode, during the lunar overflight in which it is upside down to afford the fullest view, during aerobrake maneuver, or buttoned up for flare protection, aerobrake towards the Sun. But this only covers a few short periods.
For most of the three day cruise out to the Moon, ditto on the way back, the ferry is in cruise mode. The habule-bridge complex is then released from its platform, while remaining attached to it by a tethered harness attached to the ends of the observation-lounge (the top one on the stack). The complex is then rotated so the bottom two habules are furthest from the aerobrake-engine-tank complex, and the tether is reeled out a couple hundred meters, while the thrusters on the engine complex start the counter-weighted system slowly rotating at a rate that provides 1/6th gravity enough to make the passengers and crew comfortable and at the same time give them all a chance to experience what being 'on' the Moon itself would be like, vicariously. On the return, however, with the lunar experience behind them, the tether-split ferry spins the first half of the return at a rate twice as fast to give all a foretaste of Mars, and finally spins up to full Earth-normal gravity to ease their adjustment going home.
Hot-racking is the rule on board, no exceptions. Each berth must be shared by two passengers in rotation. Morning people like me, those who find getting up easy if not altogether a joy, sleep first from 16:00-23:30 hours ship time. We can retire as early as 1430 but must vacate the berth promptly so the
crew class passengers can get them ready for the next shift, the night people, those who find getting up distasteful. They have the berths from 24:00-07:30 but may tarry till 09:00. (A surplus of either 'morning' or 'night' people is handled first by volunteers and then if necessary, by a draw.) From 08:00-15:30 everyone is in either the diner-lounge or the observation lounge. Ship time is set so that the periods when everyone is up coincide with departure from LEO, the lunar overflight itself, and the final return approach to Earth. Time-sharing the facilities allows the ship to carry twice the number of passengers it could otherwise handle, or to put it another way, charge only half the exorbitant fare it would otherwise need to show a profit.
Terre-Lune Excursions Ltd. goes all out to provide a real 'lunar experience' and I do mean all out. Providing 1/6th G on the way out is only part of it. No opportunity to enhance the atmosphere is overlooked. The three habules are all furnished with materials that the early lunar settlements should be able to fabricate from the soil. This even goes as far as the color scheme: only those coloring agents, metal oxides and ions, that the early settlers will be able to extract economically are used. Furnishings are thus mostly of glass-glass composites (Glax™), sintered iron, ceramics, softened by crudely processed cotton, and fiberglass fabrics. Except for ceramic glazes, stained glass and green plants provide most of the color. This decor is called 'Lunar Dawn' in Terre-Lune's promotional brochure. (One of the crew class passengers is a settler-recruit who cheerfully explains all the options open to the settlers in adapting to their chosen home-to-be; naturally, I spend a lot of time plying her with questions.) Add the 1/6th gravity, and those on board are getting a very genuine preview of life in the early settlements. And you thought all we were paying for was an up-close view of a monotonous expanse of cosmic splashprints! But more about that later.
I should say something about the food in La Vache Sautante diner. Even here an opportunity to set the stage is seized. When tourists sign up for a cruise, they are all given a list of available food items and asked to check their preferences and preferred combinations and to select from a list of menu items accordingly. Only those food items that an early settlement might expect to raise in its own farms are included on the list. So the variety available excludes all the more exotic choices to be readily had on Earth. Chicken, rabbit, or cavy for meat and that only as an accent, talapia for fish, a half dozen vegetables and fruits, some herbs and a little in the way of spices. Beverages include only water, vegetable and fruit juices and a few simple fruit juice-added seltzers and herbal teas. But this limited selection gives a healthy and balanced nutrition and variety enough. Now the ship cannot stock to meet every combination of whims. So each passenger, for each meal gets to order (and check off the list) only from the food he/she has preordered before boarding. Towards the end of the cruise one's selection becomes limited to what is left. The wiser passengers reserve some treats for last.
Even the games and reading materials aboard are in a form reproducible by an early colony. Now to be sure, some of this 'lunar experience' could be reproduced on Earth, but out here with no distraction or escape, plus the low gravity, the total effect is intense.
Finally, after three full days previewing the lunar frontier, we are approaching the old girl herself. Our anticipation is high. This is, after all, the climax we paid for. Slowly, the thrusters despin the tether-split ship and the spring loaded tether reels in our habule bridge section. Once back together and secure and gravity free, the ferry turns so that its top, the still-shuttered vista windows in the ceiling of the observation-lounge are kept Moonwards.
As it happens on this particular cruise, the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun, or 'new' and the nearside is dark. Once we are almost opposite the limb and the Sun is off to the side, the shutters open just in time as we approach the sunset terminator now over Mare Orientalis, the great bullseye basin on the western limb. We are still about 800 miles above the surface at this point, but the long evening shadows add dramatic relief to the wider field of view below. Farside is fully illuminated for overflight. What a treat!
But I am getting ahead of myself. Before the shutters are opened, those of us who want a filtered experience are fitted with special heads-up display helmets, a spinoff of military technology thanks to espionage which had made continued classification of the technology a joke. These smart helmets scan both the field of view and the direction of the eye's focus and then neatly yet unobtrusively appear to overprint on the lunar landscape the names of whatever features catch your attention for more than two seconds. The heads-up display also gives the estimated ages of the more prominent bright-ray craters we see, as these
fascinating features are far younger than the rest of the 3 1/2 to 4 billion year old surface. With the helmets to provide information, silence is requested and expected during the overflight. Yes, pointing is allowed!
A few refuse the helmets. They want to be fully absorbed in the raw experience of the awesome magnificent desolation of the lunar terrain below (or is it above?). Terre-Lune encourages direct observation, that is to say they discourage preoccupation with photography. The ferry's own cameras are making a very complete record of the whole overflight and can be pro-rammed to pay particular attention to pre-specified features. Videos and slides and prints of this coverage can be purchased from the company for a low fee. Cameras are allowed but we are urged to use them to record on board life, and to keep them shuttered during the overflight itself.
We pass over the Mare Ingenii-Thomson crater area where robot rovers are even now surveying the site for the proposed Farside Advanced Radio Astronomy Facility (FARAF). Someday this ferry and others like it may be delivering electronic mail to FARAF, as a relay satellite at the L2 Lagrange point behind the Moon is frowned on. As planned, this is the very lowest point or periselene of our overflight and we are skimming just 50 miles above the surface. Even though there are no other clues to the scale of what we see, you can tell we are closer by the accelerated rate at which the scene is whizzing by.
Then we pass over the what is easily the most striking feature of Farside, the crater Tsiolkovsky with its very dark mare-filled floor and bright massive central peak. Twenty years ago, crater central peaks were unnamed. Now they are given the first name of the person for whom the crater is named, where applicable. So in this case, we are looking at Mt. Konstantin.
We have just been informed that the Jules Verne is about to launch a resupply pod destined for one of the nearside bases. This one contains medical supplies, some requested seeds for the farms, specialized tools, and other low weight high value items. Such cargo drops help defray the cost of our passage and perform an invaluable service for the pioneers below.
"All good things come to an end", they say, and so we approach the eastern limb at Mate Smythii and the sunrise terminator, and there above the rugged morning-shadowed horizon, Voilà, the Full Earth which so rivets our attention we forget to take a last glimpse at the moonscape below before we slip past the terminator into darkness. Reminded, we now scan the inky blackness below each intent on being the first to catch site of the beacon at Base Two in western Mate Crisium before the vista window shutters close and we revert to the tether-split cruise mode for the 'downhill' coast home.
The next few hours finds a few talking excitedly, sharing their private experiences. But most of us are unusually quiet. There is a definite feeling of anticlimax, perhaps a hint of mild depression. However, I think the bigger part of our complex mood is simple silence, in an attempt to absorb, assimilate, and relish the flood of visual input.
Not all cruises aboard the Jules Verne are like this one. Some are timed with either the waxing or waning Half Moon (and Half Earth!) None are timed for Full Moon as that would mean that all of farside would be invisible in the darkness and everyone wants to see some of that portion forever hidden to Earth-bound eyes.
But then there are talks on Moon-Mars differences to go with the Mars-like gravity now provided for ambiance, and we begin to come out of our withdrawal. A shipboard wedding between two of the passengers certainly helps! To the familiar lilting strains of Christopher Cross's classic 'Arthur's Theme' (and its great refrain "When you get caught between the Moon and New York City, the best that you can do is fall in love"), it is an unforgettable moment.
The closing portion of the cruise features talks and discussions about the disturbing state of the environment on the almost deceivingly beautiful globe slowly growing ahead beyond the petal-windows at one end of the Claire de Lune. The captain draws our attention to subtle indications we otherwise would have missed of growing desertification, recently clear-cut tropical forest lands, and heavily polluted oceanic currents. I begin to see the deeper significance in the name of the cruise line. This has been not merely a trip 'from' the Earth to the Moon, but a rendezvous with both.
As in the cruise mode on the way out, our axis of rotation points parallel to our path. At last, still four hours out, we come out of cruise mode spin and secure for the aerobrake maneuver, half of us in the berth restraints, the others strapped in reclining lounge chairs. It is a nervous and tense moment for most of us. It may be routine for the Jules Verne but every last one of us signed on green.
Suddenly the g-forces we feel ease and we free-fall back out to the Orbitel. The Boeing 808B is still docked, awaiting our return, with no other assignment during the past week. Her crew and the staff of the SupraTropicana quiz us with an ill-suppressed hint of envy. Yes, it's been the experience of a lifetime, and with this sneak preview under my belt, I've lost the last of my hesitation. I am definitely going to apply to the Settler Recruitment Office the first chance I get. I'm going to go back! MMM
MMM #22 – February 1989
1ST EXPORTS
A 1988 SSI Brainstorming Workshop
FIRST EXPORTS Reported by Peter Kokh
The Team
In MMM #20 "STATION MATE" we reported and commented on Space Studies Institute's 1988 brainstorming Lunar Systems Workshop session that addressed commercial and entrepreneurial opportunities in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). In this article we'd like to report on the work of another team at this same workshop, this one addressing Lunar Surface Operations. The team budded a "Quick Payback" Subgroup consisting of Edward Bock of General Dynamics, Gregg Maryniak and Rick Tumlinson of Space Studies Institute, Robert Temple of Pacific Institute, and Brian Tillotson of Space Resources Associates of Seattle. The group's goal was the same: 'to create one or more scenarios or business plans for the productive use of lunar materials', guided by the "philosophy that independent, profit-making space businesses could provide a robust, non-reversible course into space."
Goal: Identify Profitable Opportunities from robotic missions to the Moon
In particular, the Quick Payback Subgroup looked for openings for economic gain from early precursor missions prior to actual human return to the Moon and establishment of a Lunar Base. In this way, the path back to the Moon could be 'terraced' with economically justifiable steps that would both guarantee and hasten the ultimate goal of using lunar resources to build a space-based civilization.
The first product or export to be gained from precursor missions would be salable information. A three tier scenario was outlined in which the information product from one mission would help bootstrap the next mission.
Information from Teleoperated Rovers
The first mission would entail a one-way lunar lander with a ten [metric] tonne payload to include six small teleoperated rovers weighing four tonnes together, a two tonne pilot liquid oxygen production plant, three tonnes of avionics, and one tonne consisting of TV cameras and transmitter, a robot arm and hand, and a demonstration electrostatic or electromagnetic iron beneficiator.
The purpose of the teleoperated rovers is, of course, soil sampling and site investigation. But before they are deployed to their first target assignments, 'income could be earned by a teleoperated rover race' between individuals on Earth from companies that will have built them 'for free for the promotion value', or between teleoperators who will have bid on the rights to participate in this "race of the millennium".
This form of prior sale will cut the costs of such a mission to $200 million about half of which would go to Energia-class heavy lift vehicle transportation. The camera equipped rovers could earn additional revenues by providing moving pans of lunar landscapes for movie productions and as backdrops for commercials, with a capacity for 'live' footage.
An Ambitious Soil Return Mission Plus Liquid Oxygen Production
Plus production of glass & iron trinkets
The next mission would be more ambitious and include a 1.5 tonne sample return of lunar material [the sum total of Moon Rocks returned by the six Apollo missions was 841 lbs or .38 metric tonnes] and also a 2nd generation liquid oxygen production plant with the capacity to process small amounts of lunar glass and iron [included in the lunar soil run through the plant] "into high value products for sale on Earth, such as lunar iron 'coins' and lunar glass 'jewelry'.
The value of such products on a back-home market is highly speculative and depends almost entirely on demand. The group optimistically hopes for a sustainable demand for such coins and jewelry in the $300–500 per carat range. [By way of comparison, this is over 100 times higher than the going rates for gold or platinum. But a check with a local jeweler gives the current (2/'89) price range for diamonds as $1800 to $100,000 per carat depending on quality.]
This second mission would likewise deliver 10 tonnes to the Moon, but this time, half of that would consist of the sample return rocket. If the target $500/carat yield is realized, the mission would earn a tidy $750 million against its cost of $200 M.
The third mission would bring up a 3rd generation LOX plant, return fuel and an aerobrake equipped rocket. The mission’s purpose would be to demonstrate the profitable return to LEO of a sizable 8 tonne payload consisting of LOX (liquid oxygen rocket fuel) and more made-on-Luna trinkets, with up to $1.4 billion profit at a now slumping $200/carat.
While the payback figures hoped for remain highly speculative, the study does give much encouragement to the expectation that Lunar EXPORTS can commence prior to human return.
* [Cf. FIRST STEPS TO LUNAR MANUFACTURING: RESULTS OF THE 1988 SPACE STUDIES INSTITUTE LUNAR SYSTEMS WORKSHOP by Gregg E. Maryniak, Executive Vice-President of Space Studies Institute. The complete report is available for $10 from SSI, P.O. Box 82, Princeton, NJ 08542.]
What in the universe, you ask, does this have to do with the Moon? The answer should jump out at you. The previous article, FIRST EXPORTS, highlighted the SSI brainstorming idea that the glass nodules and iron fines in the tailings from the lunar soil run through a pilot liquid oxygen production plant could fetch a high price on Earth if turned into novelty jewelry and coins 'made-on-the-Moon'. The assumption here is that the vast bulk of the ash-like soil could not be turned into comparable profits. Not so!
'Made-on-the-Moon' Fad
I do endorse the glass jewelry and iron coin idea for an icebreaker lunar enterprise since the 'made-on-the-Moon' aura will definitely add extra market value to the extraterrestrial origin of the material itself. BUT the artistic quality of such 'machine-made' trinkets and the number of people who will want to pay the price both work to limit the potential of this gambit.
Let's See What Earthbound Artists & Craftsmen can do with Moon dust & rocks
This "Junior Chamber of Commerce" effort should be immediately followed by a bi-world enterprise in which a group of human artisans commissioned by the venture company fetching the lunar soil, would turn the common 'Moondust' into objects of more genuine beauty, right here an Earth. The price of their works could be kept high by the simple device of using the Moondust as an accent, a garnish, an ingredient adding striking character to objects the bulk of whose materials are Earth-derived. The results would be nonetheless authentic and certified LUNAR SOUVENIRS. To illustrate:
- **Moonscapes** created with lunar soils of various shadings in an earthly glass-glass sandwich (wall-art, jewelry box lids, pendants, votive candle glasses etc.)
- **Fine terrestrial glassware** (bridal registry quality or prestige barware) with etching like patterns made with lunar fines.
- **Decorative mirrors, clock faces, and other** items made similarly.
- **Fine earthly china and pottery** in which Moondust is used as a striking glaze accent. Lamp bases and glass shades, candlestick holders, book ends made similarly.
- **Colored glass fiber combined with earth glass matrix in striking and illustrative glass-glass composite (GLAX®)** creations from paperweights in 1x4x9cm '2001' monolith style to luxury door knobs and pulls, 'Moon-pearl' necklaces and earrings, abacus beads, and prestige desktop name plates.
And this is just a starter. Homework can be done now, both with MSH ash and using some of the lunar simulants available at $1/lb. The possibilities are far more numerous, the attainable quality higher, and the market far less shallow for items made-from-Moondust-by-an-artist-on-Earth than those made-on-the-Moon-by-machine.
[Special thanks to my sister Mary Wegmann and to Jack Estes both of Peninsula College, Port Angeles, Washington and to Carla Rickerson, head of the Pacific Northwest Collection, University of Washington Libraries, Seattle, for their research assistance and suggestions.] MMM
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**MMM #23 – March 1989**
**PIONEER QUIZ: The Moon’s Surface**
**Questions**
[1] What evidence is there to the naked eye that the Moon's entire surface is covered with a fine dust layer on a centimeter (half-inch) scale at least?
[2] Were any exposed outcroppings of unfractured lunar bedrock spotted by the Apollo astronauts?
[3] Do we have any idea of the source of the meteorite material that has bombarded the Moon?
[4] What is the "regolith"? How uniform is it?
**Answers**
[1] The disk of the Full Moon appears to be of similar brightness edge to edge. If the surface was bare rock, the edges would be much darker.
[2] Lava flow outcroppings, both massive and thin-bed (less than 1 meter) were spotted in the west slope of Hadley Rille (Apollo 15 mission).
All sites show a soil component (1.5–2% by weight) derived from meteorite bombardment with the volatile enriched element abundance characteristic of type 1 carbonaceous chondrites (C1). Signatures of other meteorite classes are rare.
Regolith (we predict settlers will abbreviate this to 'lith) is a continuous debris layer which blankets the entire surface of the Moon from a few centimeters to several meters thickness, and ranging from very fine dust (the portion finer than 1 millimeter being called soil or fines) to rocks meters across. Below this are many meters of fractured bedrock, and finally solid bedrock. About 50% of the regolith at any site originates by impact debris from within 3 kilometers, 45% from 3–100 kilometers, 5% from 100–1000 kilometers, only a fraction of a percent beyond that. About 10–30% of any given maria soil sample is of highland type. Most of the fine pulverizing comes from on-the-spot micrometeorite bombardment, a very slow process taking some 10 million years to thoroughly 'garden' the upper first centimeter.
Waste-not, Want-not: Available Byproducts of Soil Moving
GAS SCAVENGER: By Peter Kokh, based on these sources:
1 Lunar & Planetary Institute, Houston and Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National Univ., Canberra. pp. 147–169.
2 "Water and Cheese from the Lunar Desert: Abundances and Accessibility of H, N, and C on the Moon" by Larry A. Haskin, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO.
The powder-like dust of the lunar surface is a housekeeping scourge. But this same fine grain texture carries with it a fringe benefit that more than makes up for any nuisance factor. It was one of the biggest surprises of the Apollo Moon Rock studies to find that this pulverized soil had been acting like a sponge soaking up the solar wind for four thousand million years. While the lunar rocks and soils themselves are extremely dry and deficient in volatile elements (those which melt and vaporize at relatively low temperatures) there are plenty of these elements both adsorbed to fine grains and trapped in minute cavities and pockets within soil particles.
Particles from the solar wind, from solar flares, and from cosmic rays, each leave characteristic traces and from these it is clear that the solar wind has been the main source of the volatiles we now find. Other sources include volcanic fire-fountains or fumaroles and meteoritic or cometary bombardment. By all these means, the upper meters of the lunar surface has become effectively saturated. A lunar form of fossil sunshine if you will.
Travelers in the Wind
Foremost of these guest elements is hydrogen – protons comprise 90% of the solar wind – followed by Helium – alpha particles comprising 10% of the solar wind. While no hydrogen has yet been found in lunar rocks proper that gives any indication of being native and while no water or water-ice has yet been found [as of 3/’89, eight years before the Lunar Prospector mission], the amount of adsorbed hydrogen is far from negligible.
It is now estimated that there is enough hydrogen in one cubic meter of lunar topsoil to yield, combined with lunar oxygen more than a pint and a half of water.
Extending this figure to the Moon at large, the total global regolith layer, if it could be harvested 100% for hydrogen, could yield a lake of water 10 km wide x 68 km long by 100 meters deep (roughly 6x40 miles by 330 ft. deep). While this is hardly an ocean full it is a surprising amount all the same. The real question is whether this endowment can be harvested economically.
Carbon and nitrogen, which are found as traces in the rock (30 and 1 parts per million respectively) are enriched in the regolith soil to 115 and 82 ppm (kg per thousand metric tons). Another way of putting this is that an area mined 6m long x 6m wide and 1m deep contains as much nitrogen as an average human body. Or consider that the amount of carbon locked up in soil organisms on Earth is
only 2.7 times the amount of carbon adsorbed to the same amount of moondust. It's just there in a totally different form than we are used to finding and harvesting it. We need new methods, new tools, a new way of living off the land.
In Earthside laboratories, gasses trapped in lunar soil samples have been released by simple heating. Some gasses will need more heating to scavenge, others less. Further pulverizing may be needed to release compressed gasses trapped in glass cavities and vugs (small, irregular-shaped, rough, crystal-walled cavities inside rocks) at pressures commonly as high as five thousand atmospheres! Laboratory methods are one thing. Engineering the equipment to do the job economically on a large scale in routine fashion is another. Here is a hardware R&D job as ultimately important as any.
While it may be true that extracting the H, C, and N in a finite amount of lunar soil could provide for all the needs of an appreciable biosphere², the first milestone might well be the ability to make up for all leakage losses with the gasses extracted from the soil in the everyday 'lith-moving involved in building roads, excavating shelters, covering new habitats with shielding etc. As this would mean that all imported H, C, and N could go towards increasing the size of the biosphere, it would be a major step on the road to self-reliance.
What we are suggesting then is that any piece of regolith-moving equipment involved in constructing the various parts of the base/settlement-to-be or providing the various processing plants with ores should routinely process all the soil it handles to harvest the gasses trapped in the soil.
This capability should be built-in. On page twelve of this issue, there is a sketch by Pat Rawlings (Eagle Engineering) of a mobile soil harvester in the service of the liquid oxygen industry. This sketch appears in Ben Bova's 1988 book Welcome to Moonbase. In our view, such a machine should never be built as depicted. Scavenging soil gasses (not including the oxygen chemically combined in soil minerals, at c. 45% by weight) must not be an afterthought, an accessory to be added later, a luxury to be built into future models.
Scavenging soil gasses will be an exercise in self-endowment and the settlement that does not practice it de rigueur will not deserve to succeed. Gasses harvested in excess of the current need will become a capital investment in the settlement's future. A lunar community that practices such gas scavenging will have a friendlier more at-ease attitude to its adopted world than one which, not doing so, chooses by default to remain a stranger in a strange land.
It's hard to say what a proper gas scavenging soil mover would look like. A lot depends on whether it is practical to do at least a first sort of the different gasses into separate tanks on the spot, possibly attached to sequential heating chambers, or whether this task is best done in a fixed plant. If the gasses can be stored compressed, the soil mover can do more work before unloading full tanks and taking on empties. Is anyone working on such a gadget-mobile? We would be surprised.
The Noble Gases
As to the noble gasses (chemically inert, not reactive with other elements) each cubic meter of 'lith contains an average 20 grams of Helium, 2 each of Neon and Argon, 1 of Krypton, and a milligram of Xenon. The extent to which these gasses can be economically extracted from the soil may well determine which form of lighting bulbs and tubes it will be most feasible to manufacture on the Moon using the highest possible 'lunar content'.
Will neon lighting, presently under-going a tremendous renaissance in this country, play a major role in illuminating as well as decorating lunar habitats? When a settlement reaches a certain viable size it will pay for it to provide for its lighting needs by self-manufacture so this question is not an idle one.
The Implications
There are strong implications in all this for lunar city-planning. Contrary to the usual vision of lunar settlements in which personnel are limited to cramped quarters sardine-style, our future lunar sodbusters engaged in routine gas scavenging may find it profitable to construct more square footage of habitat and more footage of pressurized passages and roadways per person. As avoiding cabin fever will be harder than on Earth, this may be the only way to sustain general mental health and morale. Lower density living brings with it lessened vulnerability to impact damage, and a larger biosphere mass per inhabitant i.e. "MM Manifesto!"
Tailings from Mining Operations
By Peter Kokh
TAILINGS: (TAY' lings) the residue of any process such as mining. The leavings.
The Challenge and the Opportunity
Anybody who has ever visited a mining area, has seen the large talus slopes or mounds of pea to acorn sized rubble of unwanted material that announce the approaches to mine openings. This is the chewed up and spit out host material in which the desired ore vein was embedded and which had to be removed to get at the prize. Tailings also refer to the accumulated leavings after the sought after metal is extracted from its ore. As a rule, the volume of tailings is enormously greater than that of the extracted ore. This is especially so with the noble metals, gold, silver, platinum, and copper. In the case of copper, for example, the volume of tailings to metal is typically 100:1.
To the environmentalist without imagination, tailings are a terrible eyesore. To the rare creative environmentalist and would-be entrepreneur, they are instead a vast untapped resource just begging to be put to work.
What is so special about tailings that would justify such a bold statement? Simply this: tailings have already undergone a considerable amount of work. They have already been extracted from the mine site, and are already uniformly ground up into bite-sized pieces often of quite uniform composition. As such they are already preprocessed and represent a substantial energy investment that goes utterly wasted when they are allowed to just sit there scarring the landscape.
In much of the world where rich ore veins exist, paradoxically there is often a scarcity of the traditional building materials. True friends of the Earth would quit wasting time ranting and raving about scenic eyesores and spend their time diligently experimenting with these tailings to see what sort of building materials they could be turned into, putting to advantage the energy investment that has already been made. Alas, creatively enterprising environmentalists are about as common as woolly mammoths.
Back on the Moon
On the Moon, we will find soils richer in this element, soils richer in that element, but likely only in degrees and percentages. While prospecting for especially rich deposits of strategic materials will have its ups and downs, probably more of the latter, basic needs will be able to be met by surface mining of the loose topsoil at almost any coastal site, as such areas have access to both the higher aluminum and calcium rich highland soils and the iron and titanium rich basaltic (lava flow) mare soils of the lunar 'seas'. Among coastal sites, those that also have KREEP (potassium, rare earth elements, phosphorus) deposits will have a special advantage.
The ore company, let's call it Ore Galore Inc. or OGI, will first separate the loose lunar soil or fines into fractions by electrostatic and/or mechanical means. These fractions will then go to various processing facilities dedicated to the production of oxygen, iron, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, glass and glass composites, lunar cement, etc. At the end of each processing line there will be leftover material, tailings. These tailings will often be as rich as the material that undergoes final processing, but will be discarded because they cannot be processed as easily or economically.
Now the principal lunar industries will be concerned with the two most urgent needs, export to pay the bills, and basic shelter: habitat construction. Frills, such as finishing materials, interior (i.e. secondary) building products, furnishings, etc., will have a much lower priority for OGI. The lunar entrepreneur, experimenting in free time if necessary, will have on hand any number of piles of tailings, each probably with some characteristic gross composition resulting from extraction of the different desired elements.
Tailings-based Building Materials
Reusing Spent Energy
The tailings at the Glax™ (glass–glass–composites) plant will differ from those of the Iron plant or the cement plant etc. We could just leave them there, but considerable energy will then be wasted, the energy which has gone into their sorting and prior scavenging for adsorbed gasses. But the real opportunity that suggests itself is to turn these tailings into various secondary building products meant for finishing and furnishing habitat interiors at the settlers' labor-intensive leisure. These can include decorative panels (glax), tiles for walls and floors, ceramic and glass home wares, special glax compositions for distinctive furniture etc. OGI cannot be bothered with sourcing for such needs but will be only to happy to provide tailings for the taking. Simple opportunism, neighborly and environmentally aware to boot.
Consider the tile-maker. The tailings from the glax plant, when melted and cast, may yield tiles of one characteristic color pattern (very likely variegated), while those from the iron plant may yield another. Aha! variety! interest! choice! – the stuff to whet consumer appetites by allowing personalization and customizing of habitat interiors at leisure once the cookie-cutter pressurized habitat shells have been appropriately mass-produced in the least possible labor-intensive manner. In these various tailing piles lie the seed of incipient lunar entrepreneurialism and small business free enterprise.
The environment-respecting aspect of such products might be advantageously marketed as such to the aware consumer. For example, tiles made from cast tailings might be called 'slaks' (from 'slag').
There will be an especially great demand for coloring agents -- on the Moon that will mean metal oxides exclusively rather than the complex organic dyes made from coal tars etc., that we are used to -- coloring agents for ceramic glazes, stained glass, and special inorganic paints (probably using waterglass, liquid sodium silicate, as a base*) etc. Some tailing piles may be richer sources of one such colorant or the other. Some sources may be prized for yielding products of special textures or other desirable properties.
When possible, reserve primary building materials for export products, and tailings-based materials for domestic products
On the one hand, because of the urgent priorities imposed by the need to justify the infant lunar settlement economically, basic end products such as iron, export quality glax, etc. could well be off limits to the home-improvement product manufacturer. On the other hand, using raw unprocessed regolith or soil may yield only a quickly boring and unvaried product line, and further disturb the surface. Pre-differentiated tailings offer a handy and elegant solution.
Test of Settlement Industrial Efficiency
There is perhaps no better single criterion by which to judge a society's environmental impact than the degree to which its material culture uses resources in proportion to their availability. On Earth, our record is abysmal, even amongst cultures which 'live off the land.' We still discard as unwanted too much material after investing precious energy to sort through it for some prized content. If tailings-based building products industries were pursued vigorously here on the home world, there would be far fewer shelterless people in the world, if any, and their homes could be more substantial and satisfying. All it takes is a few people with justified environmental concerns who are willing, to spend more effort in concrete solutions than in raising hell. Complaining is so cheap!
On the Moon, industries should be built up to utilize all the elements present in abundance: with oxygen, silicon, iron, aluminum, titanium, and magnesium, the eventual uses are obvious though requiring different degrees of sophistication. Calcium is the one very abundant element, especially in the highlands, that is most likely to go underutilized. Calcium, of course, is a major ingredient of cement, and Lunacrete, as investigators have begun to call it, is one of the most promising building materials for lunar installations, if and only if a cheap enough source of water, water-ice, or hydrogen can be located and accessed**. If not, the choices will be either to discard calcium with tailing piles being characteristically calcium-rich, or to accept the challenge of finding other ways to put it to use. Whitewash could be one of these.
A lunar administration granting licenses to enterprises might give tax or other incentives to those that are tailings based, to encourage opportunistic usage of material already extracted, rather than allowing additional square kilometers of lunar soil to be mined. This can be done simply by refusing license to mine or use unprocessed lunar soil to manufacture secondary products. Industries should be encouraged to form in a raw materials cascade in which one industry uses for its raw materials the discards of another, until the ultimate residue is minimal or nonexistent. Not only would such a material civilization have the highest standard of living at the lowest environmental impact, it would also use and
reuse energy in the most efficient way. Combine this with recycling, and the ultimate test of a mature civilization is one without residue. That is a stubborn goal, so hard to realize that it may seem economic fantasy to some, but one nonetheless worth insistently striving for. The rewards will be great. But above all, on a world where so little is handed to us on a silver platter, only such total use of what we do mine may allow us to beat the economic odds stacked against our success.
Next time you pass a tailings-scaped mining site on some Earthbound highway, stop and take another look. There are fortunes to be made in this unwanted stuff, and preparing for Moon-appropriate industrial protocols while filling vast unmet needs here below might not be such a bad idea. Now if I were still a young man! MMM
* [Subsequently, we actually experimented with such "paints", producing the first Lunar-style painting in September, 1994] – http://www.moonsociety.org/chapters/milwaukee/painting_exp.html
** [Dr. T. D. Lin has since performed successful experiments using steam instead of liquid water, reporting on this work at ISDC 1998.]
MMM #25 – May 1989
LAVA TUBES By Peter Kokh
In the event that the citizen-funded* Lunar Prospector 1 finds no indications of ice deposits in permanently shaded (permashade) craters near the Moon's north or south poles, there will still be some debatable pluses for siting a base near one of the lunar poles along with a litany of disadvantages. What then?
On many occasions, we have stated that a mare/highland "coastal" site makes the most sense because it allows access to both major soil types on the Moon, important if we want to make intelligent use of lunar resources. Such coastal sites frequently come endowed with topographical features of enormous potential advantage: lava tubes and sinuous rilles. Indeed, the most important site advantage for a base designed with settlement expansion potential uppermost, will be close proximity to accessible lava tubes.
Our evidence for lava tubes on the Moon is threefold, and though indirect, quite strong. The first evidence is the existence in many mare areas of sinuous rilles or valley channels such as Hadley which was investigated by the Apollo 15 mission. These are typically hundreds of meters across and deep and can be a hundred or more kilometers in length. Our best explanation for these features, one now generally accepted, is that they represent collapsed lava tubes. (Rilles bear none of the water-flow signatures so marked in Martian valleys).
The second evidence is the existence of chains (catennae) of rimless craters, often oval in shape, in several mare areas. Our best explanation for them is that they are collapse pits following along the top of a lava tube whose ceiling is within 40 meters of the surface, and with intervening stretches still intact. Finally, we find at least one "interrupted" rille, Hyginus, in which the interruptions appear to be intact lavatube sections. "bridging" the rille here and there.
There are many terrestrial examples of lava tubes, admittedly on a far smaller size scale (the considerably higher gravity on Earth being the determinant here) for example in the lava flow sheets covering much of Oregon and wherever the lava upwelling has had an especially low viscosity such as the Panhoehoe flows that have built up Mauna Loa/Mauna Kea (the Island of Hawaii). Lava tubes on Earth are typically 10–40 meters wide and high and may run several kilometers in length, and as a rule with a very gentle gradient. Their floors are sometimes flat (often with mid-floor channels handy for utility emplacement), sometimes strewn with rubble from ceiling spallation. We are only beginning to realize the extent of the honeycomb network of such tubes on the Big Island.
Our evidence that the lunar maria were formed by very low viscosity lava flows is substantial, and based both on compositional analysis of the mare basalt samples returned and the topography of the very flat flows themselves. Relatively high titanium content may be a factor in this fluidity.
While all those tubes of which we currently have evidence lie near the surface, it is totally groundless to conclude, as most writers seem to have done (we know of no exceptions), that this is the extent of their domain. On the contrary the morphological evidence is quite conclusive that the various mare areas have been built up by a succession of flows, each typically hundreds of meters thick.
Total mare fill thickness can be deduced from the size of subsequent crater impacts that have 'bottomed out.' In the case, for example, of western Mare Crisium (Pierce, Piccard) this thickness must be two km. or more. Another indication is the size and extent of ghost rim craters on the mare (e.g. Yerkes in western Crisium, Prinz on the Mare Imbrium/Oceanus border). Thus Mare Smythii which contains many such features, must be comparatively shallow.
Lava tubes in all probability radiate out from the source(s) of lava upwellings in one successive sheet above the other. Accordingly, some, subsequently filled or not, must lie quite deep and present a considerable challenge for detection and an invaluable especially pristine resource if found.
Some writers have suggested emplacing lunar bases within lava tubes. While it will be some time before we can afford to seal and pressurize even the smallest of these voluminous features, there are less ambitious ways to make use of them for initial bases or settlements. The Society's Oregon chapter has taken the lead in illustrating the very real advantages of near-surface intact tubes both for original siting and for subsequent base/settlement expansion, going so far as to carry out dry-run exercises with area Young Astronauts in suitable (but much smaller scale) lava tubes in the Bend, Oregon area east of the Cascades.
Lava tubes provide constant temperature volumes (about $-4^\circ$ F, $-20^\circ$ C) free from the hazards of micrometeorite bombardment, cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation and solar flares (allowing lightweight inexpensive 'pressure suits') and thus ideal for warehousing and volatile storage (water–ice and gasses), expansive garaging space, and siting automated or teleoperated manufacturing facilities and laboratories that do not need, or even work best without, pressurization. Lightweight inflatable structures, perhaps of Kevlar, that do not need their own shielding overburden can provide whatever pressurized control centers or habitat spaces that are needed.
Access can be by a shaft through the 'roof' for freight and personnel elevators, utility conduits, even entry for sun-shine concentrated and funnelled by heliostats on the surface. It is, moreover, hard to conceive of a safer and more secure environment in which to emplace a nuclear power facility than an isolated section of lava tube.
As these features have already lasted 3.5 to 4 billion years (limestone caves on Earth are likely to last a few million years at best), and will outlast all existent terrestrial features without exception, a lunar lava tube might well be recommended someday as the best site in the entire Solar System to house some future grand archives and museum of all humanity. By the same reasoning, if you will pardon a little fun speculation, there would have been no better site in all the Solar System for ancient visitors from elsewhere who happened to have arrived millions, even hundreds of millions of years prematurely (from our point of view) to have left a calling card of sorts that would survive for as long as need be to be found by some as then barely conceivable native intelligent species (us). As such, lunar lavatubes have been aptly dubbed "attractors of alien artifacts."
Given the way they were formed, lava tubes may provide the best hunting grounds for future lunar gem collectors. At any rate, there is a future for lunar spelunking, although it will be quite a bit different from limestone cave exploration in karst regions on Earth.
The cost of providing access to an intact lava tube pales in comparison with the cost of providing comparable volume by any other method of base construction. So while at least the first residential and agricultural areas will likely be excavated or built in covered trenches, Lunar Industrial Centers built in convenient lava tubes will have an enormous advantage over those that are not.
**Our recommendation:**
The National Space Society should consider raising funds for further studies of the existing photographic records for evidence of near surface lava tubes. Research into the best non-photographic methods of ferreting out such features from orbit also should have very high priority and if task-appropriate instrumentation can be devised, strong advocacy of a so-equipped follow-up probe in the Lunar Prospector series is in order.
At ISDC 1989 in Chicago over the Memorial Day Weekend, the Lunar Reclamation Society "Think Tank" MiISTAR team [Milwaukee Space Tech & Rec(reation)] won honorable mention for their design of PRINZTON, a 2-tier, 3-village, city in a rille just north of the mare-flooded crater Prinz, 10 km northeast of Aristarchus.
Our serialized entry begins here.
Prinzton
A Rille-Bottom Settlement for Three Thousand People
Part I: THE RILLE AS A SETTLEMENT SITE
By Peter Kokh
Rille: (pronounced rill) [Latin rima, a crack, cleft, or fissure] The origin of the word seems to be a German term for a brook or small stream. Observers of the Moon borrowed it to designate the many straight trenches (likely graben faults) and narrow winding valleys they found. The later, like Hadley Rille, are widely thought to be collapsed lava tubes.
I can remember the days when I used to look upon lunar rilles, great winding valleys hundreds of meters wide and deep and sometimes hundreds of kilometers long, as unfortunate road hazards, obstacles to easy transportation across otherwise flat lunar seas. Every time you plotted a logical route from point A to point B, sure enough there would be some lousy rille that would make it necessary to detour and zigzag or scout out altogether round-about routes. While I have a lifelong habit of staring apparent obstacles, disadvantages, and liabilities in the face until I see in them some hidden asset worth turning into a trump card, I was slow on this one.
In trying to imagine the Moon as a multi-settlement world, I have repeatedly scouted the maps, photos, and Moon globe for special assets unique to particular sites, giving them raison d'etre [reason for being] as potential sites for human presence. The Moon is seen by most everyone as a dull monotonous place. But don't let yourself be fooled. The seeds for a diversified and varied human presence are there. Clues abound! Someday I'd like to write a book for amateur observers and armchair dreamers "Looking at the Moon with a Settler's Eye."
Nitrogen is the Stickler
Having plotted, in my mind's eye, a half dozen logical yet uniquely advantaged sites for traditionally conceived cities dug into the surface, I began to look further into the future to a time when one didn't have to be so stingy with nitrogen [Believe it or not, nitrogen for the inert component of air, not hydrogen for water and biomass, nor carbon, will be the most critical and decisive of the Moon's several
deficiencies) and could plan a settlement with vista-friendly headroom. And so the idea of covering a rille finally burst in my lethargic brain. Covering a rille valley spanning as much as a kilometer, should not be an impossible engineering feat in lunar sixthweight, where there is no wind to blow and no quakes above an impotent 2 on the Richter scale. Building materials are already on site. But all the tons of nitrogen needed to co-pressurize such a volume! That's the stickler.
I imagined a long sinuous "national park" -- a wildlife refuge in which the then native Lunans could go to gawk and grok, in Schroeter's Valley (not the 15 km wide main valley but the narrow rille within a rille that runs down the center -- you need a good photo to see it). Maybe in the 22nd Century something like that would be possible.
Meanwhile, more modest structures could be built in rilles. Why? Because rilles have sides! It's as simple as that. Rilles have sides, that would otherwise have to be human-built. Why, a rille is an excavated foundation just waiting for construction!
In "Welcome to Moonbase" by Ben Bova (1988, Ballantine), Eagle Engineering's Pat Rawlings depicts large volume structures built on the Moon, requiring a lot of excavation plus the hauling of a lot of shielding material up onto the clear span shell. [The same drawings and art were used by the ill-fated Lady Base One Corp.] It was a bold yet quixotic concept.
**Advantages of Rilles for Construction**
In contrast, rille sites offer pre-excavated sites and the opportunity to pull shielding soil down upon any structure built in the lower portion of the rille. By virtue of its flanks, a rille site offers a vastly greater heat sink [the temperature of the soil below the first couple of meters is steady −4°F = −20°C all month long – all year long]. By the same token, from vantage points along the bottom, appreciable fractions of the sky that would otherwise be above the horizon are eclipsed by the rille sides. Consequently there is even less exposure to general cosmic radiation [Lunar sites, having their butts coveted by the soil below, have only half the exposure that space colonies will have].
**Observation**
Sinuous rilles often do not occur as isolated features. They are, after all, collapsed lava tubes. It is common to find a complex of rilles, partially collapsed lava tubes, and (by inference) uncollapsed suspected integral lava tubes, all radiating outwards down the gentlest of slopes from the principal sites of the great magma lava upwellings that filled the vast lunar impact basins forming the "seas" so familiar to us. A well chosen site should offer considerable regional expansion opportunities.
We have high resolution orbital photos of several such features. David Scott and James Irwin of the Apollo 15 landing mission explored a section of Hadley Rille from their lunar rover in late July, 1971. It was their photos that fueled my imagination.
---
Above: A cross section of the 2-level Rille Bottom Settlement and its basic architecture
**So Where is Prinzton, Anyhow?**
Prinzton lies in the rille within the red box. The 50 km, 32 mi wide mare-filled crater Prinz is in the foreground.
MOONGLOW
MOONGLOW By Peter Kokh [Based in part on a telephone Interview]
"T.L.P." – Transient Lunar Phenomena – could include any visible phenomenon on the Moon that has a fleeting existence, e.g. markings not previously seen and soon gone. In practice, however, the term is used to pigeonhole the hundreds of sightings of short-lived unusual glows, flashes, and (pink or red) colorings that have been observed by many. These happenings, however, have been seen to occur at only about two dozen sites on the Moon, a short list indeed when you consider the thousands of craters and other features covering the nearside alone. The conspicuous crater Aristarchus (brightest spot on the nearside) heads the list in the number of TLP events recorded. A distant second is Alphonsus near the center of the lunar nearside. Copernicus, Tycho, and Proclus are some of the other well known craters on this short list.
In this country there is a small but dedicated band of TLP watchful kept energized by David O. Darling, a member of the American Lunar Society and the Madison Astronomical Society. He lives in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin about ten miles NE of Madison. He became interested in TLP vigilance while observing the Moon during an "Earthshine" event in May of 1979, more than ten years ago. "Earthshine" or "ashen light" happens near the 'New Moon' when only a thin crescent is visible lit by sunshine, but the rest of the disk is visible in a dark ruddy color, the feeble reflection off the Moon's night surface from the nearly 'Full Earth' in its sky. (The Full Earth observed from the Moon is about 60 times as bright as the Full Moon appears to us!) During Dave's May 1979 observation, Aristarchus began to glow so bright, you could pick the crater out with the naked eye. The phenomenon, with ups and downs, lasted about a half hour, a typical lifetime for such events. Dave has watched with dedication ever since.
About two years ago, Dave agreed to head up the TLP Watch program for the American Lunar Society. He has some 14 others in this country who regularly report to him, though some need 'encouragement'. He is looking for additional collaborators. Of greatest help are the strong ties he has established with a group that really has its act together in Great Britain, headed by Peter Foley of the British Astronomical Association. David and Peter are frequently on the phone, trading alerts, endeavoring to verify and corroborate sightings on both sides of the pond.
It doesn't pay to be on the watch for these tantalizing and mysterious events just anytime the Moon is visible, says Dave. Under full illumination by the Sun, any such color and brightness changes would simply be lost in the glare. Thought to be caused by outgassings (Radon so far is the only gas
whose spectrogram has been positively identified – by the Soviets, in Alphonsus), TLP events might well occur at other times without being visually observable.
In fact, however, sightings seem to be more frequent during Earthshine (with favorable phase angles) when the Moon is also halfway between apogee and perigee (hinting that tidal stress trigger). Events also cluster at peak Sun activity (causing outgassings to glow or fluoresce).
TLP watchers gear up for lunar eclipses too. Sudden flashes sometimes occur during eclipses and may be due to electrostatic discharges from the sudden fall in temperature during the event.
As exciting as it is to experience one of these events, the real gratification comes when one's sighting is independently corroborated by others in the TLP network. Recently, Dave saw a darkening in the prominent bright ray crater Proclus (just west of Mare Crisium) and this was corroborated by several others. In the Apollo days, NASA worked closely with L.I.O.N., the Lunar International Observing Network, and a number of Earthbound TLP observations were also witnessed by Apollo astronauts in orbit on the command modules. The astronauts also reported occasional fleeting flashes as they orbited over darkened portions of the lunar farside.
The Soviet spectrographic observation is not the only instrument reading corroborating these visual sightings. The British obtained photometric (light level) verification of the ups and downs in the glow of Aristarchus during the 1989 lunar total eclipse. One of the three canceled Apollo missions had been targeted to put down in Aristarchus. It would have been equipped to chemically analyze any out-gassings that took place during its stay and after, for the life of the instruments. Of the three could-have-beens, this was surely the most tragic loss.
It is rather interesting to speculate whether besides radon, other more economically useful gases might be involved, possibly bottled up in large reserves. The Moon itself is extremely poor in easily gasified volatile elements, and finds of gas reserves that had collected out of the molten magma below, and had worked their way up through crustal cracks towards the surface, could make a big difference in the pace of lunar development. Radon itself is not an original endowment, but comes from the slow radioactive decay of thorium and uranium, both of which are well represented in the lunar crust.
Even though the rocks and soil are 40–45% oxygen locked in chemical combination in various minerals, the Moon is still under-oxidized. The telltale clue here is that there is much unoxidized pure iron (not ore) in the form of fine particles in the loose soil, free for the gathering with a good magnet. This could never happen on Earth. And that portion of iron which is oxidized as ore, is ferrous (one atom of oxygen to one of iron) not ferric (three atoms of oxygen to two of iron – the usual case here). Thus carbon dioxide, a major component of terrestrial volcanic gasses, is far less likely on the Moon than carbon monoxide. But economically tapable pockets of CO would be very important as a source of carbon which might otherwise have to be imported at greater expense.
Pros leave the patient and time-consuming TLP watch to amateurs, but this is not because they are disinterested. Darling keeps in touch with Dr. Cameron at U. of Colorado's Astronomy Dept. But the UC telescopes are usually booked up, unavailable for sighting confirmation.
*Darling edits and distributes his newsletter "MOONGLOW" free to a short list of persons truly dedicated to vigilant observation. Anyone interested in participating in this work can link up by contacting David O. Darling.at: 416 West Wilson St., Sun Prairie, WI 53590]
Above: a "Ramada" (Ra•MAH•da): Spanish, a free-standing canopy providing shade from the sun, common in U.S. southwest cf. Ramada Inn. Illustration © 1990, Milwaukee artist Dan Moynahan.
"YARD" AND WORKSITE CANOPIES FOR LUNAR OUTPOSTS
Artwork by Dan Moynihan – Article By Peter Kokh
Examine a picture of an Antarctic Base, and you will see a cluster of main buildings awash in an unplanned, unkempt cluttering of fuel tanks, stockpiles of supplies, new equipment not yet installed and old equipment already retired, trash dumps and so on. Base architects have a tradition of leaving to afterthought the siting of necessary external paraphernalia, the things that make base operations work. Nor is such an unsightly hodgepodge of land use expediencies the only result. Since the realities of base operations were not taken into account, as only individual structures rather than integral functioning of the base as a whole – or likely patterns of growth and evolution – received attention, it is an inevitable result that such sloppy installations function rather less efficiently and less safely than they might.
The sketches available of various Moon Base designs, be they the product of NASA think tanks or of outside sources, share this ivory tower penchant for neglecting patterns of likely land use in the immediate vicinity, in the front and back "yards" of principal base structures.
It is inevitable in any Lunar Base operations scenario, that an appreciable portion of routine "out-vac" EVA activity will take place in a few concentrated areas, especially the immediate vicinity of the Base itself, and of its component structures and facilities. There should be a very thorough effort to identify and categorize the types of activities involved and the intensity of use of these "yard" spaces.
Current planning and design provisions make no distinction between those EVA activities on the base doorstep and those spacesuits-required activities at some distance from camp. However, the relatively high intensity of usage of selected close-in areas for storage, staging, repairs, or other repetitive outdoors housekeeping tasks, offers us an opportunity to make such routine activities both safer and easier.
By designing lightweight, modular, and easily deployable work canopies or "ramadas" strong enough to hold a few centimeters of regolith insulation blown on top, Lunar Base architects can provide built-in cosmic ray, ultraviolet, and micrometeorite protection for these high use activity areas. ["Ramada" is a Spanish word common throughout our treeless plains and desert areas for the shade-providing shelters at roadside rest stops.] Providing ramadas will allow those working in such sheltered areas, while still exposed to vacuum, to wear lightweight more comfortable pressure suits. Under such improved conditions, those working outdoors could put in more hours with significantly less fatigue, with lessened vulnerability to random micrometeorites, and with reduced cumulative radiation exposure.
Such ramadas might be attached to various base structures themselves, in an analogy to awnings and lean-to sheds, or stand free but adjacent to them. They could cover an area continuously or make use of overlapping panels to allow some reflected sunlight to ricochet between top and bottom surfaces into the working spaces below.
Those whose assignments take them beyond such protected yard areas will still require the heavier more cumbersome hard suits. For some such cases it may be possible to design mobile or "re-deployable" ramadas to use at temporary sites of heavy outdoor activity such as can be expected in the field at prospecting sites or with the time-consuming installation of scientific equipment, solar arrays etc.
Kevlar fabric slung over frames of aluminum poles, all brought from Earth, could form the earliest ramadas. In the light "sixthweight" of the Moon, such fabric would be more than strong enough to support an overburden-load of several inches of loose regolith shielding. As Lunar manufacturing develops, glass-glass composite panels covering glass-glass composite lightweight space-frames and pylons, all manufactured on site, could fairly early on become the standard means of providing safe workspaces sheltered from the avoidable "elements" that buffet the exposed Lunar surface.
We began this article by pointing to a general unsightliness that has come to be characteristic of this country's Antarctic bases. While a strategy of careful management of high-use yard space, including the use of ramadas, would clean up much of this clutter, on the Moon as well as in Antarctica, that is certainly not its principal merit. The unsightliness, as much as it grates, is but a symptom of the deeper ill of lackadaisical management of base operations. It betrays an attitude which is of one piece with that same carelessness which breeds accidents, both mechanical and human.
Most will accept that we cannot tolerate the expense of mismanagement on the Moon. Part of good base management will consist in providing the safest possible routine working conditions. The added cost of bringing along the materials to erect ramadas over those highest-use outdoor areas around the base will be well justified.
Next time you see an artist's depiction of a Moon Base, whether it comes from NASA, the Lunar & Planetary Institute, SSI or Eagle Engineering, ask yourself "what's wrong with this picture?" If the grounds look neat and uncluttered all without ramadas, the rendering will clearly be more akin to science fantasy than science fact.
If ramadas are essential facilities for Lunar bases, no matter how absent from base concepts currently in vogue, then a national competition to come up with some good design options will be in order. Such a competition should have three categories:
1. For first generation bases, the most economical use of imported material; per square meter sheltered;
2. For next generation bases, early practical use of building-materials made on site; and
3. Mobile and/or redeployable ramadas for use in the field. Prize money to entice participation could come from traditional sources such as aerospace contractors, but also from materials industries who wanted to promote the use of their products e.g. Aluminum, Kevlar, Glass, and Steel, or from construction firms. MMM
[This article is an expansion of an abstract sent to AIAA in response to its solicitation of ideas for Moon/Mars Missions & Bases. Thanks to Michael J. Mackowski of St. Louis Space Frontier Society for alerting MMM to this opportunity.]
FLARE SHEDS By Peter Kokh
[For a related article, see "WEATHER," MMM # 6 JUN 87, republished in MMM Classic #1]
The Sun does not rotate integrally as would a solid-surfaced body. We can clock its rotation by watching sunspots, slightly cooler areas that look black only in comparison, slowly transit from west to east over a two week period. Spots nearer the equator are carried across the face more quickly than those near the poles, marking one rotation in about 25 days, compared to 28—some nearer the poles, and as slow as 36 days at the poles themselves.
Keep in mind that sunspots, occurring in pairs, mark places where intense magnetic fields project from the surface, and it becomes clear that the Sun's overall magnetic field must become ever more tortuously twisted and kinked with each differential rotation until the pattern finally can be maintained.
no more. Such a crescendo is eleven years a-building. At the end of the cycle, the magnetic polarity reverses, so that the overall pattern repeats every 22 years.
Solar flares might be seen as the bursting of solar-energy "dams" maintained by great magnetic forces within these sun spots. As the dam bursts, a flood-surge of energetic particles heads out from the Sun at an appreciable fraction of the speed of light. Light takes 8 1/3 minutes to span the distance between the Sun and Earth (= 93 million miles = 150 million km = 1 Astronomical Unit) so when a flare is spotted (if anyone, anything, is watching!) we have only a few moments before the deadly storm hits. For the associated X-rays advancing at light-speed, the only warning possible is a means of predicting such eruptions.
On Earth we are sheltered from the full fury of such lethal solar flares first by the Van Allen radiation belts maintained by the Earth's own magnetic field, and then by our atmospheric blanket. Nonetheless, enough energy some times gets through to disrupt radio communications for hours, even cause massive power outages by inducing current surges in transformers and transmission lines. Though the inconvenience for us is mild in our protected cocoon, and while they cause spectacularly beautiful auroras, we can be grateful that flare seasons come 11 years apart.
The most intense portion of a flare onslaught can be over in just minutes or last a few hours. Beyond the Van Allen Belts, the need for shelter is immediately pressing. Flares can occur in clusters and single flares can have the energy of hundreds of millions of hydrogen bombs. The direction the torrent takes is random, depending on the location of the source spot on the solar surface.
Unless we are to limit our activities on the Moon and throughout space in general, to quiet-Sun years, two things must receive priority attention:
1. Developing a Flare Early Warning system
2. Developing a network of storm shelters within reach.
The first need is touched on briefly in the earlier MMM article cited above. The second requires multiple strategies. On route to Mars, we can put all the fuel and cargo and equipment sunward of the passenger cabin (the "P.O.S.H." strategy: Passengers Outfacing, Sun-facing Hold). Coming home with empty holds and tanks presents a more stubborn problem. But here we want to highlight situations on the lunar surface.
Lunar bases, habitats, factories, and whole settlements will be sufficiently protected by the same 3–4 meter thick overburden of loose or bagged regolith shielding that shelters them from cosmic rays and micro-meteorites. Surface activities in the immediate neighborhood of such sites should present no problem even in high flare season. But in time an outpost or settlement will be joined by others as the lunar beachhead transforms into a more "world-like" SET of human places. How do we protect those traveling between such protected sites?
Surface vehicles can be designed top heavy with batteries, fuel cells, cargo and other heavy equipment on top – that's sound practice anyway, and the center of gravity problem can be handled by longer wheelbases and wider tracks – no problem when the cost of real-estate and right-of-ways is moot. While these measures will reduce routine exposure to other hazards, they may be less than adequate during solar flares, especially when the Sun is at a low angle over the horizon. Ports in the storm will be welcome.
FRINGE BENEFITS OF INTENSE LUNAR SUNSHINE
SOLAR WEATHER By Peter Kokh
Most of the pluses of cloud-free access to the undiminished strength of sunlight on the Moon are too obvious to need listing. The key words: heat, electric power, light, photosynthesis. On several occasions we've also mentioned a solar benefit easily overlooked: the considerable endowment of gases adsorbed to regolith fines (pulverized upper soil blanket) from four eons (billions of years) of bombardment by the weak but incessant Solar Wind.
["Helium-3" & "Gas Scavenger" in MMM # 23 Mar '89 – republished in MMM Classics #3]
In this writer's philosophy, anything whatsoever has only assets. Apparent liabilities are just that, appearances things have when one's outlook isn't right: when our knowledge is incomplete, our assessment immature, our attitude is not quite "game."
The usually cited liabilities of the Sun's unbridled stellar fury as it lashes the Moon are these: intense raw ultraviolet radiation and "fortunately rare" deadly blizzards of ionized particles traveling just below the speed of light, originating in solar flares. Our bias suspects both of being assets in disguise.
Might we not quit brooding about the dangers of UV exposure for naked flesh and plant matter, long enough to investigate whether or not this area of the solar spectrum has any potential as an industrial tool? Surely there is incentive enough to pursue the question!
For there is a seemingly endless litany of chemical and industrial processes routinely used on Earth, often with unwelcome side-effects, that do not lend themselves at all to lunar application. Either they involve materials that are too expensive to make available on the Moon, or they would soon be lethal in the unforgiving, tightly closed, quickly cycling mini biospheres we'll need to cradle our existence on our barren neighbor. Given these strictures an our activities, discovery of more Moon-appropriate forms of processing would be rather welcome.
On Earth we're addicted to "improving" and/or "disguising" surfaces of various materials with coatings and/or chemical treatments that would be taboo for one reason or another on the Moon. Looking for alternatives, we might ask what would be the effect on various alloys, types of glass and ceramics etc. of various lengths of exposure to full-spectrum ultraviolet? We have no idea, but shouldn't someone endeavor to find out? (Full-spectrum UV is not yet naturally available on Earth but give the Ozone hole time to grow!)
Through the use of suitable resists or stencil overlays, could some types of glass and some alloys be etched and/or textured? If so, could this become an art and craft method as well as a manufacturing process? If satisfactory fiberglass papers or scrim can be developed, could we print-impregnate this with oxides that would "develop" given raw-UV exposure?
Perhaps these ideas are farfetched idle musings of an armchair chemist. But we would be sorely disillusioned if some happily serendipitous results didn't come out of an honestly far-ranging set of experiments. Will the tests on the LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) finally retrieved this past December by the Space shuttle Columbia, carry useful clues? Undoubtedly six years of raw-UV exposure has done its work on the LDEF trays, but it may be difficult, if possible at all, to sort out these various effects from the smothering and masking corrosion expected from orbit-altitude atomic oxygen.
We have already suggested [MMM # 31 Dec '89 "Ventures of the Rille People" Part V.B. Hydroelectric Storage System?] that the well known germicidal and bactericidal effects of raw-UV be put to work in waste water treatment. (Glass filters out UV but quartz panes let it pass through.) Raw ultraviolet may also play a role in food processing and preparation. Its tissue-destroying ability might be harnessed as a fine-honed tool in various other ways such as "sun"-printing cotton, leather, and jewelry woods. Raw ultraviolet can be reproduced in Earthside labs and, with proper safety precautions, the fun of exploring such possibilities can begin now.
With so much of today's sophisticated processing techniques unsuitable for use in lunar conditions, the settler economy will need all the help it can get. Investigating the effects of raw full-spectrum ultraviolet on the likely stable of lunar materials would be a good start. The opportunity to put solar flares to work will be quite sporadic. But there will be ways to turn that liability into an asset also.
MMM
Moon Mining & Common Eco-Sense
By Peter Kokh
The multi-thousand-year-long record of human mining activities on our home planet will surely be enough to convince even the most bribe-prone galactic bureaucrat to deny us required permits to extend such resource extraction efforts off-planet. In default of such red tape, it is left up to us to judge and police ourselves.
With mines come huge ugly piles of useless barren tailings and scarred landscapes slow to heal, streams poisoned with acid run-off, and legions of workers with dust-racked lungs. The record gives pause to those considering opening up pristine eco-vulnerable Antarctica for development of its legendary mineral wealth. Should it not also give pause to those who look with such high expectations to the plains and rolling highlands of our serene gray neighbor, the Moon?
The salient points to remember are these:
(1) The Moon's mineral endowment has been minimally differentiated or locally concentrated and is thus distributed rather homogeneously, by Earth comparisons, in ores that are extremely poor by our standards. There will be no reason to fight over deposits or jump another's claim.
(2) There is no reason to believe that richer deposits lie buried deep beneath the already pulverized regolith blanket that covers the entire surface to a depth of some 2–5 meters. In effect, countless ancient meteorites by their bombardment have already "pre-mined" the surface for us. There is no need for open pit mining.
(3) As to what does lie deeper, the central peaks of the larger craters represent upthrusted material from several kilometers below – sample and source enough should we need it. There will be no need to deep tunnel the Moon.
(4) In the absence of atmosphere, any and all dust 'kicked-up' by our various activities, has nothing to suspend it above the surface, and is quickly purged from the near-surface vacuum by the Moon's light but effective 1/6th gravity.
(5) Tailings, the unwanted residue after resource extraction, will be visibly indistinguishable from the source material. Tailing mounds will blend in with the moonscape, and if preferable, can be raked back over the surface. The only clue to an area's having been mined will be a telltale absence of minor craterlets. Tailings should usually be minimal, nonetheless, since more than one resource will be extracted leaving little more than the proverbial squeal of the pig.
[See "Tailings" in MMM # 23 March '89 – republished in MMM Classics #3]
(6) Fluids and gases used in the extraction process such as water, hydrogen, hydrofluoric acid, chlorine etc. must be brought from Earth at great expense. So resource extraction cannot possibly be accomplished economically unless ways are found to recover and recycle these reagents almost totally (read 99%). There will be no mass leachate drainage into the environment.
(7) Even in the case of accidental spills of reagent leachings, there is no lunar ground water to pollute or spread the problem. Spills will remain localized and it will be an economic imperative to recover as much as possible.
(8) Miners, if you can call them that, will not be breathing atmosphere in contact with the regolith they are processing. Health concerns will instead focus on minimizing accidents and exposure to cosmic rays and rare solar flares.
(9) As to housekeeping activities of miners themselves in their shielded habitat warrens, they too must recycle and conserve religiously [see "Saving Money on food in Space" – elsewhere in this issue]. They will assuredly be acutely aware that living immediately "downwind" and "downstream" of themselves in cradling mini-biospheres leaves scant room for eco-carelessness.
As long as private enterprise – carrying the baggage of the almighty "bottom line" – is the agent in question, you can rest assured that sheer economic necessity will work mightily to prevent 'eco-nonsense' on the Moon. The real danger would come with government leadership and its deferrable accountability.
When you hear or read someone express alarm at prospects for developing the Moon, remember these points. A good response with this as with any challenge: "That's just what I used to think – until I looked into the matter further!"
MMM
MMM #39 – October 1990
Moon Mining & Engineering Realities
By Peter Kokh
In an article in the June 1990 issue of the Engineering and Mining Journal with the title "Moon Mining: should we boldly mine where no one has ever mined before?" Earl C. Herkenhoff, P.E. raises several points about the very logic of moon-mining. His tone is blatantly hostile.
The writer's principal point is that (to his knowledge) our survey of the Moon's mineral wealth is so incomplete that it is highly premature to be discussing what we can or cannot extract from it, and certainly premature to be spending hard scarce cash on studies as to how to go about doing it.
Our response is that while admittedly our mineralogical survey is far from complete, the wide equatorial swath 'read' by orbiting gamma ray spectrometers on board Apollo Command Modules the last three missions, coupled with the six widely scattered diverse surface sites actually sampled by our astronauts and the three additional sites sampled by the automated Soviet sample–retrieving missions, gives us high confidence that what we've seen and sampled is representative of the Moon at large.
Herkenhoff insults NASA geologists and their carefully supervised astronaut proxies when he speaks scornfully of "only a few pounds of √ "grab samples" "snatched" from the surface of the Moon √ at only "a tiny spot" on the surface where the landing craft was set down."
It's clear that the writer hasn't gone even the first mile in trying to objectively understand what we were trying to accomplish during Apollo.
The granted exception to this is the absence of sampling and orbital readings near the lunar poles leaves open the possibility that permafshade cold traps in deep near–pole craters may contain volatile resources which have been ruled out elsewhere. On this very point, vis–a–vis the possibility of finding water, the writer betrays his shallow study of published lunar findings by speculating that more thorough prospecting might find hydrates as fixed water in igneous rocks. To the contrary, we are now quite certain that the Moon formed hot and dry and that none of its volcanoes or fissures spouted any steam and that its great lava outpourings were also quite dry.
The writer shoots his respectability in the foot when on the one hand he complains that our exploration has not been thorough enough, and on the other he states correctly that the Moon is 'unlikely to contain minerals that have been concentrated by magmatic segregation'. When he states that 'it is a safe bet that most minerals are complex silicates' he isn't telling us any thing that we don't already know quite well.
He also shows the shallowness of his science background when he doubts out loud how we can be so sure that Solar–Wind–derived Helium–3 is more than a local quirk in the few tiny soil samples studied. Surely there is no mechanism by which the Solar Wind could have deposited its largess in anything but an indiscriminate way!
Herkenhoff complains that established mining companies have not been consulted about mining methods – after he has already slipped and told us that they wouldn't dream of trying to extract anything useful from such miserably low grade ores. "Even on Earth, process hydro–metallurgists would flinch at such an assignment."
In point of fact, established companies have been too busy getting wealthy off of Earth's much richer ores to have bothered to accumulate any know–how that might apply to the situation facing us on the Moon. What would be the point in listening to those whose predictable broken–record message is "it can't be done"? We have no choice but to seek out rebels willing to try something new.
He points to the difficulty miners will face in working in vacuum and without abundant water – surely not news to us! We have to pioneer not only whole new chemical extraction processes but engineer new ways of handling the raw materials involved. You have to grant him a sharp touché', however, when he asks how we can ever hope to do anything so difficult, when NASA can't seem to get even simple things straight these days.
Certainly no one should underestimate the engineering and chemical processing difficulties ahead of us. Unfortunately, most space advocates betray in their butt–to–the–sofa fixed positions just such a naive grasp of the situation. We have a fearsome amount of homework to do. NASA is not doing it, and NSS seems to assume it will just all fall into place somehow. SSI by itself can only scratch the surface with member–derived funds it has to work with.
Perhaps it is this all too nonchalant cocky conviction that we display in our bold scenarios for the future that encourages this open scorn. Our dreams of the future may turn out to be on target, but if we continue to rely on nothing more than let–George–do–it [i.e. the government] "activism", how will we ever know?
Herkenhoff lists an impressive bibliography. It is mute testimony that he has done his homework with prior bias in search of ammunition.
Nb. Thanks to R. McNeil of the Willey Ley Space Society, the Chattanooga, Tennessee NSS chapter, for bringing this article to MMM's attention!
DAYSPAN By Peter Kokh
For the watchers on the ridge, it begins with an arcing flame of light punctuating the still dark eastern horizon -- part of the solar corona, something that the atmosphere-coddled Earthbound can never see, except during locally exceedingly rare 'total' solar eclipses. The Sun's intense disk is now still below the horizon, but this great prominence announces its imminent arrival onto the moonscape.
Here on the Moon, the Sun rises with great deliberation. From 'first contact' when the first diamond glint of light from the solar surface itself breaches the horizon, until 'last contact' when the entire blazing disk has just cleared, the Sun takes sixty ceremonial minutes to make its entrance. For such is the slowness with which the Moon turns on its axis to bring the Sun into view. (On the fast turning Earth, this show is run through in fast forward so that it amounts to no more than a two minute skit.) Two hours later, the Sun will have cleared the horizon by only a degree. It will not reach the far horizon, 1800 degrees away, for another 14 3/4 days, better than two weeks.
But already this first standard day of the new sunrise, there is a noticeable shift in settlement activity and a quickening of its pace. Within a few hours of first light, solar panels and/or solar dishes, and the many sun-tracking, grabbing, and channeling heliostats will have all locked on to its life- and energy-giving rays.
The Sun is both workhorse and taskmaster for the little community. With its return, added electrical power surges online. Solar furnaces melt charges of raw, or refined, regolith for the productions of sundry items from cast basalt, ceramics, glass, and glass-glass composites or Glax™. The concentrated rays are also put to work sintering iron fines scattered abundantly in the loose regolith blanket, and collected with a simple magnet, into assorted useful pieces using powdered metal technology. And either directly through focused heat, or indirectly through electricity, industrial-strength sunshine begins cracking water reserves back into hydrogen and oxygen for use in fuel cells aboard field vehicles and, stockpiled until sunset, for reserve night-span power generation.
"Make hay while the Sun shines!" Not only does the pace of mining, processing, manufacturing, and field activities such as construction, road building, and prospecting, rise dramatically, but so does that of farming and home sunspace gardening. Plants emerge from their 'subsistence diet' of reduced artificial lighting during the nightspan, thrive anew and resume their progress towards eventual harvest. For most of the base personnel or settler population, the tempo of life has significantly accelerated.
More people venture abroad, "out-vac", either for work or just for a welcome change of scenery, excursion vehicles being the popular choice over cumbersome spacesuits. "Selenologists", still lazily called 'geologists' by their chauvinist Earth-tied colleagues, venture out of their labs to collect fresh samples in the field.
Habitats and pressurized common spaces (the "middoors") are flooded with soul-warming sunshine, thanks to the heliostats which filter out both the unwanted heat of the infrared and the harmful fury of the ultraviolet rays. Stained glass and prisms turn sunbeams into a painter's palette and interior and middoor surfaces take on a new glory. Walls, finished with a cheap whitewash of CaO lime or TiO titanium oxide suspended in a waterglass medium of hydrous sodium silicate, make an ideal canvas for these rainbow-bright live paintings. Greenery, its verdant hues more vivid after 'breakfast', completes this characteristic settlement color scheme.
Oases of park space tucked into crannies of the various food-raising areas are thronged during free time. Schoolyard recess is imbued with renewed spirit. Those going to and from work along pressurized passageways lined with carefully chosen plantings seem to smile with a subtle new radiance.
Any ship carrying tourists will arrive while the Sun illuminates the area. Perhaps most of the visitors will stay to experience the full rhythm of settlement life, and depart during the following dayspan some three or four weeks later.
Long forgotten is the ho-hum grudging routine of daybreak on Earth, oft' equated with life before coffee. Here the Sun's glorious presence transforms everything through and through. For the fourteen plus 24-hour days of dayspan, the life of most settlers will be one of especially earnest industriousness. In every field of dayspan-reserved activities, there will be important production goals to meet if these brash settlers are to "set themselves up" for the quite different, but complementary, routine to follow.
NIGHTSPAN
By Peter Kokh
For the previous two plus weeks, this unlikely pocket of humanity on the Moon has been a beehive of activity, making use of the Sun's heat, its life-giving rays, and its electrical generating potential, to work through the more energy intensive portion of the long list of tasks needed to keep the community going. For total available on-line power will drop measurably as the Sun finally reaches the western horizon.
While the light available on the surface will remain full-strength until the final two minutes, 'down below' the level of redirected sunlight will have begun to taper off the past day or so as heliostats on the surface, even arranged in purposely staggered rows, begin to eclipse one another, cutting off solar access.
Industries dependent on harnessed and concentrated sunlight will have been located to avoid this problem, so they can keep working on full throttle for the full duration of 'sun-up'. Finally, however, the great solar furnaces and turbines will be shut down and the activities they support will stop. Those industries that depend indirectly on abundant electricity generated by solar arrays must likewise phase down. For whether supplied by standby nukes, fuel cells, spinners, or hydroelectric generators (where rille or crater slopes allow the possibility of pumping up water surplus by dayspan to let it fall during the nightspan), the total amount of on-line electrical power will be likely be appreciably reduced for the fortnight to come. Industry after industry will switch gears, taking up now the rather more labor-intensive tasks that it had strategically postponed during dayspan.
Maintenance, repairs, and changeout of equipment; assembly and finishing; packaging for shipment; bookwork and inventory; - for many workers, it will be rather like switching jobs every two weeks. And perhaps that will be a welcome break in the routine, an anticipated and appreciated periodic shot in the arm, an essential element in sustaining personal and communal morale.
Workers who by dayspan crew those industries that do not have a proportionate list of postponable energy-light labor-heavy tasks to keep them busy during nightspan, might shift to quite different company co-owned ventures that are task-lopsided the other way. Unneeded farm workers might move to food-processing duties etcetera. Continuing education, especially in the line of one's work, might be preferentially scheduled for nightspan.
The Sun now set, Lunans, temporary personnel and permanent settlers alike, will find more leisure time for arts and crafts and cottage industry pursuits. Music, dance and other performing arts will vie for attention. Now there may be more time for shopping and flea market barter. Perhaps only necessities will be bought and sold during dayspan when able persons are best occupied building up export inventories to defray import costs, and producing domestic items to reduce import demand.
Fresh new pioneer recruits may have arrived shortly before sundown. This will give them a taste of what dayspan settlement life is like, saving more intensive orientation for the nightspan when extra senior personnel will be freed up from other duties to devote themselves to this task.
The public spaces of the settlement – its mid-door squares, streets, alleys and passageways – might be more crowded during nightspan with people free to linger leisurely and enjoy activities for which there was little time the two hustling weeks before. Such places will come alive with entertainers and soap box orators, artists and craftsmen selling their wares or demonstrating their talents and taking in serviceable but prosaic "issue" items for customizing makeover into items of pride, hucksters selling similar items on commission, second-hand stalls and exchanges for recyclable items, shelves of produce harvested from in-home gardens and specialty jars of preserves put up by enterprising home-canners – you get the idea.
Ambience provided by electric lighting can take several forms. Great electric lamps might use those same sunshine–delivery systems slaved to heliostats during dayspan to provide periods of simulated daylight each nightspan ‘day’, with subtle mood–setting lighting for nightspan ‘nights’ (night life and sleep time).
And color? Colored bulbs as well as stained glass diffusers and dividers will be one way to provide a magically cheerful touch. A harvest of neon and other noble gases adsorbed from the Solar Wind to the fines of the Moon’s regolith soil blanket, and recovered by heating during the routine soil-moving processes of mining, road building, and construction, could lead to ample and creative use of neon lights. The “Greek Isles” look of the community’s middoor and indoor spaces, in which sunlight splashes whitewashed walls accented with luxuriant greenery, will be upstaged now by quite a different enchantment after dark. It seems unlikely that our future Lunans will fear the night!
At last, the end of the long nightspan will draw near, and the final evening meal of nightspan may become a special one in settler homes, filled with anticipation, maybe even ceremony: “Sunrise Eve”!
Will Lunans mark the days by the Month or by the Sunth?
THE SUNTH By Peter Kokh
It should be clear from the above pieces that the arrival of sunrise and, a fortnight later, of sunset will radically determine the scheduling of almost every activity within a lunar community beyond eating and sleeping and making love. Given that most Lunan industries and enterprises must stop to shift gears at both sunrise and sunset, it will be of no small benefit to their efficient operation to schedule “weekend” breaks so that they always fall at the same time in relation to these all–transfiguring events. As the Lunar settlement will be “under the gun” to produce enough exports to balance the cost of needed imports, as well as enough domestic goods to minimize that import need, achieving such smooth operation is not a goal to be dismissed.
But here’s the rub. Sunsets repeat every 29.5 days (twice every 59 days) or 12 times a year with 11 plus days left over. The Jews and Moslems have such a calendar of “lunar months” (a tautology, when you think of it). But the Romans, while inappropriately keeping the word, altered the “month” so that an even dozen fit in each solar year. For us on Earth, where the really significant repeaters, affecting business cycles as well as agriculture, are the seasons whose onset is determined by our annual orbit around the Sun, quite irrespective of the lunar phase of the moment, the solar “month” (how that grates!) makes sense.
If the word “month” is no longer ‘honest’ for our calendrical tomes of 28–31 days, neither does it fit the sunrise to sunrise period on the Moon itself. From the viewpoint of one on the Moon, it is the Sun’s aspect which is significant. Hence our suggestion [MMM #7 JUL 87, p9 “Calendar”] that the term “sunth” be coined for the purpose. Astronomers use the term lunation, but as this properly refers to the new moon to new moon period (that is, reckoned from local sunrise at 90° East), it is not sufficiently generic, and again inappropriately refers to the Moon, not the Sun (we would accept Lunar Solation).
Back to our question. Will future Lunans mark the days by Earth’s months or by the local sunth? Perhaps they will use both calendars side by side, or a special calendar with dual dating. To visitors from Earth, as to those serving temporary tours of duty with no intention of staying for the rest of their lives, the Earth date will be the “real” date, as if our arbitrary notation were some cosmic fact. Even “tory” settlers (those who have made the move in body but not in spirit) will feel reassured by a glance at our familiar Gregorian calendar.
Meanwhile, not only will settlement life totally ignore terrestrial conventions out of practical need, but both exports and imports and the arrival and departure of tourists will pay heed to the local
Sun angle (the time of sunth) rather than to the date on Earth. Business and accounting cycles for Lunan entrepreneurs will follow the march of sunths, not months. Even those businesses on Earth trading with the Moon will need to refer to the lunar calendar (or at the lunar phases shown on most ‘normal’ calendars) to help determine shipping times.
From the 59 date sunth-pair to a full “lunar” calendar is a big step, however. For adopting a twelve sunth year of 354 days would put Lunans out of synch with Earth. IF they decide that this is not important, they have three basic options. A) they can simply let their ‘years’ (or ‘calendars’) advance over Earth years without any attempt to make an adjustment, as does Islam, giving it 33 years to our 32, or B) they can add an intercalary thirteenth sunth every second or third years, as does Judaism, or C) let the differences accumulate and add 7 extra sunths at the end of every 19th year (conveniently, there are precisely 235 new moons every 228 calendar months). If this last option seems far out, it does present a neat opportunity for a once-a-generation built-in period for institutional and cultural review. Those extra seven sunths could be collectively be called “renaissance” or “renewal”.
IF keeping in sync with the year as reckoned on Earth is to be desired, sunths could be numbered 1 to 235, rather than named, in a cycle repeated every 19 years, while the year began and ended in lock step with the familiar Earthside cadence.
However the solar year/sunth incongruity is handled, using the sunth to mark the timing of events and activities within the lunar settlement will mean abandoning synchronization with the Sunday through Saturday rhythm so ingrained in us that we assume the day of the week must be a primeval cosmic framework valid in the most distant corner of the universe, even predating it, as some fundamentalists would insist. In fact, not only is the length of the day a purely Earth-local matter of no cosmic significance whatsoever, but the pegging of names to days in a certain suite with a once and for all calibration, is, however traditional, 100% arbitrary. Nonetheless the week, as it has been handed down to us, is the most stubbornly ingrained piece of our “cultural infrastructure”, and it has survived all attempts to tamper with it.
Making the switch to sunthtime, if pursued in earnest, will mean pegging ‘weekends’ to this beat, i.e. an integral 4 weeks per sunth, i.e. no leftover days, with each sunth starting the same day of the week. But in every 59 day sunth-pair their are 3 days more than an even 8 weeks. An adjustment can only be made by making 3 weeks out of every 8, 8 days long instead of 7. If each of these extra days was placed to make a long weekend, and used for all holiday observances, this would provide 18 holidays a year, quite in line with American practice, but in a non-disruptive format. A “leap hour” every six or seven ‘weeks’ would keep the 59 day rhythm from drifting, as the sunth is some 44 minutes longer than 29 and a half days.
To avoid confusion (Monday on the Moon while it is Wednesday on Earth, at least this week etc.) Lunans will most likely adopt a totally new set of 7(8) names. The previous MMM article alluded to above, has some creative suggestions for the pioneers.
Another major question to be settled is whether all Lunan communities will observe the same weekend schedule, no matter how many 12o-wide ‘date-zones’ they lie apart from one another, or whether local week-ends will fall with local sunrise and sunset. There are strong tradeoffs and they must weigh and choose.
Such a culturally radical switch in timekeeping would neither be to the point on Earth, nor stand as much chance as a snowball in a supernova. However, Lunans will be living in a workaday environment quite unlike anything ever experienced by any Earth bound community to date. For many settlers, the need to declare cultural as well as economic independence from Earth may be strong. In some form or another, Lunans will adopt conventions of time reckoning that pay only loose homage to our week and month. The year will survive, however, not because the Moon shares the Earth’s orbital motion around the Sun, but because the two worlds lie in each other’s backyard, assuring a high volume of trade and real time communication*.
I think it will be culturally refreshing! – MMM
[Speculation]
Possible Unsuspected Cometary ICE Cold Crypts Below the Lunar Surface
ICE CAVES By David A. Dunlop and Peter Kokh
For centuries we’ve realized that the Moon’s surface was desert–dry. The first good telescopes had shown the great dark areas hopefully called “seas” to be really dry low-lying plains (filled with a dry quick-sand of dust, many wrongfully supposed). We took it for granted that the Moon had formed wet, as had Earth, and that it its low gravity was insufficient to hold on to its aboriginal atmosphere so that its waters had been lost to evaporation and ultraviolet disassociation.
The findings of the Apollo missions and follow-up studies of their precious hoard of Lunar Samples told another story. The maria seas were really great sheets of frozen lava with the upper few meters pulverized and gardened into a dust blanket (the regolith, a feature shared with highland areas). Moreover, nowhere was there to be found any relics or clues of a past wetter epoch. There is no rusted iron. In fact, even with a gross composition of 42–45% oxygen, the Moon seems under-oxidized. For what iron there is, is either FeO, ferrous oxide (a less oxidized state than our common-place Fe2O3), or pure iron fines. Nor are there any hydrated minerals or clays, so common on Earth. The Moon had apparently formed hot and dry, quite unlike the Earth, perhaps from vaporized material cast off (but retained in orbit) following a major collision between the forming proto-Earth and a smaller but rival body forming at roughly the same distance from the Sun. Someday we may know the ‘rest of the story’ but this is our current best solution to the puzzle.
What we have found instead, quite by surprise, is a non-negligible endowment of hydrogen atoms (1 ton in a football field sized area 1 yard deep – far less than in Earth’s driest desert sands) adsorbed to the fine particles of the regolith ‘top soil’, apparently a gift of the Solar Wind which has been softly buffeting the Moon’s surface for billions of years.
Some have suggested that volatile elements, otherwise so absent, could have been brought to the Moon by comet impacts, and that some small fraction of the vaporized ices could have migrated to permanently shadowed polar crater and fissure bottoms where they might have frozen out and been preserved cold-trapped ever since. We have always been highly skeptical about the chances for any portion of such ices to have come down to our day intact. Any early endowment from the age of heavy bombardment in the Moon’s first half billion years, should have been mostly, if not wholly eroded by cosmic rays and Moon-flanking wisps of Solar Wind, even if permanently shaded from direct sunlight.
And the fact that there is now an appreciable aggregate total area of “permashade” (estimates as high as 250,000 sq mi), thanks to the Moon’s minimal axial tilt of 1.5°, does not guarantee that this has always been the case. In fact there is some evidence that when the surface-shaping early bombardment finally tapered off, the Moon was left with a tilt of perhaps 120 or more, tidal forces working inexorably to upright it since. However the never-say-die hopes of some have been pinned on the recent Nemesis Theory, according to which the Sun has an undetected distant “brown dwarf” substellar companion in an eccentric orbit which has mischievously disturbed the Oort Cloud, sending waves of comets plummeting into the inner solar system every 26 million years or so. This theory is now in disfavor, mainly because a brown dwarf in such a remote orbit could not be a stable companion of the Sun over geologic time. And we personally have lam-basted as incredulous the prevailing belief that episodic comet showers originate in our own Oort Cloud in the first place! [MMM #39 OCT 90 p6 “OORT FOAM”].
Yet we ardently support Lunar Prospector, an SSI lunar polar probe designed to settle the issue by scanning polar permashade areas with a gamma ray spectrometer for three reasons. First we can’t afford to be wrong, for such ices, if economically recover-able, would be an invaluable resource that could well accelerate Lunar development by decades. Second, a number of lunar development advocates are stuck on the advantages of a polar site for our first, if not our only base. Even if there are significant icefields at the poles, a polar site would at best play an auxiliary role in lunar development, since the poles offer access to highland type minerals only, whereas all the “coastal” sites offering access to both highland and mare type soils are at some distance from the poles. The alleged around-the-sunth availability of sunlight at the poles is exaggerated. A negative finding by Lunar Prospector would discourage such cull de sac planning. Third, most lunar development planners have been slow to take seriously the need to design dry “Xero-” methods of processing and manufacturing, and the negative results we expect from Lunar Prospector may provide the rude awakening needed to spur work on a more realistic track. But don’t get us wrong. We’d be delighted to have our expectations shattered by a positive find.
Yet it has occurred to the writers that there is some possibility, indeed an appreciable chance, that vaporized cometary materials have been cold-trapped in places not exposed to the loss mechanisms of cosmic radiation and solar wind gusts. The greatest wave of comet bombardment of the Moon may have been in the formative era. But even in the past 3 plus billion years since the great impact basins were filled with runny lava, an appreciable number of comets (in episodic waves or not) may have impacted the Moon.
The maria are not totally flat, but have a slow gradient, stepped by lava flow fronts, with highest elevations near the source(s) of the magma upwellings. It is in these relatively higher regions of the mare seas that we expect to find lava tubes. Very near-surface lava tubes would have collapsed, and it is probably their relics we see in the many sinuous rilles (like Hadley, visited by Apollo 15). And we see winding ‘rows’ of rimless sinkholes which would seem to indicate partially intact tubes a bit deeper below the surface. Here and there, a stray comet might have hit the jackpot, crashing through the roof of a lava tube and vaporizing. While perhaps most of the vaporized material would have escaped out of the impact crater, it is possible some fraction fleetingly pressurized the adjacent segments of the lava tube (too much pressure would only blow out the roof) long enough to freeze out as frost on its floor, ceiling, and walls, at a distance where they wouldn’t have been heated by the thermal shock of the impact. Down here, there is no exposure to cosmic rays or errant wisps of solar wind.
We may have won the Solar ‘Lottery’!
But we’ll have to wait to check it out.
If this seems far fetched, it is quantifiably less so than sustained lunar polar permashade cold-trapping. While more total volatiles may have frozen out over the poles, they are likely to have formed only temporary deposits. Frosts in some few ‘lucky’ lava tubes would remain at least until the end of the Sun’s stable main sequence lifetime, several more billion years.
How could we detect such deposits? In the pre-Apollo orbital surveys of the Moon, a radar reflection that seemed to detect a buried layer of water or water-ice was detected over western Mare Crisium (Sea of Crises, the conspicuous isolated round ‘eye’ of the waxing crescent moon). In the wake of the confirmation of the Moon’s generally dehydrated state, this anomalous reading has been explained away as a probable reflection off the ancient basin bottom below the lava sheet, in an area where it should be shallow. Yet similar shallow bottom echoes have not been noticed in other mare areas, even those known to be shallow throughout! At any rate, without ‘ground truth’ confirmation, such a reading is but a romantic teaser, given our present state of superficial exploration.
The technical feasibility of deep-looking radar is, however, quite real. Improvements on the radar that have revealed ancient river bottoms beneath dry Sahara sands, may someday reveal the existence and whereabouts of many near surface lava tubes in the lunar basalt seas. In our earlier article “Lava Tubes” in MMM # 25 APR 88 p4 [SASE plus 15¢ to our PO Box], we stated our belief that deeper lava tubes may lie in subsequently buried early lava sheets. Many of these may have been later filled and plugged, but some few could remain void. But whatever the case, only near surface tubes could have been entrusted with this gift of the comets. Will such improved deep-looking radar find a few unmistakably ice-walled lava tubes as well as the more common bone-dry ones?
If so, will the frost layers be so diffused and thinned out on the inner surfaces of these voluminous hollow sanctuaries that, scientific treasure trove or not, they won’t be economically recoverable? That’s a possibility. The history of space development scenarios and speculations has been heavy on overly romantic expectations. Despite the dashing of many naive hopes, from hydrated minerals on the Moon, to lichen covered fields on Mars, the promise of a human-settled inner solar system rooted in the use of extraterrestrial materials, spring-boarding from Earth’s ever growing energy thirst, is still concrete enough to keep us planning and scheming ways to work with the grain of nature off planet. Ice encrusted cavernous tubes on the Moon may or may not be found. But if we don’t find any, it will be a matter of bad breaks only. Until we’ve checked our ticket stub, we can’t dismiss the not-so-unfavorable odds that we’ve won this Solar Lottery!
MMM
EARTH-BASED SEARCHES FOR LUNAR LAVATUBES
Writing in Starseed, the newsletter of Oregon L5 Society, Oregon Moonbase researcher Thomas L. Billings discusses ways to search out lunar lavatubes. Tube openings are hard to spot by camera unless you are right on top of them. While intelligent lunar base siting will require better orbital mapping than provided for the Apollo landings, the best method may be to look through the rock. The severe dryness of the lunar surface should make this possible for orbiting radar. (Airborne radar has been used successfully to find lava tubes on the big island of Hawaii.)
To provide deep radar imaging, the antenna diameter must be four times the radar wavelength being used. To penetrate deeply enough we’d a wavelength of 5–20 meters, meaning an antenna 20–80 meters across! That’s a lot of mass to put into orbit along with the ancillary equipment.
Billings suggests a way out. Readings from a number of smaller antennas in an interferometer array can substitute, synthesizing an image. It will be tricky to do this in orbit, and an intercontinental interferometer is an option. Using a 7 meter wavelength, you’d have a 250 meter resolution and a penetration of 70 meters, good enough to detect a convincing sample, given that many tubes are likely to be larger than this.
However, a considerable amount of power will be needed if the signal returning to Earth is to be detectable. Computer algorithms needed to sift signal from noise are getting better. Nor need the search extend beyond a few months, so maybe the expense wouldn’t be out of line with the rewards. [Ed.: 1) Would it be practical to intercept that signal in lunar orbit where it’d be stronger? 2) Would Earth-based searches be limited to central nearside?]
∞ ∞ ∞
MMM #45 – May 1991
“Atilla”, a 2nd generation buglike robot
Someday little but bug-smart robots like Attila and its predecessor, Genghis, may roam the storied ocher plains and canyonlands of Mars and other worlds, providing still-Earthbound humans with a lot more exploration data per buck. How far can we take these cute-ugly critters? The limits of “bottom-up” artificial intelligence may be well beyond current forecasts.
ROBO-ANTS
Helpmates on the Space Frontier:
A Constructive Look at the “Bottom-Up” Approach to Artificial Intelligence,
Taking it to its Logical Conclusion.
ROBO-ANTS By Peter Kokh
Several MMM readers have asked if we’ve been paying attention to work being done on ‘robot insects’ and the exciting possibilities for their use in prehuman exploration of Mars. Well we have, and frankly, we find the promise greatly underestimated. Here is our report.
At Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, researchers pursuing robotic artificial intelligence have abandoned the conventional forbiddingly centralized, computer- and software-heavy, “top-down” approach to artificial intelligence patterned after the human nervous system and various problematic theories of how we perceive, think, and decide. Instead, led by Australian-born Rodney Brooks, they are taking their cues and clues from the very different architecture of insect intelligence. Insects are highly successful at tackling complex feats on a routine basis despite their minimalist nervous systems and tiny brains. This is because, in bottom-up fashion, they operate by pyramiding more complex
behaviors on simpler ones starting with simplest autonomous reflexes in individual legs and sense receptors. At each stage, there is no more coordination from above than there has to be to achieve a certain purpose such as walking or climbing or burrowing; and the animal’s brain is called into play only when stimuli and the need for appropriate reaction spill over certain threshold levels. By terracing simple steps, activities that would otherwise seem dauntingly complex, are easily handled.
So far, Brooks and his team have built Genghis and a successor, Attila, contrivances which both look suggestively insect-like, and behave in like fashion. They have multiple legs, each with its own autonomous microprocessor, segmented bodies, and stereo eyes. As each leg learns to coordinate with adjacent legs, the ‘insect’ gains skill in negotiating all sorts of terrain.
The robot-insect is meant to be an ‘idiot savant’, quite stupid in general, but extremely capable in a narrowly defined field of operation, in a caricature of contemporary human horse-blinded occupational specialization. Unlike today’s industrial robots which are designed to perform totally routine operations under identical circumstances over and over again, robo-ants should be able to perform a related suite of operations under widely changing circumstances, be mobile over unprepared terrain, and self-contained.
What’s more, these robo-ants can be built relatively small. Given limited payload and cargo capacity, we can land more of the little varmints on Mars (or wherever) and get back a lot more exploration data per buck, sampling more sites. Yet the excitement these prototypes are causing in the space community seems too restrained, conservative, and unimaginative.
Four main points, which we’ll explore one by one.
• FIRST, the insect is not the only, nor necessarily the ideal, model of bottom-up intelligence.
• SECOND, we must give correlative attention to sensory apparatus.
• THIRD, there is no need to stop the behavioral pyramiding when we have perfected a functional individual roboant.
• FOURTH, there are even more helpful chores these little beastsies might be able to tackle eventually beyond just exploring and collecting samples, and they can be tailored to toil in settings other than the ocher plains and canyonlands of Mars.
(1) Another Model of Bottom-up Intelligence:
Our first advice for those researchers who want to explore the full range of possibilities that the bottom-up approach offers, and to become fluent in this ‘language’ and its idioms, is to consider the supreme culmination of individual intelligence in the invertebrate world, the octopus.
This curious creature carries some unfortunate and factitious evolutionary baggage that has kept it trapped at a level far below what its ‘alien’ architecture should have allowed. To give just two ‘for instances’,
(a) The octopus has green copper-based blood (hemocyanin has only 1/20th the oxygen carrying capacity of iron-based hemoglobin, limiting its endurance),
(b) The female octopus lays swarms of minute eggs, wherefore, lest it eat its own young while they are too small for it to relate to, the female has been naturally selected to die shortly after the eggs are laid.
Despite such handicaps, the octopus is far more capable of intelligently “manipulating” its natural benthic world than the more pelagic dolphin, the usual darling of popular esteem (the sea bottom being a more structured and intelligence-challenging setting than the open sea). In some still future time, it may be possible to correct some of the octopus’s evolutionary missteps by genetic engineering (perhaps splicing in bits of genetic material from other mollusks with more desirable traits), and thereby set an altered cephalopod strain back on an upwards course with destiny (sophopods, the wisefeet?). But that’s the subject for a Sci-Fi novel -- someday.
In the octopus, each tentacle explores rather autonomously, curiously picking up and examining by touch any food-sized object. The tentacle is good at sensing texture, but not shape, and can smell. Only when certain thresholds of stimulation are reached, does a signal go to the animal’s brain. Similarly, each tentacle laterally signals appropriate motions in those adjacent, so that the animal moves in a convincingly coordinated fashion. The central brain is like a foreman, giving attention to general direction and objectives (the animal is extremely cunning and ingenious, dedicated and patient, in obtaining food, escaping traps, and preparing sheltered nests) but leaving the details of examination, handling, and locomotion to its tentacles.
Whereas, like ‘intelligent’ mammals in general, we have a “body image” by which we know where (orientation, direction, posture) our various body parts are (those subject to our discretionary control), the skeletonless octopus seems to have no “body image” at all. And, perhaps as a consequence, it has no ‘hand’–eye coordination at all. (This somewhat ‘protean’ shapelessness gives it the advantage of being able to squeeze its great head through almost any hole or crack big enough to accommodate the thickest parts of its individual tentacles – an enormous strategic advantage.) While the octopus is quite different from the insect, A.I. researchers might do well to study its highly adaptable bottom–up terracing of behaviors and its much greater capacity to learn.
(2) Refining Sensory Apparatus:
Attention has to be given not only to analogs of nervous systems, muscles, and bones, but to the sensory apparatus. Touch, for example, is a catch–all for separate but collocated abilities to sense shape, texture, hardness, wetness, temperature, and weight. If we can design robo–insect foot pads (or individual ‘toes’?) with a set of receptors to do all of these, we will be getting off ‘on a good foot’ (pun intended). A sense of chemical taste should be included, designed to ignore the expected, and notice trace elements in unexpected concentrations. Rather than complex mass spectrometers, this might involve some suite of self–resetting litmus spots. On the other hand, a robo–ant need not have more sensory discrimination capacity than necessary to do the task for which it is designed.
Sight might be offered not only in a front–top–center stereo scanner on a stalk, but perhaps in a task–appropriate ‘eyespot’ on each foot, or forefoot, with the information not being called to the attention of the central processor and thus merit the gaze of the stereo–scanner, unless its content calls for organized response. In the octopus, the two eyes can cooperate or work separately when the situation allows divided attention. We tend to think two eyes are needed for range–finding (depth–perception) but one bobbing eye does just as well. We are currently at a juvenile level of playful fascination with a digital feast of irrelevant data completely overwhelming efforts at analysis.
Researchers have to find a way to install data–filters that will ignore the non–significant and pick out the reaction–cuing patterns. Perhaps a good way to do this would be to give the eye “zoom” capacity, not just in magnification but in wealth of detail. In other words, a good eye for A.I. purposes, would sense only crude detail, but can “zoom in” in resolution, in spectral coverage (from black and white to special color filters, full colors, infrared, etc. as appropriate), and other vectors (polarization, shading contrasts, brightness, etc. etc.) when something “catches its eye”, much like the comic strip hero Superman could “turn on” or “of” his X–ray vision. Thus we need an eye that provides a basic rough view, yet capable of considerable real–time on the spot image enhancement, triggered by the cues. What I would suggest is an underlying wide field of view with low resolution with a scanning focus/zoom device triggered through a series of data filters to ‘notice’ the unusual and unexpected, stop scanning and fix its gaze, focus, and zoom in for an enhanced view as per above.
A properly designed robo–ant would have specialized legs, perhaps all capable of supporting locomotion, but with some able to concentrate on examination of objects encountered, and others on transporting collectibles to a top–mounted bin or trailing wagon (which could empty its load when full, making piles for later pickup by a more capacious haywagon) or casting small ‘obstacles’ to the side.
(3) Co–operative Robo–Ants:
At least two dozen separate times in the history of insect evolution, the pyramiding of behavioral functions has spilled over from the individual insect into inherited cooperative social behavior totally beyond the capacities of the isolated creature. The prime examples, and those where the process has gone the farthest, are the social termites, ants, wasps, and bees.
In each of these cases, there is physical polymorphism within the species, that has gone beyond mere sexual differences and given rise to separate “castes” of workers, soldiers, drones, males, females, Queens etc. each of which have specialized built–in equipment and instincts, but together work cooperatively to achieve communal goals. Here there is no personal chain of downward command but rather a collective pyramid of upward input. Given these ample precedents, there is no reason why, once we’ve really mastered the business of terracing behaviors bottom–up style, that we cannot design our robo–ants in castes such that their specialized behaviors are pyramided to achieve really complex cooperative mission objectives.
We’d first build a Scout class, that explores, reconnoiters, classifies and marks the terrain it moves over. This is what researchers are aiming at now. Sargents could direct deployment, ensuring full coverage of a work area and act like sheepdogs, keeping units from straying. We can also have Harvesters whose job it is collect objects of interest noticed and tagged by the scouts or perhaps already
placed in convenient ‘hay bale’ piles for later collection. Refuellers or Rechargers could be on the lookout for stalled ants with an activated out-of-fuel or low-charge blinker. Retrievers could pick up disabled scouts and return them to the main staging area. Mechanics could affect simple repairs of disabled units, refresh their programming, or cannibalize them for parts. Stragglers from other robo-insect collectives could be adopted and reprogrammed. Inspectors could accept or reject (undo?) work not up to their built-in standards. Finally, there could be a queen or mother unit possibly atop a mobile hive-shelter to which individual ants could return at nightfall to conserve heat, to be recharged, to receive updated instructions etc. The mother unit need only recognize progress towards the realization of the collective mission, that is, able to send out a deactivation signal when the job seemed finished, spur on lagging castes, etc.
Communications between units and castes can range from plug-in electronic and/or radio debriefing or reporting to visual clues like variously colored lights flashing in repetitive coded patterns. On Mars communication by sound might also be possible.
(4) Complex Missions for Robo-Ant Collectives:
Now for the rewarding payoff. Once we have mastered the ‘language’ and idiom of bottom-up artificial smarts, extending it to intercommunicating polymorphic crews, to what use can we put this fluency? Exploration and sample retrieval are only openers, and unimaginative ones at that. Here are some more ambitious missions for our robo-ant teams:
Site preparation and pre-deployment tasks:
- Remove boulders from an area, grading and raking, for roads, skidways for craft landing horizontally, and pads for spacecraft landing on their retros.
- Excavate spaces for habitat modules, fuel tanks, etc.
- Collect regolith, load conveyors, and relay it as a shielding blanket over pre-deployed habitats etc.
- Identify desirable mineral and rock samples and pile them up for convenient later retrieval.
- Do pre-mining sortation, depositing richer concentrations of sought-after elements as ‘leavings’.
- Sinter or gravelize ‘porch’ areas and approaches to minimize dust transport into habitat interiors.
- Set out tritium marker lights for roads, landing pads, and in lava tubes and other permashade areas etc.
- “Primage” lunar regolith for use as agricultural soil, sifting out ultra fine particles, and transforming glass spherules into zeolites to promote mineral ionization.
- Spin web mesh receiver antennas over suitably sized craters for radio astronomy and satellite solar power
- Survey/map lava tube complexes on the Moon/Mars.
- Harvest thin patchy water-ice deposits in lunar polar permashade not otherwise economically recoverable.
- Replace damaged panels in extensive solar arrays.
- Plug outguessing pores on comets in preparation for their shepherding to the Earth-Moon vicinity.
- Locate and map fissure escape routes for episodes of outgassing on the Moon that we notice as ‘TLP’ glows (Transient Lunar Phenomena) and mark those where the volume of flow may provide an economic resource
Within habitat-biosphere areas:
- Tend farms, trimming dead leaves and stems, tilling, spot-watering, spot-fertilizing, detecting early signs of infestation, picking ripe produce, etc.
- Sort consumer and industrial recyclables
- Clean streets and other pressurized passageways
- Change failed or failing light bulbs and tubes
- Detect and repair minor slow air and water leaks
- In service of a future Mars terraforming effort:
- Locate and pre-tap areas where water-ice permafrost rises closest to the surface.
Physically, and even chemically (where possible with non-consumed catalysts), condition raw soils, sands, and gravels for the introduction of microbial cultures.
Channelize potential canalways (identified by orbital altimetry mapping) from polar to equatorial areas; and channelize the ‘saddles’ between neighboring unlinked basins to accelerate development of a mature drainage system in expectation of future rains.
Out Among the Asteroids and Comets
- Locate, map and presort and/or pretreat surface-available mineral resources
- Pre-mine desired resources on small astrobergs so that only resource-poor tailings need be used as mass driver pellets in coaxing it into a handier orbit
- Locate intact remnants of impacting bodies
- Look for ‘parent-body’ tell-tale signatures
- Excavate pressurizable galleries for outposts
- Produce fuels from otherwise unpromising fields of volatile-rich materials
- Make and cache ‘bricks’ and other simple building materials in advance of crew arrival
- Locate outgasing pores or vents on comets during their dormant phase
- Tunnel to the core of comets, analyzing the material all along the route
All of the above complex activities can be analyzed into a pyramid of simple tasks building on one another, and we should be able to design and program robo-ant teams to handle any of them with a minimum of human supervision or monitoring. In each case, given the higher cost of alternatives, the lower degree of accuracy, consistency, and coverage, and generally wider specification tolerances that bottom-up tasking can achieve may be acceptable. You may think of more applications. Please do send MMM your suggestions!
There are a number of reasonably analogous sites on Earth where such robo-ant teams could be field-tested and given prior experience. The lava tubes of the Oregon Moon Base outside Bend, Craters of the Moon National Monument in Idaho, Antarctica’s Dry Valleys all come to mind. But for many applications a scattering of less unique places including abandoned mines and quarries should serve as well.
“Social” robo-ant co-ops promise to become our indispensable helpmates in opening up the space frontier on the Moon and Mars, on asteroids and dormant comets, and even in free space construction sites, concentrating on tasks of limited complexity in life-hostile surroundings to relieve exploring pioneers and settlers of high-risk drudgery. As such, they could be the Army [Ant] Corps of Engineers of the future.
The work begun at MIT and now catching on elsewhere, is clearly still in its infancy. With a little imagination, there should be Earthside applications aplenty for profits here and now. So perhaps some of you will be motivated to get in on the ground floor. We hope so!
MMM
MMM #47 – July 1991
“Plymouth” Movie storyline highlights key question
In the Zlatoff/Disney/ABC film premiered 5/26, a number of subplots made the movie interesting and kept the action moving. But the central plot was the non-postponable need to decide if the settlement would/could allow the first birth of a human child off Earth. It won’t be real until that happens! In this MMM, we look at Birth & Death, on the Space Frontier.
A space shuttle sweeps across the stark lunar horizon, preparing for its descent to the desolate surface below. Once its passengers have safely disembarked, the people of Plymouth, Oregon will have completed the final phase of a five-year relocation plan to a new town – on the Moon.
Plymouth’s grizzled mayor, Wendell MacKenzies (Richard Hamilton) is among the last emigrants. On the final leg of their journey, he recalls the events that transformed his family and friends into the first Lunans: the toxic accident that rendered their small logging town uninhabitable; prolonged negotiations with UNIDAC, the global conglomerate responsible for the tragedy; and the unique reparation agreement that was struck.
Besieged with labor and financial troubles at its fledgling Helium-3 lunar mining base, UNIDAC accepts Wendell’s proposal: they will construct a permanent, controlled-environment community and relocate some 250 displaced Plymouth residents to run the mining operation that provides Earth with Helium-3, a pollution free energy source.
The arrival of this final shuttle re-unites this tightly-knit community, but could signal the departure of Plymouth’s beloved town doctor, Addy Mathewson (Cindy Pickett). A widow with four children, Addy has been living for the past few weeks with the secret knowledge that she is pregnant. If she returns to Earth with the shuttle, the impact of re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere could place the fetus in jeopardy. If she remains, Addy risks the unknown and potentially dangerous consequences of pregnancy in the Moon’s one-sixth gravity. Even if her baby is born without complications, the child might never develop the lung capacity or muscle strength it would need to leave the Moon.
Word of Addy’s pregnancy spreads through the small lunar town. Plymouth’s town council convenes to discuss the problems and choices Addy and the community now face, but the meeting is interrupted by a solar flare alert. All activity is suspended for mass evacuation to sub-lunar radiation shelters.
The first burst of the solar flare has cut off communication with the mining and engineering crew working on the lunar surface. Addy’s sixteen-year old son, Jed (Matthew Brown) is one of the stranded crew members -- and there is no way of warning them.
Remembering that an old search module is buried near the crew’s location and could provide shelter Gill (Dale Mitkiff) [the UNIDAC employee responsible for Addy’s pregnancy and blamed by the townspeople for the crisis this has caused] tears off to commandeer a lunar rover [actually, the first lunar hot rod put together by one of the settlers in his spare time – this is its maiden spin] and race to the work site. As the second stage alert begins, Gil fires up the buggy’s rockets and shoots out across the lunar surface.
Meanwhile, Addy’s precocious son Eugene (John Thornton) and his newly-arrived friend Simon (Joseph G. Levitt) have gone exploring in the Construction Zone, and are trapped behind a passageway sealed shut in response to the solar flare alarm.
With three minutes left ‘til impact, a distraught Addy realizes it will be hours before she knows what has happened to her loved ones.
**EDITOR’S COMMENT:** How does it all turn out? You’ll have to watch if and when it is aired again, or get a homemade videotape. This is the first Sci-Fi movie (made for TV or not) which adopts the premise that space is a place to get resources to help solve problems on Earth.
All the right buttons are pushed and the artistic and scientific license is minimal, especially in contrast to everything put on screen prior to Plymouth At a special screening for a large portion of the 750 attending the International Space Development Conference in San Antonio, the wave of applause and cheering that swept through the audience at the conclusion was verdict enough. This was a crowd weary of Star Wars special effects and monster of the week series, a skeptical crowd which Writer/Director Lee David Zlatoff won over with few reservations.
A movie like this does a lot to correct the unrealistic expectations and gross misconceptions of a public used to Star Wars, Star Trek, Space 1999, and Dr. Who. Chapters might want to get hold of a
videotape of “Plymouth” to show to appropriate audiences. Why not throw a Plymouth Party for a video showing and invite your escapist Sci-Fi friends?
“Plymouth”, originally conceived as a series pilot [ABC won’t buy the series idea] was finished a year ago and has sat on the shelves all this time, because ABC didn’t think people were ready for reality. Space advocates should write ABC and thank them for the airing, comment profusely on how good and useful a picture it is, that it had drama, adventure, personal interest and yet was realistic and educational. Ask them to do a reshowing with much more advance publicity, tell them how much you’d like to see a series based on Plymouth, and ask when you can expect a video release. AND suggest a followup series!
ABC TELEVISION
Attn.: President ABC Entertainment
2040 Avenue of the Stars, 5th floor
Century City, CA 90067
[As of 2005, this film has never been re-aired, nor has it been released on either VHS or DVD. Only bootleg copies home-taped of the TV set exist, in both VHS and DVD formats.]
MMM #48 – September 1991
LOWERING THE THRESHOLD TO LUNAR OCCUPANCY
[Hostels]
[A paper presented at the International Space Development Conference in San Antonio, Texas, May 26, 1991 – here serialized in three parts for MMM]
Online: http://www.moonsociety.org/publications/mmm_papers/hostel_paper1.htm
http://www.moonsociety.org/publications/mmm_papers/hostel_paper2.htm
An Alternate Concept for both First Beachheads and Secondary Outposts
Peter Kokh, Douglas Armstrong, Mark R. Kaehny, and Joseph Suszynski – Lunar Reclamation Society
FOREWORD
Our purpose here is to outline an approach which will promote more timely, and wide ranging human presence on the Moon. In the event that the nation does not commit itself to a fully equipped Lunar Base, the hostel approach described herein could offer a less expensive alternative, a minimal but functional “tended beachhead”, a humble yet significant step beyond the Apollo achievement. “Hostel”, a term for sheltered sleeping space available to traveling campers, here refers to a pressurized structure offering minimally and inexpensively furnished “Big Dumb Volume” space for the private and communal use of visiting staff.
The concept co-signifies a visiting vehicle to be close-coupled to the hostel for the duration, to provide a complementary “Small Smart Cranny” component. Such a partnership promises to allow hostel and vehicle to function conjointly as an integral, reasonably complete outpost in support of exploration, scientific research, prospecting, and processing experiments, allowing longer, more comfortable stays at minimum expense. In some later time of expanding presence, roadside hostels would facilitate safer, more regular travel between fully equipped distant outposts or settlements across the globe. By not duplicating equipment and facilities that are standard equipment aboard the visiting spacecraft, both the total amount of cargo landed on the Moon and the number of crew EVA hours necessary for establishing a given level of capability, are minimized. Thus the hostel approach has the potential to keep the economic threshold for an initial operational beachhead significantly lower than in other mission paradigms.
Our objectives are four:
1. Define the logical division of functions between visiting vehicle and shelter, and how these differ with the particular purpose of the hostel and the prospects for its future.
2. Define design constraints on the visiting vehicle. Such co-design will be necessary if the potential of the hostel approach is to be realized.
3. Outline logical paths of evolution towards stand alone status.
4. Examine possible architectures, whether for prefabrication on Earth or for construction on the Moon using native materials.
During the six Apollo Moon landings, the landing craft did double duty by offering minimal camp shelter on the exposed surface. The Lunar Excursion Module, or LEM, offered hammock-type sleeping and enough floor space to permit two whole steps at a time in a single direction. No one has yet slept in a bed on the Moon, or taken an indoor walk, basic humble everyday functions. As shelter from the elements, this Grumman-built lunar camper protected those within from the incessant soft mist of micrometeorite infall and from the Sun’s ultra-violet rays. It actually offered negative protection from cosmic rays or the occasional solar flare, for its thin unshielded hull served as a source of troublesome secondary radiation.
After a lengthy retreat, we now propose to return in style with a fully shielded permanently staffed base complex long on scientific and experimental capability and exploration support, but short on personal and communal space. Several missions would be required to set it up and render it operational. As has proven to be the case with the Space Station, such overreaching skip-step designs must inexorably work to defeat the timeliness of their realization. Is there indeed a middle ground, a reasonable set of design choices which will lower that threshold enough to let us get on with the show within this generation? The hostel paradigm combines the complimentary assets of a relatively inexpensively equipped but more spacious shelter space with base-relevant compact and expensive standard equipment aboard a coupled visiting spacecraft or other vehicle in a synergetic partnership that allows the two to function together as an integral “starter base”. The hostel paradigm is offered as a strong statement, even a protest, about the need for more elbowroom in lunar outposts than the more orthodox approaches can affordably provide. But to evaluate the feasibility and practicality of the hostel concept, we have to explore both sides of that special relationship, consider how this dynamic balance may change over time, and suggest how it might be realized in the concrete.
I. THE VISITING “AMPHIBIOUS” VEHICLE
Design Constraints
The design and outfitting of the visiting vehicle is critical to the workability of the hostel concept. The visiting craft must close-connect with the hostel structure if the facilities and equipment it brings are to be used to support any sort of practical routine, and the linked pair are to function together in an integral way. Exercising reasonable precaution, a visiting spacecraft would land a prudent distance from the waiting shelter. Even bridged by some sort of pressurized passageway, the tens or hundreds of meters between would prevent efficient use.
Thus craft must be designed (a) to “taxi” en masse to the porch step of the hostel, or (b)* to lower a conveniently underslung detachable crew compartment, with its relevant equipment, to the surface so that it can separately taxi the distance on a chassis provided for the purpose. We suggest that this is the design choice to make, as it leaves the unneeded and ungainly landing frame, with the rocket engines and primary tankage, sitting on the pad site. When the crew’s visit to the hostel is completed in a couple of weeks or months, this mobile cabin would uncouple from the shelter and taxi back to the pad site, reconnecting to the waiting descent/ascent portion for the trip back to LLO or LEO. To highlight the amphibious space/surface character of such a vehicle configuration, we have dubbed it the “frog.”
Figure 1: The amphibious “Frog”
Frog vs. Toad
The descent/ascent stage could also be designed to take off without the crew module, picking up a new one at LLO or LEO. The original crew compartment vehicle would continue to serve as a lunar surface transport. This “toad” version, would require a more rugged chassis, more serviceable engine, and some sort of refueling arrangement. If we are to settle the Moon in a self-leveraging way, “toads” introduced to serve remote outposts, may be the ideal ‘dues-paying’ way of importing the surface craft needed before the settlement is able to self-manufacture its own coaches. Thus, whether the crew’s came through open space or across lunar terrain, the vehicle that actually couples with the hostel structure will be functioning as a surface vehicle at the time.
The frog/toad/coach arriving on site could (1) be designed to hard-dock, in which case it must (a) be able to level, orient, and align itself properly for the task, and (b) be able to either lock or deactivate its suspension, perhaps with retractable legs. (If the suspension were allowed to continue floating, the hard-dock seal would be under continual stress with personnel moving back and forth.) Alternately, the vehicle could (2) be designed to link-up with the shelter via a somewhat flexible and alignment-forgiving, short pressurized vestibular passageway (a) extending from itself to the shelter, or more logically (b) tele-extended from the shelter to itself by a prompt from within the vehicle. There would seem to be engineering, weight, and safety tradeoffs between these hard- and soft-dock options and we do not suggest which would be the more practical in the short run..
[One criticism of our frog concept brought to my attention at the conference was that, as illustrated, it involved a pair of widely separated engines, one to either side of the centrally suspended mobile crew pod, introducing potential instability if either engine had to be shut down for any reason. Our response is simply that there is so much to be gained by using frog-like vehicles – however they be configured – that it is very much worth the trouble to find or develop engineering work-arounds of
this problem feature (e.g. a single top center engine with the exhaust split between pod-flanking exhaust bells). By hook or by crook, there has to be a way! – PK]
**Outfitting constraints**
To play its part, the coupling vehicle is outfitted so that the capabilities it offers are complementary to those offered by the hostel shelter. The repertoire offered would vary according to the customary length of trip for which the vehicle was designed. The possibilities suggest two general classes, the ‘commuter and the traveler.
(1). **Commuter class vehicles** would include shuttle craft plying between the lunar surface and either an orbiting depot or a more substantial orbiting mother craft such as an Earth to Moon (or LEO to LLO) ferry. Also fitting the description would be suborbital hopper linking mutually remote lunar sites. In either case the commuting craft is occupied for only a few hours at time. Thus it may not contain berth space, galley (though food stores are likely to be a major part of the cargo), or head, though some emergency-use only arrangements would be a prudent option should the craft go astray or be forced to land far from its destination.
Even here, we have a vehicle which could bring something to a hostel partnership. For both shuttle or hopper will have communications, navigation, and computing equipment which do not need to be duplicated in the hostel. And either will likely have an emergency first aid compartment complete enough to serve the crew in its hostel stay, as well as other emergency survival provisions. Finally, its air recycling equipment (a water recycling capacity is less likely) and ventilation fans, might easily be oversized without too much weight penalty, so as to also serve the hostel space well enough in a close-coupled configuration.
(2). **Traveler class vehicles** would include such landing craft comprised of a shuttle module delivering a “through-cabin” crew-pod transferred from an Earth-Moon (LEO-LLO) ferry. As on the coast to coast Pullman sleeper cars passed on from one railroad to the next in an era now long gone, the crew coming to staff the hostel would ride the same “through-cabin” all the way from LEO, or even all the way from the Earth’s surface.
Also in the cruiser category is the “overland” coach (from an established settlement or full base) designed for trips cross-lunar excursions of a day or more in duration. In either scenario, the visiting craft will contain serviceable if cramped “hot-rack” berth-space that can serve in the hostel-hookup as emergency infirmary beds if isolation or quarantine is called for. And certainly the craft will have at least a minimally equipped galley and head (possibly with shower) as well as a compact entertainment center with some recreational extras. Such more fully equipped vehicles would serve especially well as hostel complements, leaving the hostel to provide what it can offer most economically and efficiently: hard shelter from the cosmic elements, and plenty of elbowroom to serve the less expensive low-tech but space-appreciative aspects of daily life -- private bedrooms and communal areas for dining, gaming, exercising, etc.
<<< LRS >>>
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**MMM #49 – October 1991**
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**The Magic of Symbiosis**
Life clings to rocks in the frigid wastes of the arctic Tundra in the form of lichens, a symbiotic partnership of green algae and colorless fungus – neither of which could survive alone. Similarly, little smart “Frog” and big dumb “Hostel” might combine their assets to create a “full-function” lunar base. We examine the magic of this symbiotic relationship in depth in Part II of “HOSTELS” below.
II. THE HOSTEL’S SHARE OF THE WORKLOAD
General Philosophy
Approaching the suggested vehicle–shelter functional partnership from the point of view of the hostel itself, we must keep in mind both the economies to be gained by keeping the shelter as low-tech and inexpensively simple as possible while still serving its purpose, and the competing consideration that we might want it to design it so it can evolve over time into a fully configured autonomous base. The underlying concept of the lunar hostel is that base functions can be physically and spatially separated into two broad types.
(1) Cranny-loving functions. The first includes the compact but expensive equipment that is needed to maintain human existence outside our native biosphere, to maintain the health of the crew, to support the crew’s scientific and exploratory research tasks, and to maintain contact with the rest of humanity from which it is physically isolated. The whole evolution of vacuum-worthy craft has been to make such equipment ever more compact and lightweight while ever more functional, productive, and capable. This first category thus principally includes those things that the crew must always have access to, whether it is settled-in on the Moon, or in transit between Earth and Moon, or simply orbiting the Earth.
(2) Room-loving functions. In contrast, there is a second broad category of functions which principally includes those things that are not missed in the short run (and so need not be provided for periods of the order of Earth–Moon transit times or shorter) but are needed over the long term (and thus are ideally provided by durable in-place shelter to be visited for extended periods.
These are the functions which, because we lacked the lifting capacity or out of sheer economic necessity have been at best shoe-horned-in on spacecraft and orbiting stations, but which for personal and group morale and psychological well-being should really be offered on a far less space–stingy basis: honest to goodness personalizable private quarters with ample space to move about, arrange one’s personal effects, display (if only for oneself) any personal treasures or hobby–work; pleasant dining, assembly, and meeting space (wardrooms); quiet places for reading; places for shared entertainment or gaming; places for space-hungry exercise routines.
These long-term needs were necessarily ignored on Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo because the space to serve them could not be set aside. Nor have such spaces been more than suggestively and teasingly provided on the Shuttle or even aboard the relatively voluminous Sky–Lab. True, sardine–can packing can be sustained even for months if there is light at the end of the tunnel, as ample submarine experience has demonstrated. Yet it hardly contributes to morale.
More to the point, such elbow-to-elbow jostling may prove to be much less tolerable over any length of time in settings where the outside environment is one of unsurvivable desolation, however magnificent; where a play of sterile grays and blacks, is nowhere relieved with soft and friendly greens and blues; where there is no wildlife to be found at all, not even ‘alien’. Space Station planners have endeavored to give some consideration to these needs, exploring design innovations that might make the station’s unavoidably cozy spaces more human.
Since on the Moon, the task of maintaining individual and communal morale and mental health will be much more challenging than in low Earth orbit, if there is a way to provide both more generous private and communal space – not just workspace – without undue expense, it should be prioritized. It is our premise in this paper that by not unnecessarily duplicating equipment and facilities already needed aboard the visiting craft to sustain life in space, appreciable dollar and fuel savings can be gained which can be spent to this purpose.
Gray Areas
Before we consider how in the concrete such liberal camp space shelter can be offered (that is, building materials, construction methods, architectures, and deployment options), we wish to consider some gray areas, facilities and outfitting whose proper placement – in the coupled visiting craft or in
the hostel space – might be debated. We did not attempt to reach definitive answers. But in each case we list considerations that seem pertinent.
(1) **Communications/computer center**: The need for redundant systems is inarguable. But there placement may be a matter for dispute. Accepting that the hostel would never be occupied without a visiting vehicle coupled to it, one might still argue that the various systems aboard the visiting craft necessary to maintain life and contact with metropolitan humanity should be duplicated within the base structure itself as a matter of simple precaution. Here one should keep in mind that spacecraft systems are already by themselves provided redundantly. But the point might still be made that the coupled spacecraft is unshielded and therefore could be knocked out by a rare meteorite of sufficient size. A testy rejoinder would be that anyone that concerned about remote possibilities, doesn’t have ‘the right stuff’ and shouldn’t volunteer for such duty.
But accepting the challenge made, we can more constructively reply that it would be possible to offer shielding protection, not to an intact conventional lander, but to the detachable crew-compartment become bus (i.e. the frog or toad), under a shielded but vacuum-exposed carport-like canopy extension of the hostel structure. Such a “ramada” would also shield routine doorstep and porch outside activities: outside vehicle maintenance, storage areas for surplus supplies and discarded items; items awaiting shipment, etc.. But if such sheltered parking space is provided, the vehicle’s antenna would be effectively blinded. Therefore the hostel must be equipped with the necessary antenna(s) for joint operation.
(2) **Electric Power Generating Capacity**: The power systems aboard the docked vehicle will be sufficient to take care of its own needs in transit, probably via fuel cells with a couple of weeks of emergency reserve power at best. While the activities the hostel itself is designed to support within its own confines will consume relatively little power, and even less to run whatever minimal housekeeping equipment, if any, is needed in between visits, we are left with some real challenges.
(a) **Compact workstations** aboard the vehicle may need more power when the vehicle is parked and functioning as an integral part of the base combo than when it is in transit.
(b) If the landing vehicle does have a modest solar power array, this is most likely to be a part of that apparatus left on the pad. Connected to the detachable crew compartment or frog, such arrays might be effectively disabled if the frog docks with the hostel under-neath a shielding canopy out of sunlight’s reach, as recommended.
(c) **Nightspan power needs must be taken into consideration**, even if these are minimized by apportioning base operations into energy vs. labor-intensive tasks reserved for dayspan and nightspan respectively.
Thus for a stay of any real duration, the location within the integrated base (frog or hostel) where the power is actually consumed becomes irrelevant. The apparatus to generate it and store reserve supplies will be weighty, no matter which path is taken. Therefore principal power generation and reserve storage must be the contribution of the hostel component, with the apparatus necessary a part of the original hostel endowment package. This hostel-provided power system could also electrolyze whatever water that had been generated in the frog’s fuel cells en route to the hostel, so that its hydrogen and oxygen fuel reserves were fully replenished for the return trip. Any surplus gas could be stored in shielded tanks outside the hostel as a handy and welcome fuel/water reserve for the next visitation. Under this arrangement, fuel cells aboard the frog, which would go off-line for the duration of the coupling, would be fully available as backup for short routine repairs to the principal system or for ‘mayday’ emergencies.
(3) **Air Quality and Ventilation**: Any crew-rated spacecraft is going to have redundant systems serving this need. It would seem that it would be cheaper to oversize these aboard the visiting vehicle so as to handle the extra coupled volume, than to install separate and independent air management systems in the hostel. However, it may be necessary to put complementary equipment in the hostel to dehumidify and sterilize the air within after the crew departs, so that the next crew to visit doesn’t walk into a dank and moldy place. An automatic cycle that would dehumidify and then heat the air to perhaps 70° C for a relatively short time would possibly do the trick, allowing the air to stand without further treatment or control until the next visit when a short, perhaps vehicle-assisted procedure would restore the proper humidity, temperature, and ionization level. This still allows the bulk of the equipment needed to treat air currently being used to be housed by the visiting craft.
(4) **Thermal Management Systems**: This need includes tasks that could be appropriately apportioned between the partner elements. With suitable architectural attention, the hostel could be built and shielded to be thermally stable. Between occupations, the hostel could either be designed so that the interior temperature falls to that of the surrounding soil blanket (−4°F or −20°C). Alternatively, the hostel could be designed to harvest and store heat from dayspan sunlight so as to coast at some higher but still level still on the cool side but from which recovery to (and maintenance of) comfortable room temperatures will be easier and quicker. Most of the activities for which the hostel space is designed to make room should generate little heat. If the coupled vehicle is parked under a shielding canopy, extensive heat rejection arrays for excess heat generated within might likewise be unnecessary.
But if a thermal surplus is expected nonetheless, the radiators indicated would best be a hostel feature, easily integrated with a solar array, or possible placed on the permanently shaded underside of attached ramada areas. Meanwhile, the control apparatus could be housed in the visiting vehicle if it doesn’t require much space, since the vehicle already houses ventilation and air quality apparatus which would have to be integrated with the thermal management system.
(5) **EVA Airlock and Open-vac Rover**: An air-lock for suited exit onto the surface needs to be a part of any functioning lunar base. For this purpose, if the visiting crew vehicle already has its own EVA airlock as standard equipment in addition to its docking adaptor, as seems likely, this should serve the joint vehicle-hostel operation quite adequately. The hostel need only have a docking adaptor and connecting vestibule with which to interface with the visiting vehicle. Personnel would then exit onto the surface through the coupled vehicle. Again the hostel would not be occupiable without the pressurized vehicle attached, and any contingency which is likely to make the latter unusable or unenterable, is likely to doom the combined base at any rate. In sum an additional airlock as part of the hostel proper, would be an option of definite eventual value but not an immediately pressing need. If not original equipment, such an accessory could be added latter, as part of a docking port extension, as increasing use of the facility and the prospects for its evolution into a fully equipped base warrant. For exploratory sorties to nearby spots of geological interest of resource potential or for recreational change-of-scenery jaunts, a separate unpressurized Apollo-type rover would be carried along by the first vehicle to visit the ready hostel, to be left on site.
(5) **Recirculating Water Systems**: These, along with waste water treatment equipment are unlikely aboard visiting commuter-class vehicles, put plausible in traveler-class ones for which the hostel concept is properly tailored. If the prospects for the particular hostel to be transformed into a permanently staffed autonomous base are positive, such systems will be an early addition to the hostel’s offerings. But at the outset, almost by definition, the vehicle will be wet, the hostel dry. This implies the following:
(a) **Toilet and personal hygiene facilities** will be offered in any non-commuter type craft, in which case installing additional plumbing and waste treatment facilities in the hostel space from the outset would seem to defeat the purpose. But carry-in-and-leave convenience plumbingless toilets that shunt their wastes to external shaded holding tanks where they will freeze, are to be recommended for placement within the hostel space if they can be designed so as not to need special venting. For the alternative of keeping the wastes sealed within tanks aboard the visiting vehicle, presumably for disposal in space or for return to Earth, would not only add to takeoff weight unnecessarily, but would constitute almost criminal waste of what, on the Moon, will constitute an invaluable exotic volatile-rich resource to be husbanded with care. Even before the onset of lunar agriculture, which could compost such wastes and recycle them so as to enrich the regolith-derived soil, it will cost nothing but storage containers to bank these wastes, inertly frozen, until that day does come. Even if a particular hostel site is not destined to become a full-fledged base or settlement, its stored freeze-stabilized wastes could be collected at any convenient later date and transported to wherever they can be used to enhance on-Moon agriculture.
(b) **Food preparation and dining** would seem to another task apportionable area: the food preparation, scrap handling and dish washing capability of the vehicle’s galley need not be expensively duplicated; relaxed casual dining complete with ‘atmosphere’, can be cheaply arranged within the hostel’s more spacious setting. The vehicle may have a locker for the fresh food supplies it has brought along for the mission. But a pantry for long shelf-life contingency rations would logically be put within the hostel along with a snack bar.
(c) **Laundry tasks** may also be apportioned. Given the water treatment and recycling facilities on the vehicle, if crew stays were long enough to make laundering desirable or necessary, and if space could be found in the vehicle, that would seem to be the logical choice for washing. Clothes drying
could easily be done anywhere within the hostel, which might even have space enough for hanging items ‘out’ to dry, if such an option did not burden humidity control. If the planned hostel stay is sufficiently short to make laundering unnecessary, each crew could simply bring in their own fresh clothes and bedding, taking the soiled items with them when they left – in keeping with a recommended leave-as-you-found-it, bring-with/take-with honors code protocol. But alternately, soiled fabrics could be allowed to accumulate in shielded but sterile vacuum outside so that their exotic and precious imported carbon content would remain on the Moon as an endowment, to be reused or recycled in some existing or future settlement. Replacing carbon-rich fabrics from Earth with new goods will be marginally less expensive than bringing soiled items all the way back, then returning them to the Moon cleaned.
(7) Medical Facilities: Medical care presents another gray area. Cabinets of medical supplies and common procedural implements, especially those needed to handle accidental injuries and trauma cases as well as the more common fast-developing transitory ailments, are likely to be standard features of any visiting craft. The hostel, in turn, offers roomy bed-space for patients. This allows any much less generous berth space aboard the coupled vehicle to be pressed into service where isolation or quarantine is advised, even as sealable morgue space if need be.
But expensive, diagnostic equipment, compact or not, with the instruments and medical supplies needed to handle the full range of more plausible eventualities is something that may not be provided at all at first. Such a level of medical capability might be added later, however, and preferably within the hostel itself as the frequency and duration of visits increases. If any of the personnel must be returned to Earth for medical reasons via the coupled vehicle, everyone else must leave as well; for in the coupled vehicle/hostel scenario the hostel, by definition, is not configured to function separately. It will be a principal priority in the evolution of the particular hostel, to minimize the likelihood of such premature abandonment.
(8) Workstations and Laboratories: Provision for geological and mineralogical analyses is a primary design criterion. And the need for facilities to support lunar materials processing feasibility studies will be of increasing importance as the human return to the Moon becomes more earnest. The first relevant consideration is whether the proposed workstation is wet or dry. The second is whether the supported research can be done in a compact space or needs extensive floor/wall space.
The logical division would locate compact testing and analysis work stations, wet or dry, aboard the visiting craft. This would allow convenient changeout and updating of equipment on return visits to Earth or Earth orbit. “Dry” research needing extra space can be provided within the hostel structure proper. “Wet” research or experimentation needing extra space should be examined to see if the wet and dry tasks can be separated by location without too much convenience. If so, the dry part of the operation would have a claim to hostel space conveniently near the docking passageway. The hostel, in turn, would offer inexpensive and liberal sample storage lockers, and sorting and display areas.
But in deciding where to house various workstations, we must also take a more comprehensive look at the mission context of such hostel-stays. If there is more than just one hostel site for a single vehicle to visit, it will indeed require less expensive duplication to provide such space aboard the vehicle, so long as the equipment involved is not particularly massive. If, on the other hand, we are dealing with a single hostel visited by a small fleet of similar vehicles, it would require the least duplication to put such workstations within the hostel structure proper. Again, if each frog is specially equipped to support a particular research agenda that changes with each stay (as has been the pattern with Space Shuttle missions to date), the pendulum swings in the other direction. The question cannot be fully resolved outside of the mission context and the hostel’s continuing evolution through use.
If in general, most workstations are in fact built into the visiting vehicle, reserving the hostel principally for off-duty functions, such a segregation of activities would lend itself especially well to shift-scheduling, with on-duty personnel clustered in the vehicle, and off-duty personnel within the hostel. A two shift setup with shared social time might prove the most workable and best for group morale. Whether such a separation of activities by area is practical or not, we suggest that the passageway space, short or long, connecting the two areas of the outpost combo, be designed with sound-buffering in mind. However all such considerations are secondary in deciding where each workstation should be.
(9) Exercise Areas and Equipment: These are best placed according to the nature of the activity in question. While some daily ritual types of exercise need little room and can be performed in a compact exercise area within the vehicle such as the wardroom area, other exercise routines are space-hungry; to provide for these, any portable equipment needed could be brought into the hostel and left there.
The hostel’s interior spaces and overall architecture might conceivably be designed and arranged to incorporate a banked peripheral jogging track, or even a “sixthweight” caricature of a bowling lane. A billiards or ping-pong table, even a handball court are imaginable, given enough cheap dumb volume.
(10) **Entertainment and Recreation.** The visiting craft will doubtless possess its own entertainment console and a modest audiovisual library. Small personal audiovisual consoles would be an inexpensive and welcome feature for the private quarters within the hostel. With ample space, separated communal viewing and listening/reading areas could be provided. Additions to the hostel’s audiovisual library, extensive reading materials on CD-ROM, [written before the arrival of DVD technology] even a modest collection of low-weight art pieces, could be carried in and contributed by each new visiting crew, continually enriching the cumulative samples of Earth culture available on the Moon.
(11) **Exterior Visual & Interior Solar Access:** Visual access to the surrounding moonscape would also foster psychological well being. The portholes in the coupled vehicle serving navigation and driving needs are likely to provide only restricted views. Windows or viewscreens are likely at both ends of a frog-type craft. Side-wall portholes may or may not be offered.
If feasible, then, the hostel structure ought to provide visual additional and more possibly more panoramic visual access as well. A technique already demonstrated on a low-tech basis in one Earth-sheltered home in the Kettle Moraine region of southeastern Wisconsin, in which pairs of angled mirrors bring in stunning picture-window views of the surrounding countryside through zigzag shafts, which duplicated on the Moon would conveniently block cosmic rays. This suggests a design approach for hostel architects desiring to visually integrate the hostel’s interior spaces with the surroundings. Pulling off the same trick while preserving pressurization against the hard lunar vacuum will require architectural/engineering ingenuity, but seems doable. Such a feature might be more easily built into Lunar hostels constructed on site of local materials.
This would also seem to be the case for solar access, channeling in pools of soul-warming sunshine via a sun-tracking heliostat using either a zigzag mirrored shaft or a ‘solid’ fiber optic bundle to preserve shielding integrity. The shutterable sunshine thus brought in can be used to highlight focal points or for general lighting during the dayspan. Both of these features may or may not be harder to provide in hostels partly or wholly pre-fabricated on Earth for transport to the Moon. But ‘where there’s a will, there’s a way.” To the point, both options are relatively low-tech and space-eating features that can be more satisfactorily provided through the hostel’s expansive structure than through the nook-crammed hullspace of the paired vehicle.
Left: FROG VEHICLE FUNCTIONS Right: INITIAL HOSTEL FUNCTIONS
III. EVOLUTION OF THE HOSTEL WITH USE
(1) A First Beachhead: If current more ambitious Moon Base plans have to be abandoned and our first beachhead on the Moon is based instead on this hostel-coupled vehicle concept, and if continuing site reappraisal confirms the decision to establish a permanently occupied full-functioned base on the site, two directions suggest themselves. 1) Provided that the architecture and design of the original hostel have been chosen to be expansion- and retrofit-friendly, with each new visit the hostel could be slowly evolved into the stand-alone full-function base desired. Crews would add floor space via plug-in expansion modules or, preferably, by additions constructed of on-site materials as soon as such a capability comes on-line.
Then would come installation of independent air management apparatus, plumbing and water recycling equipment, sundry work stations, laboratories and shops etc. More adequate medical facilities to treat a wider range of needs would be an early priority. The actual order of improvement would depend on logical dependencies, calculated to prioritize redundancy and safety and to allow an acceptably timely shift to permanent staffing. 2) But if the hostel’s chosen architecture and design does not readily allow such expansion and evolution, instead of the hostel being wastefully dis-mantled or simply abandoned, it could be preserved as an annex of a totally new base built adjacent to it, serving to house guest visitors for whom the new base complex may have no spare room. That is, the hostel could become an attached hotel, the Moon’s first. We suggest that in the case of a first beachhead, this is the preferred path.
(2) A Farside Astronomy Station: Our recommendation is different for a hostel designed to serve remote infrequently tended installations such as a Farside Advanced Radio Astronomy Facility (FARAF). Such an installation may well follow, rather than precede the establishment of an original permanently
staffed nearside Moon Base, so that the latter could be an advance logistical support node for the far-side operation. Following this scenario, the hostel should be designed from the outset with planned expansion and evolution towards permanent autonomous staffing in mind, and an appropriate architecture chosen accordingly. Indeed, it was to show that there is a happy middle ground between the vehicle-tended farside minimalist installation envisioned by NASA and the permanently staffed major installation the astronomers would like, that we set about to develop the hostel concept in the first place.
The Farside hostel should offer more than basic off-hours shielding against the cosmic elements for technicians changing out equipment, repairing, and updating the facility. An expandable astronomical workshop should be an early extra if not part of the original structure, along with a garage and lunar pick-up or tractor. Such assets would make the visits of the tending staff far more productive, especially if limited to once or twice a year, the low level of activity NASA feels confident the agency can support (in lieu of a near-side base!). For as long as visits remain so infrequent, a stand-alone full-function base would be an exorbitant luxury. In contrast, a simple Big Dumb Volume hostel could justify itself with the first visit. And once such a hostel were in place with the appropriate special extras mentioned, the next crew to visit need bring only new and replacement parts for the astronomical installation, and be able to bring more of them, as they wouldn’t have to keep hauling workspace and berth space to and fro with them.
Thus the original up front investment in a FARAF hostel, by allowing visiting vehicles to maximize their capacity to carry equipment for expansion of the installation, would promote more rapid growth and development of this facility within the same subsequent budget.
(3) Remote Prospecting Camps: Hostels serving prospectors may or may not develop into anything more. If the prospecting activity does not reveal enough promise and economic justification for further visits to the site, the hostel could be abandoned (to serve as available solar storm shelter or rest stop for anyone happening by) with little waste of investment.
Meanwhile much more extensive prospecting will have been made possible than from a solitary unshielded vehicle with the same size crew. Hostels at remote research and prospecting sites, like the one proposed as a first beachhead, will need to offer a fair amount of unpressurized but shielded work and storage area, to minimize radiation and micrometeorite exposure during routine porch step ‘out-vac’ activities. So housed repair and maintenance facilities for surface-ranging equipment would be a logical early addition.
(4) Wayside Hostels: A hostel serving as an ‘overnight’ rest stop and flare shelter along regular trafficways could be built and shielded in one of the ways suggested below for beachhead or research station hostels. But alternatively, such a hostel might simply consist of one or more linked towable mobile modules (perhaps settlement-rendered retrofits of surplus cargo holds or fuel tanks and other scavenged items) parked under the overarching shield of a previously constructed roadside solar flare shelter.
With the lack of right-of-way and clearance constraints on lunar roadways, such mobile units could be built much larger than their terrestrial forerunners. In either case, the roadside hostel may continue to function as originally set up, or, over time, grow to become the nucleus of an all new settlement, depending on the economic rationale offered by the particular location and the resources of those proposing to exploit any such perceived advantages. In that case, as with the original beachhead hostel, it could either itself be evolved and expanded, or kept as a ‘motel’ annex for the new settlement. A sheltering open-vacuum ramada for roadside vehicle and equipment repair would be a logical first improvement if not already provided, along with a standard-equipment tool and parts crib for user-performed work. A fuel cell changeout/water re-electrolysis station, a battery recharging facility, stocks of emergency provisions and first aid supplies, and standby emergency communications equipment, could follow.
In other words, the expansion, as warranted by traffic and location, would first proceed along the lines of additional user-tended facilities. Only later would regularly scheduled types of full-service be offered by dedicated staff: the truck-stop restaurant (slowly switching to supplementary onsite food production), the bed and breakfast motel, the on-duty expert mechanic, the souvenier-maker, and the inevitable practitioner of the ‘first profession’.
In all cases, docking apparatus should be pre-standardized. If we are indeed going to develop the Moon as an integrated part of a greater Earth-Moon or circum-solar economy, the solitary first beachhead must give way to a multi-site world, and hostels will be at the forefront of that global expansion and acculturation. Any visiting vehicle, frog, toad, or coach, should be able to couple with any hostel.
Code of honor protocols governing visitor behavior should also be standard, expanding on the suggestion above.
As to architecture, building materials, layout, size, method of deployment or construction -- these could vary widely depending upon available technology, resources, logistics, prognosis for the future of the site, and innovating entrepreneurial competition. <LRS>
MMM #50 – November 1991
LOWERING THE THRESHOLD TO LUNAR OCCUPANCY
HOSTELS: an Alternate Concept for both First Beachheads and Secondary Outposts
Peter Kokh, Douglas Armstrong, Mark R. Kaehny, and Joseph Suszynski – Lunar Reclamation Society
IV. HOSTEL-APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURES
The operative philosophy in making architectural and design choices for lunar hostels, is getting the most usable square footage per buck. Our intent is not to give an exhaustive treatment of the many possibilities by which prefabricated or built-on-site hostel shelter space can be provided. But we point out appropriate considerations that should affect the final choice in each particular case. We have attempted to illustrate some previously unexplored avenues.
Hostels Pre-built or Prefabricated on Earth
(1) Hard-Hulled Modules: Lunar hostels established prior to the startup of settlement industry, would be unlikely to employ lunar materials except as shielding mass. That is, it will be necessary to pre-build them on Earth. But neither ready-to-use payload-bay-sized space station type modules, nor structureless inflatables seem ideal for the purpose. The former quite simply offer inadequate space and if brought up to the Moon empty, will squander payload bay capacity. Multiple modules stuffed with provisions and serving as temporary cargo holds, to be unloaded on the Moon and then interconnected, are a more reasonable possibility. But their deployment would call for an unwelcome load of high-risk crew EVA hours. It seems the wiser course to reserve human activities on the Moon for tasks that can be performed under shelter. The modular approach does, however, allow the hostel complex to grow with each new visit.
(2) “Telescoping” hard-hull designs are another story. Prebuilt hostels of this type could be built to extend, unidirectionally or bidirectionally, with the smallest diameter section (1) being loaded with built-in features and the wider diameter telescoping sections offering simple unstructured spare volume. The inside walls of these sleeves could be furnished with electrical service runs, flush lighting, recessed attachment points, etc. Deployment would be accomplished via simple pressurization which would securely force together properly designed o-ring-fitted inner and outer flanges providing a seal with more than sufficient mechanical strength to maintain integrity under any likely interior traffic/use.
Figure 3A: Telescopic Module: The thickness of the sleeve walls, and the amount by which one is smaller than the other, is exaggerated to show detail.
Alignment would be preserved by the simple expedient of a key/keyway feature with keys on the outer flanges and keyways on the outer surface of the inner sleeves. Outrigger skid-dollies attached to
the smaller ends and the outer flanges of the widest diameter middle sleeve, riding freely on a pre-levelled compacted gradeway, would midwive the deployment. Airlocks or docking ports could be placed at either end, but only the widest sleeve could have a side-mounted protrusion. A pair of bidirectionally expanding units could turn this to advantage to conjoin "H" style.
**Figure 3B: Bi-telescopic Module:** [4] connector tube. [5] docked frog, perhaps under a shielded canopy..
In fact, any number of such units could polymerize in like fashion. For this reason, we have dubbed the basic unit the "monomer". The beauty of this bi-telescopic design is that it allows a single payload bay to deliver perhaps two and a half times its own usable interior volume. The apparent drawback of the strongly linear floor plan (and required special attention to site preparation) becomes a potential plus through H-H hookup possibilities. We think this telescopic approach to hard-hull modularity is much more promising than any of the more conventional segmented approaches. Indeed, such a configuration might also prove to be the eventual architecture of choice for full-function lunar bases and non-gravid orbital stations as well. Single units would be especially trailerable and might thus be ideal for manufacturing in the lunar settlement for trucking to roadside locations about the Moon, to be deployed under previously built emergency flare sheds.
3) **Simple Inflatables** come in spheres and cylinders, shapes with unstable footprints and awkward to work with if not pre-decked. In free space, the inflatable cylinder can be subdivided in radial cross sections, its caps serving as top and bottom. But on the Moon, one can only lay such an shape on its side, especially given the need for shielding. Then, as with the inflatable sphere, the inconveniently curved inside bottom surface has to be somehow decked over. Nor do pure inflatables lend themselves easily to even modest built-in features and furnishings. An alternative we do not recall seeing treated, is the inflatable torus which would seem to offer maximum stable footprint per usable volume.
(4) **"Hybrid" Inflatables** were examined next. These are structures employing both hard, feature-loaded elements and soft inflatable sections.
a) **First we sketched a flat footprint "sandwich" model**
The "sandwich" has a prefab floor section with pop-up built-ins and utilities, paired with a prefab ceiling section with built-in lighting and pull-down features, the two slab units connected by a peripheral inflatable wall. (The curvature of the walls, providing maximum volume for combined flexible and rigid surface areas, would follow the lines of a projected cylinder of the same diameter.) Collapsed for transport to the Moon, such a hybrid could offer clear flat floor space a full fifteen feet wide if designed to fit the Space Shuttle payload bay or up to 27 feet wide if designed to fit an inline (top-mounted) shuttle derived cargo fairing. Such hybrids could be deployed with significantly less crew EVA hours, or even be tele-deployed. To the improvement in habitable volume as compared to the rigid module traveling in the same hold, the folded "sandwich" would make room for plenty of additional cargo, both by taking up less space and by weighing less.
Figure 4: The Sandwich:
[1] Floor module with pop-up built-ins.
[2] Ceiling module with pull-down units.
[3] Inflatable sidewalls and end walls.
[4] Collapsed loose furnishings
[5] Cove-lighting tubes or bulbs
[6] Contingency support poles & utility chases
[7] Representative floor pop-up feature
[8] Representative ceiling pull-down feature
[9] (Curvature of inflation extended)
[10] Soil overburden for shielding
[11] Original graded & compacted ground contour
[12] Pull-down pleated room divider
[13] Representative loose furniture item
[14] Docking tunnel
While the great advantage of the sandwich design is that it offers a stable flat footprint and a ready to use flat floor, it offers little more than half again as much space as a rigid module designed to travel in the same cargo hold.
Another configuration, which we’ve dubbed the “slinky”, features rigid feature-packed cylindrical end caps connected by a cylindrical inflatable mid-section. Here instead of multiple circular ribs and worm-like segmented lobes, we strongly suggest using a continuous helical rib spiral, as this helical design choice offers an elegant opportunity to build-in a continuous electrical service run along with other utility lines and lighting strips within this skeletal “monorib.”
Figure 5: The Slinky: [1] Pair of rigid end caps, outfitted with build-in features and equipment. [2] expandable slinky module (unfurnished). [3] docking tunnel.
b) Next we came up with a novel wide-floored lunar “quonset” idea.
The “Quonset” has a stable footprint and favorable width to height ratio. While all the built-in features would have to be floor-housed pull-ups, this design offers about two and a half times as much floor space as the “sandwich” for the same payload bay space. The inflation-reinforcement of a triple
slab hinged floor is a design innovation that offers opportunities for crawl-space storage, utility space, and ventilation worth pursuing. A telescoping vestibular passage-way for vehicle coupling could be built into one or both inflatable end-walls as illustrated.
**Figure 6. QUONSET:**
- [1] Hinged 3-section floor deck.
- [2] uninflated quonset roof/wall
- [3] uninflated floor support pontoons
- [4] inflated quonset roof/wall
- [5] Inflated floor support pontoons
- [6] In transit position of docking module
- [7] Docking tunnel in end wall
- [8] Downward air pressure on hinges
- [9] Counterbalance pressure on hinges
- [10] Contingency stiffening bars
- [11] Representative pull-up feature
- [12] Ground contour before shielding
d) Finally, we sketched a hybrid torus design, dubbed the “donut”
In this design, the “donut-hole wall” is replaced with a compact payload-bay sized hexagonal “works” module loaded with pull-out built-in features including top mounted central solar, visual, and EVA access, side-wall vehicle docking port, decking erected from parts brought up in the core module’s “basement”, complete with a peripheral jogging track.
**Figure 7: The Donut:** This 3 floor model at top is an upgrade of the simpler design in the original paper. Shown is the central works-packed core, optional telescoping observation & EVA tower, antenna, heliostat. Docking tube is at left. In this version, a small crater was chosen to make shielding emplacement easier and to allow the frog access to the middle level. Center left: a crude sketch of
how the package arrives deflated in a payload bay, and a view of the donut hostel and docked frog from above.
Taking further advantage of this design, the naked inner surface of the outer side wall could easily be pre-painted or pre-printed with a 360° panoramic mural medley of Earthscapes, Spacescapes, and Moonscapes. The sketch above suggests a peripheral walkway to take advantage of such an opportunity. By including two additional coupling ports in the donut’s outer wall at 120° angles we would make possible ‘benzene ring’ clusters of individual donut units for indefinite “organic molecular” expansion potential.
Small conventional instrument-packed modules could be brought up from Earth and coupled at unused ports to allow endless upgrade of the facilities. Of the hybrid inflatable designs investigated, the “donut” seems to lend itself best to all our various design goals. We intend to work with this central core torus design further to bring out its full promise and tackle any unsuspected problems.
e) The “Trilobite”
Once the paper was in the mail to make the publication deadline for the conference proceedings, we thought of yet another promising configuration. In the “trilobite”, the core works cylinder lays on its side suspended between two larger inflatable cylinders. The area below the core cylinder forms a sheltered bay or ramada for vehicles and routine EVA.
The works core module could be scaled to a 15’ wide shuttle payload bay or to a 27’ wide fairing atop an External Tank, with inflatable cylinders proportionately sized. Here, the trilobite hostel sits under a shielded hanger, making servicing and expansion much easier.
If hybrids are designed as connectable modules for expansion, the vehicle docking port design chosen for standardization should also serve as a module to module connect. This will offer the greatest versatility. Where rigid ribbing cannot be included (all the above designs except the “slinky”) hollow ribbing with a post-inflation fill of rigidizing foam could provide structural support if pressurization was lost. However such a foam must be carefully formulated to drastically minimize noxious outgassing as we are dealing with sealed structures that can’t be ‘aired out’. The hybrid, while still more limited in size than the pure inflatable (though it comes close in the torus format), offers measurably greater usable floor space than a hard-hulled module designed for transport in the same hold, yet can be full of convenient built-in features. The hybrid, in comparison to the retro-furnished simple inflatable, offers comparable savings over rigid shelter in total imported mass. Thus the hybrid inflatable seems to be the best of both worlds. We have only begun to scratch the surface of this promising world of hybrid inflatable design, and present our first fruits for your stimulation and input.
(5) Shielding for Prefabricated Hostels:
Since full tele-deployment would be ideally appropriate for these intermittently staffed outposts, ways of covering the hostel with regolith shielding by robotic or teleoperated means should be researched. The needed equipment could be small and lightweight with minimal power, as, working slowly prior to the arrival of a crew needing protection, there need be no hurry to finish the job. Perhaps this task could be performed in such a way that the shielding regolith might be gathered as part of the process of grading and compacting a launch pad and a driveway or taxiway to the hostel for visiting frogs to follow. The basic idea is that the first humans to return to the Moon since the departure of Apollo 17 find a cozy place waiting.
**Hostels Built on the Moon of Native Materials**
The ultimate potential for ample ‘Big Dumb Volume’ will not be realized until we begun self-manufacturing building materials, modules, and components from native materials, either in-situ, or at a factory site for overland or suborbital delivery to remote sites. Glass glass composites (“glax”) or lunar steel are likely to be the building materials soonest available in an upstart settlement. “Lunacrete” would be a competitor if economically recoverable amounts of water–ice are found in lunar polar “per-mashade” areas. Glass-fiber reinforced cast basalt is an option that seems especially suited for opening remote sites, with modules being manufactured on site by mobile facilities. [2012 Note: Basalt fiber industry is far advanced and appears to have superior qualities.]
**CONCLUSION**
The hostel concept rests squarely on acceptance of calculated compromises. Such choices run counter-flow to the spread of risk-free expectations in the public culture, something to which any public-funded space program is especially vulnerable. Yet this paradigm promises to both significantly lower the threshold for human return to the Moon, and to significantly accelerate the breakout from any form of first beachhead towards establishment of a truly global presence there. We believe there is more than a bit-role for such “hostels in a hostile land.” Meanwhile, many of the ideas explored in the course of developing our topic, would appear to stand on their own. << LRS >>
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**MMM #52 – February 1992**
**The Role of the Campfire**
Many things have worked to humanize and civilize our ascending species over the ages. Surely one of the earliest, and one which to this day continues to act as a social catalyst, is the campfire, the fireside, the hearth. Around the fire stories are told, songs sung, and myths and legends passed on. Many a science fiction yarn has its characters plotting by the warmth of a fire on some star-sunned planet – one with breathable air, of course. But elsewhere in our own Solar System, fire’s mystic magic may be denied us, unless (see FIRESIDE, below)
**On the Space Frontier, can there be any**
**FIRESIDE**
around which to gather?
FIRESIDE By Peter Kokh
Since time immemorial, ever since the taming of fire, humans have sought warmth, comfort, and company huddled around campfires and hearths. Even today, when a dwindling number of modern homes boast the luxury of a fireplace, nestling around the fire is something we all enjoy – when it is
cold or damp, when we are out camping, on a clambake or a picnic in the park, or just out on the patio or in the back yard for a barbecue or marshmallow roast. And can any of us forget the bonfires after a high school homecoming football games?
While nowadays, such pleasures are scarcely everyday experiences, however infrequently enjoyed, the magic of the fire is so much a universally positive experience that it is still possible to ask: "can it be humanity if there is no campfire?"
In "FIRE DEPT." MMM # 51 DEC '91, we pointed out the very intolerability of open fire, controlled or not, in the very limited atmospherules of mini biospheres. But that is not the last gloomy word, for it only applies to fires in which the combustion products are smoke and toxic gasses.
In MMM # 40 NOV '90 "METHANE" we discussed the possibility of controlled burning of compost-pile derived methane to produce water vapor along with CO2 for plant nourishment. Such combustion will need to be confined to nitrogen-free chambers so as to avoid unwanted nitrogen oxide byproducts. Could such a methane-oxygen fed flame in a glass-faced chamber serve as a fireplace substitute? Why not?
It should also be possible to devise a tightly confined hearth "substitute" that slowly fed together pure hydrogen and oxygen. If again the burning is confined to a nitrogen-free chamber, the only combustion product would be steam - pure water, which can then be used for drinking or other purposes. In effect, we are talking about a modified fuel cell, in which the $2\text{H}_2 + \text{O}_2 = 2\text{H}_2\text{O}$ reaction is run somewhat faster, not so fast as to be explosive, but fast enough to sustain a flame, perhaps with a harmless enough additive (if one can be found!) to colorize the normally invisible H+O fire.
I'd be surprised if either such device now exists, with little market for them – down here. But out on the frontier, a flame-in-a-jar device might create enough symbolic warmth and cheer to become commonplace in settler homes on the Moon or Mars or elsewhere, in gathering spot lounges, even on long trips aboard spacecraft or surface roving coaches.
Why not tinker up such devices now? The methane version could not be used in draft-tight close quarters but a hydrogen hearth might sell to apartment dwellers, especially singles wanting the latest in trendy mood-setting gizmos. Just knowing that we could take such "fire chamber" with us, could make the prospects of life on the space frontier just a little less daunting, just a little more reassuring.
MMM
MMM #54 – April 1992
INVENTORS WANTED
Serious would-be explorers of The Moon have been busy developing a variety of wheeled and walking vehicles and robots to cover the boulder-strewn expanses of this barren world.
The trouble with wheels, is that they are too easily defeated by a host of obstacles. The Moon has no roads. Yet walkers can negotiate easy terrain at only a snails pace. So why not combine the virtues of both? Tinker a walking vehicle that can let down a set of wheels when the way gets easy, or a wheeler that can switch to legs, or whose tires can sprout feet?
Beyond “Mole Hole City”
Our expectation of what a Lunar Outpost or Settlement might look like from the vantage point of a surface overlook has become one of a monotonously drab pattern of regolith mounds, the telltale sign of pressurized living space below. This “molehill–scape” is little relieved by its punctuation with occasional observation cupolas, exposed air locks, solar arrays and heliostats, peripheral tanks of volatiles, and other external warehousing. “Once you’ve seen one moonburg you will have seen them all.” Not necessarily so! Eventually Lunan architects will rise to the challenge. See below.
SKYSCRAPERS on the Moon?
Beyond Mole Hill City
SKYSCRAPERS By Peter Kokh
Perhaps you’ve seen artistic visions of future Lunar and Martian cities replete with modern skyscrapers and flying roadways, all under protective domes of glass or some superior glass–substitute. We touched on this distant possibility in both of the last two issues. Certainly there is much more room for creative license on the part of architects working within the protected “middoor” volumes of megastructures like domes, and shielding vaults such as that illustrated in the Prinzton design study [see MMM #s 26–31, esp. # 29 p.4].
But looking at possibilities in the nearer term, when pressurized structures will be individually shielded, we might ask if Lunar and Martian xitiscapes can escape the mole mold of mound rows of shielding soil, hiding cramped lifespaces below. The appearance of this shielding overburden is our topic in the piece that follows: MOON ROOFS. Here let’s explore how architectural ingenuity can help a thriving Lunar or Martian settlement break out of the terrain–hugging rut.
Traditional skyscrapers here on Earth, as varied as they be in style, are basically vertically elongated boxes. Such a shape will not work well if it has to contain atmosphere under pressure against a surrounding vacuum. While higher surface strength to volume ratios allow more freedom with very small structures, on the greater scale of the multi–story building exo–architects will have little option but to somehow adapt the sphere, cylinder, or torus, all of which do a much better job of equalizing pressurization differential stress. There is, to illustrate, no reason that a cylinder couldn’t be employed in the upended position, properly anchored, with its internal floors perpendicular to its long axis, instead of parallel to it.
So much for meeting the pressurization challenge. We must still find a way to preserve shielding integrity. A simple outer sleeve a couple of meters (6 ft. or more) out from the cylinder’s pressure hull, creating a wraparound coffer dam for filling with soil, would do the trick. But that certainly does not present the architect with a satisfying form of statement. The whole idea of multi–storied buildings is not merely to create an imposing silhouette against the sky, nor to make efficient use of high cost real estate, but also to allow visual access to the ambient outdoors sun/daylight and to the views generous window–walling can provide.
If you accept that such structures on the Moon and Mars would be occupied only part time by office-workers, for example, and if you restrict the field of unshielded vision to "a couple of horizon-hugging degrees" or so, vertically tunnel-visioning the view of anyone wanting to look out, the total averaged exposure to cosmic radiation from unshielded sky could be kept to an acceptable minimum, even on a long-term basis. If the simple illustration below reminds you a bit of the oriental pagoda with its tiered "pentroofs", that is no accident, for that is the source of the inspiration.
What appears to be balconies in this sketch, are really continuous cantilevered coffer dams filled with loose regolith soil shielding. Building occupants are restricted to the interior of the fixed pressure-holding windows to the inside of these "pent roofs".
This gives us an architectural "language" that can be used in yet more expressive forms. Below we have a vertically stretched torus "muff" surrounding a central cylindrical tower.
The inner and outer walls of the stretched torus would have to be constrained to shape by floor-incorporated cables under tension.
Another possibility may be to stack (co-axially, or perhaps stylishly off-center) story-thick sections of cylinders of decreasing diameter, each with an attached pent roof soil bin to shield observers inside from the greater portion of the naked light-black, radiation-bright sky above.
The wider the diameter of each story section in proportion to its height, the greater the need to keep floor and ceiling in parallel, not by support pillars under compression, but by vertical (faux column hidden) restraint cables under tension. For unfortunately, the weight of the soil overburden sufficient to provide the needed amount of radiation shielding, is no match in the light lunar gravity ("sixthweight") for the expansive pressure of the "atmospherule" below against the vacuum outside. On Mars where the gravity is two and a quarter times greater, the same amount of shielding soil mass will exert that much more of a stress-relieving counterpressure on the building "hull".
A less pretentious example of sky-scraping is given in the end-view cross-section sketch below, where a number of horizontally placed cylindrical pressure hulls are stacked. The advantage is in longer rectangular floor space.
By whatever structural idiom it is stated, just as in some terrestrial cities, the skyscraper can be given even greater visual impact by siting it on high ground relative to the general surroundings (like the famed Shangri-la inspiring 2500-roomed Potala palace in the center of Lhasa, Tibet) e.g. on a crater wall or central peak, a scarp or lava flow front, etc.
And, of course, purely decorative unpressurized doodads such as spires and minarets or other façade-making hull-disguising decor can be added for tasteless kitsch allusion to one or more of the many Earth-legitimate building styles of past and present. We can only trust that most future Lunan and Martian architects will see the value of learning to express themselves in authentic world-appropriate forms. But it is a free universe!
Perhaps you can think of further distinctive directions in which future settlement architects can give vent to their vertical aspirations. If so, we hope you will send them in to MMM so we can share them with our readers.
But, is there a need? Will lunar settlements ever grow big enough for the real estate at their cores to become valuable enough to justify the extra expense of high rise construction? Certainly not if they are or remain government artifacts. But if settlement is enterprise driven, first supplying raw materials, then value added products, exploiting every advantage, and diversifying its own domestic economy, there is no reason why the number of pioneers on the Moon cannot rise into the hundreds of thousands or more within a half century of their founding. Remember, for a largely self-sufficient economy, the export sales needed to cover import costs will be relatively small. In the context of a rapidly diversifying economy, in comparison to the rise in exports, the growth of the supported population can be exponential (e.g. a 10-fold rise in exports for a 100-fold rise in population).
The rise of settlement “downtowns” and of metropolitan and regional market centers should be expected if we are to have a real expansion of the human economy through off-planet resources, i.e. a spacefaring civilization. In this setting, the appearance of skyscrapers within or without enveloping megastructures should not be surprising.
But settlement skyscrapers should also not be seen as a foregone conclusion. While they might be considered for hotels, offices and corporate headquarters, residential condominiums, government buildings and so on, for each of these needs there are plenty of ground-hugging horizontal models. Indeed, if there has been adequate planning, the need for Manhattan style density should never arise. What multi-story buildings are built may be very modest by Earth standards.
==============================
Rather than “scrape the sky”, lunar multi-story buildings will “break the horizon”.
Indeed there will likely be operative on the Moon a strong disincentive to dense high-rise building: the neighbor’s right to unshaded access to the Sun’s valuable rays. This may mean that multi-story buildings must have proportionally great east and west setbacks, so that they do not rise above a certain rather low angle above the horizon, say 10°, at the property line. In such a situation, the vertical high rise is no longer an efficient use of real estate. (In theory, the best solution would be a very, very shallow broad-terraced pyramid.) The view (for residents or occupants) and the image (for customers and clients) then, may well turn out to be much more important drivers than the efficient use of “footprint”.
Terrestrial suburban office parks that have become common in the past decade, offer a more realistic inspiration for lunar high rise developers. Rather than “scrape the sky”, their constructs will break the horizon. Nonetheless, they will shatter forever the image of lunar towns as “mole hill city”.
Visitors to a lunar metropolis will ride “middoor” coaches plying the city’s pressurized avenues within the shared biosphere. But they will also peer out over the surface cityscape from shielded overlooks within the various high rises, and get a good outside perspective from the pressurized out-vac coach to and from the spaceport. Finally, in 1/6 G, a space needle observation tower could easily be a mile high!
MOON ROOFS By Peter Kokh
Roofs on the Moon? – where it never rains or snows? Ah, but it does rain – a gentle slow micro-meteorite mist, and a steady shower of cosmic rays, plus sudden ‘cats and dogs’ outbursts during solar flare episodes. While the characteristically imbricated (tile or shingle overlap) shedding features of terrestrial roofs would not be called for, the sheltering function of the 2–4 meters (6+ –13 feet) of shielding overburden above Lunar or Martian habitat space will be more than a little analogous to the familiar roof, a prehistoric heritage.
To the architect, the roof has traditionally been one of the most important opportunities for statement of style. To give some outstanding examples: the thatched English cottage, the terra cotta Spanish Tile roofs of the University of Colorado in Boulder, the green-patina copper roofs of many early urban skyscrapers, the onion domes of St. Basil’s in Moscow’s Red Square, the tailored French mansard, and the Pagoda.
It would be natural for future settlement architects in the employ of well-to-do façade conscious homeowners to turn to the shielding blanket as a clay for expression. And for those hired by companies seeking a striking design for their new headquarters building, to turn to lunar “roofs”, alias shielding, as a medium of style.
Already, purely for the utilitarian reason of simple convenience, some outpost designers are specifying that their habitats be neatly sand-bagged. The advantage of placing the loose lunar regolith in bags should be obvious. Not only will it keep the construction site cleaner – and safer (from dangerous bulldozer module collisions) – it will allow the bag-tamed shielding to be easily removed in order to repair hull and joint leaks, to make structural modifications, and to exchange old, or attach new, expansion modules. Meanwhile, by this simple trick of bagging, the external appearance of the outpost is drastically altered. The ‘lith-bagged outpost now looks like an on-surface installation rather than an under-surface one, its appearance and presence radically transformed.
An alternative to the bag or sack (which could be made on site from medium-performance lunar fiberglass fabric) would be sinter blocks made from compacted and lightly microwave-fused soil. By varying the size and shape of such blocks and the patterns in which they are stacked, distinctive igloo-like styles should be easily achieved.
Grecian Formula
It does not stop here. There is no cosmic law that states lunar shielding must be gray, or Martian shielding rust-hued. If desired, colorants can be added to the material itself, or glazed or even merely dusted on an exposed, rough surface.
In the early settlement, the availability of colorizers will not be great. On the Moon, Calcium Oxide, CaO, i.e. lime, made from highland soil will be a likely early favorite, probably cheaper than mare ilmenite-derived Titanium Dioxide, TiO, also white. Either way, "white-washing" Lunar settlement shielding mounds might early on become "politically correct", for they would make the settlement a conspicuous very bright spot on the Moon's surface, perhaps even outshining the crater Aristarchus. This would make Earthlubbers more conscious, and hopefully supportive, of their frontier-blazing brethren above – a cheap way to put any Moon town in the "limelight"!
**More than empty vanity**
By the simple addition of shaping or sculpting or colorizing, the shielding mound will become more than a visual disturbance of the surface. The 'lithscaper's' or architect's touch can imbue the protective mound with design, unearthing the presence of the living and work space below and making the otherwise hidden structure visually present above the landscape in an identifiable, pride-investing way.
This transformed self-image of the settlement may have real positive effects on the outlook, mood, and morale of the pioneers themselves. For it can be an early, easily won battle in a campaign to "humanize" the sterile barren alienness of their surroundings, thus contributing subtly to a sense of being "at home" in their adopted raw new world.
**Economic opportunities**
Indeed, outside of the occasional observation cupola, for most surface settlement habitat architects, the "roof" may be the principal opportunity for exterior public-side statement (other than any openings to also shielded public "middoor" spaces like pressurized roadways, passageways or squares etc.) But the opportunities for "roof"-styling will more than reward frontier architects. This market will also provide entrepreneurial openings for enterprising settlers to develop the additives, the tools, the equipment, the processes, for making such on-paper possibilities real off-the-shelf choices.
**Bower Roofing**
Nor need 'roof adornment' be an expensive luxury item. For it could also serve as an at least temporary 'banking' outlet for otherwise hard to recycle used building materials and other non-organic 'debris' – perhaps in shredded or gravelized form – and for various orphaned manufacturing and mining byproducts for which more suitable uses are not yet in sight. These are two stubborn categories which contribute significantly to terrestrial landfills, yet receive little if any attention. Here we could take a page from the bowerbirds (8 species in Australia, 8 in New Guinea) who decorate the interiors and entrances of their nests with "found" objects of all sorts.
**Settlement Signatures**
Without attention to shielding style, it could well become a prevailing truism that once you've seen one surface frontier town, you'll've seen them all. Given human nature and the slightest modicum of discretionary private and public funds, it is unlikely that such will be the case.
Distinctive 'lithscaping and "roofing" styles may become characteristic identifying trademarks, not only of individual structures, but of different lunar and Martian towns taken as a whole. And there will be economic incentive, and payback, for the small expense involved in the form of tourist interest in "local flavor". Long before any Lunar or Martian towns become large enough to begin to grow small high-rise "downtowns", they may become identified in the tourist mind by their individual mix of "roofing" styles. And all it will really take is a wee bit of imagination!
Eccentric automobile designers have through the years built cars that run on a wide variety of fuels, from alcohol to manure. One designer has built a car that is fueled by left-over grease from the deep frying vats of fast food restaurants. But the design that most startled me when I learned of it, is an automobile engine that is fueled by powdered coal. I never before imagined than an internal combustion engine could burn a solid fuel.
I do not advocate coal-cars, as they would be polluting, but solid fuel opens a whole new world of possibilities. It is not so surprising really if you think about it. How many times have you heard of a grain silo exploding because wheat dust reached explosive concentration and was ignited by something. And while "flour power" may not be the answer to dependence on oil, there are many powders that will burn.
The Moon is very rich in certain elements, most abundant of which are oxygen and silicon. Silicon combines with oxygen (burns) to form silicon dioxide, glass. Many lunar materials are silicates, and silicon could with effort be separated out and processed into a fine powder. Once powdered it could be injected into an engine's combustion chamber along with some liquid oxygen, then ignited with a spark.
Other elements abundant enough on the Moon to consider are aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and potassium, in that order. Separating aluminum from ore requires vast amounts of electricity, so it may not be the best choice, even though it burns well.
On Earth, titanium is far too rare and expensive to use as a fuel, but on the Moon, in some areas, it is more abundant. It also requires somewhat less energy to separate from ores than does aluminum. Export potential might make titanium valuable on the Moon, something one would not waste, because it can be sold for money or traded for other elements, like carbon and nitrogen, which are scarce on the Moon. But burning titanium as a fuel on the Moon would not really waste it.
Because the Moon has no atmosphere, burning fuel there could not cause air pollution: there is simply no air to pollute. So where would the exhaust ash from such an engine go? It would simply fall to the ground, where it would remain indefinitely. And while this titanium dioxide (or other metal oxide -- there is a significant amount of unoxidized iron fine particles in the regolith) dust on the road surface and vicinity reaches some predetermined concentration or depth, it could easily be recovered by a surface skimmer of the sort used in regolith mining and processing. The metal and oxygen could then be separated and once again burned as fuel. Because of the ease of recovery, this would be a renewable, reusable fuel. Very little would be lost or wasted in the long term. Fuel use would increase only with increases in population and economic activity. Because of the renewability of powdered metals as fuels on the Moon, mining operations would not have to support a constant demand for fuel. Only a small fraction of their powder would be diverted for use as fuel. Most of it would remain for use in domestic industries and for export to Earth or elsewhere.
Another potential fuel, potassium, has the unique property of self-igniting on contact with water. But it is also easy to ignite in the presence of pure oxygen. Since metals burn at high temperatures, igniting a metal dust fuel may not be as easy as igniting a flammable liquid. Of the metals available on the Moon, potassium will ignite most easily and at the lowest temperature, which may make it ideal for a metal dust engine. Magnesium also burns well, once ignited, and it's abundance in lunar highland rocks is around eight percent.
One drawback to a metal dust engine is that metal dust burns at very high temperatures compared with more traditional (liquid or gas) fuels. And in the Moon's airless environment, cooling such an engine would be difficult. Some of the engine's heat could be used to heat and vaporize the oxygen just before it is injected into the chamber. And if the vehicle were to carry more LOX than it needed to oxidize all of its fuel, some could be routed through the engine block, where it would be heated and vaporized, then released, carrying the heat into the lunar vacuum. Even so, the engine would likely run very hot. Possible solutions to this problem include the use of a titanium engine, possibly with ceramic coatings.
Unlike electric vehicles, they would not be dependent on solar energy for refueling that is available only 50% of the time. (While electric vehicles could operate during the long nightspan, they would likely limit their activity to the use of a single charge of their batteries, due to power limitations when the solar grid is down.)
Metal dust engines have other possible uses, such as driving generators for emergency or supplemental power during the nightspan when solar energy is not available. They could also be used to drive heavy equipment and industrial machinery where large amounts of electric energy are not yet available.
MAILBOX
On Windows in Lunar Xity Skyscrapers.
I have a question for you. How can you have windows in Moon structures with all the debris zipping through space? I see that your illustration [SKYSCRAPERS on the Moon, MMM # 55 pp 5–6 MAY ‘92] that the openings are to horizon views only, but even so there are tangential paths that could be tough on windows. And direct sunlight also would be something to be avoided, probably by choosing the latitude of the site.
Dick Linkletter
Bremerton, WA
EDITOR’S REPLY: Assuming a non-polar site, only horizon-hugging windows to the East and West would get direct sunshine. This can be handled either by not having windows in these very directions or by suitable automatic shuttering at the appropriate times (sunrise and sunset dates).
As you can see from the illustration in the SKYSCRAPER article, the windows are set well back several feet in horse-blinder openings through the shielding so that the field of view is quite restricted. This not only would allow openings to the ESE, ENE, WSW, and WNW but also restricts exposure to incoming surface tangential meteorites to just that portion coming nearly head on.
Nonetheless a significant if diminished danger does exist and this vulnerability must be addressed. I would suggest that in addition to multi-paning with graduated pressurization between the panes to handle the full inside pressure to vacuum differential, that a free-standing removable and replaceable (“sacrificial”) fore-pane of shatter-resistant optical quality glass-glass composite be used. This bumper-pane, physically separate from the sealed window unit proper, would absorb almost all micrometeorites and could be replaced when pitting begins to interfere with vision.
Space debris is confined, fortunately, to low Earth orbit. Anything near the Moon is quickly purged from the environment by the significant lunar gravity. The chances of something getting by the bumper pane and penetrating all the window panes proper are not significant within the expected lifetime of the building. Sooner or later a window-invited meteorite decompression will occur, but it will be properly seen as a freak. If one or more panes are fiberglass reinforced, as suggested, the leak rate should be slow enough to allow escape and/or hasty repair and/or automatic pressure-drop-triggered plugging.
KEY: a) restricted field of view enforced by shielding set-back = restricted vulnerability both to cosmic radiation and micrometeorites; b) shielding retainer structure; c) regolith fill for shielding; d) visual quality shatter-resistant easy-in/ easy-out micrometeorite bumper pane; e) sealed multipane unit; f) detail of window unit blown up, next illustration.
KEY: 1) = 1/3 interior pressure; 2) = 2/3 interior pressure. This stepped pressure system relieves stress. The gas between the panes could be something other than air such as argon harvested from the lunar regolith. The sealed multipane unit is fastened in place simply by the graduated air pressure increases on the continuous perimeter gaskets.
I would be much more worried about exposure to cosmic radiation even from the very restricted portion of the sky accessed by such windows. I certainly would not design a direct-path window (as opposed to a broken path or periscopic one) in a residence. I included them in the design of possible lunar skyscrapers only in the intention that the pattern of use of such buildings, or of the rooms endowed with "windows", be such that the accumulated exposure of any given individual be within tolerable limits. Lunar pioneers may all have wrist or necklace accumulative "rad monitors" that will tell them when to tighten up their exposure patterns.
PK
MMReview #12 – January 1993
"Railroading on the Moon"
A Design & Design Exercise
© 1993 By Peter Kokh, Doug Armstrong (both Copernicus Construction Co., Milwaukee), Michael Thomas (Seattle), Bill Bogen (Ann Arbor), Charlie Moore (Mokena, IL), and Andy Reynolds (Rochelle, IL)
Foreword
In a one column front page piece in Moon Miners' Review # 12, January '93, "RAILROADS on the Moon?", we wondered out loud if someday the degree of development on the Moon would reach a level of population and multi-site dispersal wherein, "in one or more specific surface traffic corridors the volume or raw materials, manufactured goods, or passengers might most efficiently move by rail or some such analogous path-slaved system." We pointed out some of the engineering hurdles that conditions unique to the Moon would place in the way of realizing any such system, specifically the extreme dayspan–nightspan thermal range to which exposed rails would be subjected, and the need to design out any possibility of catastrophic derailment.
We mentioned we had some initial ideas on how we might address such challenges and invited readers to send in their ideas. Several people responded, as you can see from the shared byline above. The exchange between Kokh and Armstrong, meeting in Milwaukee, and MMM Contributing Editor Michael Thomas in Seattle was especially frequent and voluminous. To all those who shared their thoughts with us, many thanks.
Our goal was not to "define" how lunar railroading might someday evolve. That would be presumptuous — there are too many ifs both with respect to the pace of lunar development and with respect to unforeseen technology developments which will almost certainly bear upon the question. Rather, we have attempted to flush out the options that we can see from this point in time. If and when the day comes where something of the sort is realized, some of our suggestions are bound to appear quaint and naive in retrospect. That's an occupational hazard of futurecasting! But we do this for fun.
As we proceed, keep in mind the limited alternative options there are to lunar railroading: travel by surface coach or truck rig over improved graded-paved 'roads' or unimproved trails; travel by suborbital hoppers or rocket shuttles. Period. No atmosphere means no aviation. It is both air travel and the development of a first class network of fast express interstate highways which have brought about the
decline of King Rail from the unquestioned ascendancy it had prior to the end of WWII. On the Moon, it could be a whole new story.
**CONVENTIONAL OR MAG–LEV?**
One of the forward looking solutions that presented itself to several of us is Mag–lev rail in which the rail car hovers over a track, levitated by magnetic forces. This is an especially attractive option for long–distance passenger travel on the Moon. With no right–of–way problems and no atmospheric drag, pressurized cabins as large and wide as or larger than those of 747s could whisk travelers between far–flung settlements in vibrationless comfort at speeds comparable to today's terrestrial airliners. For non–urgent freight, 'conventional' traction railroading solutions might be more cost–effective. But first let us look at Mag–lev.
Two basic approaches are available. In the Japanese System, the superconducting 'ski' of the vehicle is levitated just above the rail by electromagnetic repulsion. In the German system, the superconducting guide plate of the vehicle is suspended just below the rail, held by electromagnetic attraction. [FIGURE 1]
Bill Bogen contributed a sketch of a Maglev car whizzing along across the moonscape. His proposed LunaRail system boasts a number of innovative features. "Bulldozers, graders, and rollers prepare a smooth path over the regolith. Roughly a megaton of Luna–derived aluminum is formed into thin, wide, 'V'–shaped rails for a Maglev train system [below]. * Image awaiting scanner
Besides carrying vehicles, the rails also carry the electricity needed to power the system. This electricity is generated by amorphous silicon solar cells that are integral with the rails, using the aluminum as substrate. Which side of the rail carries the cells depends on the orientation of that rail segment to the sun. The Maglev vehicles pass right over the solar cells, their magnetic fields penetrating through to the aluminum rail below. Given the large day/night temperature differences, we'd need about a 1 inch gap per 10 feet of rail (nightspan) to allow for thermal expansion (the segments almost touching during the dayspan). Flexible accordion connectors join the segments, allowing uninterrupted power flow. [below] Since the 'wheel' of a Maglev is more like a wide ski 'contacting' the rail over a significant area, such gaps would have little effect, assuming proper alignment."
"The rails circle the Moon roughly parallel to, but not necessarily near, the equator, though there may be other lines running to the poles or other regions of interest. Half of the system is in sunlight at all times so LunaRail also acts as a grid that provides power to communities during the 14 day lunar night. Supplying 1 million Lunans with 1 Kw each requires a minimum capacity of 1000 Mw. Since the rails provide power and each vehicle carries its own set of Maglev lift/drive components, there is no need for a separate engine car, eliminating the need for a 'train' [of cars] or the need to connect them. ... The LunaRail track could also serve as a launch–assist system, using 70 Mw to accelerate a payload at 3 g for 81 seconds to an escape velocity of 5,355 mph in a distance of about 60 miles."
Several comments: a) If iron or steel rails are needed as part of a Maglev setup, there is plenty of free iron available in the regolith and a V–shaped iron rail could be loosely sandwiched to the power–carrying aluminum layer (which has a different rate of thermal expansion). b) While aluminum is a good carrier of electricity, line losses over any real distance (hundreds of miles) would be unacceptably great, so that (without superconductivity – see MMM # 66 JUL '93 "SUPERCONDUCTIVITY ON THE MOON, Uses and Obstacles" pp. 5–6) it would be quite impractical to use sunlight over the section currently in dayspan to power the section currently in nightspan. Nuclear or other assist would be needed. c) Power assured by whatever means of generation and transmission, if the superconductor needed for levitation is aboard the vehicle, not squandered along the entire length of track, such a system might still be feasible in the likelihood that an all–lunar formula for superconducting cable or rail is never found.
**'CONVENTIONAL' SYSTEMS**
**PROBLEM ONE: THE CHALLENGE OF THERMAL EXPANSION**
While Maglev speed will be most desirable, 'conventional' systems not involving superconductivity may be easier and cheaper to implement, certainly in the earlier period, and may do an adequate job, not only for freight but for high speed passenger traffic. On Earth, system planners are abandoning Maglev dreams for high speed rail almost everywhere, trading a little extra speed for lots of upfront savings cost. Much of the expense in implementing Maglev systems, to be honest, comes with the need to acquire all new Rights-of-Way. On the Moon, this is not a problem and the choice will be made on other grounds.
The first challenge to be met with conventional rail is the need to either permanently shade the rails or to provide thermal expansion joints (gaps) that are either undesirably large, undesirably frequent, or both. Michael Thomas has contributed three rail expansion joint designs.
The problem with this approach is that rail gaps, just as rail joint misalignments, translates to the annoying and typical "klickety-klack". Even on the airless, soundless Moon where such sounds would not be 'heard', the accompanying vibrations would be felt. Today's designers of high speed rail are welding together ever longer lengths of rail – an approach not feasible for exposed rails on the lunar barrenscape.
For this reason, Kokh and Armstrong propose shading the rails from the sun at all times so that expansion is not a problem and continuous unbroken rails for smooth, very high speed travel are feasible. In this system conventional flange wheel trucks would ride in a boxed sun-shielded road bed with an as-narrow-as-possible median slit for the axle to car suspension system. No moving parts would be required for this shading system.
An earlier effort to design a system in which the two rails were individually trenched and shaded by a system of movable 'scales' was rejected as too vulnerable to mechanical failure from dust, for example.
KEY: (1) Passenger a) or Freight Car b); (2) Lunar concrete in steel alloy frame dual shaded rail bed, with welded rails for high speed; (3) Minimal sun-exposed slit for car suspension; (4) well-graded right of
way; (5) right of way fencing, are a more expensive option, to be used, as on Earth, to shorten routes through mountain ridges and crater ramparts.
Two other alternatives were looked at. A Lunar "Safege" Type Monorail in which the cars are suspended below a shading track (as at Wuppertal, Germany) rather than supported above it in the familiar Alweg Type systems used in Seattle and Disneyland, etc. [below] While such a system would involve significant overhead construction, it would not directly require any surface grading (except to provide the materials for the overhead superstructure), and it would provide no obstacles for surface cross-traffic by maintaining continuous grade separation. We might see such a monorail favored for short distance passenger traffic, especially in built-up areas where maintaining grade separation between rail and surface traffic is a prime consideration.
**FIGURE 7**
**Lunar Safege Type Monorail**
KEY: (1) Passing Passenger Cars; (2) Support Pylons every 50 m or yds; (3) lunar steel alloy framework; (4) lunar concrete for thermal mass; (5) loose regolith fill for thermal insulation; (6) shaded welded rails; (7) minimally graded terrain; (8) grade separation clearance for surface cross traffic.
A simpler and less expensive system, a 'monopipe' rather than 'monorail' would suspend the vehicle car from unshaded cables or pipes free to expand and contract at dawn and sunset. The up and down valleys and peaks of such a flexible cableway would be greatly minimized by using a suspension system tied to an overhead supporting cable. [below]. Systems of this sort would do fine at more leisurely speeds and be a cheap option in sightseeing areas for example.
**FIGURE 8**
**Unshaded Flexible Suspension Pipeway**
KEY: (1) Suspension Cable; (2) Pipeway Support Cables; (3) Pipe Support Brackets; (4) flexible piperail; with 42 cm (16.5") expansion between Pylons for 0.35 cm (1/7th") vertical droop differential; (5) Piperail floats free at (6) Pylons spaced every 50 m or yds; (7) minimally graded right of way; (8) Surface vehicle cross traffic clearance; (9) Passenger Cars (passing).
**PROBLEM TWO: THE NEED FOR DERAILMENT PROOF SYSTEMS**
On Earth, derailments are expensive in property damage and, in the case of passenger trains, potentially dangerous to human life. On the Moon you can delete the words "potentially dangerous" and replace them with "almost certainly fatal". A derailed car would almost certainly have its pressure hull compromised, quickly losing life-sustaining air to the external lunar vacuum. In short, the possibility of derailment must be designed out of the system. Both Michael Thomas and Charlie Moore pointed out that amusement park roller coasters use systems in which wheels are paired or even clustered around a tubular track so that the car CANNOT leave the tracks.
The unquestioned safety aspects of such schemes aside, there is a major engineering drawback to them. It is difficult, if not impossible, to design affordable easy-to-operate routine track switching and crossing for such pipe rail hugging systems because the wheel clearance gaps they would require would be too large for the small wheels used to negotiate. As for non-conventional systems mentioned above, a negative center of gravity (i.e. below the rail) is built into the monorail and suspensionway option. The monorail is inherently derailment-proof. The suspensionway is inherently derailment-resistant.
To meet both switching and safety needs, Kokh and Armstrong then proposed a "Center Box Rail" system in which a restraining bar, plate, flange, or pair of small wheels would ordinarily float free of contact. If the car 'started' to lift off one rail and threaten to leave the track, the center restraining bar would come into contact with the slit top of the center box rail.
NOTE: In this illustration, the design is maximized for minimum center of gravity and anti-derailment strength. It does not take into consideration the need to shade rails. This third rail would lie in the same plane as the other two and its median slit need be no wider than the clearance needed for the side wheel flanges, making even grade RR crossings a simple matter.
An alternative proposal of ours was to suspend the rail car from the waist in a concave trough so that its center of gravity was actually lower than the side rails. The car's suspension would include flotation rings that would allow it to bank freely. The trouble with this idea is that it would again make switching difficult.
In another attempt to design a low center of gravity derailment-resistant system, we borrowed the Spanish idea of putting the wheel trucks between the cars, not under them, so that the cars could maintain minimal clearance with the rails. Again, this system would not combine well with our shaded rail bed idea, but would work in tunnel applications or under continuous shade sheds or ramadas.
In the back and forth exchange of ideas that made this effort a lot of fun, Michael Thomas took pains to elaborate the possible applications of all these ideas and came up with a number of interesting sketches of which three which show the breadth of his design search are given below. In FIGURE 14, Mike has combined the advantages of the shaded rail concept with those of the center box rail restraint system and come up with a "Flat Bed Quad-Rail". It introduces the idea that rails 'above' the wheels can be used to constrain the train's motion. A second upper set of wheels is desirable because wheels coming into contact with the upper rail need to turn or free-wheel in a direction opposite those riding the lower rail.
* FIGURE 14: A FLAT BED QUAD-RAIL (to be scanned)
NOTE: The size of the wheels is greatly exaggerated to show the arrangement in more detail.
KEY:
• 1) Concrete or Ceramic overhang and rail support.
• 2) Upper rails for inside-flanged wheels
• 3) Upper wheel with inside flange
• 4) Lower wheel with outside flange
• 5) Inter-carriage wheel truck
• 6) Pressurized car
• 7) Pivot attachment point to wheel truck.
• 8) Lower rails for outside flanged wheels)
In FIGURE 15, he uses the same "quad rail" restraining concept together with a concave road bed and overhead shading.
FIGURE 15: A CONCAVE BED QUAD-RAIL (to be scanned)
KEY: Same as for Figure 14 above.
FIGURE 16: (to be scanned)
In FIGURE 16, Thomas depicts an extra wide road bed with a center box rail support together with lowering the ratio of the center of gravity to the track width by supporting two cars side by side on a single double width chassis. Shading is provided by a lightweight arch shed built of lunar concrete blocks.
In last analysis, the simplest, most elegant, most cost effective designs will win out. Some solutions that we have not foreseen are sure to surface in the future with the introduction of new technology.
**CONCEPT OF THE "TRAIN", SEVERAL CARS LINKED TOGETHER**
In terrestrial passenger trains, we are accustomed to being able to walk the length of the train, from one car into the next, without being exposed to the elements, thanks to flexible accordion like "vestibules" linking the cars. In lunar conditions, not only shelter but pressurization against the external vacuum must be maintained, and this would be difficult to manage with a flexible system constantly bending up, down, left, right – difficult, but not impossible. After all, the spacesuit joint manages the same task fairly well. Yet no spacesuit has undergone the 'mileage' of constant use to which rail equipment must be subjected.
"Vestibulated trains" may be an unlikely denizen of future lunar travelways. Instead, given both the economic possibility of much wider Rights of Way, and consequently of much wider track gauges, and the lack of the need for streamlining against air resistance, plus the lower gravity on the lunar surface, single double and triple width, double and triple decker, and double and triple length rail cars are feasible – more on a par with today's Boeing 747 cabin than what we are now used to riding on the rails. This will hold of both conventional rail systems, overhead monorails, and Maglevs alike – as the traffic volume warrants.
On the other hand, as we attempted to illustrate in FIGURE 13, we might see instead a "train" of more conventionally sized cars, all equipped with vestibules which, however, would be undocked with one another while the train is in motion, but "dock" together when the train is standing motionless in the depot on straight and level track. This would allow boarding and unboarding through the end car (trains backing into the depot) instead of requiring a series of docking ports, one for each car's side port.
**LOCOMOTIVE POWER OPTIONS**
We were unquestionably more preoccupied with the design challenges tackled above than with the question of motive power for lunar trains. After all, the options here seemed to be more clear, less in need of brainstorming. Rails could be electrified, the power coming from a combination of trackside solar arrays and solar power satellite in the L4 and L5 Lunar co-orbital fields and/or from nuclear (or thermonuclear i.e. He-3 fusion) plants. An all-lunar formula for superconducting cable would certainly help but seems at this juncture unlikely. An alternative would be to use satellite-laser-beamed power directly to individual rail cars and trains.
In the honeymoon days of nuclear power (yes, youngsters, there was such an era us oldsters dimly recall), the coal-dependent Norfolk and Western seriously considered a nuclear powered locomotive. After all, weren't nuclear reactors being put aboard submarines? If the shielding problems can be solved to everyone's satisfaction, this could be a sleeper option. A more remote sleeper is onboard fusion power. At this time we don't have a high degree of confidence nuclear fusion can be engineered at all. It is quite premature, then, to speculate how compactly He-3 fueled locomotive power packs could be built. The advantage would be that, in contrast to conventional nukes, they would need little or no shielding, a very attractive prospect.
To many, our nation's space program being industriously disassembled before our very eyes by a Congress and Administration preoccupied with other priorities, the idea of railroading on the Moon must seem sheer folly, unrestrained fantasy. But the government could never open the Moon anyhow, so these setbacks are irrelevant. If the Lunar Resources Data Purchases Act is passed, and our expectations about exploitable lunar resources are borne out, and as Earth's energy options dwindle and environmental constraints tighten, we WILL return to the Moon with or without government help or approval, out of sheer economic necessity. That is the only motive worth considering and boosting – yet the one most neglected by space advocates.
Once we clearly HAVE TO go back, and do so, the pace of economic development on the Moon, and in space in general will explode far beyond what almost anyone dares dream today. Someday there WILL be thousands of people on the Moon, not a mere token elite handful, THEN hundreds of thousands. It will be in such an era that LunaRail lays its first stretch of track, bound for a future with much less competition than rail has had here on Earth.
Thanks again to all who took part in this first round of brainstorming on this question. Those of you who didn't participate but now have something to add to the discussion, are certainly welcome to do so. Just write to MMM/MMR c/o the LRS P.O. Box 2102, Milwaukee, WI 53201-2102.
Subsequent Brainstorming by Peter Kokh and Dave Dietzler has concentrated on these issues:
1. **Finding the right lunar– producible alloy for the rails**, with minimal coefficient of expansion and contraction with heating and cooling: One option we began looking into in 2012 was the possibility of making rails from basalt–fiber composites, now used to make "rockbar" which is rapidly replacing steel rebar as a reinforcement for concrete structures. This could remove the previously perceived need to shade the rails, for which we had come up with a number of options, all of them costly.
2. **"Right of way" and track gauge**: As right of way and land acquisition is not a cost–consideration on the currently empty Moon, there seems no reason not to go with a very wide track gauge, which would lower the center of gravity, and allow single very large passenger and freight cars. If we did have "trains" that is a number of inter–connected cars, vestibulation would be tricky, if pressurization is to be achieved. We could simply allow passage between cars only when the train is in a station, on a straight track segment. That also means that overhead clearance for trains could be set quite high to allow for two or more deck units. The cheapest option for crossings would have roadways for automobiles and trucks, dip under the rails.
3. The large gauge and clearance would allow rail cars to ship large modular housing and other units.
4. Railroads could be the main means of spreading out the population to new settlements and outposts along the route.
5. Railroads on the Moon would be ideal for shipping industrial goods and components as well as ores.
6. With aviation out of the question, lunar railroads, including hi–speed MagLev trains, would become the glue that holds this new world together.
7. There is no need for "streamlining"
---
**MMM #62 – February 1993**
**[Inventors Wanted: "Wheeled Walker" vehicles for The Moon]**
**WHEELS VS. LEGS**
for Extraterrestrial Transport
WHEELS VS. LEGS By P. Douglas Reeder, Oregon L5
(also submitted to StarSeed)
Comparison of existing models leads one to the conclusion that mechanical legged vehicles are not worth serious consideration for land transport on other worlds. However, consideration of the fundamental mechanics and energetics of locomotion and the capabilities of legged animals leads to a different conclusion.
Although existing legged robots are slow, it should be noted that horses can carry a human at dozens of kilometers per hour for long periods, using one horsepower. Automobile engines generate hundreds of horsepower, plenty for a car sized vehicle if it has adequate energy efficiency, about which see below. As to control at high speed, cheetahs travel up to 120 km/hr over broken terrain. Mechanical legged vehicles with electronic control should be able to do at least as well.
All vehicles expend energy to raise the weight of the vehicle against gravity when ascending large terrain features. Properly designed vehicles can recover some of this energy when they descend. However, regenerative braking systems are still experimental for wheeled vehicles and research has barely begun on downhill walking.
Both wheeled and legged vehicles expend energy to accelerate the vehicle body. A rough ride, aside from being hard on passengers and cargo, wastes the energy that is used to accelerate the body in directions other than the direction of travel. Legged vehicles have the potential for a smoother ride at all velocities, but it is not clear whether this produces a significant energy saving. A wheeled vehicle must climb over an obstacle all at once, requiring high peak power. Legged vehicles can move one leg at a time, if necessary, using a smaller, lighter power plant.
Wheeled vehicles use energy to angularly accelerate their drive train and wheels, which uses little energy for usual designs. (The rover designs that are mostly wheel use much more.) Legged vehicles must accelerate their legs. On level ground, the legs oscillate in regular patterns and a properly designed mobile (such as most mammals) expends little energy to keep the oscillations going, but much more than comparable wheeled vehicles. Current mechanical walkers dissipate the leg kinetic energy at each stroke, and much more research needs to be done in this area. On rough ground, the irregular patterns of leg motion increase the energy loss significantly at high speeds, so picking one’s way across a boulder field is not just safer, it is more efficient as well. Energy dissipated in leg/wheel motion is the area where wheeled vehicles do significantly better.
Soil interaction is where legs do much better. On soft ground, wheels compact the soil ahead of the wheel, expending energy to dig a rut in the ground. Wheeled vehicles are continually climbing out of their own rut (on soft soil), reducing their traction. As a leg pushes back, the soil behind the foot is compacted, increasing traction. Hard ground reduces the penalty to wheels, but this usually requires prior paving or rail-laying, at great expense, and is only economic for high traffic corridors – common on Earth and nonexistent elsewhere.
In summary, properly designed legged vehicles can offer efficiencies within an order of magnitude of wheeled vehicles on smooth, paved surfaces and do better than wheels on rough terrain.
Where are these properly designed legged vehicles? They don’t exist (yet). Serious research on mechanical legged vehicles is less than two decades old, while the automobile has been in development for almost a century, and wheeled vehicles for millennia. Animals demonstrate excellent mobility and good efficiency for their materials. With higher-strength material, higher energy densities, and the speed of electronics, we should be able to do at least as well, if not better, than protoplasm technology. In addition, mechanical walkers do not need to be fed when not working, can run all day and all night, and do not have desires of their own.
The most efficient and practical legged vehicle so far is the Ohio State Adaptive Suspension Vehicle (ASV) massing 1700 kg and carries a 220 kg payload at up to 13 km/hr. It is powered by a modified motorcycle engine.
**Outlook for Legged Vehicles**
On Earth, legged vehicles will find a niche, but will not replace wheels and roads and rails. We have a great investment in wheel technology and our society is set up around it. In addition, population is high and transportation routes are heavily used.
On the Moon, Mars, and other bodies, the reverse is true: we have no infrastructure of roads and rails, and travel densities will be low for a long time. If suitable legged vehicles are available by the time colonization is starting, colonies can be designed around the use of legs instead of wheels. What would be different? Primarily, you don’t need to pave anything. No unsightly and expensive roads and parking lots. Trails need only be cleared of the largest boulders and can ascend steeper slopes than are practical for roads.
Wheeled off-road vehicles and rovers also eliminate the need for roads, but offer a much rougher ride which is hard on people (reducing the amount of work they can do) and on delicate scientific gear. Legged machines still need bridges for gaps larger than a few meters. (Ohio State’s ASV can cross trenches up to 2.7 meters and climb cliffs up to 2.1 meters, capabilities far beyond that of any wheeled vehicle.)
A legged vehicles can carry heavy equipment right up to its final location whether that is in a canyon or on top of a mountain, and hold it level! You don’t need to drive a road to a site before you develop it. Boulders falling on a trail for legged vehicles don’t block the trail, but merely it to the side.
Legged vehicles are mechanically more complex, and probably will require more maintenance than wheeled vehicles. You won’t have two lanes of traffic going opposite directions within a meter of each other, almost eliminating vehicle collisions. An interesting visual effect is that a large expedition
would resemble a stampede with diesel engine sounds. A good thing there isn’t any local fauna to terrify!
Legged vehicle travel will follow natural routes across mountains (valleys, ridges, passes) but on the plains travelers will head straight for their destination, instead of along the road grid we use on Earth. Putting up a fence and saying NO TRESPASSING might be considered downright hostile.
You could drive your legged truck right into the middle of the greenhouse to load it, with it carefully stepping on the walkways, feet do far less damage to soft ground and vegetation than wheels, reducing erosion, and kick up less dust in dry soils. Legged vehicles offer the potential to significantly impact the way other planets are explored and developed.
DR
REFERENCES:
D. J. TODD, Walking Machines: an Introduction to Legged Robotics, Chapman & Hall, New York.
Shin–Min Song & Kenneth J. Waldron, Machines that Walk: The Adaptive Suspension Vehicle, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
DI.
“Must See” Sights for Tourists on the Moon
Anyone coming to the Moon will see and experience quite a bit, enough to acquire a lifetime of memories, just in the landing and departure process and in the short taxi from the pad to the settlement airlocks — without having to go out on special expensive surface excursions. All the same, it would be a shame to make a half million mile round trip without getting to see up close a typical range of Moon-scape terrain, and if possible, at least some of the best this world has to offer. See “7 Wonders of the Moon” below.
From orbit, as through any modest telescope, it will be quickly apparent that the Moon offers an unexpectedly diverse landscape. Eye-catching paintings of over-imaginative artists aside (there are no craggy peaks untouched by erosion and few if any rough edges — all terrain features having been inexorably softened by the eons-long rain of micro-meteorites) this world does have some striking features all the same.
On Earth the rugged awesomeness of crustal rock outcrops and other features forged by a contest between brute geological forces and the relentless onslaughts of an ever active weather system are set in contrast to the beauty of vegetation in wild strobe-like stasis of species competing for niche space. On the sterile and barren Moon there is no such counter-play between geological awe and botanical beauty. Moonscapes, however otherwise dramatic or boring in feature, are all of one canvas in being displays of “magnificent desolation” (Buzz Aldrin, Apollo 11 landing crew, 7/20/'69).
Many humans are quite insensitive to natural beauty (e.g. “when you’ve seen one waterfall, mountain etc., you’ve seen them all.”) and will react to the Moon in character: “when you’ve seen one crater, you’ve seen them all”. To those of us with an eye for differences and especially to those of us with an appreciation of untamed geological drama, the Moon, which bores only the boring, can boast a wealth of spectacular vistas.
As on Earth, the most spectacular views of the terrain itself will be had from the unobstructed vantage points of high ground — from crater and ridge tops, mountain peaks, rille edges, and promontory points. These overlook craters and walled plains, the frozen lava seas of the maria, straight and sinuous valleys, rolling, cratered, and chaotic terrain etc. As on Earth, there will be sights that merit only local or regional fame, and those that deserve a place on the global honors list.
Here is an armchair selection of nominees for a place on the “Seven Wonders of the Moon” list, the pick of one Earth-bound, telescope-, moonglobe-, and lunar photographic atlas-equipped student of the surface of “Earth’s significant other”. Only five of the Wonders on the list are surface features. Two spots are saved for extra special treats in the lunar heavens.
**Five Nearside Wonders of the Moon**
1. **Earth** itself, an apparition in lunar nearside heavens with 3 1/2 times the breadth, blocking out 13 times as much of the starry skies, and shining with 60 times as much glaring brilliance as does the Moon as seen from Earth — all in a spinning ever changing marbleized riot of blues, greens, browns, and whites. It goes through the same series of sunlit, night-darkened phases as does the Moon in our skies — with spectacular differences. “New Earth” when eclipsing the Sun during what we interpret as a Lunar Eclipse is a dark circle in the heavens crowned with the fiery ring of the sunset-sunrise line as sunlight scatters in the dust of the atmosphere. The night-darkened portion of the globe is in the last century increasingly “star-studded” with the city lights of burgeoning urban areas and oil and gas field burnoffs of “waste” natural gas and hydrogen. Meanwhile the frequent reflection of the Sun off ocean and ice accentuates the sunlit portions.
Full Earth illuminates moonscapes with sixty-some times as much brilliance as Full Moon brightens Earthscapes. This will be handy for getting about during the long lunar nights. But without a dust and water vapor laden atmosphere on the Moon, Earthshine shadows are inky black and impenetrable, and starlight is not drowned out. However, for the eye’s pupils to open enough to appreciate the starry vistas, the brilliance of Earth must be baffled out of one’s field of vision.
While Earthbound students can patiently study a seemingly eternally changeless Moon, lunar settlers and visitors who turn their gaze upon the Earth will have an unending drama of spectacular kaleidoscopic change to admire and study. It will be a treat without the distraction of flora and fauna and weather in the foreground, a Van Goghish canvas of color understatingly matted by black sky and gray regolith.
Astronomical painters such as Bonestel have tried to help us envision what it will be like to look upon Mars and the various other planets from the surfaces of their natural satellites. But the view from the Moon need take second place to none. Yet not all lunar settlers and visitors will be able to appreciate it with equal ease.
To paraphrase the opening sentence in Caesar’s report on the Gallic Wars, “Omnis Luna in quatuor partibus divisa est”: “All the Moon can be divided into four parts”.
In the central part of the Nearside hemisphere, Earth is either directly overhead or at a very uncomfortably high angle above the horizon. Settlers might aptly nickname these central regions “The Crooknecks.” Included is most of Mare Imbrium, Mare Nectaris, Mare Serenitatis, Mare Tranquilitatis, Mare Nectaris, Mare Vaporum, etc.
“The Postcardlands” are the peripheral portions of nearside, regions in which the Earth hovers perpetually a comfortable 5–40° above the horizon.
Adjacent to these, straddling the “limb” of the lunar globe which forever keeps the same side turned towards Earth are “The Peek-a-boos”. Because the Moon’s axis is not perpendicular to its orbit around the Earth and because that orbit is somewhat eccentric and the Moon travels faster when nearer Earth and slower when further away, all the while rotating at a fixed rate, about 7° to either side of the 90° East and 90° West lines are alternately turned towards Earth and away from Earth. Together the above three regions cover nearly 60% of the lunar surface.
The remaining 40+% is in “The Obliviside”, the Farside heartland from which Earth is never visible. This fact sets the scene for the last two Wonders on our list.
2. **Copernicus.** Nearside has many striking large craters. Any amateur astronomer who studies the Moon through a backyard telescope will recognize a couple dozen by location, appearance, and name. And each will have his/her favorites.
Even to the naked eye a few craters stand out a quarter million miles away. During Full Moon, Tycho in the mid-south is the radiant point of bright streaks of lighter regolith splash-out that stretch for thousands of miles. Smaller Aristarchus catches one’s attention with the superimposed brilliance of Venus. Plato’s dark floor (Academy Plain?) can be picked out just north of Mare Imbrium, the Sea of Rains.
Through the binoculars even more can be recognized. But even though there are sixty–some other nearside craters as large or larger, easily the most striking of all, from Earth, is Copernicus. With its extensive debris slopes, it sits alone in southern Oceanus Procellarum, the Ocean of Storms, without neighboring rivals. Mount Nicolaus* at its center reveals a glory of detail. [* The author has published his suggestion that crater central peaks be known by the first name of the famous person after whom the host crater is named. They are otherwise known only as “central peak of …”] A stunning low angle photomosaic of Copernicus taken by Lunar Orbiter 2 in late ’66 was billed by the media as the “Photo of the Century”. Indeed its psychological impact was without precedent.
Early settlers will have as favorites prominent craters that lie in easy excursion reach of their settlement site. And it will be these that are first offered on itineraries of tourists from Earth. As tourist support infrastructure grows, however, those sights with world-class splendor will be offered. If Copernicus is not handy to the initial settlement site(s), it will soon be reached “by beaten path” nonetheless. In low gravity “sixth-weight” it should be easy enough to build an elevator-equipped observation room-capped tourist tower 2 miles (10,000 ft., 3 km) high atop Copernicus north rim to showcase the scene.
3. **The Straight Wall.** In southern Mare Nubium, the Sea of Clouds, lies a 90 mile long escarpment or cliff known as “The Straight Wall”. Because it runs north and south, it is cast into high relief by the rising Sun and is very prominent in even a low–power scope a day after first quarter (first or waxing Half Moon). While the “wall” is not really that high, this sunrise shadow play can be appreciated from surface viewpoints as well, especially those above the average elevation of the plain to the east [a mischievous use canonized by astronomers. The thought never crossed their ivory tower minds that the orientation of people on the surface might someday matter. What is the “eastern” hemisphere of the Moon as seen from Earth is really the “western” hemisphere from a lunar point of view as determined by the progress of sunrise and sunset.]. This feature probably does not deserve a thousand mile detour, but it is unique and special enough to be on the itinerary if established trade and travel routes pass nearby.
4. **The Alpine Valley.** Running like a canal through the mountainous terrain between Mare Imbrium and Mare Frigoris a couple of hundred miles east of Plato is an arrow–straight cut or trench, probably made by a massive piece of ejecta from the impact explosion that carved out the Imbrium basin. About a hundred miles long, it is sure to be a mainline route for traffic and utility lines between these two mare areas. All along the route there are high points to either side which must offer quite a vista. Some of these may one day host tourist lookouts, rest stops, and hotels.
5. **The lavatubes.** While we have strong evidence such features exist and in what kind of lunar terrain we are likely to find them, we have yet to actually map, much less explore, even one. These cavernous wormholes made by subterranean rivers in the still cooling lava floods that, layer upon layer filled most
of the Moon’s larger impact basins over three and a half billion years ago. Some near surface tubes have partially or wholly collapsed to form broken or continuous sinuous rille valleys. But many others must lie intact, invaluable geological preserves as well as handy shelter for the more volume-hungry needs of lunar settlement and industry. Lavatube exploration is sure to be an honored lunar “outlooks” activity.
**Two Farside Wonders of the Moon**
6. **The Milky Way.** One of the lesser recognized ways in which we are allowing our terrestrial environment to continue to degrade is urban nocturnal light pollution. Today there are millions of youth who have never seen the Milky Way. For those of us fortunate to live in or visit at least occasionally countryside areas well outside built-up populated areas, the sight of the Milky Way in dark star-bedazzled skies is unforgettable. But we glimpse it at the bottom of an wet and dusty atmospheric ocean. Even in mid-desert where on cold crisp nights the seeing is best, we are somewhat handicapped.
On the lunar surface, atmosphere is absent. But anywhere in the Nearside Crooknecks or Post-cardlands, and part of the time in the Peekaboos, there is the distracting brilliance of Earthlight which must be baffled not only from view, but from reflection on one’s helmet visor.
It is in Farside during nightspan, both Earth and Sun below the horizon, that the Milky Way shines in full undampened, unchallenged glory. To look up from such a vantage point and scan this river of star clouds as it arches across the heavens from horizon to horizon is a treat no human has yet experienced. For those with soul enough to appreciate it, this awesome sight will be a, for some the, reason to visit, or settle in, Farside. Many will choose the peripheral Peekaboos along the limb, for in these areas one can enjoy both the Milky Way, and Earthrise/Earthset, alternately.
7. **Tsiolkovsky.** The standard approach and landing trajectory that ships bearing settlers, tourists, and visitors will take to surface settlements will bring them in on a descent swing around Farside. Mare Orientalis, the dramatic bullseye-shaped Eastern Sea (misnamed because it is in the western Peekaboos) will be the feature most watched for, if, of course, it be sunlit at the moment. But deep in Farside, again depending on the time of sunth, another spectacle awaits them, to this writer’s eye the most dramatic crater on the Moon — Tsiolkovsky, aptly named after he who taught us that Earth is but our cradle, and that it was our destiny to move up, out, and beyond.
Like Plato and Grimaldi on Nearside, Tsiolkovsky’s basin is flooded with mare-like deposits — in its case some of the darkest mare regolith to be found anywhere on the Moon. This only serves to set off even more strikingly the **Mount Konstantin** massif that dominates Tsiolkovsky’s interior. What a perch for a monastery or latter day shangri-la!
If the day comes when human settlements in the solar system organize in some politically cooperative way, what better site for a capital or headquarters than on Tsiolkovsky’s dark flat floor south of the Konstantin massif. It is handy enough to Earth where most of humanity will continue to live for a long time to come. Yet its horizons face away from the hidden cradle world out upon a Milky Way crowned universe of unlimited opportunity. And who could pick a better name? It’s frosting on the cake that those approaching from space could pick it out instantly by naked eye a half million miles out.
**National Parks and other Preserves**
Any discussion of great natural wonders would be incomplete without considering what we might do to preserve such heritage. **Scenic Preserves** would establish regulations restricting buildings, road placement, and other developments in the foreground or background visible from scenic overlook sites. **Geological Preserves** would go further, protecting not only specific viewpoints but the physical feature itself from development, some types of mining, etc. Designation as a **National Park** would signify the intention to develop tourist and other recreational use facilities nearby so that the feature could be popularly enjoyed in a controlled fashion, as well as preserved from other types of development.
There is the added question of preservation of scenic orbital perspectives, i.e. of preventing developments that might be defacing on a large scale. Given the impotency of efforts to control forest clear-cutting in the Pacific Northwest where ugly scars that seem to grow cancerously insult anyone peering out an airplane window, lunar authorities will have to insulate themselves from the palm grease of developers if they are to have any luck. But solving the future’s problems is the chore of those alive at the time. We can but warn.
FOR SALE: Unforgettable Experiences & Unequaled Opportunities
TOURIST EARNINGS By Peter Kokh
Profits from space tourism to be plowed back into the Lunar economy, can be earned for the Moon only to the extent that the tourist operations involved are owned, operated, and equipped by settlers. If at first this seems an unlikely scenario, consider the cost of building tourist resorts in LEO [Low Earth Orbit] from materials brought up from Earth in comparison to cruder yet comparable facilities built of materials processed from lunar regolith – the twenty-fold savings in freight charges will tip the edge to companies able to supply the latter, once the necessary upfront capital investments have been made.
Initial LEO resorts prefabricated on Earth will be small, however luxurious. Ample and spacious complexes able to accommodate a much wider range of activities (read zero-G sports and recreation) will have to await the breakthrough in construction costs promised by NTMs — Non-Terrestrial Materials. Compare 50s era Las Vegas resorts with those of today and multiply the difference by a hefty factor!
That said, earnings from the use of lunar materials to support expanded tourist opportunities in space will only flow into lunar accounts to the extent that the building materials manufacturers and construction companies involved are settler-owned and/or settlement-taxed. Unfortunately, there are ample past models for exploitative colonialist rape-theft of foreign resources to give us ample warning that without the proper legal-political-economic regime in place, space frontier settlers could well end up not seeing a penny of the profits. Indeed, some of these unsavory practices have been at least implicitly advocated in development schemes put forward by some space advocates emotionally opposed to surface settlement by “planetary chauvinists”.
Assuming that we set things up right however, the construction, outfitting, and servicing of tourist facilities in LEO should provide a major market for the lunar economy. After all, tourists are the one thing it is far more profitable to source from Earth than from off-planet! And LEO is their handiest, least expensive “off shore” destination.
“Build it and they will come” — for the rocket-thrust experience of liftoff, for the sensation of weightlessness, and for the angelic, olympian views. Those not plagued by space-sickness will get “the experience of a lifetime” promised by the hype ads. As ticket prices moderate and demand increases it will become profitable to offer “enhanced” orbital vacations.
Exercise, sport, and even dance classes and events will exploit the opportunities of weightlessness. To make the most of the unparalleled views, there will be both “heads-up” view-plate display aids and experienced human guides to help sightseers identify and understand the geographical, geological, ecological and environmental, geoeconomic, and meteorological clues in the brilliantly sunlit panoramas below.
Picking out major and minor cities by their night lights will be a popular pastime. For astronomy buffs, the twinkle-free brilliance of the quickly shifting starscapes will bring a foretaste of heaven.
The leap from Earth Orbit tours to deep space excursions such as lunar swingbys is relatively easy. [MMM # 21 Dec. ‘88 pp 2–5 “Lunar Overflight Tours” available by SASE plus $1 to “LRS”] If part of the vehicles (and their outfitting) involved is “Made on Luna”, some of the revenues from this extension business will help boost the lunar economy. Better yet if the companies serving this trade are settler-owned.
Tours to the L4 and L5 Earth-Moon co-orbital fields, which may be the site of considerable construction and manufacturing activity and boast settlements of their own, will also become popular early extensions of LEO tour stays. From these twin vantage points, Earth and Moon can be seen together, 60° apart, and in similar phases (new, half, full, etc.). Excursions still further out may also be available.
As to “land excursions” on the Moon, in the early days when the preoccupation will be with building and establishing the first settlements and coaxing them toward some degree of self-sufficiency, it may not be possible to “visit” the Moon except on “working tours” as part of construction or prospecting crews, much as people now pay to go on archeological “digs”. Eventually, traditional “pampered tourist” type vacations will be introduced.
Such offerings will probably await the day when any and all new pressurized habitable space on the Moon is constructed of materials processed from the local regolith soils. Until then, the per square foot cost of habitat prefabricated on Earth will be much too high to squander on tourist activity for anyone other than the obscenely well-to-do.
For sightseeing surface excursions, pressurized cabins retired from Earth-Moon ferries and fitted with wheeled chassis and suitable motor units ["toads", cf. MMM # 48 SEP '91 pp. 4-6 "Lunar Hostels: Part I: Amphibious Vehicles] should be available as sleep-on go-anywhere coaches. They might be brightly colored ("Tangerine Toads") for safe visibility in the overly gray setting, operated by a commercial distant cousin of Greyhound (Grayspan?).
As for touring Mars, that is an altogether different set of ifs. It is unlikely there will be any sort of tourist activity out that far until tested and proven second generation nuclear rockets are available that can significantly reduce travel times and total cosmic and solar radiation exposures. First to become available will be tours to Phobos and Deimos, Mars' two close-in moonlets. These tours will feature extended observation of Mars from relatively high orbit (3,700 and 12,500 miles over the Martian surface, respectively).
However, much closer fleeting glimpses of the daylit side approaching and coming out of the aerobraking maneuver that ends the "cruise" out from Earth and puts the craft on a trajectory for either of the moons. Excursions to Mars surface itself may follow the lunar pattern, working tours first.
Is there a Lunar part in all this? Yes, to the extent that some of the vehicles, equipment, and provisions are lunar built, modifications of items first designed to bootstrap the unfolding of lunar settlement itself along with Earth-Moon trade. One thing builds upon the other — if we play our cards right, leveraging the most from every advantage.
MMM
Windows – out with one cliché, and in with another
Driving along at night one sees home after home with a lamp on a table in front of the picture window? Poor decorating actually, but commonplace. On the Moon, with very little pedestrian or motor traffic "outside", exterior "presentation" will rate low.
Ranking higher will be the need to gaze on the stark moonscape through the reassuring foreground of living foliage and flowers, under solar spotlights. More on lunar homestead interiors, below.
[Editor: the author of the series of pieces that follows has his own one man "This Old House" business and specializes in custom home interior remodeling and redecoration. His hands-on experience working with all sorts of building and construction materials and in getting the most out of them under often times difficult conditions has filled him with enthusiasm for this "ultimate challenge" to home-crafting resourcefulness.]
MMM begins a New Series
On the face of it, the expression "Rural Luna" sounds a bit tautological (like the hot Sun, or wet water). But once there is a permanent outpost or settlement, a very sharp contrast will assert itself between the relatively civilized human enclave and the rest of the Moon's barrenescapes. Using the initial outpost as a Base Camp, secondary visited, camped, tended, and staffed sites will find their way onto the map here and there. Mining operations, science outposts engaged in geology and astronomy, tourist stops, and eventually secondary settlements will come as the humble human beachhead slowly phases into a genuine global presence.
RURAL LUNA Part I: Beating a Path
For the utmost part, the Moon remains a pristine, undisturbed, trackless barrenescape presenting varying degrees of difficulty and obstacle to those who would traverse it. There are the wheel ruts of three Apollo Lunar Rovers and two Soviet Lunakhods — but that's it. This presents would-be developers and settlers with two complementary options: bring or build "off-road" vehicles and be content with the speed and terrain limits they impose, and/or improve logical easy-traverse routes into roadways passable for general vehicles at more desirable speeds.
The former option must be addressed with more capable, more specialized vehicles, and is covered last. The later, choosing traffic routes and improving roadways is our opening topic.
LUNAR ROADS By Peter Kokh
The question of roadways needs to be addressed on both a local and global level. The traffic in local areas within a base or settlement perimeter will be the heaviest and most regular, calling for the highest level of improvement. This means not only grading and removing of stones and boulders, but also compacting and "fixing" or "paving" the surface. Such traffic ways need not only to be rut-resistant, but also to be dust-free or dust-stabilized.
Some have called for paving with locally produced concrete slabs of "lunacrete." But road surfaces can be self-paved by fusing or sintering the surface layers to a sufficient depth to support expected wheel weights, using microwave beams in a stereo array or focused solar beams in a controlled pattern to produce a hard but not glassy surface, textured to improve traction of soft-tired vehicles. Just how to do this is a matter that will require some amount of determined experimentation, first Earthside with analog materials, then in-field/on-site confirmation tests with actual lunar produced materials under real conditions. This will be priority "homework" for the initial outpost-base.
The most difficult challenge will be the high surface temperature range of over 400° F, over 200° C. This will constrain the way and extent to which potential dust-fixers like sulfur are used. "Pavement" strengtheners such as locally produced fiberglass mats may be part of the solution.
As to "lunacrete," bear in mind that this is a sixth-weight environment and the "pavement" need not be as strong as that needed to bear up under terrestrial traffic. On Earth, a six to one mix of raw on site soil with cement is enough to produce a serviceable walkway (we continue to use a 1:1 mix in overkill due to the resistance of vested interests). But such a mix might even sustain road traffic in the reduced gravity.
**"Highways" beyond the Base/Settlement Perimeter**
Away from the settled areas, dust control, while always helpful (reducing and simplifying vehicle maintenance) will be less important. Depending upon traffic volume, simple clearing of boulders and modest grading here and there may suffice over carefully surveyed routes. Rights of Way can be very generous, all at no cost. Obviously surveying will be of the utmost importance if the amount of work and expense required is to be kept to the most economical minimum. That will be a primary goal in the early era of human occupation. Only as global lunar population growth and intersettlement traffic justifies will "shortcuts" demanding extensive cut and fill work, perhaps even bridges and tunnels, be justifiable.
To aid in route surveying and "high route" corridor designation, we will need more accurate and higher resolution lunar global altimetry maps than we now possess. But this is quite within the reach of (a) satellite mission(s). Based on the maps yielded by such (a) TopoSat(s), potential corridors and routes of varying breadth, both main and tributary branch routes, can be identified prior to decisions on where to site additional settlements and outposts. Proximity to such routes linking potential sites to the initial and main center(s) of lunar population will be a primary, if not overriding consideration in final site selections. This map of potential traffic routes, color-coded for sections needing special improvement, identifying and quantifying clear-grade (CG) and cut-fill (CF) hurdles according to difficulty and expensed options will provide one part of a crystal globe preview of the way the Moon, as a new human world, will unfold and develop.
There are of course, other ways of getting around both on, over, and above the surface and to the extent to which these prove to be economically competitive, they will tell a complementary story. Here, actual site advantages, be they chemical-mineral endowments or scenic spots of tourist appeal will mandate the development of sites irrespective of any convenient proximity to this Map of Potential High routes. But this map too, will be penciled in well in advance, again thanks to orbital satellite mappers, this time tracing the abundances of elements and even minerals. It will form the complementary part of the lunar development blueprint map.
**The "Circumlunar" Route L1**
Open a photographic lunar atlas or get out a lunar globe, and it will be clear at once that some areas, notably the mare plains, are suggestively more travel-worthy than the high-land jumble of crater upon crater. This is deceptive, however. Lava flow fronts, escarpments, and rille valleys and trenches as well as "reefs" of partially buried crater rims pose very real restrictions on choice of path in cross mare and inter mare travel. Even here routes must be scouted with deliberate care.
The second thing that should emerge is that the distribution of the maria is far from random. They cluster north of the equator on Nearside, and south of the equator on Farside. It is indeed somewhat justifiable, even practical, to speak of a "marequator", a lunar great circle that traverses the geographical equator at the visible limbs and tangents $30^\circ$ N at the central Nearside meridian, and $30^\circ$ S at the central Farside meridian. A future "Circumlunar" Highway might well follow this route, with branches of opportunity off to either side.
**Scenic Highroutes**
On Earth, "scenic" roads often hug terrain features such as valleys, shorelines, ridges and mountain crests. On the Moon, it will be no different. Routes chosen for the views they afford will wind along rille tops or bottoms, crater rims, and mare coastal ramparts, lava flow fronts etc. As they may well be more expensive to build, such roads will come later, multiplying step by step as the domestic and foreign terrestrial tourist traffic increases. For a long time, most tourists on the Moon will be settlers and others already living on the Moon.
**Finding one's way, safely**
In addition to the constraints on choice of materials and construction methods posed by the extreme range between nightspan and dayspan temperatures, there is the challenge of the accompanying differences in illumination. In dayspan, the glare from reflected sunlight is intense. This is so despite the dark grays of the lunar regolith soils even in the highlands. Add to this the inky black shadows in an environment free of a light diffusing atmosphere. At night there will be some relief on Nearside from earthshine, phase for phase as bright as sixty moons on our own cloudless nights. But in Farside, the pitch dark of nightspan will be relieved only by the brilliance of the Milky Way in the Earthless sky.
The problem these extremes of illumination pose is twofold: first there is the need to see one's way clearly. Second there is the defensive need of being visible to other vehicles.
Helping in the first instance is the lack of atmosphere and drag: we can put headlights on high masts so they can peer over slight rises. By day, to save battery or fuel cell power, they can be computer-toggled by the coming into view of dark shadow areas along the line of motion on the road. At night, sidelights as well as headlights may be desired. Question: how practical would it be, on Earthless Farside, to drive solely by the light of ultraviolet headlamps? That is to ask, is there enough fluorescent rock, glass, and dust to be excited by the UV? Some cheap experiments with a representative sample of Apollo Moon rocks and dust could give a first read.
To be visible to others poses special problems both by day and by night. It will be very important to determine exactly which colors and hues and shades stand out most clearly against the lunar grayscapes. Will reflective bright green be the color of choice on the Moon as on Earth? Possibly not. Vehicle nightlighting can likely follow familiar terrestrial code norms: red, orange, green, white, blue.
Allied to the above question is the choice of colors and auxiliary illumination for road markers and signs. During dayspan illumination, signs could be designed to make use of sunlight for enhanced visibility. Under shadow and nightspan conditions, battery-stored solar energy could use the same design for internal illumination. To save energy, these could be switched on, and off, by vehicle proximity sensors.
Alternately, night lighting of signs could be supplied by radioactive isotopes and a careful choice of fluorescent materials or. In both cases, translucent colored glass would be used, not plastic.
**Not by sight alone ...**
To paraphrase a proverb, visibility is not enough. On Earth, both to attract attention of distracted drivers and to provide warning, for example on blind curves, horns are all but indispensable. Conventional horns do not work in vacuum. Radio-triggered horns would seem an option, but without obstacle-top relays, their line of "sight" would be broken. We will need to address this problem, either as suggested above or otherwise.
Radio communications will have to be satellite- or tower mediated. There is no ionosphere! We could rely on relays at L1, and much more distant L4 and L5 and Earth itself, the latter three all with their 2.5 second time delay. Or there could be a more expensive to maintain low orbit network satellite array. Low lunar orbits are unstable and lots of maintenance fuel would be needed. A tower net might be the simplest solution until the human presence starts to spread globally. At any rate, a satellite net for global positioning information will be indispensable on the Moon where visible location clues will be few and confusing.
For entertainment and news on route, lunar radio stations could reach travelers by the above satellite relays. Antennas large enough to pick up signals from L4 or L5 could also bring in Earthside
stations. Conversely, terrestrial dishes big enough to pick up signals from L4 or 5, more than ten times the distance of geostationary comsats now in use, would be needed to eavesdrop on lunar programming, either direct or reboosted by relays in L4 and L5.
On farside, especially within relay line of sight of a radio telescope installation, communications may have to be carried by roadside cable with intermittent low power short reach radio transmitters. More conservatively, milestone road-side lights could flash to advise vehicles to park and do a cable hookup to receive an important message. As a site for such an astronomy facility, probably indispensable to any successful S.E.T.I. search as well as to definitive cosmology, lunar Deep Farside is a piece of real estate unique in all the solar system, of such scientific value that its radio silence must be protected at all costs, despite all inconveniences. Our ingenuity and need will find a way to communicate there all the same.
Relevant Back Readings from MMM: [MMM Classics #2] #10 Nov ‘87 “Farside” part II; #15 MAY ‘88 “Rural Luna”
The Basic Automated Unpressurized Convenience
WAYSIDES By Peter Kokh
For traveling off the beaten path, obviously we must use self-contained vehicles that need no resupply other than that which they can obtain from the surroundings they traverse. A tall order, especially if range is not to be severely limited.
But along improved high routes opened to routine travel, wherever the distances between settlements and outposts are substantial, safe travel will be promoted by the placement of basic automated unpressurized convenience waysides. These will be stations where vehicles can pull up and hook up for refueling or recharging, access higher gain antennas for fuller communications options, and so on, take on emergency rations when needed, etc. The station’s solar power units will recharge exhausted batteries, electrolyze water from fuel cell operation to make hydrogen and oxygen for refueling other fuel cells. And there will be on site solar power storage for limited nightspan operations. First aid supplies will complement emergency food rations in a vending dispenser.
A computer in the main settlement could keep track of vended inventories and the quantities of water, hydrogen, oxygen, stored power reserves etc. On that information, just-in-time resupply and equipment maintenance can be scheduled.
Such automated stations can be designed as compact units with modular pullout/plug-in changeable components. They could be trucked to the site overland, or delivered ahead of road-blazing crews to areas about to be opened by suborbital hopper or lunar all-terrain vehicles.
While vended food rations and other items would need to be resupplied regularly, the fuel and power services function could largely be self-maintained on an automated basis along with recycling wastes from one vehicle into reserves for the next. Use of the station other than through vending machines could be on the honor system.
As a major improvement, an emergency solar flare shield in the form of a regolith-covered canopy or ramada could be provided at waysides separated by no more than a couple of hours drive. And a self-service garage with a ramp, hoist, and vending machines dispensing commonly needed replacement parts would be another useful improvement.
Even before truly rural pockets of habitation appear on the Moon, the presence of these little automated stations will put the welcoming and reassuring stamp of “civilization” on the long desolate inter-settlement and inter-outpost reaches. These stations could be manufactured for, and operated by the Lunar Frontier Government. But they could just as well be built and operated commercially under license with set minimum standards. The latter option, probably leading to rival competitive chains, would promote welcome improvements, such as the two we’ve mentioned above, as well as more efficient operation and maintenance. Commercial operation will also more quickly lead to the appearance of staffed full service stations and centers.
Service Centers & Inns
By Peter Kokh
Some of these basic and improved Automated Stations may continue to serve indefinitely in this limited capacity. But where traffic growth, and hence entrepreneurial opportunity warrants, well-placed stations (at junctions and crossroads, near scenic attractions, for example) may gradually evolve into full time staffed service centers. The artwork above depicts just some of the service opportunities: coffee shop and restaurant, motel with shower facilities, laundromat, excursion tours to scenic spots, lunar railroad flag stop.
This list is hardly exhaustive. As this would be a pressurized station, matchlocks would be provided for vehicle docking, permitting shirtsleeves entry. For the vehicle, in addition to the standard utility/service hookups, there could be a garage with mechanic on duty and a more complete inventory of parts. There could also be a sanitary waste deposit facility. A first aid station would be tended by a nurse or medic.
There could be a more complete line of telecommunications: postal pickup for snail mail; western union style pick up anywhere service for messages and money; ATM machine; telegraph/fax service; computer/modem work stations; teleconferencing capacity. For the motel section there could be a well-rounded audiovisual library.
We mentioned available excursion tour side trips. Expanding on this theme, other possibilities include rentals of open cab lunar dune buggies and dirt bikes; taxi service; and, of course, day care for the little ones you don’t want to take along on that special outing.
A lounge for guests to mix socially could complete any dining facilities. It could be stocked with an assortment of games. Besides a kitchen and meal service, there could be an in-room kitchenette, even picnic supplies for an outing in an attached solarium-arboretum-garden under a glass dome (total accumulative time spent under unshielded glass is likely to be minimal). A small gym, a ball court, or pool would be nice.
Expanded tended vending service could include various food and sundry items, locally made or other lunan art and craft souvenir and gift items, on the spot film developing and more. Each Service Center & Inn might offer and carry certain basics. They would try to outdo one another in luxury options and specialties.
In reality, the first such centers are likely to develop as truck and motor coach stops. It may be a while before lunar roads are traveled by any lunan version of the family car. But any of the above would be a start.
[Lunar Roads, Part II:]
It might seem that designers and engineers of vehicles meant to roam the lunar surface have a clean slate. First, there is no atmospheric drag to contend with, therefore a need neither for streamlining nor for a low, narrow cross-section profile. Second, there are no real estate expense reasons to keep road rights of way and traffic lanes as narrow as those we are well accustomed to on Earth. Lanes, and the vehicles that ply them, could be radically wider.— So it would seem. In reality, some relevant considerations are important enough that real constraints on vehicle design emerge.
**Dust Control ➔ “Dustlining”**
The Apollo Astronauts found the powdery lunar dust to be quite troublesome. In short, they had a “static cling” problem. We should be concerned with two things: first, dust working its way into moving vehicle parts, compromising their smooth operation and operating life. Second, we need to minimize the migration of dust into habitat areas.
While electrostatic control may indeed be part of the solution, we’d do best to approach the problem from redundant overlapping angles. In the latter case, we need to minimize or altogether prevent foot traffic from the outvac into the habitat areas. Where some in and out space-suited traffic cannot be avoided, paved or “fixed” porches and approaches will help for pedestrian and vehicular traffic alike.
As for the vehicles themselves, the underside can have a dust-shield pan, that minimizes the number of catch basins for vacuum born dust. On Earth, streamlining has affected most the frontal and upper surfaces of a vehicle. On the Moon, a somewhat analogous dustlining will affect the frontal and lower surfaces. We must learn a new, yet familiar, set of tricks.
**Saving atmospheric gases ➔ “Snuglocks”**
There is a seemingly limitless supply of Oxygen on the Moon. But the point is that the high lunar vacuum is an invaluable scientific and technological resource. It pays to do everything possible to minimize any slow degradation this vacuum will undergo from repeated airlock cycling.
More importantly, however, at least in its immediate economic ramifications, is the principally exotic, or Earth-sourced nature of the Nitrogen we will need as an atmospheric buffer gas, one with biospheric importance as well. In short we need to conserve both oxygen and nitrogen. One way to do this is to use matchlocks instead of airlocks for the delivery of goods and personnel between the exterior vacuum and the pressurized interior. Direct docking allows shirtsleeve passage.
Those who must enter and leave, either the vehicle or habitat, on foot, can use turtleback suits, backing into a form fitting lock. Once secured with a pressure seal, first the concave mini-door to the habitat opens, then, into it, the conformal back of the turtle back space suit. The occupant reaches backwards inside the habitat for a bar above the turtle lock and pulls him/herself through the turtle back into the pressurized habitat. The dusty suit remains outvac. The back of the empty suit, then the door lock is closed, and the empty suit moved by a roboarm to an exterior storage rack.
More salient here is the periodic need to bring vehicles into pressurized garages through large airlocks. The only way to minimize volatile loss in this case is to design vehicles so that all top and side-mounted protruding equipment retract into hollows in the hull, even the wheels can tighten up for the taxi in, so that the vehicle fits through a much smaller standard size garage airlock as snugly as possible. This snug-lock would have a conformal antechamber exposed to vacuum, so that when the airlock was opened, vehicle in antechamber, the outrush of air would be minimal. In other words, the type of vehicle we need as a mainstay is a “Snugger.”
**Ease of Maintenance ➔ “Modular Drive”**
There will be times when repairs must be performed outvac, far from a friendly snuglock. Much difficulty can be avoided if all repairable equipment was part of a modular pop-out/snap-in subassembly. For example, an electric power unit in a removable tray could feed power to four independent motor-wheel drive units that could in turn be switched with one of a pair of spares in a few minutes, the particular item needing repair to be taken care of later in a pressurized garage.
Similarly, air/water/waste recycling systems should be in easy to exchange pop-out/snap-in trays.
**Road worthiness ➔ “wide, low, shielded”**
The salient features of the lunar motoring environment in addition to its dustiness are the low 1/6th Earth-norm gravity or sixthweight, and vulnerability to occasional deadly solar flare storms. To tackle the first, the wheel units, vehicle outside the snuglock, should extend well to the side, reptile
style, rather than below, mammal style. Road lanes can be as obligingly large and accommodating as pragmatism demands.
In addition, given the equally reduced traction, the center of gravity must be kept as low as possible, even though ground clearance may need to be generous, especially for off-road vehicles. In this latter case, a vehicle can ride low when the path is relatively level and boulder-free, then automatically rise up to clear obstacles picked up by its proximity sensors. For vehicles that spend their lifetimes on improved roadways, the problem is minimal. The wide track, a cabin slung between the wheels, and common sense positioning of heavy equipment and fuel tanks will keep the center of gravity low enough.
For unpredicted surprise solar flare emergencies, there could be a movable rack of empty tanks, normally kept topside, but deployable over the aft end when the Sun was lower to the horizon. Fuels like hydrogen and oxygen and fuel cell waste water could be pumped to these tanks as needed, the vehicle parked, its butt to the Sun, covered. Having more heavy equipment over the rear axle, compensated by cantilevering the control cab over the front axle, should help.
MMM #81 – December 1994
Lunar “surrey with the fringe on top”
Watched “American Gladiators” lately? Have you seen the “Atlasball” segment? Next time picture space suited lunar thrill-seekers working their geodesic cages along a rally course of craterlets etc. Might be fun if the sweat of exertion and the overheating inside one’s space suit could be handled!
Similar solar powered spheres could be equipped with a track riding buggy capable of generous side-to-side movement or banking. Such an “off-road vehicle” – call it a unicycle, an auto-tracker, a cyclotrack, or whatever – could open the vast lunar barrenescapes to the sports-minded “outlooks” types and help avoid cabin fever. More on Lunar vehicles below.
[Series Continuation from MMM # 79, OCT ‘94]
Part II. Surface Vehicles & Transportation
Travel on the Moon, or Mars, won’t be as casual as on Earth for a long, long time to come. Nor will there ever be as many modes. On the Moon, air travel is not an option, and reliance on suborbital rocket powered hoppers would increase the strain on the quality of the vacuum, a unique industrial and scientific asset worth preserving at any cost and inconvenience. On Mars both of these options are open and viable. In this article, however, we are concerned with ground transport.
Getting from here to there over the lunar surface, or over the Martian surface for that matter, poses an interesting set of challenges. The most obvious of these, negotiating the trackless terrain, is the one that has received most attention. Innovative wheel/tire designs and terrain-hugging suspensions are what we have come to look for. In recent years with the exploration of the possibility of microrobotic rovers, walking contrivances and computer programs to operate them have been added to the repertoire.
A few years back, OMNI Magazine offered a $500 prize for most innovative lunar rover design. Here too, the process of negotiating the terrain received the most attention. There have been some distracting bugaboos. For example, the OMNI requirements included a provision that the vehicle be able to handle crevasses. Sorry folks, but apart from the ice caps on Mars, “there ain’t any”! At the same time, some very real, very salient challenges have received very little attention.
There is more to a vehicle than its interface with the ground! Other considerations need to be addressed:
✓ the temperature range over which the vehicle must operate: on the Moon, from 200 some degrees below to more than that above Zero Fahrenheit; on Mars, mostly in the colder part of this range. – Note that the Apollo rovers were operated only during the dayspan. This means special heat and cold-resistant lubricants must be formulated, perhaps that special bearings must be designed. It means that batteries and/or fuel cells must either be thermally well insulated or be designed to operate in extreme temperatures. Siliconized lubricants, super-conductive magnetic bearings, and thermally insulated power plants would all seem to be a part of the picture.
✓ The distance range over which the vehicle can operate without returning to base. Where time is not a consideration, a vehicle powered by solar arrays can operate continuously from shortly after sunrise to shortly before sunset some fourteen days later, then sleep through the two-week long nightspan. It’s range is not limited. But except for robotic exploratory and/or drone freight vehicles, time is a consideration. Speeds must approach those the terrain will bear. And nightspan travel may well be required.
Solar arrays may be used as auxiliaries but stored electrical power such as fuel cells may be primary. Another option is chemical power using “fuels” derived from the surroundings on route, for example powdered pure iron fines extracted from the soil, burned in oxygen. To our knowledge, no one has as yet been thoughtful enough or inventive enough to attempt developing the engine required. Once we have such an engine, a refueling depot infrastructure will be needed to allow indefinite ranging.
Certainly, like it or not, for free ranging capability uncoupled to refueling depots or caches, nuclear electric motive power is a prime option, that is, if suitably sized lightweight yet full-shielded units can be engineered. But that will be quite an engineering challenge.
Yet another range-expanding option is beamed power.
**BACKGROUND:** For fleet vehicles operating in the immediate vicinity of a main base or settlement, power generated by whatever means can be beamed from a high tower to any non-occulted vehicle within a local range of several miles. [See the suggestion of Myles A. Mullikin in MMM # 31 DEC ‘89 “The Laser Power Tower” p. 5.] Such an arrangement could cover construction vehicles, delivery trucks, spaceport coaches, etc. The rooftop rectenna would be much lighter in weight than the alternative bank of fuel cells or batteries. While the beam could be adequately safeguarded by fail-safe feedback loops, the capacity of the power tower to feed a growing fleet of vehicles at different vectors all at the same time, is unknown.
Such a setup could terrace the way to the introduction of global beamed power from solar power satellite relays. This would allow unlimited free ranging. The problem here is that solar power satellites would have to be stationed in L4 or L5, the closest stable Moon-synchronous positions, some ten times further from the lunar surface than similar satellites in geosynchronous orbit are from Earth. Given the fall-off of power with the square of the distance, that’s a hundredfold handicap to overcome. SPSs in L1 or L2 only twice as far out as Earth’s geosynchronous orbit (only four times as handicapped) would require enormous resupplies of station-keeping fuel. And the problem of feeding many vehicles all at once with individual tight beams is the same.
It would seem then that there are just three really practical systems: (1) free-ranging larger nuclear powered craft; (2) vehicles burning powdered metal in oxygen limited to routes for which intermittent fuel resupply has been arranged; (3) fuel cell powered vehicles, also limited to serviced routes.
As has happened on Earth, there will be an evolving mix of vehicles of different types and those that work most efficiently and conveniently and inexpensively and reliably will become the standard. Again, as on Earth, there may be exceptions for local fleets where special support infrastructures might make sense, offering economies of opportunity.
consumable reserves also limit the effective range of crewed vehicles. Air and water must be recycled and regenerated on board, probably without bioregenerative support except in larger craft. As to food, reliance must be on compact rations unless caches or depots have been arranged along the route. This limitation applies to otherwise unfettered nuclear craft as well.
The upshot is that travel over trackless areas, far from serviced routes, will be as non-casual as in similar situations on Earth, e.g., early Antarctic expeditions. Could one possibly have expected otherwise?
OVER THE ROAD LONG DISTANCE TRUCKING AND
OVER THE ROAD “RIGS” By Peter Kokh
Other than the cowboy, few occupations have been so romanticized as that of the over-the-road long-distance trucker. It is a calling definitely not for everyone, keeping one away from home and family for long periods of time. Of course, one end run around this drawback is the husband and wife trucking team which provides not only conjugal company but relief behind the wheel, even around-the-clock driving.
There is a romance about the road. It differs, of course, depending upon whether one plies a fixed route over and over on a week-in week-out schedule or ranges all over the map picking up cargoes of opportunity. In the one case the litany of truck stops and other diversions becomes routine, in the other it always keeps changing, though its poetry is the same. Inevitably one gets to know many others in the trade and it truly becomes a way of life – in the blood, as they say.
Truckers drive by day. They drive by headlight. They drive by radio, and by CB, and now cellular. They reckon by rote, by map, and now by Global Positioning Satellite systems. They acquire their handles, name their rigs, and their lore is mythologized in many a melancholy tune.
Many a business is at their service: motels, garages, restaurants, and complete truck stops; hookers on CB, radio stations, tractor customizing shops, custom apparel makers. Many a time myself on the highway day or night between country cottage and city four hours apart, I’d spot the Moon in the sky and wonder: “will it be the same up there?” Surely, not at first. But then the driving influences, the incentives, the needs – they’ll be there unchanged. At first it will be lonely out vac, carrying a load the interminably long empty miles from Port Heinlein to Clarke City through grayscape after grayscape against black star-rich skies, and even lonelier by nightspan. But inevitably, eventually, it’ll be “on the road again.”
Distinctive features of Lunar Rigs
The Cab has to be/to do a lot of things. It must be pressurized, thermally well insulated, and provide for routine activities: sleeping, eating, hygiene, first aid, entertainment, communications, and more. Obviously we’ll need more than a pair of seats and a bunk. In contrast to the current luxury super cabs of many modern long haul truck rigs, the cab of the lunar rig will have to be a camper-sized cocoon, a traveling truck stop, to use an oxymoron. It will be “self-contained”, have walk around space, a galley area, a lounge area, maybe even a spare berth or two so that the rig operators can offer “tramp steamer” type accommodations to occasional passengers.
As to the cargo bed, this can be either pressurized or unpressurized, depending on the cargo (cf. the distinction between refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks). If pressurized, it is likely to be separately so. The twists, turns, torsional stress and vibration that comes with movement over a surface that is not straight, flat, and level would tax any connection critically. There would be match-lock pressurized access to the hold only when the truck was parked, straight and level.
The cargo area may have an accessible solar flare storm cellar at the bottom so that any cargo carried could act as shielding. The cab-cocoon itself may have a storm cellar cubbyhole in the floor area, beneath water reserve tanks, fuel cells, and other heavy equipment.
Rig class ratings will tell the type of routes the rig is able to handle: unimproved but scouted routes, graded routes, routes with tended way stations or refueling stations, fully serviced routes with staffed service centers, etc. in declining order. This will work to prevent both operator and customer from undertaking foolish ventures.
Rigs will be largely self-servicing. They will be equipped to self-unload, with their own fork lift or crane. Cargo will be containerized as much as possible to allow easy, fast, low-risk, low-exposure loading and unloading. The rig would boast a strategically-stocked parts bin and tool crib.
Rigs will be designed and engineered for easy self repair. Pop-in/pop-out independently-suspended wheel/drive-motor modules might be the rule, each getting electric power from a central plant. Each rig might carry a spare module, with standardized replacements available at service centers. The rig would carry a piggyback open rover dingy for emergency travel and capable of transporting replacement parts like wheel/drive modules.
Communications: both audio (radio) and video services will be possible either via L1 relay, or direct from Earth. A low orbit satellite network is not an easy answer. It would be prohibitively expensive to maintain because the perilune or low point of low lunar orbits decays too quickly towards inevitable surface impact. Entertainment and news casts especially packaged for lunar truckers, if originating in the main or other settlements via L1 relay, could conceivably be a favorite eavesdrop for their earth-bound counterparts.
Trucking in "deep" Lunar Farside, the 60° orange slice over the horizon not only from Earth but from relays in L4 and L5 as well, will require special communications arrangements. Perhaps a roadside cable with intermittent very-short range transmitters would allow one-way or two-way radio exchange say every few miles or every 15 minutes or so along the route.
Autopilots may be as popular and common on the Moon as cruise control on Earth. For there will be much less traffic; the slightest road jam will be fare for prime time newscasts less obstacles. The contingencies will be more routine. Autopilots may even be necessary for safety. For the very infrequency of situations requiring unprogrammable on-the-spot reflexes or reactions, along with the monotony of the scenery, unbroken by human-made structures and artifacts could tend to be very soporific.
Once their are a number of real settlements, there will be carriers who make the rounds, plying the circuit to pick up unordered specialty consignment goods in each community to make available in all the others. These "Gypsy Traders" will have pressurized holds and back up to settlement match locks in the "market" area. Arrivals will be well publicized. The holds may contain their own display space, or else goods to be merchandised may be prearranged on rollout display carts and cases. Items will run the gamut from arts and crafts furniture, furnishings, giftware, souvenirs, and apparel, to home-canned specialty food items not otherwise available.
Servicing smaller less self-sufficient outposts and stations will be traveling clinics equipped for routine surgical procedures and other treatments. An ophthalmologist/optician will be along. But these clinics will not be limited to medical practice. On the staff will likely be troubleshooting experts on agriculture and gardening, on recycling systems, and on biosphere maintenance. A dietitian will help plan strategies to meet deficiencies and other problems in the local diet.
A social worker and psychologist will be in demand, for lunar frontier life will have its share of stresses as well as rewards. An educational specialist will consult with outpost tutors. A writer/journalist will gather material for a round-robin news feature magazine and may need a sketch artist/photographer. A specialty barber/hair stylist may have plenty of customers for non-routine makeovers. Etc. [See MMM # 35 MAY '90 "Tea & Sugar" pp. 6-7 for discussion of a similar traveling clinic/general store making the rounds between asteroid outposts.]
There will be lots of interesting jobs and occupations on the space frontier. One of them, offering relief from cabin fever within the settlement will be overland truck driving. However, settlements may need to train a large surplus of qualified drivers. Because of the occupational hazard of accumulative radiation exposure, overland outgates driving will be only a part time occupation. Each driver will wear a bracelet that indicates accumulated rad exposure. Hired drivers and independent rig-operators alike may be scheduled to drive only a few months each year, alternating with another line of work, an ideal regular shot-in-the-arm morale booster. Or they may be scheduled to make but one round trip each lunar month. Such a situation will spur the rise of Coops of Independent Operators and co-owned rigs. At any rate, there should be no shortage of candidates.
The problem is easily stated. Our first returning crews will need surface transport on the Moon immediately. Further, as the base expands and undertakes more activities, its surface transport requirements will grow and diversify rather quickly. Yet the day when such vehicles can be manufactured on site is far off. How do we get these craft to the lunar outpost site in the most economically sensible way? Consider that a lunar surface craft is still a spacecraft, in that it operates in near vacuum.
Given that there is no atmosphere of consequence on the Moon, and precious little on Mars, the idea of using “hovercraft” or Ground Effects Vehicles to traverse off-road routes on either of those worlds is patently absurd. Or is it?
Yes, of course, we can’t just apply power to a downward ducted fan on a flexibly skirted vehicle and expect it to go anywhere. But it is not the ducted fan but skirt-contained over-pressure that is the essence of hovercraft. On both worlds, both because the gravity is less and the prevailing atmospheric pressure is lower than on Earth, the amount of trapped pressure needed to produce adequate lift will be much reduced. And conceivably at least, there may be a couple of ways to effect just such weight-compensating overpressure. All that is lacking is inventiveness, simulation, and testing.
Skimmers could provide the key to the globalization of the human presence on the Moon; on Mars as well.
The market for a practical system could be rewarding in both locations. Skimmers could navigate rugged trackless boulder-strewn terrain at greater speed and comfort than any wheeled or walking vehicle. If practical and economically feasible to engineer and manufacture, the timely introduction of such skimmers could provide the key to the globalization of the human presence on the Moon and Mars, greatly reducing the need to grade/build extensive road networks, and helping preserve the lunar terrain in a more natural, wild state.
Terrestrial applications sufficiently profitable to drive “spin-up” predevelopment of analogous fanless craft on Earth in the near future are possible but admittedly not obvious to the writer. We welcome your suggestions in this regard.
Chemical propulsion for lunar skimmers
On the airless Moon, gas pressure retained under a ground-hugging flexible skirt can be produced by any rocket type thruster. Obviously we do not want either to be importing fuels for such purpose or to be using a combination whose vital working exhaust remains volatile. The ideal solution is an engine burning powdered lunar-mined metal in lunar processed oxygen. The exhaust, having done its lifting work, will settle back to the ground as an iron or aluminum oxide powder. That may visibly mark the path taken but hardly contaminate it any sense of the word. Such engines are yet to be engineered, even though the chemical possibility has long been known. One big potential problem lies in the weight of the fuels to be carried and/or the need for an infrastructure to provide for convenient en route refueling. While the range of the fully fueled Fe/O or Al/O lunar skimmer will be limited, one must bear in mind that since only a sixth the lifting power required for a similar craft on Earth will be needed on the Moon, a full tank will go for a surprisingly long way.
Dust-Pressure Skimmer Systems
Very large lunar skimmer craft more like barges than trucks or busses might be able to handle the lunar gravity reduced weight of a small submarine type nuclear propulsion plant. The power generated could feed a laser rake or sweep just to the rear of the front skirt, the effect being to stir up a lifting cloud of regolith dust, possibly enhanced by released fine-adsorbed gasses when traveling over virgin terrain. Would the lifting power so generated be sufficient for the job, marginal, or totally inadequate. We don’t know. Back of the envelope guesstimates from readers are most welcome.
If such regolith dust-cloud pressure is just marginally adequate given the weight of the nuke plant necessary, one solution may be to substitute beamed power from a solar power relay satellite. Beam driven skimmers could be a long time coming, waiting upon a space power infrastructure.
Skimmers could serve as personal transport, as trucks for priority shipments to isolated outposts, as go-most-any-where platforms for selenologists (lunar geologists) on field trips, and for prospectors. They could also serve as rescue craft and ambulances.
Skimmers will be limited in what they can carry, at least relative to their own mass, size, and hovering thrust. But that constraint applies to most any vehicle, even on Earth.
Very large skimmers with broad beams could serve as “mare cruise ships”, leaving “wakes” but no tracks on the long frozen lava seas of the Moon, leisurely making the rounds between ports of call. They could import wholesale much of the romance, lore, and mystique of Earth’s high seas. Why not?
Mars skimmers: Different problem, different solution
On Mars, we do have an atmosphere, albeit a very tenuous one, and that offers us opportunities unavailable on the Moon. It means we can use hydrogen-filled bags for buoyancy, reducing the effective weight of the craft to be levitated off the terrain. It means we can compress the atmosphere itself to use as a lifting gas, though this will be harder to do than on Earth. It means the stearing role of the skimmer on Mars is much less problematic than on the Moon.
GO ANYWHERE SPIDERS By Peter Kokh
One model from nature of a creature that can go just about anywhere is the spider. I have in mind particularly the mobility architecture of the “Daddy Longlegs”, in some places known as the “Harvestman”. Might not a lunar (or Martian) traveling conveyance of similar articulation and ability become an indispensable asset in opening up the more difficult reaches of both frontier worlds?
The Spider’s “body” would consist of two separable components: the “trunk” would contain the “hips” for the six legs and associated “musculature”, and the power, fuel, and motive plants. Underslung by a “dead man’s winch” would be the crew cabin. This position gives it shielding protection from the locomotive complex above as well as an unobstructed view of the terrain below. If power should fail, the crew cabin would automatically winch to the surface in a controlled descent. This deployment could be overridden, if there was any reason to remain aloft.
The scale of such a contraption could be rather large, in fact the larger the better within practical limits. The legs could be long enough to elevate the central pod complex some dozens of meters above terrain obstacles below. This height would also be of great advantage in scouting a pathway ahead.
The spider gait could bionically mimic that of real spiders and include a cautious grope as well as a trot of sorts when the going permits. All it takes is a computer program.
The feet, the knees and hips as well, could be sensor laden, feeding back first to neighboring and partner legs, then to the central nerve center. In this respect the model might rather be the loosely decentralized manner of the octopus. [See MMM # 45 MAY ‘91 ROBO ANTS” pp. 2–5] [included in MMM Classics #5]
Difficult Terrain Exploration
In the saturation bombardment craterland of the lunar “highlands”, it is in general possible to make one’s way by sticking to “intercrater” plains, ridges, and shoulders, avoiding steep inclines. But what if we want to visit the central peak of a debris- and boulder-strewn crater such as Tycho?
On the maria, the darkish solidified lava sheet “seas”, the going is generally easier, craters of size being fewer and further in between. But even the flatish maria are laden with obstacles such as sinuous rilles (relics of large collapsed near-surface lavatubes), lava sheet flow front escarpments, “reefs” of incompletely buried pre-flood “ghost” craters, and of course the ramparts of “coastal”
impact-upthrust mountain ranges. Such obstacles could make circuitous detours the norm rather than logical straight line routing – that is, if we are traveling by vehicle with limited ability to negotiate rough terrain.
On Mars there are similar relatively smooth and relatively rough areas, and similar obstacles. To be added in the mix are difficult landforms unknown on the Moon: crevasse-ridden layered polar ice caps, eroded slopes of the great shield volcanoes, dendritic tributary and distributary channels of ancient river and flood courses, chaotic labyrinths and canyon-lands. Many of the geologically and/or mineralogically (thus economically) more interesting spots on Mars lie smack in the midst of such harder to reach places.
**Cache Emplacement**
A go-anywhere spider vehicle could do preliminary geochemical assessments along its route, and emplace seismic monitor stations. Where such dust and rock samplings warrant, it could then put in place handy base camp supply caches for follow-up field expeditions and prospecting efforts.
**Construction Crane Workhorse, Webspinner**
A heavy-duty version of such a straddle-anything pick-its-way-anywhere vehicle could serve as a crane. As such it could do yeoman work in relatively urban settlement sites as well as in remote construction locations, becoming in this version the workhorse of lunar development, as well as scout.
Specialized versions could spin arrays of cables across craters to make radio telescope dishes and space-solar-power rectennas. They could also spin cables across rilles from shoulder to shoulder for bridges or to support habitat meta-structure roofs. Indeed, it is hard to see how we could long manage without them.
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**[Shelterless travel]**
**Camping under the stars**
*Roughing it for real!*
By Doug Armstrong and Peter Kokh, CCC
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to “dig in” one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company [CCC], the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted “saddlebags”. A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that’s needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the lunar sky at only 1/28th the pace we are used to on Earth). A Solar Windbreak will be easier both to deploy and fill and to empty and return to rooftop standby storage.
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some “KD” (easy erect, easy “knockdown”) system of flare storm protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun “weather”, the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 5 MAY ‘87 “Weather”
[Included in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 37 JUL ‘90 “Ramadas” p. 3; “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] – MMM # 74 APR ‘94 “Shielding & Shelter” pp. 5–6.
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to “dig in” one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company (CCC), the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted “saddlebags”. A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that’s needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some "KD" (easy erect, easy "knockdown") system of flare storm protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun "weather", the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] - MMM # 5 MAY '87 "Weather"
[Included in MMM Classics #4] - MMM # 37 JUL '90 "Ramadas" p. 3; "Flare Sheds" pp. 4-5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] - MMM # 74 APR '94 "Shielding & Shelter" pp. 5-6.
By Doug Armstrong and Peter Kokh, CCC
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to "dig in" one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company [CCC], the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted “saddlebags”. A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that’s needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the lunar sky at only 1/28th the pace we are used to on Earth). A Solar Windbreak will be easier both to deploy and fill and to empty and return to rooftop standby storage.
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some “KD” (easy erect, easy “knockdown”) system of flare storm protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun “weather”, the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 5 MAY ‘87 “Weather”
[Included in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 37 JUL ‘90 “Ramadas” p. 3; “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] – MMM # 74 APR ‘94 “Shielding & Shelter” pp. 5–6.
By Doug Armstrong and Peter Kokh, CCC
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to “dig in” one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in
an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company [CCC], the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted “saddlebags”. A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that’s needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the lunar sky at only 1/28th the pace we are used to on Earth). A Solar Windbreak will be easier both to deploy and fill and to empty and return to rooftop standby storage.
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some “KD” (easy erect, easy “knockdown”) system of flare storm protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun “weather”, the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 5 MAY ‘87 “Weather”
[Included in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 37 JUL ‘90 “Ramadas” p. 3; “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] – MMM # 74 APR ‘94 “Shielding & Shelter” pp. 5–6.
By Doug Armstrong and Peter Kokh, CCC
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to “dig in” one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company [CCC], the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted “saddlebags”. A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that’s needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the lunar sky at only 1/28th the pace we are used to on Earth). A Solar Windbreak will be easier both to deploy and fill and to empty and return to rooftop standby storage.
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some “KD” (easy erect, easy “knockdown”) system of flare storm protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun “weather”, the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 5 MAY ‘87 “Weather”
[Included in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 37 JUL ‘90 “Ramadas” p. 3; “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] – MMM # 74 APR ‘94 “Shielding & Shelter” pp. 5–6.
By Doug Armstrong and Peter Kokh, CCC
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to “dig in” one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company [CCC], the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted “saddlebags”. A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that’s needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the lunar sky at only 1/28th the pace we are used to on Earth). A Solar Windbreak will be easier both to deploy and fill and to empty and return to rooftop standby storage.
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some “KD” (easy erect, easy “knockdown”) system of flare storm
protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun “weather”, the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 5 MAY ‘87 “Weather”
[Included in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 37 JUL ‘90 “Ramadas” p. 3; “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] – MMM # 74 APR ‘94 “Shielding & Shelter” pp. 5–6.
By Doug Armstrong and Peter Kokh, CCC
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to “dig in” one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company [CCC], the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted “saddlebags”. A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that’s needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the lunar sky at only 1/28th the pace we are used to on Earth). A Solar Windbreak will be easier both to deploy and fill and to empty and return to rooftop standby storage.
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some “KD” (easy erect, easy “knockdown”) system of flare storm protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun “weather”, the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 5 MAY ‘87 “Weather”
[Included in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 37 JUL ‘90 “Ramadas” p. 3; “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] – MMM # 74 APR ‘94 “Shielding & Shelter” pp. 5–6.
By Doug Armstrong and Peter Kokh, CCC
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to “dig in” one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company [CCC], the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted “saddlebags”. A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that’s needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the lunar sky at only 1/28th the pace we are used to on Earth). A Solar Windbreak will be easier both to deploy and fill and to empty and return to rooftop standby storage.
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some “KD” (easy erect, easy “knockdown”) system of flare storm
protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun “weather”, the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 5 MAY ‘87 “Weather”
[Included in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 37 JUL ‘90 “Ramadas” p. 3; “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] – MMM # 74 APR ‘94 “Shielding & Shelter” pp. 5–6.
By Doug Armstrong and Peter Kokh, CCC
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to “dig in” one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company [CCC], the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted “saddlebags”. A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that’s needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the lunar sky at only 1/28th the pace we are used to on Earth). A Solar Windbreak will be easier both to deploy and fill and to empty and return to rooftop standby storage.
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some “KD” (easy erect, easy “knockdown”) system of flare storm protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun “weather”, the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 5 MAY ‘87 “Weather”
[Included in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 37 JUL ‘90 “Ramadas” p. 3; “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] – MMM # 74 APR ‘94 “Shielding & Shelter” pp. 5–6.
By Doug Armstrong and Peter Kokh, CCC
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to “dig in” one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company [CCC], the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted “saddlebags”. A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that’s needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the lunar sky at only 1/28th the pace we are used to on Earth). A Solar Windbreak will be easier both to deploy and fill and to empty and return to rooftop standby storage.
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some “KD” (easy erect, easy “knockdown”) system of flare storm
protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun “weather”, the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 5 MAY ‘87 “Weather”
[Included in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 37 JUL ‘90 “Ramadas” p. 3; “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] – MMM # 74 APR ‘94 “Shielding & Shelter” pp. 5–6.
By Doug Armstrong and Peter Kokh, CCC
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to “dig in” one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company [CCC], the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted “saddlebags”. A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that’s needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the lunar sky at only 1/28th the pace we are used to on Earth). A Solar Windbreak will be easier both to deploy and fill and to empty and return to rooftop standby storage.
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some “KD” (easy erect, easy “knockdown”) system of flare storm protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun “weather”, the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 5 MAY ‘87 “Weather”
[Included in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 37 JUL ‘90 “Ramadas” p. 3; “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] – MMM # 74 APR ‘94 “Shielding & Shelter” pp. 5–6.
By Doug Armstrong and Peter Kokh, CCC
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to “dig in” one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company [CCC], the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted “saddlebags”. A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that’s needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the lunar sky at only 1/28th the pace we are used to on Earth). A Solar Windbreak will be easier both to deploy and fill and to empty and return to rooftop standby storage.
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some “KD” (easy erect, easy “knockdown”) system of flare storm
protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun “weather”, the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 5 MAY ‘87 “Weather”
[Included in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 37 JUL ‘90 “Ramadas” p. 3; “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] – MMM # 74 APR ‘94 “Shielding & Shelter” pp. 5–6.
By Doug Armstrong and Peter Kokh, CCC
Off-road vehicles will not only ply trackless terrain but range far from convenient roadside flare sheds or wayplexes [see the articles on these topics in the October issue]. Short round trips can be ventured without provision for significant radiation shielding. But in times of Solar unrest especially, in Flare Season so to speak, off road vehicles must be prepared to “dig in” one way or the other.
This need is critical for remote construction site camps as well, whether engaged in building new outposts, mining operations, or road work. For the latter some sort of semi-permanent storm shelter would seem to be an immediate priority of setting up camp. Camp vehicles would normally park in an inter-docking array under the shelter. But here we are concerned rather with the situation for vehicles en route.
Copernicus Construction Company [CCC], the for-fun design and brainstorming activity group of LRS, has given some thought to how sudden shelter can be provided. One idea, coming straight out of a comic book read four or more decades ago, is to have a giant screw on one end of the vehicle so it can literally bore its way forward or backward into the powdery regolith. The problem here is that the regolith layer is in some places only a meter or two thick, not quite deep enough.
Another possibility is to carry along a collapsed, easily erectable space frame shelter and unrollable fiberglass canvas cover over which a scoop/conveyor system could blow regolith dust. Once deployed, such a shelter could be left in place permanently, its site marked on official maps for the convenience of others in the future. That leaves the vehicle, however, without protection if another storm should rise later at a point further along the route. Devising a way to “empty” the spaceframe/canvas shelter of its regolith overburden so that it can be packed up and stored on the vehicle rooftop or side for future use is an interesting engineering challenge.
Another system we thought of is an emptiable rooftop bin system with emptiable side mounted "saddlebags". A scoop/conveyor could fill the bins and bags as needed. The need past, the bins and bags could be mechanically opened and the dust would pour out as the vehicle moved out of its parking spot.
Actually, in latitudes some distance north or south of the lunar equator, the problem becomes easier. All that's needed is a sloping shed facing Sunwards (recall that the Sun creeps slowly across the lunar sky at only 1/28th the pace we are used to on Earth). A Solar Windbreak will be easier both to deploy and fill and to empty and return to rooftop standby storage.
Even small open rover type buggies, should they venture much beyond the point of easy swift return will have to be equipped with some "KD" (easy erect, easy "knockdown") system of flare storm protection. All vehicles of any kind, when parking at a site along the route for a few days would be advised to deploy their shelter system as a matter of prudence. In the meantime, even under calm Sun "weather", the voyagers will be at reduced accumulative exposure to the weaker but incessant cosmic rays coming from all sky vectors.
At the heart of the matter is the functional analogy between the protective high pressure atmosphere of Earth and the regolith blanket which can serve as a condensed solidified atmosphere for the same protective purposes.
Relevant Readings from MMM back issues:
[Included in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 5 MAY '87 “Weather”
[Included in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 37 JUL '90 “Ramadas” p. 3; “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5.
[Included in MMM Classics #8] – MMM # 74 APR ‘94 “Shielding & Shelter” pp. 5–6.
MMM #82 – February 1995
[Series Continues]
RURAL LUNA Part III: The Beaten Path: possible early development of multiple lunar sites
By Peter Kokh
If we find water ice at either pole, that just makes certain that we will need “more than one” lunar outpost site and we'll need them in the near term.
One technician’s early read of then still incoming data from the Air Force/NASA Clementine orbital mapping probe, teasingly left open the possibility of fields of water ice (of unspecified expanse and depth) in a previously undetected deep lava-free impact basin at the south lunar pole. The eternal frigid cold (-230°C, -382°F) of the permashade there would tend to cold trap any comet impact derived volatiles successfully migrating to the area before the incessant Solar Wind buffeting the dayside could sweep them into space. Such deposits would slowly build up over geological time only if the accumulation rate is great enough to swamp the several loss mechanisms that must work tirelessly to erode them. That’s a tall order, and we personally have expected a negative finding. All the same we have unwaveringly supported efforts to find out for sure. We cannot intelligently plan lunar development without knowing where we stand on the hydrogen problem.
Many others, however, optimistically anticipating a positive find of economically significant volumes of water-ice have declared that any such discover would settle the debate over outpost or settlement location. That’s a curious conclusion! Is Los Angeles next to Nevada’s Hoover Dam? Is Pittsburgh in Minnesota’s Messabi Iron Range?
Water, or more specifically the hydrogen of which it makes up just 11% of the mass, is undeniably quite essential to lunar development of any kind, of any extent. We can use it up obscenely and squanderingly for rocket fuel if we are too lazy to explore more lunar-appropriate options (silane, SiH4, a hydrogen “extender”; powdered metals, etc.). But we certainly need it for food and fiber production and biosphere operation in general. Water and hydrogen both are hard to do without in “industry as we know it”; and finding cheap, accessible sources would make unnecessary taking up the difficult and unwelcome research challenge of finding anhydrous “xero-” processing and manufacturing methods.
Yet it is “not by water alone” that lunar pioneers shall live. If we are really going to use lunar resources, the tonnage of hydrogen and/or water needed in comparison to the tonnage of other elements will definitely be minor. For real industry, a “coastal” site at which both aluminum-rich highland and iron/titanium-rich mare [MAH ray] regolith soils are accessible would make the most sense. There are no mare areas near either pole!
Some of the other things we most want to do on the Moon ask for more equatorial sites as well: a deep farside radio astronomy facility; lunar solar power arrays on the E and W limbs. Obviously, if we find water ice at either pole, that just makes certain that we will need more than one lunar outpost site and we will need them in the near term.
**Implications of South Polar Ice for “Rural Luna”**
Our topic in this series is “Rural Luna”. What impact would a confirmed find of economically recoverable deposits of water ice at either pole have on rural lunar development away from the main base, or bases? That comes down to a question about transportation. How do we get resources from where they are found, to where they will be used, i.e. to where they are in most demand?
Suppose we set up an ice-mining outpost at/near the lunar south pole. And, option A, we have another settlement supporting He-3 recovery in one of the nearside maria [MAH ria]. Or, option B, we have two settlements one somewhere on each limb (between nearside and farside, from which Earth is on the lunar horizon) to manufacture components for, and construct and operate vast lunar solar power arrays. Or, option C, we have a mining settlement along the nearside equator which sends lunar material via mass driver catapult into space for solar power satellite construction camps in the L4 and L5 lunar co-orbital fields. How do we get ice, water, or just hydrogen from the pole(s) to where its needed – at any/or all of the above?
We can do so by suborbital hopper, and make quick history of the lunar vacuum in the process. Or, much more interestingly, in a more environmentally friendly fashion, we can ship this polar elixir overland – by road and truck, and/or by pipeline. Routes leading from either pole to industrial sites elsewhere would engender “the beaten path”.
Pipelines would need intermittent pumping stations and maintenance crews with intermittent shop/habitat facilities out of which to operate. Roads would need intermittent flare shelters and wayside sources of fuel, communication, and repair facilities. [Cf. “Waysides” and “Service Centers & Inns” MMM #79, Oct. ‘94, p. 15, republished in MMM Classics #8]. Some of these might in time evolve from visited, to tended, to permanently occupied settlements in their own right.
Since the first suggestion, ice/hydrogen transport by suborbital hoppers, is so unpregnant, so over and done with, let’s assume common sense and the bottom line unite to beat overland paths between the pole and other sites. Does a look at the lunar globe tell us anything interesting?
A lot depends on where ice is found, at both poles, or only at the lower lying, colder south pole. As luck would have it, it is the north pole that is the handier to mare “coastal” sites. The north “shore” of Mare Frigoris (the “Sea of Cold”), lies within 27° or 500 miles of the North Pole. The southernmost “shore” of Mare Nubium (the “Sea of Clouds”), lies 60° or 1130 miles distant from the South Pole. From either of these coastal access points, the going gets easier to points anywhere in the connecting and clustering nearside maria.
The suspicion is that Helium-3 is more abundant in those mare areas that are ilmenite rich (ilmenite is an iron-titanium oxide ore). But such sites are to be found in many places. A South Pole only find would give the location advantage to helium-fertile sites in southern hemisphere maria like Humorum, Nubium, Nectaris, and Fecunditatis.
Another southern hemisphere mare, this one on the Deep Farside (over the radio horizon from L4 and L5 as well as from Earth), Mare Ingenii (the “Sea of Ingenuity”) should be on the short list for siting an extensive Farside Advanced Radio Astronomy Facility (FARAF) [cf. MMM #10 Nov. 1987 “FARSIDE” Part II, republished in MMM Classic #2.] It may or may not be a good place to harvest Helium-3 as well. It would be more accessible to ice reserves at the South Pole than any other site on the short list (the flat mare-filled craters Tsiolkovsky and Aitken, and Mare Moscovienne, for example).
A mass-driver feeding construction in space (e.g. L5) would most efficiently be sited on the equator, some say about 30° E in Mare Tranquilitatis (the “Sea of Tranquility”), not far from the Apollo 11 touchdown site as happen-stance would have it. The path from the pole might be via Mare Nectaris (“Sea of Nectar”) and the Rheita Valley.
Dr. David Criswell, leading proponent of Lunar-based solar power arrays, proposes siting them in Mare Orientalis (the “Eastern Sea”) on the West Limb and in Mare Smythii, (“Smyth’s Sea”) on the East Limb. Now Mare Orientalis and associated Lakes (e.g. Lacus Verus) are the only choices in the West, and as luck has it, they are centered 20° S of the equator. Mare Smythii, on the other hand, is right on the equator and definitely not the only choice. Mare Australe (the “Southern Sea”) is also on the East Limb but only a bit more than half as far away from the South Pole. If either we find no water ice anywhere, or we find it at both poles, Criswell can have Mare Smythii. But a “South Pole only” find would make Mare Australe clearly the prime choice.
If we go the route of Lunar Solar Power Arrays on the limbs, there is also likely to be an overland route between the two. Nearside routing offers easier terrain, the bulk of it through mare areas. The impact of a South Pole Only find would be principally on the easternmost quarter of the traverse: from Orientalis through Tranquility, the logical “easy” route (Orientalis–Procellarum–Imbrium–Serenitatis–Tranquilitatis) would not be affected. Giving the nod to Australe over Smythii, however, could lead to an early pioneering of a ‘shortcut’ through the southern nearside highlands (Orientalis–Humorum–Nubium–Nectaris–S. Fecunditatis–Australe). Along either of these paths—in-the-beating, tertiary rural outposts and someday settlements are sure to rise.
**Land Grant Spheres and Corridors**
Confirmation of significant water–ice fields at either pole would create a dynamic economic polarity of Sunlands and Permashade, heat and cold, fueling the lunar development engine. Along the field lines of this polarity, “rural Luna” would arise first, thereafter spreading further afield, “off” the beaten “hydro” track.
A lunar development authority ought to legislate two types of special Development Zones. (1) Settlements should legally include **hinterlands** of some radius (to be determined, we would suggest at least 200 km or 120 mi) within which they have reserved mining rights to outlying resources of importance to their economies.
(2) Road Construction Companies and/or Pipeline Companies might also get real estate concessions in the form of **corridors** of a width to be determined – much as was granted to some of the U.S. western railroads. They in turn, would have the right to sell or lease lands within those corridor limits to mineral lode and tourist site developers and homesteaders. This would work to accelerate the establishment of Lunan civilization along these pathways.
**Homework: surveying prospective routes**
Thanks to Clementine and the vast amount of orbital mapping data it produced, we can start now to narrow down the logical routes northward from the South Pole to Mare Orientalis, Mare Nubium, Mare Nectaris, Mare Australe, and Mare Ingenii. At least the preliminary work in each instance could be done by anyone with access to Clementine data. Perhaps here is a chance to get your name in the Lunar History books. Other routes (East to West, etc.) also need surveying. Optional route locations need to be
rated in terms of construction difficulty and consequent expense. As on Earth, the easiest routes come first, engineering miracle shortcuts later.
Actual traffic routes are not always determined by the path of easiest construction, however. They can be distorted or attracted off the expected route by specific site-anchored assets. Especially promising ore deposits, if identified before hand, can influence the final choice of route. So might outstanding tourist attractions (e.g. The Straight Wall). While a number of non-topographical considerations may influence final corridor selection, a short list of promising routes can be put together with the information we already have.
**The Beaten Path Nearside Routes**
**Beaten Path Farside Routes**
[dark areas are lava sheet-filled mare basins]
---
**MMM #83 – March 1995**
**RURAL LUNA Part III: Off the Beaten Path**
By Peter Kokh
What about Lunar communities outside the land-grant peripheries of the major settlements, and outside the land grant corridors of pipeline and inter-settlement road-construction companies? Will these unincluded, unincorporated reaches remain empty? If not, how will any pockets of humanity therein survive and earn their keep? Our subtopic this month.
BACK READING: “Rural Luna” in MMM #15 MAY ‘88. [Republished in MMM Classics #2]
**Tarn:** [tahrn] (ME terne < Scand; cf. Icelandic tjörn: pond, pool)
(1) A small mountain lake or pool, such as in a closed glacier-scooped basin, often with no outlet and/or no specific inlet.
(2) By metaphor: a rural lunar outpost with no regular water or hydrogen resupply (not on a pipeline or regularly serviced truck route), protective of an initial water/hydrogen endowment.
By Peter Kokh
We indulge in introducing a new term here, because the pockets of humanity we foresee under this heading promise to be rather creatively unique as human cultural institutions go. Tarn type outposts will arise sooner or later primarily to meet a number of economic needs or scientific purposes.
But a significant secondary driver in their formation may be the unprecedented opportunity they will offer for small "intentional communities" and charismatic leaders desirous of developing their own forms of cultural, religious, economic, educational, philosophical, social, and familial expression — relatively free from interference, whether intended or not, thanks to their isolation and remoteness — "off the beaten track".
Economic niches for tarns will be many. Unique mare, highland, volcanic, and central peak upthrust mineral deposits not common elsewhere on the Moon surely rate at the top of this list. Tarns offering out of the way scenic sights and vacation experience treats for ambitious tourists in search of the extraordinary and uncommon are another likely category.
Some tarn hideaways could specialize in conducting spiritual retreats, short or long. Boarding school academy tarns could offer stricter discipline along with unexcelled education away from main settlement peer pressure distractions.
Monastery tarns could earn their keep raising agricultural specialties not otherwise available (chocolate? tea? silk? oranges?) A monastery might provide the resident everyday support staff for astronomers visiting a deep farside radio astronomy and S.E.T.I. installation.
Tarns could earn spare income by taking in individual students (both problem and gifted) from the urban settlements. Adult apprentices in Tarn specialty arts and crafts might also be welcomed. Others from the "city" could come on volunteer working vacations just for "tarn-raising" construction duty. For them, the change of scenery and life style, however temporary, could be a welcome shot in the arm.
It is likely that as the range of talents of tarn members increases and diversifies, so will their economic underpinnings. Each may also produce unique tarn-specific arts and crafts with which their names will become identified (much as do the various pueblo communities in our Southwest), all for export. Unique folk dances and costuming could appear. Tarn plants and animals and controlled climate could all be picked to offer commodities for trade to the larger settlements of items not available there. Add possibly tarn-specific architecture and interior design and furnishings. The clear upshot is that when you have visited and seen one, you will not have seen them all.
Older tarn youngsters might do a year or two of exchange education in another tarn. That would serve to cross-fertilize cultures and arts and crafts and, hopefully, lead to exogamy, and the avoidance of inbreeding.
On that topic, very small communities are specially prone to sexual imbalance. Unusual familial arrangements may be sanctioned in various tarns to redress this problem. [On this point, reread Heinlein's "The Moon is a Harsh Mistress".] Tarn children could be raised in common by all adults. Polygamy or polyandry might be encouraged. Superfamily ties will be strong.
Unique as each tarn community may be, they will have many problems and needs in common. This will surely give rise to some sort of mutual aid cooperative support association, with most business carried on over the electronic nets. The Lunar Frontier Republic may well have a special Office or Bureau of Tarn Affairs offering construction, educational, biospheric, agricultural, manufacturing, entrepreneurial, and health assistance. Hopefully such an government support office would not be a copy of our own patronizing BIA.
"Gypsy Traders" might ply the unimproved stretches between various tarns, picking up preserves and wares and artrcrafts and other items for sale on consignment to other tarns and to the major settlements as well. They might offer "tramp steamer" type accommodations for tarnfolk and others seeking to get about.
Tarn life will be hard, character-forming. On Earth, those who want to be closer to nature head for the countryside. On the Moon it will be the larger settlements that will have the larger, lusher, more diversified, more soul-coddling bio-spheres. Yet tarn life will have its promised rewards and draw many. They will come direct from Earth, and second hand from the main settlements, too.
Our presence on the Moon will open with a single government or consortium-run outpost/settlement-to-be on an otherwise unoccupied alien world. But with the rise and spread of tarns, the Moon will become a second, adoptive home world for humanity. And the operative word here is “world”.
MMM
MMM #84 – April 1995
RURAL LUNA: This month we turn to the Economic Considerations that will affect the viability of rural outposts. We begin with some speculation as to “appropriate” physical construction methods that might make “tarn-raising” more feasible.
“TARN” ??? a Scandinavian word for a small, isolated mountain lake with no apparent inlet, but actually fed by rain or glacial melt-water;
We have adopted the word as a metaphor for the isolated “rural lunar” outpost that must religiously guard an initial water/hydrogen endowment, sources of loss make-up being costly.
Background Readings from past issues of MMM
[Republished in MMM Classics #1] – # 5 MAY ‘87 “LunaArchitecture”
[Republished in MMM Classics #6] – # 50 NOV ‘91 pp. 6–8 “Hostel–Appropriate Architectures”
# 53 MAR ‘92 pp. 4–6 “Xity Plans” – # 54 APR ‘92 pp. 5–6 “Xity Plans, Pt. II”
# 55 MAY ‘92 p. 7 “Moon Roofs”; p. 8 “Shantytown”
[Republished in MMM Classics #8] – # 75 MAY ‘94 pp. 4–6 “Modular Architecture”
Tarn Construction Materials and Methods
If there is to be a “rural Luna”, especially inexpensive methods for constructing suitable pressurized volume from local resources must be developed. Equipment involved ought to be mobile, so that it can, construction or expansion finished, be transported to the “next” site on the waiting list.
Construction methods can be many and various. First, modular building plans seem especially appropriate. But if it becomes feasible to erect a larger common pressure shell which can be subdivided at leisure with individual structures that need only provide privacy and partition, that may prove a popular choice as well.
Fast & easy installation, cheap in both materials and equipment lease or rental, spacious with room to grow into, low-maintenance and energy conserving — these are the desired features for tarn structure and tarn-raising. Mobile casting units for hex-flanged upper and lower dome hemispheres is one suggestion. Fiberglass-reinforced cast basalt might be a cheap enough option. Glax (fiberglass-glass matrix composites) would be more expensive. Iron in the form of an inexpensive and easy to formulate steel would be another option. A SLuGS (Seattle Lunar Group Studies) investigation showed that in the regolith excavated from a lunar habitat construction site, there are enough free unoxidized ‘un-ored’ iron fine particles from which to build the structure needed.
Leased or rented equipment should be mobile enough to be moved from site to site without prohibitive expense. This can be done "overland" on truck beds, or by suborbital hopper, depending upon where the next site is located, and how accessible it is.
Initially, of course, the dependence on xity- (main "urban" manufacturing settlements) produced construction equipment and building products will be total. But that era should be short-lived. Quite possibly, a tarn once built and occupied, may, in order to expand at less cost, and at its own scheduling, develop modular building components of its own. This technology could then be exported to other tarn sites, either by way of the necessary capital equipment, leased technology, or simply by shipping manufactured building components ready to use. Either way, entrepreneurialism in improved tarn construction methods, equipment, and materials, should provide one or more tarns with extra diversified income.
Lego like (iron) tins to be filled with regolith (reminiscent of the "world bottle" plan which called for the design and manufacture of beverage bottles so shaped that they could be used as structural bricks), vibra-packed sinter-blocks, sulfur(-impregnated regolith) block (100 times less total energy of manufacture than concrete block), are some lower technology products that suggest themselves. Mining tarns could use tailings to make building material products. Tarn building "kits" are likely to include equipment, molds, and forms for use with local materials, plus suggested plans.
We expect that in most tarns, the accent and emphasis will be on the communal commons, on dormitories rather than traditional residences, and on the work place. This tilt would seem to favor the megastructure approach, though all of the above features can be achieved by the modular method as well. The African Kraal or Coral and the Southwest Indian Pueblo communities come to mind: translated, that would indicate a common shield wall and large commons or community square. Community life will be the strong suite of rural lunar outposts. Within the common structure, peripheral to communal space, would be residential dorms and or family or super-family quarters, work places, agricultural/horticultural areas, biosphere cycling equipment, and whatever else.
**Tarns will be individually distinctive**
When you will have visited one tarn, will you have seen them all? Predictably not! Tarns will differ from one another, first because their economic raisin d'être will differ and be reflected both in the architecture and layout, and in the micro-culture of the place.
Second, **the very brashness of their attempt to survive and find a niche out in the lunar boondocks will assert itself by freely chosen arbitrary but highly visible architectural means.**
**Examples?**
1. Some, cherishing their isolation, may choose to blend into the moonscape unnoticed. But others may want to catch the attention of passersby!
2. How about distinctive, eye-catching, even gaudy entrance gates?
3. How about colored-fiberglass "thatching" over their regolith mounds,
4. Or simply a layer of colored powder?
5. Or some telltale horizon-breaking structure, preferably with a legitimate function, visible for miles around?
6. Think of windmills, silos, and grain elevators in the American countryside.
7. A gleaming "hydroshield dome" putting the tarn water reserves to use as light-filtering shielding over a park-like commons in a suitably sized craterlet? [ILLUSTRATION BELOW]
8.
FIRMAMENT™ hydroshield domed-crater tarn commons with up to 24 ‘lithshielded cylindrical modules placed radially.
SOME PROBLEMS for hydroshield glass domes:
✓ Keeping water cool enough thru dayspan, warm enough thru nightspan: known infrared rejection coatings may be insufficient. An active dayspan heat rejection and nightspan heating system may be needed. The hydroshield might possibly be used as a heat sink for industrial activities during nightspan kicking in as temperature cools. This would reverse more conventional operations scheduling.
✓ Vulnerability to failure thru micrometeorite puncture of outer and possibly inner glass: a nightspan sphincter shutter system might be required. This shutter could be withdrawn over polar facing sun-shaded portion during dayspan. It should be closable within minutes given radar warning of incoming meteorites of dangerous size. This shutter could also close during scheduled 9 hour “nights” during dayspan if a staggered shift system is not in use. (And a small tight-knit community is likely to reject any staggered shift scheduling option.) These measures would both decrease the vulnerability to impact accidents and reduce the total heat rejection burden.
Diversity of Niche = Diversity in Appearance
Differences in appearance will flow not only from the choice of materials and construction methods. They will also flow from the tarn’s “vocation” and may be highly individual in character. There will be “family resemblances” also that advertise a group or class of tarns:
- roadside service tarns belonging to some chain or franchise operation
- mining and processing tarns
- tarns that offer retreats for xity-folk
- tarns that conduct special tourist excursions to scenic attractions off the beaten path
- tarns that take in and educate students in boarding school academy settings free of urban distractions
- tarns that support small science communities e.g. at some giant lunar accelerator, or at a far-side radio astronomy/ S.E.T.I. installation, or at a major exploration site above a complex of lavatubes, etc. e
- tarns belonging to a Lunan Farming Cooperative
- tarns belonging to some religious or social denomination or movement seeking to flower more fully well apart from the mainstream of Lunan society.
Each category will by nature express its functional and psychological needs differently. And these differences will often be quite visible sometimes from outside approaches, but sometimes only in internal layout and decor. Form follows function. Transport magically to the tarn square and you should have a pretty good idea right away what sort of tarn you suddenly find yourself in. That spicy variety will make “Rural Luna” a “world” worth exploring. For those who cannot afford to visit them in person, there will be the fascinating articles and pictures in National Selenographic.
[and speaking of exploring …]
Relics of False Starts, of Boom & Bust
By Peter Kokh
When an outpost is built, won’t it be “forever”? One would think that those proposing to set up an outpost would need a permit, the application for which required to give evidence of a sound business plan and adequate initial capital and other resources – lest the new commune become a ward of the state.
Oddly enough, the very first lunar outpost may not have to meet such a stringent test, especially if it is a government installation, its economic justification compromised in some committee. Thus it is the very mother of lunar outposts that is most likely to become a ruin, a place designed to “take steps” towards economic self-sufficiency “when and if funds allow.” Hopefully, however, such a monstrosity will not follow on the footsteps of S.S. Freedom or S.S. Alpha.
Yet, given a first genuine lunar settlement, soundly grounded in economic activity, with openings emerging for peripheral encampments engaged in supporting roles, some of these smaller hamlets will indeed fail. They will fail despite careful review, despite land grant subsidies, SBIR type grants, and despite all other reasonable assistance.
The “market” may not pan out for the tarn’s proposed product or service mix. That economic micro-niche may turn out to be temporary. A mining operation may prove to be too marginal. A cross-roads location for a wayside service complex may never see the expected traffic. The crops planned for an agricultural tarn may not produce a regular profitable harvest. Tarns dependent on recruiting fresh pioneers may find their appeal too restrictive and never get the expected fresh blood.
Some tarns will be abandoned during construction, others soon after. Some will do well enough for years, perhaps even thrive, but then see their product and service mix become outdated, unwanted, behind-the-times, and be unable to adapt. A bad risk is taken in expansion. A new highway takes traffic elsewhere. Communal strife breaks out, defying reconciliation.
What will happen to abandoned tarns? On the Moon, they will hardly fall into “ruins” through mere neglect. There is no “weather” against which a “state of repair” need be maintained. There is no ecosystem that will reclaim the spot, to turn it back into forest or jungle. In Antarctica, where this is also true, and outposts and camps tend to be preserved, they still slowly get buried in accumulating snow pack. Not here.
The first risk is unauthorized plunder and cannibalization by others. Baring this, a tarn once built, or even partially built, remains an investment that can sooner or later find new owners, new purpose, new life. Others can someday take over, giving the place sufficient reinvestment, and new direction. In the meantime, abandoned sites would revert to ownership by the Frontier Government.
RURAL LUNA By Peter Kokh
This month we continue our discussion of the various Economic Considerations that will affect the viability of rural outposts. These will vary greatly according to type of outpost.
To those joining us this issue, we are borrowing the Scandinavian term tarn which designates a small, isolated mountain lake with no apparent inlet, but actually fed by rain or glacial melt-water, as a
metaphor for the isolated “rural lunar” outpost that must religiously guard an initial water/hydrogen endowment, sources of loss make-up being costly.
**Background Readings from past issues of MMM**
[Republished in MMM Classics #1]
MMM #10 NOV ‘87 “FARSIDE” Pt. II. The ideal site for front-line astronomy in the 21st Century”
[Republished in MMM Classics #4] – # 32 FEB ‘90 pp. 5–6 “Port NIMBY: Import/Export Sleeper”
[Republished in MMM Classics #8] – # 79 OCT ‘94 p. 15 “WAYSIDE”; “Service Center & Inn”
---
**WAYSIDE TARNs By Peter Kokh**
In the above mentioned articles from MMM # 79, we outlined how the need to provide for periodic roadside service could lead eventually to commercial inns catering first to truck traffic, then to more casual traffic, as that arises. As on Earth, Lunan entrepreneurs, as well as some coming directly from the home planet, will be eager to gamble on a “growing market” and build individual fields of dreams, in the hope that the business will come.
On Earth, there is only the banker to act as a reality check on questionable dreams – and we all know that bankers can be very lax in their examinations. On the Moon, where rural entrepreneurial success is likely to be somewhat more difficult to realize, it may be wise to put in place a licensing screen that will both act to screen out poorly based business plans and to challenge good planers to significantly improve their proposals. Not to do so will mean a waste of resources, public and private both, that might be more wisely used.
On the Moon, the chain and franchise operations will be especially attractive, if not to would be operators, then to their financial backers and underwriters. Proven pathways to success are a better gamble. Nonetheless, as here, individuals with a dream will manage to strike out on their own, and in the process introduce new service “products”.
As a “tarn”, any rural operation will have to be much more than a Ma & Pop endeavor if it is to succeed. There is a micro-biosphere to establish and maintain, not just a motel, restaurant, and gift shop to run. The minimum critical mass population of such rural lunar hamlets is likely to be more than a dozen – perhaps a lot more. The business plan will have to take the establishment and maintenance of the micro-biosphere into account.
If a restaurant is involved, operators will want to produce locally, at least some of the food offered. If a certain reputation for the special and the unique is one of the points of the business plan’s “Mission Statement”, that suggests that the tarn gardener be planting herbs, spices, vegetables, fruit, etc. that may not be common in lunar farms.
If a gift shop is involved, besides the usual tourist trap fare offered elsewhere, tarn residents with an arts & craft aptitude will be encouraged to devote some of their leisure time into producing gift and souvenir items unique to their tarn. These might be based on special agricultural byproducts, on local mineralogical resources, or simply on unique talents.
Special rest period services for road-weary travelers are another way for a roadside service tarn to distinguish itself and create a high profile public image. Such services need not be limited to the fleshpot variety. Other pampering services can include whirlpools, spas, steam rooms, saunas, exercise rooms, ball courts, dancing, grooming and makeup sessions and more. Tours of the surroundings or of unique aspects of the local tarn operation can be offered. Social events in which tarnfolk and traveler can mix may be welcome to both.
Vehicle service, repair, and maintenance will be the mainstay, of course. And, as on Earth, the three most important assets of any business plan, no matter how well thought out in its other aspects, will be “location, location, location.” A place of business will have to have quite a reputation to survive “off the beaten path”, even if the detour inconvenience is minor. Special bread and butter services like warehousing or operation of a special scenic concession may or may not provide the compensatory lure.
The best locations will be at crossroads and junctions and transportation nodes; places where goods can be off-loaded from one vehicle carrier to another and transshipped; and motor coach hubs
for transfer from one vehicle or carrier to another. But the busiest stops are not always the most pleasant, nor the most attractive. Some less advantaged sites are sure to thrive, as individual tarns work industriously to establish their place in the sun. Stopping en route will be as much risky fun on the Moon as on Earth.
FARM TARNs By Peter Kokh
The incentives for a group to go off and farm by themselves can be many. The “climate” of the settlement biosphere may not be suitable for the growth of the crops species one wishes to plant. One may want a climate that is colder, or is subject to periodic frosts, or is more tropical, more moist, even more dry. While special climates can be effected in semi-separate parts of a main settlement, it may be simpler to have total separation. Quite likely, the practitioners of one type of farming will want themselves to experience the proper temperate, subtropical, tropical, or arid climate in their own habitat area common spaces, not only just in the farms. After all, climate is interwoven with culture as well as with agriculture. That is the total experience everywhere on Earth.
Perhaps also, it is zoning and land use tilts that do not favor the farming or horticultural methods one wishes to use. The settlement, for example, may have a decided tilt toward hydroponics, as it is more stingy in its pressurized space demands. This may not sit well with those determined to try a regolith-based analog of more traditional farming needs.
Plausibly there will be a need to quarantine some crop specialties from others, reducing risk of transmitted blights, pestilence, and disease. That works both ways, of course, and the settlement may put out the ‘not welcome’ sign at the same time as would-be rural farmers declare their own intent to sequester their chosen crops.
But there may well be non-germane motives at work. Many brought up in agricultural settings on Earth will cherish the rural experience and not want to be a “part” of the “city” experience, however large an agricultural operation the larger settlement needs to have as an integral part of its biospheric underpinning.
All this said, there remains (a) the need for any outpost to be an integral human community engaged in a full spectrum of self-supporting activities, of which farming will be a significant part within a range of limits; and (b) the fact that other activities seen as farming-compatible may have more specific location requirements and constraints than the major or minor farming operation. Thus, there is no reason not to combine farming with road service, or farming with science outpost support, or farming and mining operations. Unless, of course, the tarn founders seek isolation as an end in itself; and provided too, that such founders are successful in recruiting enough compatible pioneers to follow them.
Serendipitously or by dedicated search, some locations will be found in which the “soil” as raw, unevolved, and unweathered (by water and air) as it is, is so much more favorable to certain desirable crops as to warrant the establishment of a farming tarn operation even when the site lends itself well to none of the other suggested co-operations. Such out-of-the-way farm tarns will succeed only if the bottom line domestic/lunar and/or export/space demand for the crop in question is sufficiently large to underwrite all the bills. If despite this burden, a remote farm operation succeeds and thrives, it may become a magnet in its own right, attracting trade and traffic and other differently oriented outposts. The symbiosis and partnership of farm and village is age old. On the Moon too, they will thrive together.
As suggested, lunar farms need not justify their operations in the lunar market alone. Almost any food grown on the Moon with lunar oxygen and many lunar-sourced macro- and micro-nutrients will be cheaper to purchase in any space place, even Earth-hugging low orbit, than food raised on the Earth’s surface, no matter how much more cheaply and efficiently, but brought up the steep gravity well at high fuel expenditures. Only special delicacies or treats available from Earth alone will make it onto space pantry shelves and into space eatery menus.
Special export and domestic crops overlooked in tightly planned and eco-balanced settlement biosphere farming operations could include Coffee, Tea, Spices & Herbs; fruit and vegetable specialties; supplementary meat producing animals and animal products; additional fiber producing plants; pharmaceutical feedstock plants; dyestuff plants; and more.
Almost any farm operation will earn income from a visitors' greengrocery as from a shop selling recyclable wares made from agricultural byproducts. Almost any farm too could offer an in-farm picnic and R&R spot for travelers.
Farm tarns will not only add to the total biospheric mass in place on the Moon, they may become a key player in the Moon's drive for economic autonomy and self-sufficiency. The "civilizing partnership" will continue.
MINING TARNs By Peter Kokh
The Moon is much more "homogeneous" mineralogically speaking, than is the Earth, not having undergone the eons of hydrotectonic geological processing that resulted in most "ore" veins on the human home planet. The percentages of the big seven (oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, and titanium) vary within general ranges that would allow an industrial settlement to locate in most any "coastal" location from which both highland and mare type soils can be easily accessed. Titanium is the major exception to this rule.
Nonetheless, specialized mining operations that exploit relatively small abundance differences are sure to arise once the market for their mono-products are sufficiently strong. Entrepreneurial exploitation of unique mineral resource endowments, however, will not be limited to the big seven. As the industrial economy on the Moon slowly diversifies, the need to produce elements present in lesser abundances will give rise to scattered operations in many places.
In general terms, some of these special sites can be predicted. Foremost will be polar-mashade water-ice fields if indeed such comet-derived deposits exist. Then there may quite atypical Sudbury type asteroid-impact derived endowments of nickel and copper and other useful metals. They await discovery and are conjectural at present.
Crater central peaks are likely to be composed of mantle upthrust material that may be enriched in aluminum over common highland abundances. And here and there are fields of the so-called KREEP deposits ("potassium, rare earth elements, and phosphorus") such as those from the splashout of the Mare Imbrium basin forming event.
Apollo Orbiting Command Modules 15 through 17 were equipped with gamma ray spectrometers which scanned the equatorial regions. Among other things, they found scattered traces of Thorium which might indicate the presence of lead and uranium as well. There will here and there be found other atypical concentrations of economic value, including possible gas trap reservoirs of minor or major importance.
Locally owned mining "tarns", as distinct from non-family based "company" operations, will want to preferentially ship value-added processed products and manufactures. So they should become critical nuclei of industrial villages or settlements. Of course, they will need to be into farming too! And unique mineral-based arts and crafts are a certainty.
Mining tarns will be part of the rural triad that turns the Moon from "a one-town rock" into a "world".
How will the early lunar settlers get around, say from Armstrong Base, to Kennedytown, to Water Mine #1? The only surface lunar transportation used thus far by the human species is walking or wheeled cars. The lunar rovers used had a very slow speed and a very limited range. Further, they were limited to reasonable flat terrain. Hence they are not suitable for traveling between sites a few hundred miles apart.
Much later in the era of lunar settlement, when we are talking about routine travel between cities, we can either build highways or railroads to facilitate high speed travel. But in the pioneer days, we need an intermediate solution, a "lunar jeep."
We need an off road vehicle that is suitable for traversing the very rugged lunar surface at a reasonable speed. The low gravity and the vacuum conditions suggest an interesting possibility, a jumping vehicle that leaps from place to place across the terrain. This will enable it to go over large boulders in its path, climb into/out of giant craters, or bound over deep crevices. Further, it should be quite economical on energy consumption, permitting substantial travel with one refueling.
This author proposed such a vehicle in the early 1960's, believing the idea to be original, for a tiny lunar rover to be carried to the moon by Surveyor. As is often the case, it was later learned that the same concept had been proposed previously; in this case by none other than Hermann Oberth. He wrote a book in 1959 called "The Moon Car," which described a much larger manned vehicle that could either roll along, or jump over obstacles. The principles described in that book are sound, but the advent of microelectronics has opened up control possibilities not foreseen by Oberth, making the concept even more practical.
For a manned vehicle, the limit to the jumper's capabilities is limited by the amount of jump acceleration the crew can withstand. Assuming that a human crew is willing to withstand repeated jumps at three gee acceleration, then a vehicle with telescoping legs that can extend 18 meters (59 feet) with that force, then we have a vehicle that can jump four tenths of a mile at a time. When leaping for maximum distance per jump, such a machine will spend about thirty seconds on each such jump, and will soar over five hundred feet into the lunar sky at the peak of each leap. Tall buildings at a single bound, indeed!
Moreover, the energy consumption of this machine will be small, assuming only that the lunar soil will remain compacted after it has been jumped upon a few times. The energy used to make one jump can be recovered by the telescoping legs upon landing. Then the only losses are the friction in the leg extension and retraction. (There is, of course, no air drag.) If these losses are only 1% of the energy needed for each jump, then an ordinary automobile battery (of 200 ampere-hour capacity) would store enough energy to take a one metric tonne vehicle a few hundred miles. And of course, aerospace batteries are even lighter than car batteries.
Assuming that a pioneer has already scouted the terrain, so that you have a "digital map" to exactly plan each jump in advance, then at the rate of a jump every 30 seconds, you can travel at 48 miles an hour. If the path has not been surveyed ahead, then you will need to go more slowly, so you can examine each landing site as you approach it, and manually determine the jumping commands to lead you to a safe landing.
There may be a business opportunity here for a daring entrepreneur. The same principles will work on Earth, although each jump will be six times shorter and lower. What a carnival ride such a machine might make! You will have a solid patent position when the time comes that we need jumping machines for the serious business of lunar settlement.
JC
MMM #86 – June 1995
[Series Conclusion]
To those joining us this issue, we are borrowing the Scandinavian term **tarn** which designates a small, isolated mountain lake with no apparent inlet, but actually fed by rain or glacial melt-water, as a metaphor for the isolated “rural lunar” outpost that must religiously guard an initial water/hydrogen endowment, sources of loss make-up being costly.
**Science Tarns**
Selenology/Prospecting Field Camps – Lavatube Exploration Camps – Physics Labs & Accelerators – Optical & Radio Astronomy Observatories – Experimental Agriculture – Biochemistry Labs – Toxic Waste Storage – Nuclear Waste Storage & Energy Recovery – Experimental Genetic Engineering – Disease Control & Biological Agent Quarantine – Historical Preservation & Archiving.
There are several kinds of scientific activities that we will want to undertake on the Moon, and many of them can be done better in isolation from (relatively speaking) major population centers. Others of their very nature will demand an isolated “rural” location. There is plenty of room for physical isolation on the Moon, and the virtual biological quarantine enforced by the Moon’s lack of an atmosphere or hydrosphere is an invaluable asset for experiments that would otherwise involve risks with serious downside consequences.
Much field work remains if we are to understand the Moon well. Selenological Field Stations may be temporary and movable. A camp at an entrance to a multi-tier maze of intact lavatubes on various levels might be in use indefinitely. Deep shafts will core mare layers and sample mantle upthrust material in crater central peaks. We’ll search for Sudbury-like strikes of strategic ores of nickel, copper, platinum, and the like. Some of such prospecting field camps will evolve into permanent resource developing settlements playing a major role in the diversifying interdependent lunar economy.
Extensive areas of flat unencumbered real estate will attract gargantuan accelerator projects dwarfing the aborted SCSC. For maximum shielded cosmological labs monitoring neutrinos etc. the cooler lunar interior will permit much deeper shafts before residual crustal heat becomes a problem.
Optical Observatories and truly giant interferometers can be sited most anywhere. Those at higher northern and southern latitudes will be able to pursue unbroken dedicated around-the-clock study of major circum polar objects, like the Magellanic Clouds. Radio Astronomy installations will need to be located in Deep Farside (Mare Ingenii’s large flat-floored Thomson crater seems most ideal). Those installations that require considerable support may work toward localizing such support giving rise to small settlements engaged in food production, specialized fabrication shops, and maybe even sporting small universities or institutes and conference centers.
In Rural Luna, experimental farms will operate without fear of blight or pest or pathogen exchange with settlement biosphere food production areas. Larger scale trial biospheres could evolve into Lunar National Parks, becoming major tourist attractions for Lunans, if not for spoiled terrestrial visitors. Such forested and meadowed rille-bottom oases could support wildlife observation, camping, hiking, boating, riding, fishing, even simulated sport hunting.
This same hard quarantine will be ideal for otherwise potentially dangerous genetic engineering experiments, that nonetheless will inevitably shed light on who and what we are. Perhaps the same isolation may be advisable for riskier aspects of brave new world nanotechnology development.
Nuclear waste storage would benefit from the lack of ambient atmosphere and hydrosphere. In rural Luna, we can experiment with harvesting both energy and useful materials from such wastes. The same goes for biological and chemical toxin storage and experimental processing labs.
[See MMM #32 FEB ‘90 pp. 5–6, “Port Nimby: Export-Import Sleeper” – Republished in MMM Classics #4]
Another less obvious but in the end incomparably more important kind of scientific activity ideal for Rural Luna is the establishment of a disaster proof repository or Grand Archives of all humanity and human history, and of Gaia: life on Earth. Despite our best efforts, we are continually losing irreplaceable human treasures and natural history collections to war, criminally misguided fundamentalist purges (Library of Alexandria, the Mayan Codex), floods (the Arno in Florence), fire, hurricanes, tornadoes, acid rain and just plain rot.
Lavatubes on the Moon have already survived billions of years intact. They offer cold supervolminous “lee” vacuum unexposed to the cosmic elements. Could anything be more ideal? Here we could
build the ultimate repository safe from mischief as well as accident; quarantined from biological attack; safe from the glaciers that will sooner or later wipe clean the slates of Canada, Scandinavia, much of Northern Russia and he Northern U.S.; safe from eventual demolition by geological and tectonic processes; relatively protected even from chance killer asteroid impacts. Such a vault should long outlive our species and be available for the inspection of visitors from other surviving worlds millions, even billions of years hence. If it’s ultimately immortality that we seek in space, such a lunar lavatube archival repository ought to be rallying priority number one.
RECLUSE TURNS By Peter Kokh
In addition to those activities which need or might benefit from a certain amount of isolation and quarantine, there are likely to be rural population pockets which have sought and continue to rigorously cherish isolation for purely social reasons. They pursue some “way of life” dream or vision.
These are the “Intentional Communities” driven by some religious (not always fundamentalist nor cultist), philosophical, economical, or purely sociological need for “purity”. Founders and followers seek relief from interference and distraction, from the need to compete with more tempting and easier alternatives in undisciplined pluralist mainstream societies.
We should not assume all such efforts are misguided, though history has shown that most of them end up in failure, and not always for reason of breached isolation. There do remain social and economic and political and other institutional experiments arguably worth pursuing but which cannot germinate or bloom, much less hope for harvest, in the midst of free form anything–goes society.
Many in the “movement”, especially fans of Space Colonies (Settlements), admit to having been attracted to the space frontier precisely for the opportunities of intentional community so enabled. Rural Luna should beckon them.
Monasteries are undeniably out of fashion, if only because both celibacy and deliberate poverty are out of vogue. But these days in the age of AIDS, contempt for celibacy is noticeably on the decline. In this new climate, the reappearance of communities of monks choosing a life of quiet isolation is possible. Like those who have blazed this trail before, they would devote their sublimated sexual energies to routine and other tedious labors of love seeking some form of communion with the transcendental. Such a life offers few compensations of common appeal. Yet for monasticism to thrive anew, there is no need to appeal to the many – only to a sustainable few.
Some activities in Rural Luna would seem ideal for future practitioners of the monastic way of life. Operation of a Grand Archives of all Humanity and Gaia; or running experimental farms (and vineyards); or operating a Port Nimby (“Not In My Back Yard”) type facility; or supporting a Deep Farside S.E.T.I. installation listening for whispers from possibly wiser fellow soul mates in the larger Cosmos.
Deep Farside locations with skies oriented toward the Universe-at-large and averted from Earth and its electronic relay ‘noise’ will be especially conducive to this life choice. Here lie vast expanses of endless peace, quiet, freedom from distraction.
Might the time might not be ripe for a precursor monastic operation in Antarctica? Here is a less “threatening” way to establish pockets of humanity on that virgin continent–on-a–pedestal. A monastery could explore environmentally benign, low-impact forms of site-rooted self-reliant economic activity. In addition to Antarctic-appropriate agriculture and resource harvesting, monks could earn credit for needed import resupplies by tedious tasks in danger of being abandoned in budget crunches (e.g. Planetary Science Data Reduction.)
Or they might offer alternative resting spots for those seeking an option to burial or cremation. In the cold dry air of Antarctica, open air burial under the stars is possible. Such a “desiccatorium” could
provide glass canopies to greatly retard blackening from ultraviolet and cosmic rays, with durable side netting to thwart the sky-patrolling carrion-feeding skuas.
We do not stray. There are many less attractive backwaters on the space frontier that may go wholly undeveloped except for special societies like monasteries. [Or prisons! See MMM # 35 MAY ‘90 p 3. “Ports of Pardon” – Republished in MMM Classics #4] The Moon is big enough for options like these.
Annexing 2/3rds of Farside to Nearside: RELAYSIDE By Peter Kokh
We all learned when we were tikes that the Moon keeps one and the same face forever turned toward Earth, that there is another hidden side forever hidden from view – until the Space Age, of course. It is not a 50–50 split. The Moon’s orbit around Earth is eccentric, swinging between a monthly close approach about 220,000 miles out and a monthly far point about 260,000 miles out. As it does so, its axial rotation which is locked to its orbital period, first lags behind its orbital progress as it speeds up approaching the near point (perilune) and then runs ahead as it slows down approaching the far point. The result is an apparent wobble or libration that allows us alternately to peak 6° or 7° around either side. So in fact, only 41% of the Moon is always visible from Earth, and 59% is at some times observable. The remaining 41% is always averted. The 18% “limbland” areas might be dubbed The Peek-a-boos.
This apportionment will change effectively if we put relay satellites in the gravitationally stable Earth-Moon no man’s lands of the forward (L4) and/or following (L5) Lagrange points co-orbiting the Earth in formation with the Moon 60° ahead and 60° behind the Moon, respectively. Such relays will allow us to “see” or communicate with the pair of 60° orange slices of Farside flanking the visual limbs, leaving the central 60° still out of touch. The same orbital libration will work to trim the always-out-of-touch “Deep Farside” to about 45°, a mere but all-important 1/8th of the Moon’s surface.
While this area could be served by another relay in the L2 Lagrange position some 40,000 miles behind the Moon, the considerable, unduplicatable, irreplaceable, and invaluable radio silence of this Deep Farside area will make that choice unthinkable. We need that sheer undisturbed radio silence both for advanced radio astronomy installations and for S.E.T.I. observatories [radio Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence].
Rural Luna outposts and towns in “Relayside” will be no more isolated from Earth than Nearside communities. As to the absence of Earth in their visual sky, it is only fair to point out that Earth is also somewhat “out-of-sight-out-of-mind” in central nearside where if is very high above the horizon. (Thus the nickname of The Crooknecks for central Nearside.)
Outposts in Deep Farside, however, can only hope to remain in regular touch by cable to antennae in Relayside. The expense of laying cable (or a chain of laser-repeating towers?) will work to confine such outposts to narrow corridors leading to installations that by nature can only be in Deep Farside (the radio astronomy and S.E.T.I. installations just mentioned.
Relayside and Deep Farside pockets of humanity will have one psychologically binding glory in common, however. The absence of Earth above the horizon gives this area the most spectacularly star-spangled, Milky Way-blazen nightspan skies in the inner Solar System.
THE ROLE OF RURAL LUNA IN THE MOON’S COMING OF AGE AS A NEW “WORLD” FOR MAN
Look up “world” in any dictionary and you will find a dozen or more definitions for each of many uses of the word. None of these goes to the essence of the concept, however. It is precisely that we find ourselves “too close to the trees to see the forest”. If I could take a stab at it, I might define “World” as a polycentric horizontal continuum, or perhaps as a functionally integral ecosystem of communities.
The point is that our sense of “world” is not that of a physical place centered in ourselves – or in one local village – or in one settlement. Until there is a plurality of centers of activity on the Moon, however humbly small each is taken by itself, the Moon will be a “world”, in the human sense, only potentially. A “world” is a “world” because it is shared.
Will the Moon ever become another “world” for man? Or will it remain just a big rock with a token garrison? Not to wonder! The wellsprings of a plurality of settlements and rural outposts is clearly present in the raw physical endowment. The nonuniform distribution of mineral resources, the diversity of terrain, the special advantages conferred by grid location (e.g. polar, limb, equatorial, and deep far-side sites) irrespective of mineralogical assets will all work towards the rise of multiple outposts and towns.
In addition to this distributive logic imposed by the economic geography of the Moon itself, there is another equally compelling logic within human community that will work to bud off additional settlements and outposts from the historic first beachhead. Only a plurality of towns will offer the political freedom that can only come from having options, the freedom, so to speak, of being able to vote with one’s feet, by moving somewhere hopefully more congenial. With this divide-and-multiply inner compulsion will come institutional and cultural variety. Further, there will be the opportunity to pick different biospheric climates, flora and fauna, different urban plans, different architectures, and so on. And that brings us to elucidate yet another intrinsic parameter to the meaning of “World”. A world is a continuum of places which are distinctively different from one another, not just by virtue of “nature” but especially as a result of human-added features.
With the multiplicity of human communities of whatever size comes an important “gain”, that of distributed vulnerability for the population at large. No matter what disaster, natural or man-made may befall any individual human clustering, the “World” goes on. “World”, then, also has the definitive connotation of overarching immortality – towns can come and go, not just people, but the “World” goes on.
“World”, then, also connotes a certain inexhaustibility of relief from the local, the overfamiliar, the entrapment potential of any one particular nucleus of humanity. “World” is a continuum that includes a multiplicity of temporary or permanent escapes from one’s own “horizontal” valley. “World” is a continuum of changing scenery, both natural and post-human. It is a whole which includes a multiplicity of opportunities to make a fresh start. We do not always need to exercise such opportunities. Often, it is enough to know that they are there. Without that ace up the sleeve, any one place becomes a prison, elegantly walled in by the lack of anywhere else to go.
No settlement, however thoughtfully planned, can stand alone, survive alone, be bearable alone. To have any chance of long term sanity and emotional health and overall morale, settlers will need to have available changes of scenery, of ambiance, of diversion. They will need places to vacation, places with which to trade, places with which to compete.
In brainstorming human settlement on the Moon, we would be wise to take a page from nature and not place all our eggs in one basket. A frontier “World” is a place in which one can get in on the beginnings, not just an historic once, but repetitively. In a very real sense, nothing we can do can turn an outpost into a genuine settlement, until, by virtue of other companion outposts, it does not stand alone. Until the Moon becomes a “world” any initial settlement will remain an unconsummated marriage of humanity and the host physical world. In this context the concept of “Rural Luna” is scarcely a farfetched exercise in stretching the rational for “a” lunar settlement. Until “spacefaring humanity” has achieved a “world” of interdependent space locations, on the Moon, in free space, and elsewhere, we will not have truly left the cradle world; we will not have established an off-planet branching of humanity that could survive any global disaster on Earth. We, and Gaia, will not have successfully reproduced ourselves, and in failing to do so, will not have hedged our bet on species immortality.
The habit of thinking in the preemptive singular is a recent deviation from common sense: “the” shuttle, “the” space station, “the” moonbase, “the” space agency. This deviant form of lemming-like decision making must be purged from our collective consciousness if we are to have any chance to avoid an Antarctica-like caricaturization of our space dream.
Finally, it has become commonplace in this age of exploration by robotic planetary probes to speak of “what were once just blobs of light unveiling themselves to be whole ‘worlds’ unto themselves.” But as worlds they are still each virginal. Many see this virginity as something to be preserved. But this eons long sleeping innocence awaits the kiss that will allow each such world to really flower as adoptive “mothers” to Man, and to Gaia. It could be that this will not happen repeatedly in space, not even just once, if the official and recently reaffirmed* self-deprecation that contraceptively rules our presence in the precursor “world” of Antarctica extends to keep sterile our activities off-planet.
[We in the space movement have been vigilant about the defects in the proposed Moon Treaty, even alert enough to fight lest the Law of the Sea Treaty set a dangerous precedent. But we have been caught asleep at the wheel when a few years ago, we let the Antarctic Treaty be reconfirmed for thirty years more without protest. We may well have lost it all right there! Remember, fifty years after Little America, all we have is McMurdo Sound, lot’s of people, none of them settlers. PK]
**The Glint in the Moon’s Eye**
One way to get across to people world wide, whether they be educated TV watchers or not, that there is something new going on on the Moon, would be to place a large beacon, pointed Earthward, near the launch pad of the beachhead Moon base (L). It would shine only during nightspan, being clearly visible in the unlit portion of the Moon’s nearside (R). What color would show up best? Red? Green might be less alarming, signifying plants as well as humans. Should there be messages flashed by Morse code? How many lumens, watts?
**in the (new) beginning, ...**
*(Starting over on the Moon)*
I. Bursting Apollo’s “Envelope”
By Peter Kokh
Apollo was without precedent. For scouts of Earth to break free from their womb planet and set foot on what had always been an unreachable celestial sphere was a clean break with all that had gone before. It electrified civilization for a moment. Yet for all these nine manned missions to the Moon accomplished, six of them landing, so many really basic things were left undone that roundly shattering that precedent will be easy. We mean no disrespect! But, yes, easy.
=> Twelve men set foot on the Moon. Yet none of them slept in a bed there. The LEMs had only hammock-slings. All twelve walked in one sixth gravity, but only with cumbersome pack-laden pressure suits – the pressurized LEM “cage” was scarcely big enough to pace back and forth in place. So no one experienced what it is like to walk in lunar gravity, not really.
=> All the missions were [lunar] morning ones. No one experienced a lunar sunset, a lunar night, a lunar dawn. We never even hung around into local afternoon.
=> We ate and slept in our station wagon, not even pitching a tent. In effect we just picnicked there. Since our vehicle was our shelter, we took it with us when we left, and there is no camp, no cottage, to which we might return. We never visited any site more than once. We left no “building” on the Moon, not bringing any with us, not erecting any.
=> We never stayed long enough to plant, or grow, much less to harvest. Even the science we did was just field work collection stuff. We brought along no lab. Nor did we play much. Sure we romped around in our suits, hit a golf ball, and playfully rigged our flags so they looked like they were flapping in some vacuous breeze. Playful, yes. Play, no.
=> We were there, that’s all. Like Kilroy. And then we were gone, and are gone still. We took samples from which to learn what the Moon is made of, but which have since been guarded so jealously by an intermediating priestly class “lest we never return” that we have not been free to learn from these samples what we might make out of what the Moon is made of, as if to guarantee that we would never find the confidence to return on a live-off-the-land basis.
=> We left stuff too – more than footprints, stuff that could someday be prized pioneer relics in local lunar museums. But to date, more than two decades later, these leavings only remind us of our failure to build upon what we had done, to stand tall on the shoulders of our heroes. The “revolution in history” has been downgraded to an anomaly, a distraction.
A new beginning
So much of both the technology and the expertise that carried the Apollo program on to its brilliant successes has been lost, dismantled, even deliberately destroyed, that we can no longer just repeat these humble sorties. They cannot even be called beginnings since they have been robbed of the chance to lead to something more that follows.
Not quite. We have the knowledge, the record, and some teasing results of matter-starved experiments that suggest what we might be able to do with lunar regolith – make oxygen, iron and steel, aluminum and titanium, cast basalt and ceramic objects, sinter blocks and concrete, glass and glass composites – in effect fuel, air, water, tankage, vehicle and habitat parts, furniture and furnishings. We could even do out-of-fashion soil-based farming. Bring back with us but talented people, tools, and seeds, and we might just make a go of it.
With the total absence of political will, any return will have to be humble, laying down a few foundation stones at a time. Our first beachhead can only become permanent in time. But even if the first crew returns home for some while before the next is sent, it will have been easy to shatter all Apollo’s achievements with the first mission.
(1) We leave a habitat structure on the Moon, perhaps returning to an awaiting orbiting ferry (serving a function like Apollo’s command modules) ascending on a cabinless platform (not unlike the Apollo rover) protected just by space suits.
(2) Our habitat has room enough to walk around, and to sleep horizontally in cots or on air mattresses, and is big enough to boast both private and common room areas.
(3) We “dig in” our shelter, placing it under a soil–shielded canopy or heaping soil directly upon it to make longer stays possible without high accumulative radiation exposure. Now we have a camp, a cabin, a cottage on the Moon, a permanent structure to come back to, and from which to expand in due course, as we learn to do so step by step, using primarily building materials made on location.
(4) We leave an electronic beacon so that follow on missions can make instrumented landings at the same spot.
Then What?
(5) We stay not only all “day” but past sunset, outlast the long two week night, and start a new lunar “day” before going home. This will be quite a feat, not unlike the first “overwintering” on Antarctica. Even with a nuke source for energy, we’ll have less power than during the dayspan when we can tap sunlight as well. We’ll have to switch from energy-intensive tasks during dayspan to manpower-intensive energy-light tasks during nightspan, establishing a lunar rhythm that may forever after give life on the Moon much of its characteristic flavor. In the process, we’ll have to have in place an advanced, possibly bio-assisted, life support system regenerating our air and water supplies. We’ll also have had to have demonstrated, probably in an unmanned dry run, thermal stability of the station through the nightspan. Shielding will help here too, minimizing exposure to the heat sink of space.
(6) If we stay six weeks or more, we can plant some salad stuffs and bring them to harvest. The first feat for lunar farming and agriculture to come.
(7) We might try some brief sorties outside the station during nightspan. That means headlights, that means lubricants that can take the cold – or magnetic bearings. That means heated spacesuits or an infrared radiating cage or a minimal cabin.
(8) We bring along pilot oxygen production equipment, demonstration iron fine and gas scavenging equipment, a solar furnace to experiment with cast basalt, ceramics firings, iron sintering, and glass production. We have brought along some basic tools for fabricating sample test objects.
(9) There is a parallel Earthside “Moon station” in which problems on the Moon can be addressed in close simulation, and in which terrestrial brainstormers can proactively outline suggested new experimental exploits for the lunar crew.
Exploring Metaphors
Settlement is a long way down the road. But since we are determined to make that journey, we have to humbly begin with some lowly first steps. What lies between our previous “science picnic” visits and “settlement”? Here are some more relevant “meanings” my dictionary offers for some of the words we’ve been bandying about. Running through them might help clarify our thoughts about what comes first.
**base**: (1) a bottom support on which a thing stands or rests; (6) the point of attachment; (7) a starting point or point of departure; (9) a supply installation that supports operations
**camp**: a place where a group of persons is lodged in temporary shelters.
**fort**: a fortified, protected place [here, living quarters and operations center, in a physically hostile environment, shielded against radiation, vacuum, and thermal extremes.]
**habitat**: (3) a special contained environment for living in over an extended period in a life-hostile setting.
**hostel**: an inexpensive, spartanly equipped lodging offering minimal shelter for short-stay travelers.
**outpost**: a station established at a distance from the main body; a post or settlement in a foreign environment.
**station**: (6) a place equipped for some particular kind of work, service, research, or activity, usually semipermanent
While all of these terms are applicable as far as they go, none of them are especially instructive. And most of them are static, not suggestive of leading anywhere, thus requiring separate justification of
any further steps, and thus likely to become self-limiting. We suggest that we space advocates who really want to see human out-settlement wean ourselves of such terms as Moonbase, Lunar Outpost, etc. and look for more pregnant terms that suggest a sequence of phases that lead to something much more. If we find better terms we must popularize them and thus alter the culture in which space futures are discussed. Words are not neutral. We must pay attention to their downside or self-limiting connotations. We are in a battle for the soul of humanity. We have to stop using the weapons the enemy gives us and forge our own.
Let us suggest some other terms whose applicability might seem a little forced at first thought, but which we think you’ll agree are rather appropriate:
**beachhead:** the area that is the first objective of a party landing on an alien shore, which once secured and established, can serve as a base of expansion of the occupation.
**incubator:** an artificial environment that enables fragile beginnings to become hardy enough to thrive outside.
**interface:** a common boundary [between two worlds i.e. the life coddling Earth, and the barren and sterile Moon]; (4) something that enables separate and sometimes incompatible elements to communicate.
**“Interface Beachhead” & “Settlement Incubator”**
If our gambit strategy is to establish a habitat station which serves as an effective interface with the Moon and its realities, then we suggest that the menu of Apollo–besting items given above lists steps in the right direction. We need to learn how to exist on the Moon, on its terms, through its cycles, boosting our resources with those it offers. A successful first Interface Beachhead will allow us to carry on a whole range of human activities in a way that comes to terms with lunar vacuum, lunar sixth-weight, lunar day/night cycles, lunar temperature swings, and the absence of organic materials in the lunar soil. More challenging, we must interface with the Moon and learn to do so flexibly, through the handicap of a micro-biospheric barrier as “bubble” creatures.
We have to begin mastering how to thrive on stuffs and materials we can process from the lunar endowment. That means our interface station/camp/outpost/base/beachhead must have expanding dedicated space for processing and fabrication experiments, demonstrations, and production operations. That means we have to put together talent, materials, and opportunities for at least part time artists and craftsman to learn how to express themselves in the lunar idiom. Call it survival, call it living off the land, call it acculturation, call it dealienization, call it adaptation, call it adoption, call it “settling in”.
We can’t have wholesale rotation of crews. Even if everyone still goes home after a while, those with hard won on site experience have to teach the newcomers before they can turn things over. Our presence needs to be more than serial. There has to be an effective “cultural memory” giving enduring “soul” to our individual comings and goings. Given that, the outpost/base/camp/station/interface beachhead will take on a “permanent” life of its own, even though the day that “reupping” indefinitely, i.e. staying for the duration of one’s natural life, may be a good ways down the trail.
“Permanent” can apply to the physical structure. That is easy – and “cheap” in a fully pejorative sense. At the other extreme of application, it can also apply individually to people who come to live out their remaining natural lives with no real thought of ever returning to the “old” planet – “forsakers”.
In between is the “permanence” of a growing acculturation between human and Gaian on the one hand, and lunar on the other. While we never want to lose sight of the longer term goal, we need to reject rusting on the laurels of achieving permanence in the first naked sense. All that would achieve is the establishment of an eventual ruin or ghost camp.
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**PRIZE LUNAR REAL ESTATE**
Locations with special attractions – other than mineral wealth
By Peter Kokh
**Impatience carries risks**
There are those so impatient to return to the Moon that they disvalue any further robotic missions designed to reveal where the richest and most accessible resources lie as “money sink distractions”. Yet, to reduce the chances of the first human outpost becoming a ghost town in unseemly short order, the careful selection of a site especially capable of supporting viable economic activity is hardly
unimportant. Rather it is impatience that needs to be dismissed. Impatience always backfires. That's a Cosmic Law. There is no point in deliberately blindfolding ourselves and playing "Pin the Tail on the Donkey" with a Moon map as some apparently want to do.
**The tasks of a First Outpost**
At the same time, it is possible to argue that any good site will do to demonstrate the viability of a permanent human presence on the Moon. The task of such a beachhead is to survive the dayspans and nightspans, the heat and the cold, the radiation and solar storms and micrometeorite rain, the absence of a biosphere rich in organics and volatiles. Next the aim is to begin demonstrating an ability to use the resources that are common on the Moon to provide some continuing support and a respectable part of the wherewithal to expand.
**Distribution of Lunar Resources**
The Moon’s major resources (oxygen, silicon, iron, aluminum, calcium, titanium, and magnesium) are distributed rather homogeneously (relative to their very uneven redistribution on Earth). So, the argument goes, we can always pick a second more advantageous site to begin industrial settlement in earnest. Indeed, one might argue, the lessons learned in the initial demonstrator outpost might warrant a fresh start else–where, rather than expand upon the trial and error dawn base.
While there is certainly merit to this argument, it is also likely that whether those planning and going on to deploy the first base care or not, additional robotic resource–finding missions are likely to be flown before the first outpost can be erected. In that case, it would be foolish not to take into consideration the knowledge those probes supply.
**The relative advantages of some sites over others calls for careful consideration – “coastal” sites**
Some general considerations can be made now. Both from a resource using and a tourist/film–making point of view, it would be stupid to locate the outpost either in the middle of crater–pocked highland terrain, or in the middle of the much flatter maria terrain — when by picking a “coastal” site the mineral and scenic diversity of both (highland and “sea”) are present. Happily, innumerable sites fit this requirement.
**Early Iron Extraction and Production, Basalt–based industries**
If early industrial activity beyond oxygen extraction is likely to center on iron as the easiest element to extract and produce, we already have fair evidence of extensive areas that fit the bill. We’d be suicidally foolish to locate elsewhere. As basalt industries are also likely to start up early, mare/coastal areas would seem to have priority.
**Public Awareness Potential**
Another point of convergence is maximizing public interest and awareness. This should be important both to those who would like to see a government Moonbase (in the mold of Antarctica’s McMurdo Sound) and those who would like to see a civilian commercial outpost (like most every for real burg on Earth). One sure way of doing this is to locate the base in an area that can easily be identified by the trained naked eye, or at least in binoculars. Perhaps others in the habit of studying the Moon with the naked eye might not concur, but the feature I find easiest to locate at all phases of the Moon visible in early to middle night hours is the Sea of Crises, Mare Crisium, to the north east of center. This oval Mare, the size of Wisconsin and Upper Michigan together, is clearly distinct from the “chain of seas” that run into each other: Fertility, Tranquility, Serenity, Rains, the Ocean of Storms, etc. I am aware of no one else who is partial to Crisium. Other proposed locations in Fertility, Tranquility, Serenity, Imbrium, the crater Alphonsus etc. can be picked out by the trained eye easily enough in binoculars, but that makes them unidentifiable for the masses. Anyone can learn to spot Crisium immediately. Somewhere along the shore of Mare Crisium, along the highlands separating it from Mare Tranquilitatis or Mare Fecunditatis could make a fair site. Of course, this is only one consideration and must be weighed along with others.
Dayspan naked eye identifiability is not the only PR trick that promises to build public awareness. A nightspan beacon near the outpost, beaming enough lumens Earthward to be clearly picked out, would certainly command much more attention. This would suggest placing the outpost in a part of the Moon that is usually not illuminated when the Moon is above the horizon in early evening hours – in other words, well into the western hemisphere (coastal/shore areas of western Oceanus Procellarum, the Ocean of Storms, or in the Aristarchus area for example). In contrast, a beacon in any of the eastern
seas (Tranquility, Fertility, Crisium, etc.) would not be visible until the waning (post full) Moon that rises later in the evening and would be noticed by far fewer people.
**Improved vs. Unimproved Sites**
On Earth we distinguish between improved and unimproved sites. The latter lack electrical and water utility access. But even unimproved sites on Earth have atmosphere and access to at least some rain. No site on the Moon has as much, every lunar site being radically unimproved.
**Shade**
Yet some sites have assets, beyond minerals, that other sites do not, such as appreciable part-time (and rarely, full time) shade. This can be important in planning thermal equilibrium maintenance with the placement of heat rejecting radiators etc. Rille walls and crater walls and escarpments all provide part time shade depending on the local path of the Sun across the sky. In general such minimally improved sites are scattered everywhere, but are the more densely located the nearer to the poles where the maximum elevation of the Sun over the equatorward horizon is lower. This would seem to directly compete with the landing/take off economy of equatorial sites. But keep in mind, with the Moon’s lethargic rate of rotation, the touted desirability of equatorial sites is grossly exaggerated.
**“Lee” Vacuum — Lavatubes**
More significant an asset than shade is true “lee” vacuum, where there are surfaces never exposed to the lunar sky, and thus always protected from cosmic radiation, solar ultraviolet, solar storms, and the micrometeorite rain as well as wild day–night sunshine–shade temperature swings. Such areas will be ideal for warehousing and garage space and unpressurized industrial operations. They exist underground.
The Moon has no limestone caves made by running and dripping water. But it does have lavatubes on the order of many tens of meters wide and high, many tens of kilometers long. These substantial lee voids are currently known only from indirect, yet indisputable evidence. Winding valleys, aka sinuous rilles, are a related feature, made from rivers of very fluid lava. Many rille valleys have bridged sections that suggests the visible valleys are near-surface lava tubes with collapsed roofs and that the “bridges” are intact tube sections.
Elsewhere we see winding chains of rimless craters that can only be collapse pits where parts of a largely intact lava tube below have fallen in. The inference is that elsewhere, there are wholly uncollapsed lavatubes. As the mare basin–filling lava sheets were laid down in distinct episodes with lava tubes likely forming in each layer, there may be many intact lavatubes well below the surface layers in some lunar seas.
Where are these lavatubes and their “lee vacuum” to be found? In the maria, mostly near coastal areas! While we are a long way from identifying all such features, we can locate a base in a coastal region with partially collapsed rilles in the likelihood of finding usable intact tube sections nearby.
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**MMM #90 – November 1995**
**Consummating the OVERNIGHTING Moon / Base Marriage**
OVERNIGHTING: CONSUMMATING THE MOON/BASE MARRIAGE
By Peter Kokh
**Dawn Touchdowns, Pre-noon Lift-offs**
For sake of best long-shadow lighting conditions as well as heat management, All the Apollo missions landed shortly after local sunrise, and as if subconsciously frightened senseless of nightfall, left well before local noon. We haven’t come close to experiencing a whole lunar dayspan/nightspan cycle! Here are the figures for each mission.
A11 TD 10.93 hrs after local sunrise LO after 21.60 hrs after local sunrise
(like 6:22–7:06 am on Earth with 6:00 am sunrise)
A12 TD 10.12 hrs after local sunrise LO after 19.52 after local sunrise
(like 6:21–7:01 am on Earth with 6:00 am sunrise)
A14 TD 20.75 hrs after local sunrise LO after 33.51 after local sunrise
(like 6:42–7:50 am on Earth with 6:00 am sunrise)
A15 TD 14.04 hrs after local sunrise LO after 68.91 after local sunrise
(like 6:29–8:49 am on Earth with 6:00 am sunrise)
A16 TD 17.82 hrs after local sunrise LO after 71.04 after local sunrise
(like 6:36–9:00 am on Earth with 6:00 am sunrise)
A17 TD 16.8 hrs after local sunrise LO after 75.00 after local sunrise
(like 6:34–9:06 am on Earth with 6:00 am sunrise)
NOTE: Lunar Sunrise to Sunset is 354.367 hrs = 14.7653 days
Full Sunth (local day) is 708.734 hrs = 29.5306 days
Apollo LMs – “Butterflies of the morning”
This is a pattern similar to early sorties to Antarctica.
There, we came after the spring pack-ice break-up and left well before the fall freeze-up – for the first two decades. It wasn’t until Byrd set up Little America in 1929 [a site abandoned 30 years later in ’59 as U.S. Antarctic operations concentrated on McMurdo Sound] that we took the plunge and “overwintered”. That was quite some hurdle, mentally and emotionally, as well as operationally and logistically. Now we face the same hurdle on the Moon. But until we do it, all our talk of “permanent presence” is just so much empty macho bravado.
In the case of Little America, the major hurdles to be overcome were the need to build up during the summer months enough fuel (heat, power, and vehicles) and food reserves to last the long cold winter night months when resupply would be impossible. Rescue would also be impossible, meaning medical supplies and kits had to be more adequate, and medical personnel more fully trained. On the Moon the challenge will be similar although the nightspan is only a twelfth as long.
Thermal management
Surface temperatures drop drastically and quickly after lunar sunset. But, these are surface effects only. The powdery soil is a poor conductor, and a poor reservoir, of either heat or cold. A couple of meters down, below the blanket of shielding soil, temperatures remain about −4° F or −20° C all the time.
Most expect a heat buildup within the buried habitat, heat from living, heat from operations, that will not be drawn off by the surrounding soil as fast as it is generated – even at night. If an equation of heat inputs and losses shows a net heat rise even during nightspan, a system of external heat-shedding radiators will be necessary.
If, however, because available power during nightspan means powered down operations, and if that in turn means a thermal deficit during nightspan, then some sort of thermal heat sink accessed by
a heat pump might not be a bad idea. We'll have, or should have, the former – in the form of water reserves. A large reserve tank can be buried in the soil not far from the habitat. Heat from the water would be pumped into the habitat by nightspan, the direction reversed for dayspan cooling. A net heat excess over the whole dayspan/nightspan cycle would then be shed by external radiators.
If we don't bring along, find, or generate (i.e. adding hydrogen to locally produced oxygen, probably in fuel cells to produce night power and water both), enough water to make such a heat-pump accessible water reservoir work, then our plans to make our presence "permanent" are in big trouble.
Successful thermal management will depend largely on how much care is taken to isolate major heat-producing activities from the habitat areas. This means automated unpressurized processing and manufacturing plants, saving low temperature aspects of production (finishing, assembly, etc.) for occupied areas.
**Nightspan Power**
Many suggest solving the nightspan power problem by bringing along a small nuclear power unit. Even if the legal and political hurdles can be overcome (e.g. by having the Russians contribute this system), the point is missed. No matter how big the nuke, there will still be less power available during nightspan than during dayspan for the simple reason that during the latter, the Sun also shines, its heat ready to do work – simply and cheaply.
**The Sun can provide nightspan power in these ways:**
a. Solar heat can be used via several processes to produce oxygen from moon rock by dayspan. During night-span this oxygen is combined with hydrogen brought from Earth, in fuel cells, to produce power – with pure potable water as the byproduct.
b. If necessary, solar power can also be used during dayspan to electrolyze a portion of the water reserves back into hydrogen and oxygen for nightspan fuel cell fuel. (In addition, the Sun's raw ultra-violet rays can help purify the remaining water reserves under cover of UV-transparent quartz.)
c. If there is an early cast basalt industry to provide paving blocks and other low performance items useful to the expanding base, possibly as a sideline to oxygen production through heating the moon rock, this would open another road for Sun and water to work synergistically to provide nightspan power. If during dayspan, when the solar concentrators power these industries, there builds up an excess residual pool of molten rock and this is kept shielded from the heat-sucking night sky in an underground reservoir, the residual heat of this "magma pool" can be tapped to produce steam to run the base's nightspan generators. This is the idea of LUNAX director David Dunlop. A refractory lining of aluminum oxide would make such a magma-pool reservoir more efficient, but might not be absolutely necessary.
Mark Reiff of General Space Corporation suggests another form of lunar heat pump. If vibroacoustic testing locates a relatively small underground void (cavern) near the surface (less than 100 feet), this can be accessed by drilling. The natural reservoir can then be filled with a thermally conductive material (he suggests smelting regolith into molten aluminum). The thermal properties of the available material should drive the purity requirements. The material would be allowed to reach an equilibrium (cool). Next you would set up a thermal dynamic generator (Sterling cycle would work good) with your heat source on one end and the newly created heat sink connected to the other. You could shade the generator and the top of the heat sink to even provide power by dayspan too. [Smelting aluminum, however, is not likely to be an early outpost technology – Ed.]
The Sun and Water, then, seem to be the simple and elegant basic ingredients for a nightspan power system (as well as maintaining thermal equilibrium). Elaborate and expensive plans for providing nightspan power (or maintaining thermal equilibrium) by other higher tech means seem foolish.
The division of labor into hot in-vacuum and cool in-habitat chores (see above) in order to assist in thermal management will also work neatly to separate man-hours into energy-intensive dayspan aspects and labor-intensive nightspan aspects of the total production and operations cycles.
I have suggested that this fortnightly change of pace will become a well-liked feature of lunar life. Some have seen it as a burden to be avoided. Do not forget that on the Moon there are no seasons, no daily changes of weather, both of which add spice and interest and renewal to living on Earth. If this nightspan power "deficit" were ever to be effectively eliminated, the biggest source of rhythm and change of pace would be gone with it. Productivity gains would be temporary as morale slowly plummeted from routine, boredom, ennui.
Other nightspan power solutions frequently proposed are well down the road, something for later generation advanced settlements to consider. These include solar power satellites, lunar solar array networks (one over the nearest pole makes the most sense as it would be in sunlight whenever the outpost is experiencing nightspan), helium-3 fusion plants, and, oh yes, lunar hydroelectric [see * below].
**Air/water/waste management**
Overnightsing will also require much more capable recycling systems than did missions only intended to spend a couple of days on the morning Sun lit surface. Some water recycling chores can be solar-operated, as suggested above. By nightspan, used water could simply accumulate; or, freezing (by sky exposure) could work to separate out some impurities.
Human solid wastes could be stored out-vac, left to freeze in shaded sanitary containers. Rather than be a problem for eventual disposal, such compostable organics-rich material will become a banked resource of great value for the eventual commencement of regolith-soil based agriculture, once creation of significantly cheaper pressurized expansion volume becomes possible using on site produced building materials.
**Other “Overnightsing” Needs**
Plan as we will to stock up by dayspan for a dayspan-only logistics operation of resupply and manpower relief from Earth, we will be prudent to allow for the possibility of night landings and launches. Once we can land on a dime using signal clues rather than visual ones, this should be no big deal. It does mean, however, that the outpost’s “spaceport” be more than a simple designated circle in the sand. It will need to be equipped with beacons and lights and radio.
For this and who knows how many other contingencies, a service vehicle that can operate at night is also a must. This means more than headlights. It means power supplies, motive systems, and lubricants that can withstand temperatures of $-200^\circ$ F or $-130^\circ$ C with no problem.
**Overnightsing Measures, a Test of Outpost Design**
Any approach to lunar outpost design, NASA/Inter-national or commercial, in which every aspect does not reflect the needs of “overnightsing” begs to fail. If you are honest, you will realize that some of the above capacities are not self-obvious if you conveniently ignore the fact that some time after your base setup landing, the Sun will set, and stay set for almost fifteen days, over and over again every sunth, forever.
**Relevant Readings from MMM back issues**
[Republished in MMM Classics #1] – MMM # 7, JUL ‘87, “POWERCO”
[Republished in MMM Classics #4] – MMM # 31, DEC ‘89, pp. 3–5, “Ventures of the Rille People” (Prinzton design study report), V. * Multiple Energy Sources.
[Republished in MMM Classics #5] – MMM # 43, MAR ‘91, pp. 4–5. “NIGHTSPAN”
Would lunar rovers left on the Moon still be in working condition when we return?
By Bryce Walden, Oregon Moonbase (firstname.lastname@example.org) [reprinted in MMM with permission]
[response to a screenwriter's question on America OnLine]
General contractor for the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) was Boeing; GM Delco made the electronics. The LRV was first used on Apollo 15 at Hadley Rille, and in all subsequent missions. The chassis was aluminum. The essential "buggy" massed 400–600 lbsm (pounds-mass) (180–270 kilo-grams) depending on equipment. It could carry equipment, astronauts, and payload up to 1100 lbsm (499 kilograms), more than twice its own weight. Yet it was not strong enough to hold the astronauts on Earth.
Top speed mentioned by my source was 14 kph (8.7 mph); the speedometer was calibrated 0–20 kph (0–12.4 mph). Average speed on all three missions using the LRV was 5.17 mph (9.1 kph). Average for Apollo 17 was 5.0 mph (8.0 kph), total distance traveled was 22.3 miles (35.9 kilometers), and total time driving was 4:26 hours.
Power was supplied by 2 silver-zinc batteries, each 36v, 121 amp-hours per battery, encased in magnesium, then enclosed by thermal blankets and dust covers. Each battery had a relief valve for protection against excessive internal pressure. Thermal control was critical: the batteries had to be maintained between 40° F (4° Celsius) and 125° F (52° Celsius). The only practical method of heat rejection in the vacuum was by thermal radiation. Unfortunately, the slightest amount of lunar dust on the radiators (essentially mirrors) would "effectively destroy" their ability to perform. For this reason the radiators were kept closed during activities, to be opened manually by astronauts after "parking" for the "night." "During operation, heat generated was stored in heat sinks consisting of two LRV batteries and tanks containing wax-like phase change material." According to Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt, "If you take a couple more batteries up there, that thing would just keep going...."
However, these guys aren't Moon Buggy Mechanics. Other astronauts have been known to say the buggy had used up all warranties by the end of the mission (5 days or 250,000 miles....). Besides the batteries, the flexible spline inside each wheel hub, part of the kinetic power transmission system, may have degraded. Countless thermal cycles of the vehicle between lunar day (+250° F, 121° Celsius) and lunar night (~0° F, ~157° Celsius) will take their toll on structural elements, electronics, and other system parts. There is also the possibility of radiation damage to the control electronics. Of course, it might work, for a little while --perhaps a heroic last gasp. With fresh batteries, of course. That overpressure release probably let vital elements escape as the batteries heated to lunar daytime temperatures.
One other interesting note is that the LRV had an inertial navigation device that always pointed toward the LEM (bearing and distance), so the astronauts would not have to guess, in the austere and misleading lunar environment (ever taken a walk in the desert?), the quickest way back to the base. They also did not have to stay in sight of the LEM.
Lunar rover data and quotes are from "The Lunar Roving Vehicle: A Historical Perspective" by Saverio F. Morea, Director, Research and Technology Office, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama, where the LRV was tested. The paper was presented at the second Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century conference, April 5–7 1988, Houston TX. Contribution No. LBS–88–203.
That being said, I don't think we should depend on or plan to use any of the one-shot equipment sent up with Apollo. I prefer the idea of fencing it off and preserving these first explorations as well as possible. We should be sensitive to other sites of interest, as well.
BW
MMM #91 – December 1995
PERSONNEL: From Scout Crews to Pioneer Settlers
Expanding “tours of duty,” “reenlistment” options, partners & pregnancies, cabin fever prevention, etc.
By Peter Kokh
Expectations from our long-running experiences on Mir should give us confidence for similar manning and crew rotation patterns on the Moon. In its one-sixth Earth-normal gravity (“sixthweight”), any physiological deterioration should both proceed more slowly and be accumulatively less severe than in ambient zero-G. In following this pattern, we might expect some lunar base personnel to have longer tours of duty, while other visiting “mission specialists” who have come to oversee relatively short tests of pilot demonstration processing equipment, for example, may return to Earth in short order.
There are several reasons why personnel may rotate at a slower rate than the rhythm of Earth-Moon support and resupply flights might seem to allow:
(1) not bringing replacement personnel frees up allowable net payload mass for extra badly needed equipment.
(2) not returning personnel makes room for extra “export” cargo from the Moon:
(a) lunar liquid oxygen for delivery to LEO to refuel the Earth-Moon ferry
(b) loads of regolith samples for delivery to Earth’s surface where ongoing processing experiments can be done more cheaply and more thoroughly, i.e. with lower gross man-hour support costs and in better equipped laboratories.
(3) if the lunar descent vehicle is built as we’ve suggested, with the crew cabin underslung and equipped with a surface locomotion chassis that can be winched to the surface and taxi to the outpost [“frog” and “toad” “amphibious” lunar landers are introduced in MMM # 48 SEP ‘91, pp. 4–6 “HOSTELS: Lowering the Threshold for Lunar Occupancy,” Part I – MMM Classics #5] every descent module that returns crewless means an extra surface vehicle at the disposal of the outpost.
(4) In general, average on-the-Moon labor support costs will come down as the amount of productive man-hours per ticket of passage goes up.
With all these forces operating to encourage extension of lunar surface duty times, outpost managers, both on site and on Earth, will be motivated to provide perks and incentives for voluntary extension of planned tours of duty. Moon duty will be exciting and prestigious at first, with no shortage of volunteers. But as duty time wears on, the view out the window less dominated by Earth, more by sterile, barren, unforgiving, and lonely moonscapes of colorless grays, lunar base personnel will be glad to get out of their sardine can quarters, be relieved of their cabin fever, and return “home.”
From this humble beginning to an era when men and women will come intent upon staying the rest of their lives is one tremendous jump. But the long road from limited mission scouts to pioneer settlers starts right here, with the need on the several counts mentioned above to encourage voluntary, but still not indefinite, extensions of contracted duty time.
People put up with what they have to. If the next opportunity to “get out of here” is some time off, one grins and bears the restrictions, the confinement, and the sacrifices with or without a smile. But if ships are returning to Earth on a regular basis and one’s “moon duty” has already “worn thin,” then the desire to be aboard the next ship home will begin to interfere with one’s effectiveness. Perks, extra amenities, and other incentives to make continued surface duty more bearable will be absolutely necessary.
Pay: we start with the obvious: money, the worth-while-maker. As duty extensions are cheaper than crew replacement, some of the “savings” realized are properly shared with those agreeing to stay on, in terms of higher wage rates. Wages can be sent to one’s Earthside family, or accumulate in a terrestrial bank account. But there are other forms of compensation.
The “re-upper” can be rewarded with “import credits” e.g. the right to request added mementos, pastime materials, or favorite food delicacies to be on the next ship up. One can acquire seniority for bidding on desirable assignments. One can be admitted to the decision making councils. One can be granted more “flextime,” leeway in personally scheduling work time and free time.
**Time off:** sabbatical week “vacations” would be a very special perk, one that the “reupper” can use to explore in greater depth any hobbies or interests — experimenting with lunar art/craft materials, dance forms that go with the grain of sixthweight, exploring and developing confined space sixth-weight sports ideas; music, poetry, literature, and writing articles for hire reporting on life on the Moon. It is important to realize that all such activity can be indirectly productive for the basehold as a whole if and in so far as it opens up more possibilities for other personnel to enjoy their stays.
**Attention to ambiance.** Not all the perks should be reserved for those who agree to duty extensions. By then the psychological damage from unnecessarily spartan conditions may be irreversible. The outpost can be made both ergonomic and functionally pleasant at little or no extra weight penalty or cost simply by thoughtful design. Crew quarters can be individually decorated, and easily redecorable to suit the tastes of new occupants. There should be varied and redoable decor in the common areas. There should be cubbyholes other than one’s own cramped berthspace in which to retreat. Attention should be paid to acoustics so that one has the choice of back–ground music or silence or his/her own favorite blends.
**Rotation of assignments:** no matter what one’s specialty, there should be the opportunity for shot–in–the–arm routine–busting assignments. Those regularly in the field can be given inside duty for relief. Vice versa, those stuck in labs and workstations can be given periodic field duty.
**Leisure time opportunities:** the outpost should have a good audiovisual and literature library, in the lightest weight storage form, of course. There should also be some traditional art and craft media and the opportunity to explore working with on site materials. Requests should be honored when feasible for “time off together” for those wanting to explore dance or sport or other “exercise” options. There should be “real” opportunities as well for continuing self–education, personal or occupational, for credit when desirable.
**A bit of Earth:** relief duty in the outpost farm, even if nothing but a compact hydroponics closet operation, will be welcome to most. In addition, an abundance of well–chosen “house plants” will not only help keep the air “fresh and sweet,” but provide a psychological filter against the barren and sterile surroundings outvac – especially if arranged in the foreground of any window or viewing port. Available nooks and crannies can be the opportunity for “pocket parks,” even “forests” of bonsai evergreens.
Water reserves can be put to work as well. Fountains and wallside waterfalls add both soothing white noise to help drown out the non–symphonic hums of assorted equipment, and to keep the air comfortable and rain–fresh. Aquaria can add the further comfort of “wildlife,” color, and visual relief. Another opportunity for “wildlife” will arise once the outpost “farm” reaches the stage where natural pollination would be helpful. Bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds are candidates.
Scarcely anything, however, is more important for morale, day in and day out, than menu diversity and good tasting food. Bland nutritional balance is hardly enough – not out of the ivory tower. The outpost pantry should be kept well–stocked with herbs, spices, and peppers.
**Toward “Social Normalcy”**: the desire of outpost mission planners to control and otherwise restrict the range of “permissible” social activities will be strong. On the one hand there is the legitimate desire to have things run smoothly and discourage behavior that can be disruptive. On the other hand there is the illegitimate pressure that comes from having the rest of the world looking over your shoulder with their assorted hangups. The solution to both has to be a very real degree of privacy with limited and scheduled public “telepresence” along with a degree of discretion given to on site authority.
While the variety of social interactions will become measurably more satisfying as basehold population increases from shy of a dozen towards a hundredfold or more, nothing should be done to control or restrict spontaneous sexual liaisons, romances, and relationships so long as they do not begin to interfere with work or with the morale of the rest of the personnel. That said, it remains a pretty good truism that fraternization “at work” is a bad game plan, full of pitfalls and well documented by horror stories. Nevertheless it happens.
Pregnancies will be strongly discouraged at first (cf. the ABC movie “Plymouth”), and perhaps be reason for early termination of tour. Yet sooner or later this is a plunge that must be taken. We cannot know for sure that the Moon is a potential long term new home for man until the second generation of native born turns out healthy and fertile.
A more serious potential problem is the development of a medical condition that would make survival of a trip back to Earth problematic. It may never happen.
What to do with someone who has done something unforgivably antisocial or outright criminal is an eventuality more likely to occur. "Out the airlock without a spacesuit" is not an option. Confinement to quarters (makeshift brig) means a loss of productivity. The alternative may be to assign the person to undesirable but necessary duties, inside or outvac. Menu and free time restrictions might be effective penalties. No amount of prior screening can prevent trouble altogether.
Sooner or later someone will die on the Moon either by accident, by sudden illness, or by foul play. Shipment of the remains to Earth should not be automatic. The person in question will have signed a living will which states his or her preferences. Internment on the Moon should be an option. Nor need this mean "burial." If the outpost has a furnace that can serve as a crematorium, one can specify his/her ashes to spread inside in the outpost "flower garden" or "pocket park" or outvac in some chosen or favorite spot. If not, another option is simple surface internment, under UV-proof glass, otherwise exposed to the vacuum, and the stars. More than any flag, a burial site makes a place, however desolate, forever human.
**Longer term.** So much for beginnings. Our humble lunar outpost will have to number more than a hundred before there is enough diversity of talent, occupation, opportunity, and social interaction to make indefinite stays tolerable even for the hearty few.
The mini offspring biosphere with which the frontier community reencradles itself will have had to become much more massive, self-regulating, and forgiving before all but the most determined will be willing to give up ever returning to the lush green hills of Earth. We will have had to progressed from outpost—with-houseplants to biosphere—with—farm—and—farm—village, and a tad of compatible or insulated industry on the side.
Economically, we will have to be manufacturing on location a visibly large portion of our needs, particularly expansion shelter and furnishings. Thriving indigenous arts and crafts will begin to endear pioneers to their new would be home and start to add to the list of things they would have to "give up" were they to return to Earth. When this list becomes personally more cogent than the list of still missed things they gave up to come to the Moon, the balance will be tipped.
We will have had to made the commitment to the less direct productivity of child rearing and retirement. And perhaps these two needs can take care of each other. Parents can work while retiree "grandparent" volunteers (with enough energy) can teach and raise the young. In general, there must be programs to keep all citizens as productive as possible. In this light, retirement becomes more of a shifting of gears, of switching to less stressful, more relaxed, less demanding "half-time" assignments. Besides teaching, administrative paper-pushing duties come to mind. There will be other things. Everyone must, and must be given a full range of opportunities to, pull his or her weight in the forever upward struggling pioneer frontier community.
Population will have to grow too before their will be enough of a gene pool upon which to base a stable permanent population, if, for some reason, the traffic from Earth should be cut off, forcing the infant community to go it alone, hopefully in economic interdependence with other similarly stranded off-Earth pockets of humanity. While this seems far off, it is a scenario which has long motivated space supporters.
The journey of a thousand miles begins with the first step. We've tried here to outline some of these first steps, as well as some other forks in the road a bit further along. If it is going to all happen, we will have to consciously take these steps in a timely fashion.
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**Rethinking the MOON BUGGY**
Reflections from Dale Amon
[email@example.com – Dale, chair of the 1987 “Merger” ISDC in Pittsburgh, now lives in Belfast, Northern Ireland.]
Who would want to [build new lunar rovers from the old Apollo era plans]??? By today's standards the electronics on that thing are a science fair project...
Replace the frame with composites from Scaled Composites. The electric motors will be a fraction of the size and weight because magnet materials have improved vastly since then. Storage technology has not improved by as great a degree but still, it has advanced. We'll have commercial micro-machine accelerometers on the market soon, so the navigation hardware will be built right onto the
chip with the electronic interface. The comm gear has shrunk to nearly nothing. Compare a walkie talkie in a 60's era Edmund Scientific catalog with what you can pick up down at your local Tandy Radio Shack. R/C toys have better radio equipment than some of those 60's comm units...
And then, most importantly of all – we know the environment it is to work in and have those old rovers, their problems and performance as an initial data point. And that data point is basically that it is no big deal building one. They are a piece of kit that a hobbyist could successfully build. It doesn't take an aerospace company to build an electric dune buggy.
Just a bit of caution on vacuum, a bit of thought on rad hardening, a bit of care on temperature range... And you needn't bother about outgassing of your materials. They'll never be inside your breathing space so who cares? That makes it a lot easier.
Oh, and some care in packaging may be required to insure it isn't damaged by the vibration. I remember ruining a tire on my DT400 by not tying the tire down when hauling it in a trailer behind my car. Tire spun from the vibration and wore the nobbies bald...
From Rovers to Cycles — Human Power
While walking home recently one night I remembered some thoughts I had on lunar rovers a number of years back. There will be a need for different sorts of vehicles, and undoubtedly large hauling vehicles, whenever they are required, will need a good power source. Whether that be fuel cell, battery, solar power, beamed power or some mix I won't go into here. But the type of vehicle needed for a small relatively self sufficient group should have a number of characteristics that few of the designs in the literature ever consider.
- The motive source should be 100% field repairable preferably with only a few tools and simple spare parts.
- Spare parts should be such that they can be manufactured locally from small amounts of raw materials.
- The vehicle should have a fail safe criteria that it can bring the driver home under almost any circumstances in which the driver is still capable of driving.
- It must use indigenous energy supplies.
Now if you look at these requirements through the old fashioned NASA eyes, you will come up with a billion dollar project. If you look at it with the eyes of an engineer, you immediately come to the conclusion that a human powered vehicle is just the ticket.
Research backs this up. In a *Scientific American* issue on Human Powered Vehicles a number of years ago, an article on bicycles had an extra data point for the performance of a vehicle on the Moon. A racing biker, with no air resistance and 1/6 g could break 1000 km/h in sprints. A normal, healthy person could cruise at over 100 km/h all day, and could easily pull a trailer load at the equivalent of typical Earth-bound auto driving speeds.
The form of the vehicle is the recumbent bicycle like that used by Stephen K Roberts (Computing Across America). And in fact, he would probably be the best person to speak to on the design of a lunar rover. He crossed the USA from end to end several times on his recumbent, traveling up and down through the Rockies, keeping up reasonable highway speeds – and all the while with a trailer that included solar power gathering and a satellite uplink so he could type on the keyboard in front of him (while peddling) and submit articles to magazines that funded his journeys. He also had navigation and maps built into his console processor. I don't think there is anything that a lunar rover built for days of unsupported prospecting would need that he didn't do 5–6 years ago.
Now, that is not to say there aren't issues unique to the Moon. There is the issue of traction and off road travel which will drive the gearing ratios, axle loading, weight and balance, and wheel design. Braking will have to be dynamic, feeding the energy back into a dynamo. Normal friction brakes are a bad idea for two reasons – 1) The abrasiveness of the regolith. 2) Brake cooling is purely by radiation to the background and conduction through the frame. Radiators are a problem as has been suggested before; and since I expect the frame to be composites, conduction is not very good either.
Gears and chains and derailleurs will have to be very robust and spares will be required. A design that can be field welded would be a good idea. Better to trade off a bit of elegance and performance for field maintainability. These parts can be built very ruggedly (I'm not talking about racing bikes here!!) and would need to be able to withstand the rigors of large temperature swings and abrasive particles.
One could seal them, but then it is more difficult to field strip. And not to mention which, without herculean efforts the lunar grit will get in anyway. If anyone out there was in Desert Storm...
Another area of concern is space suit cooling. The loads will not be excessive under normal cruising since the peddling is only enough to replace frictional losses.
Use of a small motor like that in a mini bike could solve a number of problems (if they don't add too much complexity on their own). The motor could be the means by which braking returns energy to storage. Energy can be recovered on downhill stretches and used to ease uphill travel. It also can reduce the heat loading on the space suit during acceleration from a standing start, or indeed any acceleration under load. The motor would, of course, need to be built such that it can be disconnected from the system entirely if it fails. The over all system would have to be able to get the lunan back home regardless. So think of it only as a luxury item on the bike.
The suit would be a live-in suit, so that puts some extra design load on it. You might have to do better than a diaper if you're going to be out for a week... But this is a problem that needs to be solved anyway. The Stars Wars rovers that some NASA scenarios show us are not going to be feasible on any realistic budget, and in any case you'd only be able to afford one of them for the same price as giving every lunan their own personal lunabike.
It seems wholly superior to any rover concept I've yet to see. Just about anyone out there could have run circles around the Lunar Rover and been out 20 km and back before it was barely out of sight of the LEM...
Ah, you say, bikes are good on highways, but off-road you're going to want a trike! The lunar surface has huge areas that are much like beaches and dunes. Covered with hardpacked fine regolith that follows the contours of the land in a very smooth and gently rolling fashion. This is not to say that crater rims and such are quite the same – but large tracts of the Moon should be easily negotiable.
As to bike vs. trike, there is no inference above, of a two wheel design – in fact I believe the recumbents are usually trikes. At least the Robertson one that I saw in 1989 was... DA
Out-vac trike-suits are a challenge
By Peter Kokh
Sounds delightfully low-tech, doesn’t it? Tired and stressed out after a long day’s work in your lunar office, mine, or factory? Just don your out-vac trike suit and head for the airlock and get some heal-all unwinding exercise! Reminds me of an Arthur C. Clarke’s story where the hero does a kangaroo-lope to safety 600 km across Mare Imbrium in just a spacesuit.
The question arises: without an open air heat sink, where does all the body heat generated by such exertion go? An out-vac triking suit needs not only to be self-contained (in RV-camper-trailer talk that means “with toilet”), but able to handle/ shed internally-generated heat and perspiration as well. That also means being able to keep the wearer from getting a chill soaked in his/her own sweat once the exertion is over. Perhaps the suit’s insulation material could be an eutectic salt in a quilt of pocket cells, melting to absorb internally-generated heat, solidifying to release it – automatically, on demand. PK
Or Perhaps a “Buppet” Bike
By Phil Chapman <firstname.lastname@example.org> with permission, from a post on Artemis-list
[* Buppet: etym. from “Body Puppet] (on the analogy of Muppet from Mitten Puppet)
Note: “buppet” is the editor’s word, not the writers
See MMM # 89 OCT ‘95: “Dust Control” pp. 6–7 – Republished in MMM Classics #9]
Having tried both [an EVA suit and a diver’s dry suit], let me tell you that a pressurized conventional spacesuit is much more restricting than a drysuit.
Spacesuit design has been hampered by thinking of it only as a garment. It is also a small space vehicle. A conventional suit is no place to be for more than a few hours. For longer durations, you need to be able to pull your arms in so that you can scratch, or eat, or sleep, or void. This suggests that the lunabike should be integrated with the suit -- in other words, the suit would be a lightweight pressurized canister with wheels (4, for stability), with a shirtsleeve internal environment for pedaling and livThe canister would be equipped with pressurized gloves, waldoes or other attached tools for manipulating the external environment.
It might be necessary to carry a conventional suit, donable inside the canister, so that you could get out and get under if something broke, or go climb that cliff over there (where, as Arthur Clarke has told us, The Sentinel is waiting), or, in extremis, walk home. For routine use, (such as getting from one pressurized dome to another) the mobile canister alone might be sufficient. The real safety reason for carrying a conventional suit is to avoid potentially fatal single-point failure modes, an objective that might be met by careful design of the canister/bike alone. PC
**No, what we need is a Volkscycle!**
Response from Dale Amon to Chapman’s suggestion
[What I have in mind is an outvac cycle that fit’s every lunan’s budget. So] the bike must be mostly buildable from local materials with simple tools and basic stock materials; all systems required for it to function as transport must be field repairable. Simplicity. Something a back yard mechanic can build and repair – exclusive of the electronics, of course – but there should be no electronics that are absolutely required for the bike to operate. Electronics must be something that is bolted on and if necessary unbolted and tossed into a crater to lighten the load...
The minute part of the design requires a special tool or material, my design criteria demands that that element be discarded from consideration. Simple. Indigenous. Independent.
Ad Astral – Dale
**Human-Powered Moon Trike**
Call for a Technology Demo for ISDC 1998 – Milwaukee
One of the more ambitious goals outlined in the plan for ISDC ‘98 – Milwaukee is to present a number of low budget [$100–$5,000) technology demonstrations of tidbits of technology that will be needed, or useful on the space frontier, and which should not take that much money to demonstrate.
A human-powered Moon Trike is such a possibility. Because gravity is only 1/6th Earth-normal, but momentum remains full Earth-normal, to prevent tipping, the vehicle should have a very wide track, wheels that lean into turns, and a low center of gravity (hence a recumbent rider position seems ideal). Any interested group should attempt to find its own industrial and corporate sponsors, advisors, project managers etc. and register their effort with ISDC ‘98 – Milwaukee, P.O. Box 2102, Milwaukee WI 53201 which will attempt to provide advice and assistance.
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**Commercial Moonbase Brainstorming Workshop**
COMMERCIAL MOONBASE BRAINSTORMING WORKSHOP
Report by Peter Kokh, First Contact II Co-chair
On October 7th, 1995, at a Science/Science Fiction Convention in Milwaukee called First Contact II, LRS hosted a 3 hour brainstorming workshop on the “Design Requirements for a Commercial Moon Base.” The Lunar Reclamation Society (NSS–Milwaukee) and Milwaukee Science Fiction Services are joint partners in this new hybrid convention. Leading the workshop was the special LRS “Doer” Guest of Honor, Greg Bennett, CEO of The Lunar Resources Company in Houston, and chief architect of “The Artemis Project™”. Co directing the session were Mark Kaehny and Peter Kokh of LRS. David Burkhead of Spacecub fame also participated. There were eleven of us altogether.
After a few general remarks about what we were going to attempt to do, identify things a first lunar outpost could do to make money, we broke up into two brainstorming groups (larger groups are unwieldy).
Group A: Greg Bennett, Mark Kaehny (group secretary), David Burkhead, Edwin Reck, and Mark Roth/Whitworth — came up with the suggestions below.
=> The numbering reflects only the order in which the suggestion was made – given the limited time, there was no attempt to put these ideas in a logical order, much less to come up with them in a logical order – brainstorming, by its very nature, has to be free-ranging and unfettered. The inevitable chaff can be separated out from the wheat later. The dynamics of group brainstorming is such that an idea presented “half-baked” by one person, can then be “fully baked” by others in the group. It is an exciting process.
=> The contents in square brackets, [ ], are added by the MMM editor, a non-participant in Group A, and may or may not accurately qualify or reflect the intent of the suggestor.
1. (a) CD-ROM “Artemis Story,” (b) full video interactive 3-D animation videotape with celebrity speakers. – [from Ed Reck]
2. Sell rides on training equipment similar to Rand Simberg’s Space Lines. Actual training.
3. Photo CD-ROMs pictures. Documented Travelogs, National Geographic style.
4. An online WWW pay-for-data site.
5. Animé – Japanese Animation – CD-ROM, magazine story.
6. Licensing the Setting i.e. of “the Artemis Universe” (6a) Creating “Artemis” Product Lines – Children’s toys.
7. Scientific sponsorship – rack space and crew time, paid for by corporations as good will advertising
8. Hardware junkie big name contacts” – Bill Gates?
9. Flight Models – Estes type static models and mockups [for sale to theme parks, air and space museums etc.]
10. Babylon 5 newsgroups – meet people – Staszynski etc.
11. Sell Lunar Samples, Made on Moon scientific novelties
12. Sell [lunar regolith] simulants and scientific novelties
13. Television Story – Shows on all possible variations on “nationality of the Moon”
14. Solar Power Demonstration – small power satellite
15. “Save the Earth” – sell concern for Earth’s future
16. Sponsoring Conferences – make money off of fame, leverage off fame (credibility problems?)
17. Sponsorship of Companies – “Proud Sponsor of …”
18. Sell bricks made from lunar regolith simulant
19. (a) Selling place names on the Moon [of small features to be named after donor etc.] (b) Selling burial plots on Moon [for lightweight cremation ashes.]
20. Long term storage in cold rad-sheltered vacuum: sperm and egg bank; biological and pathogen samples; archival space for data and knowledge stored on magnetic media; etc.
21. (a) Robotic Probe – B/W 10 frames/sec. [illustration below]
**Tele-Ad**
(top view)
Ed Reck
Group A:
Suggestion 21
KEY: A. Lander core with power and communications package; B. One of three landing pads;
C. retractable booms; D. videocam; E. Videocam’s field of view;
F. Electronic message board tele–changed from Earth; G. Background scenery.
Another idea was to draw messages on sand with a stick, and photograph these. [anything from ads to expensive but cherished Valentine Day “I love you” cards – authenticated.]
21. (b) **Signs on the Moon whose message can be telechanged from Earth**, with image of sign in lunar setting transmitted to Earth – i.e. real time unobtrusive advertising on the Moon.
22. **High Definition digital video** [the Artemis Story, etc.]
23. **TV produced on Moon.** Aerobics, Kick Boxing and Karate, [and the obvious bootleg videos which must remain rumored.]
24. **Selling 1/6th g rides on counterweighted gym sets** [such as the Mars–grav weight compensating gym set made by Ann Arbor Space Society]
25. **Sports Programs** [uniquely lunar sports that do not need a lot of pressurized volume – with fast, neat action and high spectator value – direct pay–for–view broadcasting to Earth]
26. **Maps of Moonbase area** [wall murals, placemats, anyone?]
27. **Models: static and working**
28. [Merchandising mail order] **Catalog of cool space stuff**
29. **Pay to work schemes** [like architectural and paleontological “digs”] Hands on patronage. Field Trips. Sponsored trips [can be to terrestrial sites where neat preparation and simulation things are happening]
30. A newsletter “Holidays on the Moon” published when morning comes to the proposed settlement site [i.e. monthly]
31. **Medallions** – [individualized] matching set – one sent to the Moon. You keep the other one.
32. **Mission Control Center for the Artemis landing missions to be located in a Theme Park** [pay–to–observe]
33. **Coin–operated games**; your face in a cool Moonbase setting
34. **Limited Edition Prints**, signed by artists, countersigned by the 1st return crew, e.g. famed artists like Kim Poor
35. **Mural Pictures** [Murals are scenic wall papers 4 large pieces across the top and 4 across the bottom, not pre–pasted. Environmental Graphics of the Twin Cities is top manufacturer of nearly 2 dozen scenes which sell for $40–50 and include Earth over Apollo 17 landing site, Columbia in orbit over cloud–studded Earth, and Saturn and its moons]
36. **Space–wear and Moon–wear** clothing for Ken, Barbie dolls.
**Group B:** Peter Kokh (group secretary), Fred Oesau, David Crawford, Doug Seitz, Jim Plaxco, and Kevin Crowley.
=> Whereas Group A concentrated (not exclusively) on money generating ideas to get the Artemis Project “on the way,” Group B chose to concentrate (again not exclusively) on money generating ideas that would apply “once a permanent occupiable outpost was set up.”
1. **Testing/tending** of prototype feasibility demonstration **equipment** for mining operations, beneficiation processes, other processing; e.g. lunar oxygen production, silane [silicon–based analog of methane] fuel production; iron fine extraction and sintered iron product manufacturing; i.e. Artemis crew–members serve as time–share mission specialists for companies hoping to do industrial business on the Moon.
Money would be earned not only from providing time–share trained labor. Income would also be generated by carrying along equipment to the Moon, shipping back various processed and manufactured samples, etc. i.e. renting payload space and mass aboard the Lunar Transfer Vehicle, and descent/ ascent vehicles.
2. **On site Advertising.** More elaborate possibilities than in # 21 above because of the availability of crew for non–electronic changeouts, as well as part time models, actors, etc. The availability of crew also permits greater latitude in changing the all–important background setting, i.e. in total picture composition. It allows moving “commercials” as well.
3. **Setting up and Tending Telescopes** and other astronomical installations (changeout of instrumentation) for university-consortia etc. This would involve trained time share crew as mission specialists, and fees for payload bay space and weight as in # 1, above.
4. **Teleoperated “Working” Robot-Rovers** – Artemis sells minutes/hours for the right to teleoperate mobile equipment that (a) emplaces regolith shielding over the habitat complex; (b) grades approaches and aprons, improved landing pad, etc.; (c) collects dust and rocket samples.
Time could be purchased directly, or, seeing that it would be expensive and eliminate all but the best-heeled of individuals, corporate sponsors (or Artemis itself) could raffle off the right to teleoperate such equipment, after a minimum number of hours of simulation training, of course, this included in the package, so that the actual time would be well spent, both to reward the lucky individual teleoperator, and to maximize for Artemis the efficiency and safety with which the needed work gets done.
This concept would not be unlike going on a paid “teleoperated” archeological or paleontological “dig.”
5. We **noted** that many income opportunities will presuppose that Artemis planners had picked a visually exciting site with its surroundings, not just a scientifically exciting one.
6. **Photograph panoramas** deserving of being rendered as **wall murals** (wallpaper, see #, Group A, above). This will include one of the Artemis Moonbase itself, either/both as under construction or/and as completed (phase 1), as well as various untransformed scenic vistas in the area.
Some of these murals could be available for open reproduction, others sold in limited sets of 100 to generate high individual auction/bid prices.
7. **Telerobotic lessons** sold separately to qualify winners of teleoperation time. See # 4, above.
8. **$100 million lottery** – winner to be trained as time-share mission specialist along on the first, or second mission.
9. **Teleoperable manufacturing equipment** to be engineered by rival competing engineering teams pro bono – the carrot reward being the right to get a percentage return or royalty on income generated by the teleoperated device for the its operational lifetime.
10. **Entertainment pay-per-view TV produced on site**, capitalizing on eerie effects of 1/6th gravity: one or two person ballet performances (doable on a small set); midget sumo wrestling (our apologies to the Little People or those of Japanese descent to whom our fun suggestion is offensive); once a bigger “gym” is available, Lunar Jai Alai.
11. **Made, or hand-selected on Moon artifacts**, coins, jewelry. Cut and polished breccia broaches or ring stones. Sintered iron coins to be polymer coated against rust on arrival on Earth. Items made of glass spherules. Necklace glass capsules half-filed with common regolith Moon dust.
Weightier and thus much more expensive: sinter-cast block which bears your own footprints, made on the Moon with a casting or your very own foot/feet or shoe(s)/boot(s). Sinter-cast blocks with custom valentine-type message.
12. **Selling Names**: of modules and parts of modules of the outpost and lunar descent vehicle. e.g. the John Doe porthole, the Jane Doe Hall (meetings, TV studio, dance hall, gym, Jai Alai court, etc. etc. multi-use larger volume hard hull module or inflatable.
Also getting corporations to pay for additional mods or upgraded interiors of planned modules – all for the ad value = e.g. “furnished by Apollo interiors, of city, state.”
13. **Repository for cremation ashes**. This can be under the open star-spangled sky, UV-protected by a quartz pane.
14. **Biological Quarantine Facility** for sample all-but-extinct pathogens and toxins too dangerous to be kept indefinitely at the Contagious Disease Control Center in Atlanta. An associated lab could be a follow-on.
15. **3D computer-controlled variable mold stamping** device which will render your footprints/handprints and a photo of same on the Moon, in an area to be set aside not ever to be re-disturbed. Different from # 11 (second paragraph) above.
16. **Lunar Spaceport Beacon** which can flash messages (commercial ad or personal [monitored] for a high fee) in Morse code when visible from Earth during local Moonbase nightspan. [see MMM # 89, OCT ‘95, page 1 bottom]
17. Along the same line, experiments in local nightspan fireworks and light shows to be paid for by sponsors on Earth for very large terrestrial audiences on special occasions.
18. Afterthought on # 11 jewelry ideas above. For necklaces, glass spheres with actual lunar vacuum (glass is stronger under compression)
19. Actual Signatures on the Moon: Artemis would sell the right (and small space) to write/engrave your signature on various pieces of structural or operating hardware(a) to land temporarily on the Moon = cheaper, or (b) be part of the permanent outpost installation. This idea is attractive because it does not add to the weight or cost of the hardware to be landed on the Moon. A much less expensive option (c) would be to take along your signature in microfiche or electronic form.
Reflections on the Workshop
As I had guaranteed Greg Bennett as we were about to start, this process was sure to come up with many ideas that have already been thought of in previous Artemis Project brainstorming sessions, but also certain to come up with some new ideas previous groups had not thought of, or at least new variations. Afterwards, Greg assured me that the Workshop had delivered as promised. All participants found the exercise very stimulating and the high point of their convention.
In Houston and in Huntsville, the ideas outlined above will be merged with the results of previous marketing and income generating brainstorm sessions.
###
MMM #92 – February 1996
WORDSMITH CHALLENGE # 1
Calling all wordsmiths! We need to coin a word.
Here on Earth, we throw a ball “into the air.” You could do and say the same on Mars. But what about on the Moon? No air! And to say you threw it into space or into the vacuum or into the void would be ambiguous, if not misleading. These words refer not to the boundary volume just above the surface (as does “air”) but to the endless emptiness that goes on and on, up and out.
Send your suggestions to the MMM submission address (not the LRS PO Box) or to email@example.com and, to the person whose suggestion we like best, in addition to 15 minutes of Warholian fame, we will send a copy of the Collected Major Articles from MMM, issues # 1-20.
Feedback from Readers
Name the boundary layer vacuum over the lunar surface.
Suggestions: “the overland” – “the nary” – “the vac”
=> Dorothy Diehl <firstname.lastname@example.org> “In the C.S. Lewis book, The Silver Chair, many of the inhabitants live under-ground. They call the place where they live the “Underworld.” The place where others live on the surface, they call that the “Overworld.” We could call that area of space directly above the surface of the Moon the "lunar overland." When we have vacuum tube trains or low altitude rocketed flying vehicles, we could call them "lunar overland vehicles" or the Lunar Overland Express.”
=> EDITOR: to me, overland connotes “on” the surface rather than “over” the surface, and so doesn’t fill the bill. But thanks.
=> Garth A. Becker <email@example.com> "Why do you want to coin a new word keep it simple .. just say "up" and "down." The more specialized you make the lexicon the less people will want to learn and follow us."
=> EDITOR: Many of the worlds several hundred languages have only a couple of thousand words. Many have no technical vocabulary at all and you cannot get even a high school education in them, let alone a college degree – no textbooks. First class languages like French, German, Russian, Spanish have highly developed vocabularies of 100–200,000 words. English, however, has 650,000 words. It is no coincidence that English is the closest thing to a world language we have ever known. It got that way coining, adopting, or borrowing new words for new things and ideas – not by continuing to rely on existing words. Stop and think how many of the words you use would be unintelligible to Abe Lincoln or Daniel Webster. Fuselage, Carburetor, spark plug, trajectory, kleenex, shampoo, TV, videocam, jack, dead bolt, junk bonds, velcro, romex, vinyl, liftoff, dashboard, goalie etc. etc. Try to talk about any of these without using those words and using only words Lincoln knew. Then, get back to me if you honestly think that what you have come up with has made language "simpler." If we stop coining words, thinking to keep it simple by using ever longer and longer phrases, language will get more complex, not less. The problem I outlined was an aspect of the lunar environment that will be an "everyday" thing to people living there. They have the right to use a simple word rather than a phrase or acronym, or a word that means something else.
=> Nelson Thompson <firstname.lastname@example.org> "One simple solution would be the word 'nair' – short for 'no air.' However, that's a bit clumsy and could be misunderstood. Then I remembered a seldom used word, a 'Southernism' actually, that I heard in my youth: nary. It meant 'not any.' As in, "I heard nary a bad word about him all my life." It's short, simple, not likely to be confused with other words, and has (had) a colloquial meaning not too different from what you wanted. The vacuum of space, even at the surface of the Moon, is literally 'not any.' So I suggest "the nary."
=> EDITOR: Runner up winning suggestion! Thanks
=> Thomas Heidel, Milwaukee WI – In MMM you regularly speak of the lunar surface as the "out-vac," a coinage probably modeled on the Australian "outback." In consonance with this I suggest simply "the vac."
=> EDITOR: I like it! Grand prize front runner to date. PK
Pioneer HOLIDAYS
PIONEER HOLIDAYS and other festivities
By Peter Kokh
While "new traditions" (as oxymoronic as it sounds) are being made all the time, there is little doubt that those that command our observance most deeply are those which are oldest, rooted in our collective gitgo times. So it is with Holidays: Christmas, Easter, New Years go back millennia (two at least). Thanksgiving goes back nearly four centuries. The 4th of July will be 220 years old next time around.
We can expect that as the lunar frontier becomes fully established with the coming of age of the first native born generation of Lunans, the holidays and festivals they will most cherish will include those observed by those establishing the first beachhead.
The Apollo 11 landing (July 20th) is sure to be observed, as is the "infamous" day of retreat, the liftoff of the Apollo 17 crew (December 10th). But neither of these "trivia" dates will rival the enthused celebration of the "Day of the Return" when humans come back to the Moon intent on setting up an open-ended "permanent" presence leading to genuine settlement.
The first crew may only set up camp and then return to Earth, to be followed by the first crew intent on staying a full day-night cycle (the lunar "sunth") or more. So closely connected with the observance of the Day of the Return will be the celebration of that first successful "overnighting" and the greeting of that first "sunrise" – "First Night's End."
Finally, “Ever Since Day” will mark commencement of uninterrupted human presence on the Moon. If I were to put a friendly wager on which of these will be the most honored in Lunan settlement tradition, it would be on “First Night’s End.” There will be a special flavor to this holiday, the shared mutual congratulations at having survived this “initiation” imposed by the Moon itself. And for all non-native born Lunans, there will be a special personal resonance with memories of their very own “First Night” and “First Night’s End.”
Other history-rooted anniversaries may mark the birth of the first native born Lunan. And later, the first native born grandchild (i.e. second generation, whose health will be the final test of whether or not humans can stay on the Moon indefinitely) [See MMM # 47 JUL ‘91, p. 5 “Native Born”].
Not all Lunan Holidays and festivities will take root in such historic occurrences. Some are sure to be bound up with the Moon’s natural rhythms, much as a growing minority of us terrestrialists observe the equinoxes and solstices. Local sunset and local sunrise will be big deals, something to mark with a special meal or wine or friends – simply because they occur on a 28+ day cycle, not a 24 hour one.
If a particularly appropriate Lunan Calendar is adopted [see MMM # 7 JUL ‘87, “Moon Calendar” – republished in MMM Classics #1], with “sunths” of 28.5 (24 hr.) days instead of 30.5 day calendar months, with the discrepancy with Earth reckoning made up with occasional “leap” (“intercalary”) “sunths” or weeks, Lunar New Years may only approximate the fall of New Years on Earth.
In such a case, the observance of religious feasts and holy days may also vary with that on Earth, without spiritual harm to those who honor them. This will be much to the chagrin and resistance of religious fundamentalists (those who give major importance to the minor, and minor importance to what really matters, and call every one else heretic and infidel.)
Solar Eclipses on the Moon are the flip side of Lunar Eclipses on Earth. They will be much more of an experience for Lunan pioneers and settlers than any eclipse on Earth (even total Solar). They will last several hours locally, and possibly may occasion the morning or afternoon “off” (work or school) as the case may be. And it will be the most favorable time for looking for city lights on Earth’s nighttime face.
In time, other “political” milestones will come to be honored in settlement tradition – the day when home rule is won, or independence declared, for example.
Historic and festive holidays will not be the only early-rooted traditions. Pioneering songs and ballads, even candidate settlement anthems, are sure to be written, sung, performed, and loved.
There may arise too special festive foods with historic significance. We have pretzels and cross-over buns associated with Lent, unleavened bread associated with Passover. Eggnog, Christmas cookies, Easter Eggs, Pumpkin Pie are among many foods especially popular at specific festive times. On the Moon, many long-loved foods and recipe delights will not be available early on. Special early frontier substitute food and menu items, beverages too, even if in time the need to make such substitutions eases, may be prepared and consumed with relish on commemorative occasions. Associated with such holiday tradition meals may be time-revered toasts, blessings, and mutual greetings.
Certain plants are associated with various observances on Earth; poinsettias and mistletoe with Christmas, for example. And plants grown successfully in the early outpost days may come to be associated with various Lunan observances in like fashion.
The first humans to return to the Moon may think that all they are doing is erecting, deploying, setting up, demonstrating, testing, etc. But even the little incidental things they do, may in time take on special meaning and color not at all obvious at first, to become ritually repeated. This will all occur sometimes spontaneously, other times with alertness, if not deliberateness, as a part of fulfilling the very human need to impose on nature’s own rhythms, a festive and commemorative cultural rhythm of our own. Such cultural rhythms are a major element of the social glue that binds generations together. In this way they will bind future Lunan generations, much as similar traditions have always served in terrestrial communities throughout the globe, and throughout historic and prehistoric times.
who will pioneer?
WHO WILL PIONEER: Leaving the familiar lush green hills of Earth for the Magnificent Desolation of the Moon for an open-ended stay won’t appeal to many
By Peter Kokh
Space. Alien planetscapes. As it starts to get real, it will also start to slowly dawn on media sci-fi-nurtured enthusiasts that the real thing is much less “nifty,” “neat,” “futuristic,” “utopian” etc., than imagined. The frontier will be a rough, hard place with few creature comforts, few opportunities for self-indulgence. We won’t be stumbling on new aliens every week, indeed, perhaps never. Nor will we be visiting shining exotic cities.
Space, real space, offers little non-economic perks beyond one: the chance to start over, to start fresh, to have a hand in shaping the roots of a raw new community. Many immigrants came to America, Canada, and Australia with visions of making great wealth, and indeed some have done so. But many more came motivated by the lure of freedom. At first this conjures up images of political or religious oppression in the “old country,” but as proud as we may be of our political and religious freedoms, I suggest that this is only one type of liberty. Many more down to earth pragmatic people may have been drawn to our shores in search of another freedom altogether. Cultural freedom. Freedom from civilizations in which almost every aspect of life is stiflingly set. The freedom to start over. The opportunity to have a hand in shaping a new way of life.
When it comes to space and the call goes out for would be pioneers, not to go on some exotic mission, but to leave Earth behind, perhaps never to return, it is not those in search of the excitement that Science Fiction visions promise who will respond. It will be those for whom the futuristic, the ultramodern, the high tech, the super-sophisticated, the exotic, etc. means little. Those vulnerable to such turn-ons are best advised to stay on Earth, even as their spiritual ancestors stayed in genteel sophisticated Baltimore and other eastern cities instead of following Horace Greeley west.
Those first in line to volunteer will be those for whom the pleasures and gratifications of Old Earth have long become empty, for whom terrestrial creature comforts weigh less than the opportunity to roll up the sleeves and get the nails dirty building a raw new world up from scratch. Those who seek mainly to “consume” the “new,” will stay home. It is those whose bell is rung by the satisfaction of making very real personal “contributions” to an untamed infant world, to help polish the rough edges of this frontier one by one – it is these who will apply.
It will be tempting for governments, multinational companies, and other major players involved in opening the frontier to exercise a high degree of a priori control over who gets to go. Planners will say we need so many engineers, so many architects, so many workers. They will attempt to screen for personality problems. The temptation to “micromanage” who gets to go will be enormous. The need to micromanage will have many impassioned defenders.
But it is not the only way to go, nor is it consonant with the best in our own time-honored traditions of individual self-selection. It can be argued that “we” can’t just let “anyone” who imagines space or the Moon or Mars is for him or her to go – we’d get too many unsuitable people: antisocial types, alcoholics and addicts, criminals, psychopaths, “God knows what.” But there is another way to let personal freedom rule and still not end up burdened with a lot of unsuitable people putting a drag on struggling frontier settlement communities.
That way is to make sure that “self-selection” is “informed” self-selection. The public in general must be disabused of Sci-Fi-fed misconceptions about space. The dangers, the risks, the lack of creature comforts, the sacrifices and hardships, the substitutions and the do-withouts, the hard work, the isolation, etc. must all be drummed in over and over. That for every person willing to pioneer Antarctica you could problem find many thousands willing to pioneer Mars, a much less friendly place, is eloquent testimony to endemic mass misconceptions.
One public perceptions are corrected, replaced with the much harsher reality, far fewer people will be so eager to volunteer for the frontier. But those who do, all these reality checks notwithstanding, are far more likely to have the “right stuff” than any group carefully selected by micro-managers out of a flood of unenlightened mis-enthused volunteers. What we need is a philosophy, then a policy of “educated self-selection.”
This said, can we predict who will be more likely to volunteer, to have the “right stuff”? Much will depend on the life experience of the prospective volunteer. Climate, Culture, Education can all predispose on the “environment” side, irrespective of genetic or inherited personal qualifications.
**Those from hardier climes**
Obviously, those already happily adapted to hardier terrestrial climes will find life on the Moon or Mars far less depressing than those addicted to life in Earth’s more idyllic and comfortable climatic oases. So it would not be surprising if among the “informed self-selected” settlement and frontier applicants we will find an above average representation of arctic, subarctic, north temperate dwellers, as well as desert peoples. We might expect them in general to be hardier, less deluded with expectations of paradise.
That means Alaskans and Canadians and Snowbelters and Scandinavians and Icelanders and Siberians and Eskimos and Patagonians and Falkland Islanders, etc. There are also temperate and tropic mountainous areas where life is challenged. Such places too may nourish the “right stuff.”
While there will be some sunshine oasis people, it would not be surprising if their ranks made up the bulk of disillusioned returnees to Earth. The Frontier will be rough. No offense to all you readers in California, the desert Southwest, Florida, and elsewhere where the “good life” is easy – but if you would shudder about a job-relocation to Wisconsin or Minnesota, perhaps you had better take an honest introspective hard look and think twice about early frontier space locations. And if you were born and raised in a hardier clime but have made a “life-style-motivated” relocation to a place where life is undeniably easier and more comfortable, an honest session of introspection may suggest that you confine your participation and support of the movement into space to what you can do from “Couch Earth.” It will be a while, a very long while, before hardier folk have succeeded in building cushy utopian O’Neilian human zoo parks in free space. Once pioneering types seeking only the satisfaction of helping “start over, start fresh” have paved the way, and it safe for you to leave the womb world without danger of breaking a nail, we’ll let you know. Meanwhile marsupial type “Joeys” will find themselves more content closer to the pouch.
**Cultural push and pull**
The search for a place and conditions in which one can “start over” go hand in hand with the need to get away from a place in which one’s incentive and self-expression and opportunity to make a meaningful contribution are stifled. Those tired of paternalism, of over-direction, of suppression of initiative and resourcefulness; those unable to compete in a world where all the prize positions are already taken; those tired of too many arbitrary micromanaging rules; those ready to question the status quo and the given – among such will the spark of a dream to start fresh take hold, and overpower the hardships and sacrifices ahead. People who see no future where they are, are more likelier to see an acceptable open future where others, content with their present circumstances, would dread to go.
And then there are those who simply badly need the shot in the arm that only a major life change can bring: a new job amongst new fellows in a new place, without most of the rules set by people long since dead. People who’ve lived “one life” and are ready to start all over, fresh, where most all positions are open, where the future is less restricted, will appreciate the hard-won far-between rewards of pioneering. Space is a universe of places in which to start over, start fresh, start forgiven.
This country and others like it (Canada, Australia, New Zealand) were built by people leaving places they where they had never been able to “fit in.” Those that did “fit in” stayed in the old country. Blessed are the second best, for the same is true of individual plant and animal colonies pioneering new niches. What didn’t fit in in the old venue, works just fine in the new one.
Yet baggage happens. Some are “misfit” not just in reference to arbitrary stuffy sedentary cultures, but by any sense of the term. The problem is not with their surroundings, but with themselves. Some of those wanting to get away and start over, will prove to be just as out of stride on the frontier. Again, informed self-selection will tend to weed them out. But that is a separate problem.
**The Melting Pot**
Born before Pearl Harbor, I belong to a generation that was proud of America’s “melting pot” heritage, and abhor association with advocates of immigration damage control or even outright ethnic cleansing. Yet there are many space enthusiasts out there who in the closets of their hearts see the space frontier as a place to start fresh “free of” ethnic “undesirables.” Whether in groups, those so inclined will ever be able to put up enough money to collectively realize such a vision is questionable. It can hardly be argued that the more diverse the gene pool, the healthier and more creative and productive can be the resultant civilization. Those willing to pioneer the frontier and possessing the "right stuff" will come from all over. It is likely that to the extent multinational government and/or business consortia are involved with the opening of the frontier, that it will begin, and remain a genetically open one.
What all pioneers will have in common – a vastly new, untested, and challenging frontier – will be much more intensely felt and immediate than any of the national, cultural, or ethnic culture traps which worked to keep them apart before. The more quickly a new frontier culture arises and the more depth it has, the easier it will be to forget the past cultural roots and immerse oneself in the new.
**Talent, cultivated skills, and training**
Being hardy and being driven to trade the comfortable old for the hard-going new, will not be enough to land anyone a spot on the front lines of the space frontier. You can't drive to the Moon in your Ford, nor fly there in your Cessna – let alone saddle up the old mount or hitch a ride in a covered wagon or stage coach. It will take a small fortune to go, and for most that means finding a frontier-based employer willing to pay one's fare.
Self-selection will have to be active, not passive. One will aggressively have to seek training and education, perhaps in multiple fields, if one is to have any hope of fielding a winning resume. People with double, triple qualifications in needed fields will have the edge, not just to be able to pinch hit in emergency, but able to do double duty from the start. For on a frontier, there are always more things needing to be done than there are people to do them. An outpost with a dozen people, may have two dozen jobs needing to be done. And it will be that way for a long, long time.
The frontier will need more than technical skills in manufacturing, mining, construction, engineering, etc. For morale's sake it is important to humanize an alien location as soon as and as pervasively as possible. Pioneers with artistic or craftsman talent, singers, musicians, dancers, comedians etc. able to forge a new frontier appropriate culture. It will be a long time before the frontier can afford to import dedicated artists and performers. What is needed is the person who can do the technical job during the day, and fill the artistic and entertainment function after hours. So get a double masters with on-the-job double experience, and hone those creative talents too boot, and you'll have a great chance.
To the prospective employer, experience is a seller. People with a record of successful problem solving, finding new pathways to get a job done will have a leg up. Those who accept without complaint the challenge to adapt, substitute, make do, improvise, invent, and otherwise demonstrate strong resourcefulness, will be especially impressive.
The frontier will require both leaders and followers. But it will especially need the "self-led," the self-driven, the self-motivated. Indeed, self-selection starts here. One not only has to "want to go." One has to want that "aggressively."
Yet, an element of luck will always remain. One has to be in the right place, and at the right time. For many of us, no matter how high we score in the "right stuff" department, time will prove our enemy. The frontier will not open soon enough.
---
**PERMANENT OUTPOST**
**Permanence has to be earned, not proclaimed**
*PERMANENT OUTPOST* By Peter Kokh
"Permanent!" You would think its is a cut and dried word. But like all adjectives, its denotation can be justified in degrees. Sure, it's not at all what we mean when we use the term with reference to our presence on the Moon, but in a sense our presence is already permanent. Even if we never return, indeed especially if we never return, the Apollo astronauts will have left a relatively "permanent" human presence on the Moon. Their bootprints, tire tracks, and assorted left behind equipment and paraphernalia [lunar museum hope chest] should outlast all of us individually, outlast, indeed the most longlived of the current family of terrestrial nations. It will simply take that long for the process of micrometeorite rain to “garden” the surface at the landing sites to remove all traces.
But that’s not what we mean. The Apollo crews were just on “scientific picnics,” our happy campers taking their lunar module “tents” with them when they lifted off. The next “small step, giant leap” (to use the slogan of the upcoming New York International Space Development Conference – you all come, now!) is for the next returning crew to leave behind a habitable structure, protected from the elements by a blanket of moon dust (regolith) shielding. That goes much further to merit the description “permanent presence.”
Let’s quibble no more. What we all mean, want, is to plunge into a new era, one in which from that day forward, there will never again be a sunset on a moon without humans working and living there somewhere. For the more easily satisfied, the less expectant, that means no crew will ever return to Earth without first being replaced.
But to the rest of us, this is a wooden nickel. What we mean, want, by “permanent presence” is real settlement communities in which a significant part of the population has come to (and someday been born on) the Moon fully intending to live out their lives there, raising families, having children, working for their livelihood, and doing the whole spectrum of human things we call living. Now, in that sense of the term, we are talking about an era of much more ambitious activity on the Moon than are those folks happy to have an Antarctic style government/science outpost with rotating crews.
Our point in this essay is that we can’t get to this higher realization of the term “permanent” from day one of our return with a habitat module, without the right set of plans, without the right official (government, multi-national industry, or private undertaking — i.e. the chief responsible party in charge) “philosophy.”
Philosophy, shunned as irrelevant or useless by self-styled pragmatists, is, whether its principles are sound or loony, the most powerful force on Earth. Everyone operates with an implicit philosophy, even criminals and misfits. As hard to pin down as it may be, as difficult to agree upon as we know it is, is still the ultimate fuel that powers and drives (steers) everything in human activity and history. So it is worth paying attention to, worth trying to get it right, appropriate, and productive of results.
We must sell, and buy, “the ladder” of permanent presence on the Moon, as such — as the whole ladder. It has been, is, and forever will be, a failure—guaranteeing philosophy to attempt to neutralize potential opposition by selling the dream one seemingly innocuous rung at a time.
Why? When we do so, the rung gets designed by a committee with many of the players oblivious of the nature of the rung to serve as a step to another rung, and on and on. Look at our recent past. First, not to alarm anyone, we sold the idea of a space shuttle. That in place we introduced the idea of a space station. That now seeming to finally have a momentum of its own that will lead to its at-long–last realization, many of us are beginning to agitate for a return to the Moon and a first expedition to Mars.
The trouble is, the space shuttle we ended up getting was designed by a committee many of whom did not consider the need to maximize its design so it could best serve as a shuttle to a station. Repeating our mistake, the station, in each of its design iterations, has again been designed by a committee, most of whom have not considered it important to maximize the station as a platform whose primary function is to serve as a springboard for deep space missions beyond LEO and GEO to the Moon, to Mars, to the asteroids.
And so we have an ultra expensive shuttle with which we have to make do, and will get an even more expensive station downward looking in design and function (an easier sell to those to whom we were too timid to close the real ladder).
If we follow suite, the first lunar outpost will be an end all in itself, poorly designed for expansion, or to support the kind of ambitious experimentations and demonstrations needed to properly design expansion phases. If we do sell the outpost, once again it will become “a self–halting step forward.” We will indeed have gained only an inadequate high tech shelter that will be abandoned at the next budget crisis. So much for “permanence” – a permanent “ghost townlet,” eventual “ruin.”
That’s why it is difficult to see the sense of political space activism, aimed at programs rather than at legislative facilitation. “The political process by its very nature cannot produce anything intelligent.”
A commercial, industrial undertaking has much more of a chance, even with myopic MBAs running the show. A for profit enterprise or multinational is far more likely to design and plan in a way that leads to growth – and real permanence. Who has the deepest pockets is an irrelevant consideration. Rather the question is who has the drive, the persistence, the absolute need to succeed?
“A government operation would put primary stress on science while doing token experimentation in the practical arena of learning to live off the lunar land. It will have saved money up front, and the resulting “mule station” will indeed be sterile, in no way pregnant with the future.”
So agitate not for a “permanent outpost.” See to it instead that legislative and treaty roadblocks are removed, that economic incentives are in place. Then we will get a town built brick by brick, settler by settler for the long haul. Not just a permanent ruin-to-be.
ISDC 1998 MILWAUKEE
A Space Frontier Tech Demo Program – IDEAS for Lo-budget, 2 yr.– feasible demonstrations of technology items that will be needed or useful on the Lunar Frontier.
[The following suggestions by no means exhaust the possibilities and readers are encouraged to think of, pre–brainstorm, and report to MMM of other neat doable projects that will help bring home to all of us, veteran space enthusiasts and general public alike, the concrete doability of space pioneering on the Moon, Mars, and elsewhere in the Inner Solar System.]
Moon human-powered Trike
See MMM # 91, DEC ‘95, page 9, column 2.
Silane Producing Sebatier Reactor
Silane, SiH4, is a fairly high energy liquid silicon analog of methane. Combining Moon-scarce hydrogen with Moon-abundant silicon in this way, extends the payload lifting power of hydrogen by six times. Silane is a top candidate lunar-appropriate rocket fuel for suborbital hoppers and Earth-Moon ferries, and lunar surface to orbit shuttles.
Silane could also be burned with lunar oxygen in an internal combustion cycle engine for lunar surface vehicles and electric generators for use at nighttime.
DESIGN, BUILD, and DEBUG a silane producing sebatier reactor. DEMO for ISDC ‘98 Milwaukee.
Silane Internal Combustion Engine
DESIGN, BUILD, and TEST an engine to burn silane and bottled oxygen in an internal combustion cycle rather than in a rocket motor cycle. DEMO for ISDC ‘98 Milwaukee.
Moon Motortrike
DESIGN, BUILD, and TEST a motortrike chassis to use a silane burning internal combustion engine. Trike should have wide track, wheels that lean into turns, and low center of gravity, along with 1 ft. minimum clearance. Possibly recum-bent rider position. DEMO for ISDC ‘98 Milwaukee.
Atlasmobile
Assuming the availability of the same silane engine described above, design an “atlasmobile” on the order of the “atlasball” used on American Gladiators™ – a spherical cage moved by a Moon Motor-tike or powered cart riding the bottom of a pair of circular tracks. See MMM # 81 DEC ‘94, page 1.
[Rego]’Lith moving Competition
DESIGN, BUILD, and TEST any of many possible types of teleoperable regolith moving equipment for us in emplacing shielding and grading sites, roads, and landing pads. DEMO for ISDC ‘98 Milwaukee.
“Turtlesuit” and “Turtlelock”
See MMM # 89 OCT ‘95 “Dust Control” p. 6.
The goal is not to design a pressurized functional “turtle-back spacesuit” but rather an unpressurized mockup with dummy backpack simply to determine and demonstrate the design factors that will allow its wearer to back up into a conformal turtle lock, effect lock and automatic inner door opening, pull his/her arms out of the suit arms, and reach up through the open back of the suit to be able to reach a grab bar on the inside of the habitat above the open turtle lock door, and thus pull him/herself out of the suit into the habitat.
This project can be broken down into at least two parts: DESIGN, BUILD, and TEST a turtle back backpack and conformal lock port in which the two engage and open together or in tandem, the habitat lock rim engaged with the “turtle-back pack “jamb” on the spacesuit. DEMO for ISDC ‘98 Milwaukee.
DESIGN, FABRICATE, and TEST, an open-backed suit in which the wearer can extract his/her arms easily from the suit arms and reach up out the back of the open suit. DEMO for ISDC ‘98 Milwaukee.
1/6th G Sport Simulator
Traditional Earth sports will not translate well to lunar conditions of “sixthweight” wherein everything weighs only a sixth of Earth-normal but retains full Earth-normal mass and momentum. Traction and maneuvering will be difficult. Instead of tragicomic caricatures of familiar sports, we will need games that play with the grain of lunar physical constraints, including small volume pressurized spaces.
DESIGN and TEST a computer simulation program which combines sixthweight gravity with full momentum in which to simulate any number of game and sport plan ideas. DEMO for ISDC ‘98 Milwaukee.
Lunar in home telescope
DESIGN, BUILD, and TEST an amateur telescope design in which the image gathering components are on the lunar surface, but in which the image is available, without electronic transmission, to the telescope user within his/her pressurized habitat below. DEMO for ISDC ‘98 Milwaukee.
The game plan:
- Gather a team with the right mix of expertise,
- brainstorm a design
- price the materials and tools that you will need
- make a presentation to potential corporate sponsors
Each Group is responsible for raising its own funds and locating its own corporate sponsors. Some assistance may be available to help transport your device to the ’98 ISDC in Milwaukee. The ISDC will endeavor to provide project review.
Any group attempting to put together such a project should register with the Tech Demo Committee, ISDC ‘98 Milwaukee
P.O. Box 2102, Milwaukee WI, 53208
Further Information:
Peter Kokh (414) 342-0705 eves, weekends
email@example.com ISDC ‘98 MKE
Alas, none of these concrete demonstration engineering projects were pursued
MMM #94 – April 1996
The Cultural Implications of the Moon’s 1/6th G
This month, we return to our essay series on the early days of a permanent human community on the Moon, as we at the "Lunar Condition," the defining set of parameters that go with the territory and will leave an indelible mark on early Lunan culture and civilization. The Moon is a world dramatically different from Earth. One way this was brought home to hundreds of millions was the sight of our astronauts and their moon buggies bounding and bouncing about in the lower gravity. The effects of "sixthweight" will be more than anecdotal. For the impact of the Moon's environment on pioneers, see below.
The Primitive roots of "Lunan" Culture
This month we return to our series of essays on the very early lunar frontier. It may at first seem that a particularly "Lunan" culture will be a development a long time arriving. On Earth we are used to considerable cultural diversity, both from place to place and through the generations. It may seem outrageous to forecast the day when we will see revealed the considerable family resemblances all terrestrial cultures bear to one another. But there are certain time-and-place-transcending aspects of Earth that insert themselves in every human culture to date. For whatever the differences we love to exaggerate, we all share one very friendly planet, one encrading biosphere, the same gravity, the same protective envelope of sweetened air in which we work and play under wide open blue skies.
The unique equally transcendent wellsprings that will eventually make "Lunan" culture distinctive from all terrestrial cultures, making it in effect the first culture of a new family, will be present from the outset, intensely felt already by the first crew to take the plunge and "overnight" on the Moon.
The Moon is a world dramatically different from Earth. It's gravity is only one-sixth "normal." It is without atmosphere of any practical consequence. Its surface lies naked, exposed to the weather of space. It offers no life supporting biosphere of its own. These constraints will make life-as-we-are-used-to-living-it a memory-myth early left behind. As we deal with these facts and their consequences with a swim-or-sink urgency, and as we find successful ways to accommodate them, we will be forth-with face-slapped out of any romantic reveries we may have had. — this month's topics.
So much for day one! Hardly will we have begun to cope and neutralize these brutalities and two other facts about the Moon will carve nascent Lunan culture even more deeply. The Moon is very dry. And its mineral assets lack some of the industrially strategic elements Earth's more generous endowment has lulled us into taking for granted. — next month.
We have touched on each of these topics before in sundry articles. We do so again, all in one place, from the eye of the future historian and anthropologist interested in the very early beginnings of what is sure to develop into a uniquely Lunan culture and civilization.
There will, of course be many other things that add color to lunan culture. The sports that arise, for one thing: indoor, middoor, and outvac. Trade relationships and particulars with other off-Earth pockets of humanity throughout the Solar System. Political events. Art and Literature. The performing arts and media. And, of course, the indelible mark of powerful and influential personalities. But all these things will but add flesh to a cultural infrastructure grounded in the physical nature of our host adopted world, the Moon. And this infrastructure will fall into place almost immediately.
Exposed to the Weather of Raw Space
By Peter Kokh
Relevant Readings from Back Issues of MMM
MMM # 5 MAY '87 “Weather” – [MMM Classics #1]
MMM # 37 JUL '90, pp. 4–5 “Ramadas”; “Flare Sheds”; “Solar Fringe Benefits” – [MMM Classics #4]
MMM # 56 JUN '92, p 5 “Naming the Seas of Space – [MMM Classics #6]
Earth and the Moon orbit the Sun together in shared space. Yet their respective surfaces have very different exposures to the elements of cosmic weather. Earth’s Van Allen belts and strong magnetic field intercept a major portion of incoming solar flare particles – most of what does get in ends harmlessly in the beautiful displays of the aurora borealis (north) and aurora australis (south). Earth’s deeper and wider gravity well attracts the lion’s share of the meteoritic material coming our way, yet so much of it burns up harmlessly in the atmosphere leaving a gentle and imperceptible ash dew that the Moon seems unfairly bombarded in comparison. Finally, the oxygen turned ozone in Earth’s upper atmosphere filters out the worst of the incoming solar ultraviolet rays. And salted with water vapor and carbon dioxide, the atmosphere serves as an insulator, raising Earth’s surface temperatures some 50 °F (28 °C) over the Moon’s average surface readings, and helps greatly moderate the swing between extreme highs and lows.
Bereft of both magnetic field and atmosphere, the Moon’s surface lies naked, exposed to this many-faceted electromagnetic onslaught. One cannot even compare conditions here with those in low Earth orbit, a realm within the wave-breaking “harbor” wall of Earth’s Van Allen belts.
Proper [rego]lith–shielded habitats, however, offer protection not dissimilar to that of Earth’s atmosphere. Both involve blankets. Earth’s is gaseous, mostly nitrogen and oxygen. The Moon’s blanket is the regolith, the impact– pulverized layer of inorganic ‘topsoil’ that covers everything to a depth of 2 – 5 meters (~ yards, i.e. 6 – 16 ft.). Pioneers can either find the alternative shelter of a lavatube, or simply tuck themselves under this ‘lith blanket.’ [“lith” is a Greek root meaning stone, here, the inorganic rock–derived powder and impact debris.] Two meters does fine for limited tours of duty. Four meters (13 ft.) would be better for those intending to stay many years and raise families. Both types of blanket stop most all of the incoming radiation and most all of the incoming meteorite bombardment. Both blankets moderate day–night and seasonal temperature swings (the ‘lith blanket doing the more effective job, actually.) The similarity goes further. Freeze out the Earth’s atmosphere, and the snow of nitrogen and oxygen would leave a powdery blanket of comparable depth.
Unfortunately, the lunan pioneers cannot operate entirely under the shelter of this blanket. In local areas, to be sure, all pressurized habitat, office, school, factory, commerce, farming, and park spaces can be interconnected by pressurized walkways and trafficways – a sort of “mole city.” Alternatively, a whole local urban complex could be laid out within a spacious lavatube. But intercity or inter-settlement travel would be difficult to manage other than on the blanketed surface itself.
How will Lunans cope given the danger of accumulative exposure to dangerous radiation? A whole spectrum of strategies will be in order. Those whose occupations take them out onto the surface regularly, will wear “rad” bracelets which document cumulative exposure. They will have to rotate surface assignments with duties within shielded environments – under the blanket. When their “rad” bracelets show maximum tolerable exposure, they will be retired to sheltered duties.
Solar flares, however, are one form of exposure that do not come in averaged steady doses. Those caught on the surface during a storm risk fatal nuclear exposure. Regularly traveled routes will need to provide shielded flare sheds at intervals, reachable within an hour or so from the midpoint between them. Excursions to areas without flare sheds may be allowed only outside of flare “season.” Solar activity runs in 22 year cycles, fortunately, and this regularity offers a certain assurance of safe travel at most times. Vehicles engaged in emergency excursions during the midst of the flare season?
will need to be equipped to "borrow in" on a moment's notice, or to otherwise erect and blanket a Sun-facing lean-to.
Lunans will learn how to cope with their "weather" just as the folk of Wisconsin and Minnesota and even more extreme climes on Earth have learned to cope with theirs. The populace will quickly acquire a local "common sense" and they will handle it "second nature" style. What to us seems a hostile and alien world, will to them seem cautiously friendly, coaxingly nurturing. It will be no big deal.
There may be consolation prizes to this exposure to the cosmic elements, prizes of economic significance. We can not guess what they are as yet. But even as northerners have learned to make economic hay out of winter, so will Lunans learn to put this naked exposure to good use. And here we are not speaking of the high-level dust-free vacuum over the lunar surface, of certain industrial value. We are speaking of the infall of cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, micrometeorite bombardment, and solar flares. Surely, with enough imagination and experiment, industrial and even art and craft processes can be devised to use such exposure as a special tool.
We have suggested that a settlement's water reserves be circulated on the surface under UV-transparent quartz panes: UV exposure should kill any bacteria or other pathogens. One possible industrial tactic would be to paint a "resist" on surfaces to be protected from exposure, and thus selectively "etch" a metal, ceramic, or glass surface with radiation, UV, or micrometeorite exposure. Experiment will be needed to see if the results, as experiment parameters are modulated, offer economic value. One promising area for experimentation would be industrially crafted decoration of surfaces of consumer products for domestic consumption and export.
Attitude is everything. If pioneers adopt a mind set that sees this naked exposure to the cosmic elements as all liability, then that it will surely be. If they have the faith to see it as a blessing in disguise, they will be ready to turn this "liability" into a major asset for themselves.
---
**Lack of global biosphere on the Moon has a silver lining**
By Peter Kokh
**Relevant Readings from Back Issues of MMM**
- MMM # 8 SEP '87 "Colonists I.Q. Quiz": Q. 6 [MMM C #1]
- MMM # 15 MAY '88, "Rural Luna" [MMM Classics #2]
- MMM # 56 JUN '92, p 5 "Quarantine" [MMM Classics #6]
- MMM # 79 OCT '94, pp 13–15 "Lunar Roads"; "Waysides, Service Centers, and Inns" [MMM Classics #8]
- MMM # 83 MAR '95, p 5 "Tarns" – MMM # 84 APR '85, p 5 "Ghost Towns & Ruins" – [MMM Classics #9]
On Earth "the" biosphere is continuous, integral, and all-embracing. On the Moon, each settlement and outpost must maintain its own discrete minibiosphere, and do so very caringly. Lunans will live essentially and immediately, "downwind and downstream from themselves." No global air circulation to diffuse pollutants, no shared ocean or boundary-defying groundwater aquifers to pollute. On the Moon, the great barren sterile out-vac will maintain a virtual mutual quarantine between all the several settlements and outposts.
Locally this discontinuity can be 'postponed'. It will make no sense to have separate town center and suburban biospheres. Everyone living within feasible connection distance will seek to be interconnected. And there is virtue in this. The bigger the biosphere, the more stable and forgiving and satisfyingly rich and diverse it is likely to be, both in decorative greenery and in food and fiber producing plants. That does not mean there may not be separate political autonomies with their own little school
district and zoning peculiarity fiefdoms etc. But the important thing, the biosphere, will be a shared metropolitan responsibility. There may be some few separate neighboring installations, but these will be industrial facilities where prudent separation is maintained in case of a potentially polluting accident.
The biological quarantine that will reinforce the separateness of discrete outpost and settlement biospheres will offer an important plus. We’ve never built / developed / grown mini / artificial bio-spheres before, and the risk of biological collapse through imbalance, disease, or mismanagement will be higher than we would like – certainly for several generations to come. The provident availability of quarantine through the aegis of surface vacuum and the absence of groundwater will provide distributed, rather than shared vulnerability.
If there is disease or wholesale biological collapse in any one given minibiosphere, the chances of containing it there locally are greatly enhanced by this quarantine. Infection can be carried in by travelers and visitors, of course, but the odds of prevention are clearly enhanced by this separation.
Another benefit of this natural quarantine is that the town fathers and citizenry in each case can choose their own flora and fauna combinations, their own climate and regimen of seasons. “See one lunar town, and you’ve seen them all?” No way! Each can have its own natural ambiance, enhanced by differences in city plan, prevalent architectural styles, etc.
This quarantine-enabled variety will not only make the Moon a more interesting place for terrestrials to visit, it will draw the visiting Earthlubbers to visit more settlements, not just the main one(s), distributing income from tourism more fairly. Towns will choose their floral and faunal mix as well as architectural styles and other elements of distinctive and alluring ambiance accordingly.
For Lunans themselves, the result will mean realistic possibilities to “get away” and experience wholesome “changes of scenery” on vacation holidays as well as in business travels. Those needing to relocate and start their lives “over,” will have the chance to do so. As on Earth, Lunans will be able to relocate for “life style” reasons.
The desolation of the out-vac is not only “magnificent,” it is truly “beneficent.” More next month!
MMM
MMM #95 – May 1996
The primitive roots of “Lunan” Culture, II
Last month we talked about the brute physical realities that will begin shaping Lunan culture from the day of our return and the establishment of the first overnighting beachhead outpost — fractional gravity, naked exposure to the cosmic elements, and the natural quarantine between outposts.
We continue the story with those brute physical facts that will insert themselves, if not on day one, then shortly thereafter to begin carving nascent Lunan culture even more deeply. The Moon is a very dry world. And its mineral assets lack several of the industrially strategic elements Earth’s more generous endowment has lulled us into taking for granted.
THE GLOBAL LUNAR DESERT By Peter Kokh
Relevant Readings from Back Issues of MMM
[Republished in MMM Classics #3] – MMM # 23 MAR ‘89, pp 4–5 “Gas Scavenging”
[Republished in MMM Classics #5] – MMM # 44 APR ‘91, pp 5–6 “Ice Caves”
[Republished in MMM Classics #6] – MMM # 51 DEC ‘91, p 5 “Ice Found on Mercury!”
Compared to the Moon, Tatooine, of Star Wars I fame, would be a paradise oasis world. Away from the lunar poles, you can encircle the Moon, a 6,800 mile trek, without finding water. The closest thing to even the false comfort of a mirage will be Earth’s blue oceans hanging tauntingly overhead in the black Nearside skies, some 238,000 miles away.
At the poles the story may be different. Volatiles such as water and carbon oxide molecules released on impact from rare cometary bombardment during local nightspan may have found their way to the safety of polar permashade coldtraps before local dawn, there to freeze out on the floors of craters whose interiors never see the rays of the Sun. The jury is still out on this, though indirect readings from Clementine over the lunar south polar region have been very teasing. Most sober estimates have been that the various loss mechanisms likely to be in effect (erosion from the solar wind, cosmic ray bombardment, micrometeorite rain) are likely to swamp the assumed rate of accumulation. That is, any ice deposits would be ephemeral and erode away or sublimate over time.
There is no one making such an estimate who would not be delighted to be proven wrong. Hopefully, we will not have long to wait. Lunar Prospector, next in line in NASA’s Discovery Mission series, is due for launch next summer, equipped with precisely the right instruments to give us a definitive answer to the question. Any ice deposits Lunar Prospector might miss are probably too skimpy or thin to be of near term economic value.
The positive finding of substantial ice fields at the poles of Mercury, a world much closer to the Sun, has encouraged many. But Mercury’s accumulation mechanisms may be significantly stronger. We simply have to wait and keep our fingers crossed, determined, should the results from Lunar Prospector prove negative, to make the best of “Plan B.”
“Plan B” is to scavenge the hydrogen nuclei or protons adsorbed to the fine particles of the upper meter or so of the regolith, thanks to the incessant buffeting of the lunar surface by the Solar Wind over the past 4 billion years plus. Hydrogen is present in this surface layer on the order of 1 ton of hydrogen per 10,000 of rock powder (regolith) along with lesser amounts of other volatiles: carbon, nitrogen, helium, neon and other noble gasses. 10,000 tons of regolith is the equivalent of the material removed from an excavation 3 meters deep by 30 meters wide and 40 meters long. Equipping all our ‘lith-moving equipment to heat the material handled in order to extract these gases for later separation would be a prudent and provident strategy. We have called this process “primage.”
Just how much water does this hydrogen source represent? One ton of hydrogen with 8 tons of oxygen (super abundant) yields 9 tons of water. If we could extract all the Moon’s hydrogen to produce water, we could in theory cover all the lunar maria to a depth of say a centimeter or 3/8ths of an inch (and guess how fast that would soak in!!) Or we could make a crater lake 60 miles across and 30 ft. deep. Gathered all together it seems like a lot, but for the whole Moon? It’s really very very little. No desert on Earth is as parched as the Moon. The Gobi, the Sahara, the Kalahari, the Takla Maklan – they are all dripping wet in comparison.
Even if Lunar Prospector confirms substantial water ice reserves at either or both poles, tapping them will not be easy. The ice temperature is likely to be extremely cold, the ice very hard and resistant to harvesting machinery which will be prone to break down all too frequently.
And should engineers come up with a simple smooth running system to extract this frozen wealth, how fast can we harvest it and put the water to work? In comparison to the rate at which these conjectured ice fields were laid down, any rate of extraction will completely swamp the rate of replacement. In other words, for all practical purposes, like oil on Earth, lunar polar ice is not a renewable resource. It behaves us to use it wisely. The number one demand will be for cryogenic rocket fuel. Make that number one in obscenity as well. We’d do best to use other lunar–sourceable fuels and save the water for recyclable uses in industry, agriculture, and biosphere support.
Will reason prevail? The temptations of impatience are always the strongest. A sustainable human culture on the Moon will have to be built on alternatives. Water–ice at the poles or no, Lunan culture will be characterized with an attention to water conservation beyond anything we have experienced on Earth, even in drought–stricken regions. Water is the blood of the biosphere. It is not free.
To what extremes will water conservation be carried? We have already spoken of the need to rethink airlocks to conserve nitrogen. The same will be true of water vapor. Conduits or pipelines and tankers carrying water or hydrogen in other forms (methane or ammonia, for example) will have to be designed for instant leak detection and ready repair. Materials of any kind with a hydrogen content (carbon or nitrogen too, for that matter) will need to be religiously recycled and reserved for intensive usage purposes.
Will Lunans carry things as far as the Fremen in the great Frank Herbert science fiction epic “Dune”? The desert-living Fremen wore “stillsuits that recycled their perspiration and urine into drinking water. Lunans may try.
We are used to life on a water-rich world with oceans, lakes, rivers, underground aquifers, and dependable rainfall. On the Moon there is none of this. Think for the moment of the ratio of plant matter to human matter. There is much more total mass of the former. Then think of the ratio of water to plant biomass. Again there is much more of the former. Will we be able to reproduce such healthy ratios within mini lunar biospheres? Both ratios on the Moon are likely to much smaller, not too much above safety margins and dependent on high efficiency short-cycle turnarounds. That could be a prescription for disaster as it leaves little room for error or accident or other unplanned misadventure.
Reserves will have to be built up through frugality in usage. At the same time, every opportunity to add to those reserves from external sources must be taken within the limits of affordability.
We talk of a lunar settlement becoming self-sufficient. Ability to self-manufacture a large portion of its needs for domestic consumption is one thing. Ability to survive an interruption of lifeline supplies from Earth is something else. The umbilical cord can only be replaced with a yolk sac, that is with ample reserves of all vital supplies. Foremost among those are water, nitrogen, and carbon – scarce on the Moon, polar reserves or no.
Unlike us Earthlings, Lunans will hardly take air and water for granted. Culture and the language itself will be trans-figured by a high degree of attention to the conservation and renewal of these resources. Those who in the early days may have mined lunar polar ice for rocket fuel will go down in Lunan history books as trashing plunderers, no matter what their other accomplishments. Transportation is not everything nor the only thing and there are alternatives. Other lunar-sourceable fuel combinations and the rocket engines to burn them need front burner development, not continued consignment to paper studies on library shelves.
Because of this high danger of misuse, and of further postponement of development of alternatives, positive findings by Lunar Prospector should be greeted with concern by the thoughtful. But amidst all the excitement, who will want to listen to words of caution? There may never be a Lunan culture if we do not.
“Mother Earth?” – of course! – But “Mother Moon”?
Earth’s Atmosphere > The Moon’s Regolith layer
2 distinct, yet analogous types of “Cradle Blanket”
By Peter Kokh
On Earth we live on the interface of a land-sea surface and a generous atmosphere. At the bottom of this gaseous ocean, temperatures are greatly moderated, and most of the life-frying radiation that permeates outer space is filtered out – in particular solar ultraviolet and the high energy particles of solar flare storms. The atmosphere serves as a protective “cradle blanket” for life on Earth.
Much has been made of the absence of such cradle blankets on other worlds in the solar system. Venus’ atmosphere is crushingly thick, with a surface pressure some 90 times that to which we are accustomed. What’s more, it is extremely hot, sulfurous, and unbreathable.
Mars’ thin atmosphere is enough to support wispy clouds and occasional dust storms, but does a poor job of insulating the surface and filtering out harmful ultraviolet. On the plus side, it is thick enough to allow fuel-saving aerobrake landing maneuvers, even thick enough to allow for aviation to
become a major avenue of transportation in the opening of the planet's extensive frontier, equivalent to the land area of all Earth's continents. Yet for thermal insulation purposes and UV protection, Mars is functionally as airless as the Moon.
On the Moon and Mars, we will have to live in tightly pressurized habitats, and protect them with thermal insulation and radiation absorbing mass – either in the form of a piled up overburden of loose surface material or by placing our habitat structures in handy subsurface voids like lavatubes.
Fortunately, on both worlds, meteorite bombardment through the ages has built up a convenient surface layer a few meters thick of pre-pulverized material that is readily available for this purpose. This layer is called the "regolith" [Greek for blanket of rock]. Largely rock powder, it contains larger rock fragments and a considerable amount of tiny glassy globs that have resulted from the heat of meteorite bombardments.
While lunar regolith occupies the same physical site as topsoil on Earth, there is an enormous difference. Earth's topsoil is principally derived from wind and water erosion, which leaves the particles rounded, not rough and angular like the "unweathered" grains in moon dust. Terrestrial topsoils have varying but significant components of hydrates (water-bonded minerals) and of carbon-rich organics (decomposed plant and animal matter). They are also rich in nitrates.
Nor on the other extreme, can regolith be compared to relatively inert beach or desert sands. Sands are mostly silica, silicon dioxide. Lunar regolith is metal-rich in comparison.
In essence, we have to burrow under this rock powder surface blanket. We will live and operate largely not "on" the visible surface at all, but once again on an "interface," this time between the fractured bedrock substrate and the powdery moondust top layer. Just as on Earth, we will survive and learn to thrive "tucked under a blanket" that provides thermal insulation and UV/Cosmic Ray/Solar Flare protection.
The regolith promises more than that. Its pulverized state makes it a handy and ample pre-mined endowment of the Moon's mineral resources. Lunar industrial development will build on this ready resource. More, having lain on the surface for eons, the regolith has soaked up incoming solar wind particles like a sponge. So it offers us gaseous wealth as well.
For thermal and radiation shielding, regolith can be blown, dumped, or bulldozed over our habitat structures. We can put it in bags to use for the same purpose but with greater convenience. Vibration compacted and then sintered by concentrated solar heat, it becomes a low performance solid ("lunacrete)" that can be used for paving or as blocks for constructed unpressurized outbuildings, or for decorative interior walls. Flocking regolith on molten glass as it is shaped, or on ceramic greenware before firing may make for an interesting artistic effect. Sifted free of the more finely powdered grains, it may make a suitable soil or rooting medium for both geoponics and hydroponics food production.
Finally, regolith will "give up" some of its valuable elements very easily. Pass over it with a magnet to extract all the pure unoxidized iron particles ("fines"). Apply heat and extract all the adsorbed Solar Wind gasses: hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, neon, argon, xenon, krypton. Other elements (oxygen, silicon, aluminum, magnesium, calcium, and titanium and other alloying ingredients) can be extracted with more difficulty through a number of known processes.
Regolith seems a strange name. Pioneers may shorten it to 'lith (:lith shielding, 'lithscaping, 'lith-moving equipment, etc.) By whatever name, it will play the major role in shaping lunar civilization and culture. For moondust is another very different yet analogous kind of cradle blanket. It will effectively tuck us in, motheringly, on the Moon.
A tale of 2 Moons
Earth-facing & Earth-oblivious
By Peter Kokh
The fact that the Moon keep’s the same hemisphere forever turned toward Earth, while the other hemisphere is forever averted from Earth, may well have profound effects on Lunan culture, markedly distinguishing Nearside and Farside folk from each other. Much that applies to Nearside applies to Farside equally (mineral character of the surface, airlessness and exposure to cosmic weather, low gravity, thermal extremes, general dehydration, etc.) It is life against these constraints that will shape the Lunan character in general. But the presence or absence of Earth over the horizon will introduce profound differences in the cultural spirit of Nearsiders and Farsiders.
**Nearside:** Earth hangs in the black star–filled sky like some bedazzling jewel filling thirteen times the sky area with some sixty times the candlepower the Moon in our own skies, phase for phase. Its ever re–marbling blues, greens, tans, and whites will make it the prime repository of color in lunar “nature.” Paradoxically, where the Earth is at a very high angle over the horizon in central Nearside (the “Crook–necks”), it will be less obtrusive into daily consciousness than closer to the Nearside limbs where it hangs comfortably above the horizon (the “Postcardlands”). Many Nearside homes, offices, schools, hotels etc. will have windows built to frame the ever changing and ever fascinating spectacle of Earth.
It is, of course, possible to look at Earth, even study it from the Moon, just for its beauty and everchanging detail – without being reminded of the human culture on its surface, and its overwhelming dominance of the Earth/Moon economic equation. Some pioneers will be more successful than others in resisting the intimidation of the spectacle. Others, feeling Earth’s presence as overbearing, will work the harder to develop genuinely Lunan forms of culture and expression.
Again, paradoxically, the presence of the Earth may insert itself most strongly right along the limbs of Nearside where libration effects sometimes let it slip just below the horizon (the “Peekaboos”). Here in a broad 14 degree swath around the Moon from pole to pole where Earth oscillates above and below the horizon on a four week cycle, there may arise major settlements involved in the construction and maintenance of lunar solar power arrays beaming electrical power Earthwards – as well as a scattering of resorts. For the Peekaboos in general may become a favorite Lunan honeymoon destination. Here one can experience alternately, Earth kissing the horizon, and the rapture of Earthless skies.
**Farside:** Beyond the limbs (the “Peekaboos”), Earth is out of sight and out of mind. Lunar Farside is rather turned towards the “rest of the universe, a universe without Earth.” Its skies instead are dominated by the unchallenged splendor of the Milky Way in a glory not yet fully experienced by any human (excepting brief out–the–porthole glimpses by busy Apollo astronauts circumnavigating the globe).
Not only will Earth be visually out of sight, without cable relay to Nearside, or without satellite relays, the home planet will be out of sight electronically as well. The resulting “silence” will be an invaluable asset to radio astronomers attempting to listen to the whispers of the universe in order to learn more about its structure, and whether or not it harbors other contemporary and equally curious techno–sapient species.
Terrain–wise, Farside has great impact basins just as Nearside does. But because the Farside crust is much thicker, the molten magma from the interior has had less success in reaching the surface and pooling in great sheets within these basins – to make “maria.” Farside “seas” are smaller and scattered in comparison. There is no convenient “chain of seas” as on Nearside, making long excursions much more difficult. Farside terrain will be more of a challenge to builders of global highway networks.
Pioneers will come to Farside not only in the support of scientific installations like radio astronomy arrays, but for mineral resources that may conceivably occur there in richer concentrations than on Nearside. For whatever reason, over time, Earth being out of sight, out of mind, Farsider culture will evolve as more fiercely self–reliant, more willing to cut umbilical ties to Earth, more fascinated with the greater uni–verse out there, more enraptured by the siren call of the stars.
If we do someday succeed in establishing self–reliant but interdependent pockets of humanity beyond Earth orbit, to the point where some sort of “consolar” organization or association seems called for, a site on the lunar Farside might command top consideration for a headquarters or solar capital. Lunar Farside is conveniently close to Earth in travel and communications terms – and – the vast bulk of humanity will remain on Earth for the foreseeable future. Yet lunar Farside will be a place preoccupied
with “the rest of the universe,” a place unintimidated by Earth and its massive civilization and economy. In contrast, Earth will be very much present in the skies of Martian settlements, shining almost Venus-bright.
Any particular favorite sites? It would seem the best site for an extensive radio astronomy installation would be in Thomson crater in the north east of Mare Ingenii, the Sea of Ingenuity. A solar “capital” could piggyback on such an installation. But seen from approaching spaceships, easily the most visually striking feature of lunar Farside is the very dark mare-filled floor of the great crater Tsiolkovsky, dominated by the very bright central massif, the peaks of Konstantin. Such a site would have much romantic appeal and the symbolism of the name could not be more serendipitously propitious.
It will take time, of course, for cultural differences between longtime Nearsiders and longtime Farsiders to appear. Once they do, the differences might become the stuff of friendly rivalry. Yet the much broader shared conditions of life on the Moon will dominate both cultures in the end.
MMM #96 – June 1996
Spacesuit Aversion
The quest for alternatives to a user-unfriendly interface
By Peter Kokh
Relevant Readings from Back Issues of MMM
MMM # 5 MAY ‘87, “M is for Middoors” – MMM # 49 SEP ‘91, p 4 “Visiting Amphibious Vehicle”
MMM # 53 MAR ‘92, pp 4–6 “Xity Plans” – MMM # 89 OCT ‘95, p 6 “Dock–Locks; Buppets”
Bryce Walden, Oregon Moonbase (firstname.lastname@example.org) writes:
“Sorry I don't have a firm attribution for this. It's a short note I took down while channel-hopping a couple of years ago. The speaker was an astronaut with some experience in a spacesuit, and he listed the "Five Worse Things About A Spacesuit:"
(1) You can't blow your nose. (2) You can't comb your hair. (3) You can't read your watch.
(4) You can't eat regular food. (5) You can't scratch an itch. (6) You can't light up a cigarette (added by Ed.)
I suspect that the first and last complaints will be the most irksome, but also that these are just the handy lightning rods for an overall discomfort with what must be even to the most adept and practiced, an unnatural way to interface with an admittedly hostile environment. For that is just what a space-suit is, an interface with vacuum, with temperature extremes, and with the slow micrometeorite rain. Against other dangers of the alien environment, like cosmic rays and solar flares, it offers almost no protection at all.
The real point is that existing suits (at least) are not easy to don or doff, are cumbersome to get around in, interfere with free natural motion, and make manipulation difficult and clumsy. Where different pressures and atmospheric mixes are used in the spacesuit than in the habitat or vehicle supporting the sortie, pre-breathing is necessary, adding patiently or impatiently wasted hours before and after the venture in which little useful or satisfying can be accomplished. Spacesuits add to, rather than diminish the degree of difficulty and exertion the called for activity would of itself entail.
Improvements are certainly possible. The constant volume hard suit would eliminate any pre-breathing requirement and, if, as we have suggested, entry to and egress from the suit were made from a turtle-shell life-support pack backed into a conformal docking port, the whole airlock ritual with its wasteful exhausting of precious habitat atmosphere in each cycling, could be engineered out of existence. [cf. MMM # 90, NOV ‘95, “Dust Control”]. NASA may not feel the need, but frontier pioneers will soon demand such a development.
But why use spacesuits at all?
(1) Vehicles can dock directly with other vehicles and with habitats or other pressurized facilities, allowing "shirt-sleeve" access from anywhere to anywhere else.
(2) At any given settlement or development site, all pressurized facilities will run more efficiently if they are inter-connected via pressurized passageways and streets – save where activity with some risk of cross contamination requires prudent isolation. And such interconnection will create a larger shared mini-biosphere with greater forgiveness and buffering.
If the outpost or settlement is wisely designed, much routine outside activity such as system maintenance, vehicle maintenance, replacing volatile tanks, etc. can be done under the protection of a radiation shielding canopy or ramada. This would allow lighter-weight suits, more comfortable to wear, easier to get around in, and easier to manipulate through – a more user friendly vacuum-work interface.
And for field work? The turtle back suits will disencumber crew vehicles of the more massive air-lock apparatus. But personal one-man wheeled or walking vehicles with feed-back or virtual-reality-operated manipulators ("buppets" for body puppet, after muppet for mitten puppet), will again allow shirtsleeve comfort and freedom of motion as well as less restrictive personal activity for the occupant/driver/wearer.
The motivation and incentive to develop such replacement hardware will be strongly felt among those engaged in longer tours of duty, and considering "reupping" for duty tour extensions. As the "outpost interface" begins to morph into a "settlement incubator," the demand for such hardware will squelch all bean-counting objections.
Predictably, there will be those few who need to feed their macho "rugged outvacsman" image. Singly, or in small groups, they will put on suits and go outside to do their thing, ride around on lunar Harley hogs, go mountain climbing or whatever. Maybe they will have annual rebel outvac picnics at which they can pretend they are feeding their helmeted faces with roasted ribs and buttered corn on the cob after doing the three-legged race and the raw egg toss. Perhaps they'll promote an amendment to guarantee their right to bear spacesuits.
Seriously, there will be genuine and worthwhile activities providing both adventure and challenge and which do require a spacesuit — like exploring a lavatube complex. Lunar spelunkers are sure to become a proud and exclusive fraternity, luring many a young kid with wanderlust and dreams of becoming a famous discoverer.
And there will be daredevils too, who in spacesuits, may try to walk a tightrope across a rille without a net, or free wheel down a mountain slope (look ma, no brakes) in an effort to see if there is after all some lunar equivalent of a terminal velocity in vacuum, and if so just how high it might be.
For most Lunans, visitors or settlers, wearing a spacesuit will simply not be an acceptable modus vivendi. Any sense of novelty, for kids or newcomers, will quickly wear thin. Face it, the spacesuit, as much as we take it for granted, is a quaint uncomfortable activity restricting contraption doomed to become a Flintsone-like anachronism.
The space suit will always be part of lunar frontier lore. But the stubborn situations which demand its use will be fewer and fewer as time goes by. As a result, it will quickly fade from everyday lunar life. Perhaps every able bodied lunan will still put one on now and then. But the occasion will be the semiannual depressurization drill, much like our school days fire drills, or lifeboat drills the first day out on some ocean-going or spacefaring cruise ship.
MMM #97 – July 1996
For generations, Luna will remain a
FRONTIER By Peter Kokh
Relevant Readings from Back Issues of MMM
MMM # 3 MAR ‘87, “Moon Mall”
MMM # 13 MAR ‘88, “Apparel”
MMM # 15 MAY ‘88, “Rural Luna”
MMM # 18 SEP ‘88, pp 3–4
“A strategy for following up lunar soil processing with industrial M.U.S./c.l.e.”
MMM # 29 OCT ‘89, p 4 “Cottage Industries”
MMM # 32 FEB ‘90, pp 3–4 “Import–Export Equation”
MMM # 47 JUL ‘91, p 5 “Native Born”
MMM # 55 MAY ‘92, pp 7–8, “Moon Roofs”; “Shantytown”
MMM # 56 JUN ‘92 pp 3–4 “Harbor & Town”
MMM # 57 JUL ‘92 pp 4–5 “Space Xity Biomass Ratios”
MMM # 65 MAY ‘93, p 8 “MUS/cle Substitutions”
MMM # 83 MAR ‘95, p 5 “Tarns”
MMM # 84 APR ‘95, p 5 “Ghost Towns and Ruins”
“Praise the darkness, and creation unfinished!”
– Ursula K. LeGuin in “The Left Hand of Darkness”
In the Moon, we have a lifeless, barren world that would seem to be anything but friendly. We cannot deal with it at all as “naked apes,” but only through the mated interfaces of technology and biospherics. Far more than other “alien shores” we’ve come across before, on this globe of unrelieved horizons of rock and rock powder against an unfiltered sky of cosmic hazards, we have little of past precedent to go on – little except the spirit of our pioneering past.
The Moon presents itself as a frontier in a much more pervasive and deep-challenging sense than has any previously unexplored and uninhabited niche on Earth. True, terrestrial frontiers have confronted us with challenges we don’t have to worry about on the Moon: wild animals; strange diseases; the elements of fire, wind, water, and ice; and unfriendly natives.
Our acculturation to the Moon will have to be more far-reaching and all-encompassing than any humans have had to make to date. This will be necessary if we are someday to sit back and realize that through seemingly endless struggles with one problem after another, through battles lost and won, with ourselves as much as with our adopted world, we’ve somehow come, amazingly, to feel enough “at home” to experience real contentment, to let go of standby plans to return to Earth if in the end the rows of hurdles are just too much.
Frontier Interfacing 1.01
It would seem to some that the technical challenges to extended human presence on the Moon are either solved, on the way to being solved, or present only modest difficulties. In fact, most of the more flippantly offered solutions exist only on paper, or have been tried only in a laboratory without review by the engineers who would have to scale them up, and certainly not in any integrated systems approach. The early challenges include low-leakage pressurization integrity, thermal management, dust control, and overnighiting power supply.
Beyond that, we must quickly progress beyond imported habitat volumes (rigid, inflatable, and hybrids) to (a) demonstration of building materials easily, efficiently, and reliably processed from lunar materials, (b) demonstration of fabrication of modules and modular elements made from them, and (c) demonstration of construction techniques based on them. Nor will this ever be a “been there, done that” step. Lunar pioneers, deprived of the enormous repertoire of manufacturing stuffs and building materials nowadays available on Earth, will be challenged into the indefinite future to come up with new solutions, better fit for newer applications. It will not be enough to demonstrate crude sintered iron technology or crude glass composites (Glax – suggested generic trade name for the whole family of likely formulations) technology. Lunans will have to aggressively seek to add to their stable of metal alloys, ever more specialized and higher performing glass and glass composites, ceramics, lunar concrete, sulfur composites, and other inorganic possibilities. All of these curiosities will not come on line together, or quickly. And until we’ve learned the whole suite of “lunar tricks,” for all our achievements, we’ll still be on a frontier.
“Nuke” solutions notwithstanding, there will always be more power available during dayspan (when “solar” can be tapped) than during nightspan, barring the achievement of some circumlunar superconducting power grid in which dayspan solar cogeneration additions anywhere can feed nightspan power demands anywhere else without appreciable losses. This means that the dayspan–nightspan polarization of processing, manufacturing, and labor duties that we have forecast (energy-intensive and labor-light vs. energy-light and labor-intensive) is likely to characterize lunar living rhythms for a long time. Even after good solutions to the overnighting problem have been found, relics of this sunthly task-switching routine are likely to endure, having become endeared to the population.
Settlement architecture and general plans are likewise not soon likely to be mature. Regolith-buried modular towns are the early likely favorite, along with modular outposts within the protective cavernous “lee space” of handy lavatubes. But beyond that the vision lures of more “Earth-normal” type of habitat architectures within atmosphere containing mega-structures: domed craters and crater chains (“catennae”), vaulted rille valleys [the LRS “Prinzton Settlement Study,” detailed in the MMM series “Ventures of the Rille People” in MMM #s 26–33 JUN ‘89 – MAR ‘90], pressurized lavatubes, and similar farther-future dreams. It is dreams that provide any frontier with its fountain of youth, and with the vision of how it was, how it is on Earth taunting rugged lunar pioneers, they are not likely to ever be satisfied until they have been able to token-reproduce as much of Old Earth on the Moon as possible.
How extensive can lunar settlement become? Those of little imagination would go to their graves content and satisfied if we establish a vintage Little America type outpost with a handful of people. But the Moon is a very empty world, and only the size of the interdependent interplanetary economy can limit the growth of a lunar human population. Even if we limit our settlement areas, including biological natural parks and parkways, to the available “square miles of prime turf” (the definition will change as our capacities change: “ideal size” craters, crater chains, lavatubes, and rilles, etc.) – we will find enough of that to comfortable house and feed and recreate a population of some millions, only a fraction of whom need to be engaged in production for export. So from outpost to an appreciable off-world population, a progression that will take generations, the Moon will remain a “frontier.”
On Earth, pioneering a new territory has always been relatively easy. On the Moon we will have to cope with an across-the-board dearth of all the “in situ” assists and handicaps we have enjoyed in the past. We will find no trees, no wood, no bamboo, rattan or reeds or bark. There will be no food for the finding: no fish to catch, no game to hunt, no berries or nuts or seeds to gather. There will be no rich ores of iron, copper, or other metals to prospect. In addition to the lack of wood, there will be clay, no sod, no easy carve stone to use as building materials for shelter, not that we could seal them against the vacuum and cosmic elements if they were on hand. Nor, to make ourselves at home, will we find ready or almost ready to use art and craft materials.
We’ll be learning what to make and how to make it, over and over again, medium after medium, for a long time. In the process we will cope better and better with the exclusions and substitutions and compensations – the lunar facts of life.
We’ll have to adjust to material excesses as well as material insufficiencies. Regolith, regolith everywhere, with its intrusive and all-befouling dust – a challenge to housekeeping, to machinery with moving parts, to health. For most, that first fresh-off-the-lander impression of “magnificent desolation” will soon be replaced with an innocence-lost lasting impression of scenic monotony and boredom. Lucky the few for whom the variability of the lunar topography will never cease to amaze, with every new moonscape around the bend or over the rim! But for all, on the Moon we will be greeted only by rock, stone and dust: geology unrelieved by life with its verdant vegetation in so many forms, along with expanses of water: streams, lakes and seas. It is this combo of the awesome and the beautiful that has made our home world the lonely jewel it is, for as far off into the starry reaches as we have yet to thoroughly probe.
And then there are the black skies – as black by dayspan as by nightspan, unrelieved by alternating equal time periods of horizon to horizon sky-blue, variably pocked with restless white to gray clouds. Again, lucky the few who will never cease to be thrilled and soul-sucked by the clusters and clouds of stars – for these, when all is said and done, remain “the” frontier of human destiny.
**Frontier Biospherics 1.01**
If “gray engineering” has technical problems yet to be addressed, “green engineering” as it will be required on the off-planet frontier is in its earliest fetal stages. Most, amazingly not all, do appreciate that we cannot return to the Moon “to stay” without being prepared to aggressively phase in a mini-but functionally integral “biosphere” to reencradle ourselves on worlds without atmosphere, hydrosphere, and native flora and fauna. We may have long taken it for granted, but that does not alter the
fact that we are quintessentially a symbiotic species. We must take our symbiotic partner with us as we move out into space. That partner is Earth-life in general, call it Gaia if you are not too hung up on the speculative excesses of the Margulis-Lovelock feedback theories. Sure we expect to be able to engineer an artificial symbiote: chemically regenerated air and water reserves, and foodstuffs à la Solyent Green. And need this approach we will, for cramped conditions on space stations and long-voyage spacecraft. After all, we have a long tradition of substitution of less than ideal life-support means aboard submarines, ships in general, and Arctic and Antarctic research stations. But long term, such measures can only support a caricature of human settlement.
Normalcy, such as a general population will find tolerable, will require “nature” in recognizable familiar terms to be involved. At first this involvement may be token, as with salad stuff cubicle farms, and CO2 scrubbing algal vats etc. But without the sure prospect and unquestionable commitment to a schedule of progress in the general direction of a self-maintaining diversified and balanced biosphere regenerating clean air and water, as well as producing ample food, fiber, and feedstocks of various utilities, frontier settlement will not be psychologically tolerable or self-maintaining in any sense.
Think of the ratio of water tonnage to biomass tonnage on Earth, and then of the ratio of bio-mass tonnage to the gross weight of the human population on Earth. Obviously, we have a tremendously long road to travel on the Moon or in other off-planet biosphere sites if these terrestrial ratios are the standards at which we ought to aim. Even with such high ratios, we are now seriously straining the recuperative capacities of our environment. How could we pretend to dream of not poisoning ourselves in very short order if, in off-planet mini-biosphere-wanna-bes the ratios of water:biomass: humans are only ridiculous tokens? Our mini-biospheres must be very extensive: not landscaped cities, but farming villages with farms. It is vegetation that must play host to man, not man to vegetation à la houseplants! Until this is the case, and it is a direction to move in, not something we can achieve at the outset, lunar settlements will still be “the frontier.”
Diversity of agricultural crops and complementary wild plant species, and a certain amount of post-human wild life as well (such as we find in our own urban and suburban and farming areas) will also be needed to provide a real biological flywheel as well as increasingly good mental health.
Frontier Economic Stratagems 1.01
Those whose bottom line dream is of a settlement invulnerable to the political and economic whims upon which continued lifeline support from Earth must always rest, face a long uphill struggle. In such a campaign nothing can be overlooked, certainly not the dollars, but neither the pennies. In addition to the obligatory money-earners like Lunox and a few other export items that have occurred to nearly everyone, there are innumerable less glamorous potential export commodities. (Anything Lunans can make for themselves at less expense than they can support an equivalent out of Earth’s deep gravity well, they can also sell to other space markets at a similar disadvantage: LEO and GEO lab-stations, factories, resorts; L4 and L5 space oases; and other off-planet pockets of human presence.) As anyone who has ever managed a budget knows, the nickels and dimes do add up, inexorably, often to sums that literally dwarf more attention-getting dollar expenditures.
Thus it is absolutely imperative that the domestic lunar economy not be neglected in favor of concentration on production of obvious exports. That would be self-defeating.
At the same time, it is clear from the limited suite of economically producible lunar elements as well as the limited manpower pool, that not everything we might want to have on the Moon can in any foreseeable future be produced there. These facts of lunar life suggest the M.U.S./c.i.e. stratagem in which Lunans concentrate on self-manufacturing the more Massive, Unitary, and Simple components of various items they need, and be content with importing ready to assemble works cartridges containing any complex, lightweight, and/or electronic elements required. An Institute of Lunar-Appropriate Industrial Design, perhaps on Earth, could design products from scratch for just such a collaboration. Lunar products, all exportable, could include habitat and ship and vehicle hulls and body components, tankage, furniture, appliance casings, etc. In aggregate, the total import burden could be decimated.
The “yoke sac” stratagem is another “piece of the puzzle.” Lunans must move to quickly extricate themselves from realistically fickle umbilical dependence on Earthside policy-reviewers. Instead of supplies received “just on time,” the current newly embraced conventional wisdom, settlement fathers need to over-import any strategic commodities without which outpost failure is certain, swift, and without recovery. If economically recoverable water-ice reserves are not confirmed at the lunar poles, hydrogen will certainly be at the top of that list, along with sister volatiles carbon and nitrogen. A tank
farm with a 2–5 year supply (based on growth assumptions) of methane and ammonia ought to do the trick.
Added reserves that need to be built up are copper and other industrially important metals, scarce or not yet economically producible on the Moon, including needed alloy ingredients; nutrient additions for regolith-soil-based farm production; pharmaceuticals or their feedstocks. We’ll also need well-stocked tool cribs and parts stores. The settlers need reserves to buy time in which to open up alternative sources if the squeeze is put on, deliberately or as an unfortunate side-effect of some unrelated policy development on Earth. Strategic planners must seek to open alternative off-planet sources of critical materials in seeking to build an independent capacity to self-replenish them. This is the frontier.
Opening the Solar System in general is part and parcel of securing the future of the lunar settlement. Other off-planet pockets of humanity will make more dependable trading partners. Early daughter frontiers may include asteroid mining operations, a Mars colony and processing and manufacturing facilities on its moonlets, Phobos and Deimos.
But they will also include the genteel “suborbs” – more sophisticated and Earth-reminiscent space oases settlements – or so the expectation goes. In truth, these artificial outside-in worldlets will be “lunar frontiers” in disguise, where Made-on-Luna items and lunar raw materials will be less expensive than more desirable, more sophisticated equivalents made on Earth.
Attracting Immigrants will also be vital to maintain and grow the settlement in a viable and sustainable fashion. To do this, the powers that be must “sell” the frontier, making its obvious and undeniable hardships come across as “more than worth it,” however counter-intuitively, in light of the rewards. If the ‘sell’ is done right, it will attract the right people, the ones who will be able to contribute to the building of the frontier, and who will find themselves amply rewarded by the intangible satisfactions that will come, however haltingly, from being able to make a real difference at ground floor level.
**Immigration – selling the frontier: Frontier Adjustment 1.01**
Many are the psychological adjustments that will be needed to be made, some of them over and over again, by those who have taken the plunge and made an honest commitment of the rest of their lives to their new adopted home world. They will have chosen to forsake the world of their birth with all its real attractions and advantages.
Consumer types who crave the latest and finest need not apply. Early settlement “issue” wears and wares will be crude and esthetically uninteresting, however serviceable. Local arts and crafts will develop slowly, and with them, the prospect of nicer things. The small market in tandem with other off-planet markets, will mean markedly fewer choices.
Those needing lots of elbow room will also have a hard time of it. Even with inflatable and hybrid rigid-inflatable prefab shelter imports, per person private and common spaces alike will be at a premium until shelter can be built routinely and generously with local materials we’ve learned to process and fabricate and erect on the Moon.
Occupational options will at first be limited, but expand in diversity exponentially as the population grows. There will be those with the psychological “right stuff” who will need at least temporary occupational reassignment.
A very real sacrifice, one most do not expect, is the enormous physiological obstacle that will build up over years in the way of ever returning to Earth, a place where one would suddenly, not gradually, weigh 6 times (not 1/6th) more than one had become accustomed to bearing. Earth, and its beauty and meccas of many kinds, will inexorably become a destination out of reach except for the physically most determined.
Risk acceptance will be a frontier trait that affects much more than the prospects of ever reneging on one’s settler commitment. Lunans will live far, in gravity well terms, from Earth’s encyclopedic problem-fixing resources. Some equipment may rest unused, waiting unaffordable repairs or parts. “Medical Triage,” however, will be a more powerful concern for the less than supremely dedicated. Despite possible development of time-delay-scourged labaroscopic surgical teleoperation procedures, many less common medical crises, manageable on Earth, may mean certain death on the frontier.
**Frontier Prospects**
It is characteristic of any frontier for there to be too many jobs needing done for the too few people available to do them. The frontier puts a strong premium on multitalented individuals. Everyone
has the opportunity to be useful, even the young, the handicapped, and the elderly. And these ground-floor openings will give all a chance to make meaningful, satisfying differences that will be worth all the hardships.
The LeGuin quote at the top sums it all up. The darkness of hardships and sacrifice are undeniable. But nowhere is Creation more Unfinished than on the frontier. And it is that opportunity for us to help finish creation which makes being human more than a cosmic joke.
MMM #99 – October 1996
To/From the Lunar Surface
By Peter Kokh
How do we cut expenses for landing on the lunar surface? Use as low-mass a landing vehicle as possible to bring down the equipment, supplies, people, etc. Leave unneeded mass in orbit. See last article. In addition, we can pursue these strategies.
Fuels and Oxidizer from Moondust
- **Liquid Oxygen** for fuel oxidizer is the most obvious opportunity to save. There are many ways LOX can be processed from the lunar regolith soil. “LOX” can even be used to refuel Moonbound vessels in low Earth orbit.
- Less potent but quite adequate, **powdered metals** (alone or in a liquid hydrogen slurry) can be used in place of hydrogen. Abundant lunar aluminum, iron, calcium, and magnesium will do well. Aluminum oxygen combination is the most potent but it will take a lot of equipment and energy to produce the aluminum powder. (A 75% aluminum, 25% calcium alloy is easier to keep powdered). Pure iron powder is everywhere, especially on the mares, and can be produced easily by passing over the soil with a magnet. The exhaust is rust powder which will fall harmlessly back to the surface without degrading the lunar vacuum.
Densifying Hydrogen Extenders
Hydrogen may make the ideal fuel, but on the dry Moon, even if there is some polar water ice, hydrogen will be a precious commodity and using it – at least in unextended form – will constitute an obscene waste of an invaluable and limited and expensive resource. Two ways to use it as a fuel extender are as a slurry medium for powdered metal fuels (above) and in chemical combination with other elements. One of the hydrocarbon analogs of Moon-abundant silicon will do such as Silane, SiH4, the silicon analog of methane, CH4. According to Dr. Robert Zubrin, Silane can be produced in a Sabatier Reactor (the nuclear thermal powered device he successfully demonstrated for the production of methane fuel from Mars’ atmosphere).
Economic pressures (impatience for short term advantage and profit at the expense of long term sanity) to use precious lunar hydrogen reserves directly will abound and there are many “damn the future” space advocates ready to do just that – some of them prestigiously placed. By treaty or lunar charter, it is in the interest of future Lunans and their civilization to restrict such use with adequate safeguards and stiff penalties.
Landing without Retrorockets
Mars fans are quick to point out that thanks to its atmosphere, it will be cheaper to land people and cargo on Mars than on the Moon. But there are a few tricks other than aerobraking that can be used on the Moon in similar fashion.
- Krafft Ehricke described a “Lunar Slide Lander” that would dump horizontal momentum into a prepared regolith runway in *Lunar Industrialization and Settlement – Birth of Polyglobal civilization* in “Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century” ed. by W.W. Mendel, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston 1984, pp. 825–7.
- In what we hope is an improvement on this idea, Doug Armstrong and I published an article on “Enhanced Harenobraking” [sand-braking] in MMM # 55, cited below. It is conceivable that some limlimited application of this trick could be used to shed some of the momentum of an incoming personnel carrier.
- Cushioning Farings of non volatile material – e.g. metal and ceramic foams might land G-hardened payloads on the Moon intact, in specially restricted landing zones where they can then be “harvested.”
- Chicago inventor Ed Marwick has put forth an elaborate proposal in which guided payloads enter a sloping chute dug into surface and encounter ever denser sprays of regolith dust, slowing the capsule down to a halt. Such a facility would have to be as long as a mass driver per level of Gs to be tolerated.
**Loading and Unloading Facilities**
The earliest ships coming to the Moon to set up operations in any given development area will be “self-unloaders” weighted down with the cranes and winches needed to unload and reload themselves. Landing on and launching from the Moon will take less fuel and be cheaper, once such equipment is set up on a site, thereby establishing a “port.” “Go anywhere” craft will operate at a competitive disadvantage as compared to craft designed to trade via an established lunar surface port facility. Population will follow, so that port-establishment will tend to be outpost and settlement site preemptive. (The same applies to the establishment of fuel processing facilities and fuel depots, harenobraking smoothways, electromagnetic launchers and catchers, etc.)
**Electromagnetic Launchers**
Mass Drivers have been principally investigated for the regular continuous shipment of unprocessed lunar regolith into space for production of building materials for Solar Power Satellites and Space Settlements. Such devices provide very high G launch over relatively short mag–lev tracks.
**Other elaborations are possible:**
- value–added pelletizable processed materials
- G-hardened small size manufactured items
- Larger items (cargo holds, personnel pods) in more potent, longer, slower accelerating launch tracks
Reversing mass drivers or Mass Catchers which catch and brake landing payloads have been mentioned and need further investigation for high traffic situations. In most cases this will not require a new facility, just a new “reverse” mode use (where launch demand allows) for an existing mass driver.
Mass Drivers–Catchers are expensive big ticket items. They will lower costs to and from the lunar surface only when amortized over a long period of high traffic use.
**Relevant Readings From MMM Back Issues**
- MMM # 6 JUN ‘87 “Bootstrap Rockets”
- MMM # 55 MAY ‘92 “A Better Slide–Skid Lander? Enhanced Harenobraking”
- MMM # 56 JUN ‘92 “Harbor & Town”
---
**MMM #100 – November 1996**
**The Lure of the Moon’s Hidden Covered Valleys**
In this Apollo 10 photo of Hyginus Rille in Sinus Medii (central nearside, 5°E, 8°N) are visible a number of “gaps” in the rille. The arrow points to the most prominent of these, about 10 miles long.
The only geologically viable explanation is that this “interruption” is an uncollapsed segment of an original lava tube once well over a hundred miles long. Someday such ready-made sanctuaries from the cosmic elements may house the bulk of the Lunan urban population. Much more on pages below in this special “Lava Tube” issue of MMM.
**Relevant Readings from MMMs Past**
**Articles on Lavatubes**
- MMM # 25 MAY ‘89, p 4, “Lava Tubes”
- MMM # 44 APR ‘91, pp. 2–4, “Oregon Moonbase”
- MMM # 44 APR ‘91, pp. 5–6, “Ice Caves”
- MMM # 73 MAR ‘94, pp. 3–5, “Urbs Pavonis, the Peacock Metroplex: the Site for Mars’ Main Settlement.”
- MMM # 93 MAR ‘96 p 16 “Visit Oregon Moonbase”
**Some Articles On Other Relevant Topics**
- MMM # 3 MAR ‘87 p. 10, “A Concrete Moonbase”
- MMM # 5 MAY ‘87 “LunARchitecture;” “Weather,” “M is for Middoors”
- MMM # 8 SEP ‘87 “Parkway”
- MMM # 12 p 8 “Welcome to Moonbase” by Ben Bova
- MMM # 15 MAY ‘88 p. 12 “Sunflower Solar Collector”
- MMM #s 26–29 & 31–33 “Ventures of the Rille People” LRS prize winning Prinzton Settlement Study (double-vaulted pressurized rille-spanning agricultural village megastructures)
- MMM # 37 JUL ‘90, p 3, “Ramadas”
- MMM # 50 NOV ‘91, pp. 6–8 “Hostels, Part IV: Hostel–Appropriate Architectures”
- MMM # 55 MAR ‘92, pp 4–6 “Xity Plans”
- MMM # 74 APR ‘94, p 5, “Shielding and Shelter”
- MMM # 89 OCT ‘95, pp 3–5 “SHELTER on the Moon: Digging in for longer, safer stays.”
**Twelve Questions About Lunar**
> **What is a “lavatube”? How are they formed?** A lavatube is a relic of a river of molten lava, self-crusted over on the top as the exposed surface cools, and then at least partially voided out as the lava spreads out eventually on the surface as a sheet.
> **Where do we find them on Earth? in what kind of terrain?**
On Earth we find lavatubes in the flanks of shield volcanoes such as Mauna Loa/Kea in Hawaii and Medicine Lake in California. We also find them wherever we have had vast state-sized flood sheets of lava, as in Washington–Oregon, the Deccan flats of southern India, in northeast Siberia, and elsewhere.
> **How sure are we that similar features exist on the Moon?**
The lavatube-rich lava plains found on Earth are geologically analogous to the maria or Seas we find on the Moon. On those grounds alone, we would have a high expectation of finding lunar tubes.
But for a second higher order of evidence we also have, in the same type of terrain, long sinuous valleys on the Moon called rilles (the Latin class name is rima). We have found hundreds of these features in orbital photographs and have visited one (Apollo 15’s visit to Hadley Rille). The consensus explanation of such features is that they represent collapsed lavatubes. For a third even more convincing order of evidence, some lavatubes are clearly segmented with interrupting stretches of valley-free surface [see the photo on page 1 of this issue.] These can only be sections of the original lavatube that have not collapsed and remain still intact. Such sections should by themselves be enough to give future lunar developers ecstatic dreams. But if there are partially intact tubes, it is inconceivable that elsewhere, if not nearby, are to be found wholly intact tubes. Lavatubes are a natural concomitant of maria formation on the Moon, and will be common.
> Are they near surface objects only?
Those we have direct or indirect evidence of (from rilles) are/were near surface features. But keep in mind that the maria were filled with a series of lava floodings, and the formation of each successive sheet should have its own lavatubes. On the plus side, lavatubes in deeper layers have been more protected from collapse due to later meteorite bombardment. On the minus side, some, maybe most (a defensible guess for whatever your temperament), were filled up and plugged by later episodes of flooding. Deep tubes are unlikely to be discovered from orbit or from the surface. We could hope to find some of them serendipitously (where tubes in successive levels just happen to cross) by radar soundings taken on the floors of near surface tubes by actual explorers.
> How might typical lunar lavatubes differ from typical tubes found on Earth?
(1) The formative episodes of lava sheet flooding on the Moon are all very ancient events on the order of 3.5–3.8 Billion years ago. Surviving lavatubes on Earth are all much much younger than that, some only thousands of years old.
(2) In addition to being very ancient, lunar lavatubes differ in scale. Probably because of the lower gravity in which they formed (1/6th Earth’s) tube-relic rille valleys already observed, photographed and visited run an order of magnitude (ten times) typical terrestrial dimensions in width, ceiling height, and total length. Lunar tubes are BIG.
(3) Lunar lavatubes have never been exposed to air or water (unless a comet happen to pierce the ceiling and vaporize inside with some of the volatiles freezing out on the tube’s still intact inner surfaces – a real “lucky strike”!). Like tubes and caves on Earth, the temperature will be steady, but colder (Earth in general is 50°F warmer than the Moon because of the oceanic-atmospheric heat sink.)
> How intact and stable would lunar lavatubes be? How prone to future collapse, total or partial?
Any lavatubes that have survived to this day wholly or partially intact are likely to continue to do so for the rest of time. The vast bulk of major asteroidal bombardment which has pocked the Moon took place in the first billion years of the Moon’s history. Lunar lavatubes, not subject to any sort of active geological forces or to any kind or weathering are perhaps the safest, most stable, protected volumes to be found anywhere in the solar system. They are veritable vaults, sanctums, sanctuaries we can bank on – no bet-hedging needed.
> What aspects of lunar lavatube internal environments are most attractive for human purposes and to what uses might we put them?
1) “Lee” vacuum protected from the micrometeorite rain, from cosmic rays, from solar ultraviolet, and from solar flares, and unlimited volumes of it, is a priceless and odds favoring handicap toward lunar outpost and settlement establishment, expansion, and maintenance. In these conditions, only simple unhardened lighter weight pressure suits need be worn, for much greater safety, comfort, and convenience. Lee vacuum is ideal as well for storage and warehousing and in-vacuum manufacturing.
2) Steady temperatures at all times (−4°F), protected both from dayspan heat (+250°F) and nightspan cold (−200 some °F), the “body-heat” of the subsurface Moon being much higher than the “skin” heat of the exposed surface
3) Lunar lavatubes are dust free. The regolith Moondust blanket is the result of eons of micrometeorite bombardment or gardening of the lunar surface. The unexposed surfaces of lunar lavatubes have been protected from all that and, good housekeeping measures adopted and religiously followed, will remain dust-free sanctuaries. Given the insidious invasiveness and machinery-and lung-fouling character of moondust, this asset is a clincher!
For construction purposes, shielding now provided as a transcendental given and dust-control vastly easier, lavatube sites will be much simpler and easier places in which to build. We have only pressurization to provide and maintain within these natural macro-structures.
As a package, lavatube assets effectively remove (squelch, eradicate, nuke) most of the common objections to the Moon as a development and settlement site, reducing worries to lack of around-the-clock sunshine (an engineering energy-storage and usage/scheduling question) and gravity one-sixth Earth normal (as if life hasn’t always been able to adapt to anything!).
> Are there any more special resources we might find in lunar lavatubes here and there as extras?
Mineralogically, lavatube surfaces and their host terrain will be boring, fairly homogeneous basalt. Other elements, not present in local basalt, can be mined and processed elsewhere and the products made from them brought to the site. But not to be overlooked is the possibility that we have hit the cosmic jackpot with a volatile-rich comet strike of just the right size to puncture, but not collapse, a lavatube. Frozen volatiles would be the prize. These would not be subject to most of the loss mechanisms that will surely operate in polar permashade ice fields (micrometeorite bombardment, solar flares and solar wind, cosmic rays, splashout from other impacts). To date, the only (and it’s inconclusive) teasing evidence we have is an anomalous reading over western Mare Crisium that on first interpretation would seem to indicate subsurface water-ice. This reading has been (but should not be) routinely dismissed as spurious.
> What lavatube uses are near term, what uses are more challenging and likely to be realized only in the far future?
Warehousing and storage; industrial parks; settlement as opposed to outpost; archiving. All of these can benefit from the use of lavatubes much as we find them, without wholesale modification. The idea of pressurizing tubes for more “terra-form” settlement presents a number of enormous hurdles (sealing methods, sealant composition, pressurization stress, importation from Earth of astronomical volumes of nitrogen, etc.) and while in toto vastly easier than wholesale terraforming of a whole surface (e.g. Mars) is still something we will not tackle for some generations perhaps.
> How much total ready to go protected volume are we talking about?
For political purposes internal to the pro-space movement, let’s express our back-of-envelope guesstimate range of the total available volume of intact lunar lavatubes in terms of O’Neill Island III Sunflower space settlement units. That’s ready-to-occupy-and-use-NOW (for those without 1-G and 24-hour sunshine hangups – they can wait the generations it will take to build Sunflower units from scratch!)
The surface area of the host terrain, the lunar maria, comprise some 17% of lunar surface = 2.5 million square miles – compare with 3 million square miles for continental U.S. Now if (we have to start the argument somewhere!) we assume that available floor and wall terrace surface of intact lavatubes compares to 1/1000th the taking 1/1000th of this aggregate lunar maria surface area, we get 2,500 square miles. This is in our estimate, a very conservative fraction. Counting supposed lavatubes in lower level lava sheets, 1/100th is a fraction that could be closer to reality. That would yield 25,000 square miles, an area comparable to West Virginia.
Subtracting for window strips (as we have for lavatube upper walls and ceilings), an O’Neill cylinder, if ever realized in full ambitious scale, might have 100 square miles of habitable inner surface. Argue about the figures, it won’t change the overall picture. We are talking about ready to occupy network of lunar lavatubes that compares to 25 to 250 Island III units. If you are going to hold your breath
until these free space oases are built, I can only hope your life expectancy is much more Methuselah than mine {P. Kokh}.
> Can we expect to find other similar hidden covered valleys elsewhere in solar system?
Yes, as they seem to be a standard concomitant of lava sheet flooding and of shield volcano formation, we might expect to find lavatubes on Mars, Mercury (the temperature swing refuge would make them hot property), Venus (they would be too hot, and share Venus' over-pressurization), Io (protection from Jupiter's radiation belts), and even on little Vesta..
> By what Latin class name are such features likely to be referred? (e.g. rima = rille)
Cava, tubus, and ductus are available Latin words. The latter better indicates the mode of formation.
---
**Remote Mapping of Lunar**
**ROBOTIC MAPPING OF LUNAR LAVATUBES**
**Tele-Spelunking on the Moon**
[Reprint of MMM #44, April '91, page 6]
**EARTH-BASED SEARCHES FOR LUNAR LAVATUBES**
Writing in *Starseed*, the newsletter of Oregon L5 Society, Oregon Moonbase researcher Thomas L. Billings discusses ways to search out lunar lavatubes. Tube openings are hard to spot by camera unless you are right on top of them [but see note below]. While intelligent lunar base siting will require better orbital mapping than provided for the Apollo landings, the best method may be to look "through" the rock. The severe dryness of the lunar surface should make this possible for orbiting radar. (Airborne radar has been used successfully to find lava tubes on the big island of Hawaii.)
To provide deep radar imaging, the antenna diameter must be four times the radar wavelength being used. To penetrate deeply enough we'd need a wavelength of 5–20 meters, meaning an antenna 20–80 meters across! That's a lot of mass to put into orbit along with the ancillary equipment.
Billings suggests a way out. Readings from a number of smaller antennas in an interferometer array can substitute, synthesizing an image. It will be tricky to do this in orbit, and an intercontinental Interferometric is an option Using a 7 meter wavelength, you'd have a 250 meter resolution and a penetration of 70 meters, good enough to detect a convincing sample, given that many tubes are likely to be larger than this.
However, a considerable amount of power will be needed if the signal returning to Earth is to be detectable. Computer algorithms needed to sift signal from noise are getting better. Nor need the search extend beyond a few months, so maybe the expense wouldn't be out of line with the rewards.
TB
**Editor's Questions. & Suggestions:**
a. Would it be practical to intercept that signal in lunar orbit where it would be stronger?
b. Would Earth-based searches be limited to central nearside?
c. We could use the same instrumentation package to search for tubes on Mars, Mercury, Venus, Io, and Vesta, worlds with shield volcanoes and lava sheets.]
**Using Orbiting Infrared Cameras to Find Collaborating Evidence**
According To Bryce Walden and Cheryl Lynn York of Oregon Moonbase, orbiting side-looking infrared detectors may on occasion peer into the entrance of a fortuitously oriented lavatube, detecting
its characteristic subsurface temperature, clearly distinct from ambient surface readings, in sunshine or out. Illustration in previous article.
ROBOTIC ON SITE EXPLORATION AND SURVEYING OF LAVATUBES
By Peter Kokh
We are back on the Moon, to stay it seems, and we've detected a number of lavatubes from orbit, some handy to our first beachhead outpost. The catch is that there are so many things needing priority attention that we cannot afford the manpower and equipment costs to outfit even a single lavatube exploration expedition. But if we don't "go in" and actually explore and survey, how can we plan intelligently to "move inside" in concrete particulars?
Here is a way we can survey in detail all the lavatubes we have detected remotely from photographic evidence, from orbiting radar and infrared equipment. The costs, in comparison to a single limited human expedition, would be negligible.
A surface crawling drilling rig, using high resolution orbital radar lavatube location data, finds its initial drill point over an indicated tube site. This rig can be teleoperated or manned. Given the repetitive nature of the tasks involved, a highly automated remote monitored operation will be ideal.
(1) Its first task is to drill and stabilize (with a sleeve? with side-wall fusing or sintering lasers?) a hole through the surface and penetrating the lavatube ceiling some tens of meters down. The hole might be only a few inches in diameter.
(2) Next the rig winches down through the shaft hole a radar-mapping instrument and/or CCD optical camera down to a height midway between lavatube ceiling and floor (determining that position is the first task of the radar device). Then a flare attached to the bottom of the instrument package is released and dropped. The radar mapper and camera pan 360°, and from near vertical up (zenith) to near vertical down (nadir). The instrument package is retrieved. A latitude/longitude/altitude benchmark is then lowered to the tube floor directly below.
(3) The rig then winches down to the same point a length of fiber optic cable, securing the top end to the collar of the shaft hole. At the top end is a solar light concentrator which passively gathers available dayspan sunshine and channels it into the optic fiber cable. At the bottom end a light diffuser scatters this light in all directions.
The idea is not to provide future human explorers within the tube with enough light, throughout the surface dayspan period, to find their way around with the naked eye, but only with enough light that they can find their way using off-the-shelf night-vision goggles. Of course they will carry battery-pack
spotlights to light up areas needing closer inspection, as well as for emergencies e.g. they are forced to stay inside after local sunset on the surface above.
(4) Meanwhile, data from the radar/camera probe is being turned into a contour map of the lavatube's inner surfaces. From this map, it will be clear in which direction the lavatube runs and the location of the next drill hole can be determined, picked so that data from it (and the reach of the left behind "solar flashlight" overlap conveniently).
As the instrument package is removed from each successive shaft hole, another passive solar flash light chandelier is installed. On and on until the entire intact lavatube is surveyed from source to outflow. The rig then moves to one end of the next orbitally detected site to be investigated.
The result will be a set of tube surveys and maps from which preliminary rational use scenarios can be put together all prior to commitment of man-hours and man-rated equipment packages. Now, with all of these robotic surveys, safely made, when we do go in to explore or set up shop, we can be sure that the tube section picked is right for the purpose intended, including the offer of adequate expansion room for foreseen development options.
This is the basic idea. Possible embellishments are designing the solar flashlight chandeliers to serve as line-of-sight relays for radio communications by exploring crews, and/or as direct radio antennas to the surface.
If the tube surveyed by the surface-crawling robot drilling rig has already been picked for future development, a "sleeve-bag" of sundry provisions and resupplies could be lowered to the tube floor beside the benchmark prior to sealing the shaft with the solar light fixture apparatus. These provisions would lighten the burden in-tube explorers need carry along. Alternately, the solar light fixtures could be removable if the shaft is needed for lowering provisions or other narrow diameter equipment to the area below it.
This exploration plan will only work, of course, for those near surface tubes that have been sniffed out by our orbiting probes. But that will be an important start!
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**MMM #102 – February 1997**
**Technical Comments on the MMM #100–101 Lavatube Articles**
By Bryce Walden, Oregon Moonbase
Congratulations to *Moon Miners' Manifesto* on its 101st issue! We have enjoyed every issue, chock full of interesting and provocative ideas on the development of the space frontier.
The Oregon Moonbase team especially appreciates the extensive coverage given to the topic of lavatube caves in Issue #100. Peter Kokh did a lot of work developing the arguments and provided some very nice illustrations of various concepts.
In the interest of completeness, I would like to add a few technical comments as they occur in my reading of the articles.
**Lavatube Stability vs. Human Activity**
In "Twelve Questions About Lunar Lavatubes" Kokh correctly states that caverns that have survived for over 3 billion years are probably very stable. Yet I feel obliged to add the caveat that human activities could at times threaten that safety. A lavatube that has survived may still have suffered trauma that makes certain parts of it weaker, such as a meteorite strike over part of the roof. Sections that survived the relatively minor moonquakes over the millennia may fail if we blast during construction. Also, lava that is strengthened by incorporating super-strong anhydrous glass may weaken over time if exposed to water vapor from atmosphere or other gas-releasing activities. Sealing and pressurizing a lavatube will also introduce new stresses, as he himself mentions in a subsequent article. To mitigate these effects, there are engineering precautions that can be taken on a case-by-case basis.
**Lavatube Temperatures**
The "steady temperature" of -4 °F is based on Apollo temperature measurements that reached equilibrium within several centimeters from the surface and stayed fairly constant from there to as far down as the astronauts could measure, roughly 2–3 meters. Deep mines on Earth get quite hot from heat bleeding away from the mantle; this could happen on the Moon, too, but probably to a much reduced extent due to the relative coldness of the small lunar core. As a rule lavatubes don't have much vertical development but run parallel to the surface. There may be older lavatubes in deeper layers of lava, as his article points out. Once again, the real problem is likely to be human activity. Lavatubes are good insulators. On Earth, cold air can fall into a lavatube in winter and remain below freezing through summer heat. Our case will be just the opposite. Human activity generates a great deal of heat, and the lavatube is a relatively closed environment. For awhile this could be an advantage, and raise lavatube temperatures to comfortable levels, but we are likely sooner rather than later to have to engineer some heat-sink solutions. Changing temperature can also be a source of stress to the cave vault.
**Gross Available Lunar Lavatube Volumes**
In terms of ready volume available now, we did a poster session at the 22nd Lunar and Planetary Sciences Conference that partially addressed this question. Cassandra Coombs, for her doctoral dissertation under Dr. B. Ray Hawke, identified a number of probable lavatube sites from high-resolution Apollo photographs and Lunar Orbiter pictures. Only the largest possible candidates were resolved by these sources. Cheryl Lynn York and I selected the largest 20 of these sites. Making a working assumption of circular caves of width and length identified by Coombs, then half-filled with congealed lava or breakdown, we computed over 3 billion cubic meters of volume, nearly 14 million square meters of "floor" area, or about 0.0531 of Peter's "O'Neill Units" of 100 square miles. The average of these twenty large lavatubes was 470m diameter, length 1,370m, roof thickness 66m, floor area 687,685 m², and volume 157,908,640m³. Incidentally, these "Top 20" lavatube caves were located in only four rille formations, with rille "collapse trenches" separating the various caves.
**Lavatube Volumes vs. O'Neill Habitats**
I checked Kokh's 100 square mile "O'Neill Unit" with O'Neill's figures in *The High Frontier*. He claims an Island Three habitat, 20 miles long and 4 miles in diameter, would have 500 square miles of land area. Each of the three "valleys" in the interior would be 20 miles long by 2 miles wide, or 40 square miles. Three of these totals 120 square miles. Total cylinder interior surface area (including windows) is 251 square miles, while endcaps area equals a sphere of radius 2 miles, or 50 square miles. The remaining 199 square miles must be made up by numerous small "agricultural modules" outside of the main habitat, in O'Neill's total design. But for convenience in figuring, 100 square miles is very roughly correct for the popular conception of the "valley" areas in an Island Three habitat.
**Lavatube Remote Mapping**
On "Remote Mapping of Lunar Lavatubes," Tom Billings' paper "Radar Remote Sensing of Lunar Lavatubes from Earth" was published in *the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society*, Vol. 44 pp. 255–256, 1991. A more inclusive treatment of "Lavatube Remote Sensing" was given to a seminar sponsored by the Lunar and Planetary Institute in 1992. In regard to side-looking infrared, the detection of a lavatube temperature signature would, we think, be easier during lunar night, when the exposed surface temperature reaches -240 °F. The comparatively "warm" -4 °F lavatube interior would then be virtually the only "warm spots" on the volcanically inactive Moon. During lunar day, it would probably be harder to differentiate cave interior temperatures from normally shadowed areas on the surface. Such an investigation would have the serendipitous (or even primary) effect of finding any volcanic "hot spots" that may be expressed at the surface (there are indications of a few areas of recent lunar volcanism). Such areas would be mineralo-gically (= resources) interesting.
Kokh's articles about lunar lavatube habitats and environmental manipulation were right on the money. Beside our own work on these topics, including a study performed for Lockheed, another researcher who has given some thought to lunar lavatube habitats is Andrew Daga, <email@example.com>.
In all some very inclusive articles, "in depth" coverage of lavatubes, as it were, most welcome and well done. Thank you, Peter!
*Bryce Walden, <firstname.lastname@example.org>* Oregon Moonbase, P.O. Box 86, Oregon City, OR 97045-0007
FOOTSTEPS ON THE MOON & OTHER LEAVINGS
Relics of the “Scouting Period” will all be preserved as a part of on site Lunar Frontier National Parks and Monuments or placed in Future Lunar Frontier Settlement Museums.
By Peter Kokh
One frequently hears complaints that we have already “trashed the Moon” referring to equipment and equipment packaging and other items left behind on the Moon by the Apollo explorers. The speaker silently assumes we will never return to establish a permanent presence on the Moon, that there can be no useful function of such leavings, that they serve only as pocks of litter. Since this set of assumptions is without justification, it does more to discredit those who parrot the chant than anyone else.
“One man’s trash is another man’s treasure” is an even more common tidbit of popular wisdom, however, and happily one that is definitely more applicable to the situation. “When”, not “if”, we someday return to the Moon “to stay” and make it “Earth’s Eight Continent” and the first of many human adopted home worlds, such items, from derelict space craft stages to scientific instruments to packaging waste to footprints – these will all suddenly become invaluable. They will be priceless “hope chest” contributions to future lunar frontier museums and monuments to the watershed epoch of early human and robotic exploration of the Moon..
Even if, to our great shame and discredit as a sapient race, we fail to use our talents and resources to expand into the human hinterland of Greater Earth as we have into all the other companion continents of our native Africa, the contention that these relics of exploration constitute “trash” exposes an indefensible view of man as something apart from, not part of nature. Rather we should have humble pride in these leavings. They are indeed venerable and admirable relics of great achievement and of the enormous capacities with which man has been endowed.
What we have left behind on the Moon is indeed “a promise”, a promise to return, to return and stay, a humble engagement token, a sign of betrothal. Even should this future hoped for mutually adoptive relationship with the Moon not develop, these things will still stand long after the rest of human civilization on Earth has crumbled into dust, as mute testimony to the glorious design of Homo Sapiens and the Creative Agency(ies) that led to our emergence. — whether some scouting explorers of other separately arisen intelligent populations ever stumble upon them and feel the wonder – or not.
There has long been deep discussion of future political and economic regimes for the Moon, and on the question of property rights. However these thorny questions resolve themselves, and we have strong opinions on how they should) some very important, and arguably less controversial, legal questions are going unaddressed. Addressing them now could create a momentum of achievement that might help break the paralyzing logjam of endless debate over the other more disputed issues.
For example, we might now set up definitions, standards, and procedures for declaration of various sites and areas of the lunar surface as the lunar equivalent of national parks, national monuments, national scientific preserves etc. Procedures for nominating a site, for establishment of the special status, and for amending that status in the future are needed. At this date when evidence for a case of objection cannot be maturely prepared (e.g. unique geochemical resources of critical economic value) candidate sites could remain simply “nominees”. Protocols for the establishment of economic concessions that do not infringe on the scenic or geological rationales for the nomination, could be decided upon now, subject to revision as the on site learning experience unfolds. Might it not be unreasonable to expect that solving these “special” cases will help point the way to acceptable “general” solutions of the property question?
In addition to such special treatment of nominated areas of special scenic and/or geological interest, the historic sites of early lunar robotic and human exploration should be included. In each case, the immediate site could be handled as an easement, with use and encroachment restrictions passed on to whatever future jurisdiction or public, private, or commercial title as may come to be established.
These sites are just what we have labeled them, “hope chest” items for the future edification and education of lunar pioneers, settlers, and visitors to come. They need to be treated, individually and as
a class, with honor, respect, and awe. Popular, if not universal contempt, should be approached as an opportunity for education and public outreach. When and where attitudes cannot be changed, we must sadly learn to dismiss them: “consider the source.”
These remarks are meant to address similar human/robotic “tracks and droppings” on Mars and elsewhere. These things will become the foundation of lore and legend. They will live on, their thoughtless denigrators passing from the scene into oblivion.
As human sites, the Apollo sites need special protection and handling. But even robotic sites are instances of virtual human presence and need attention too. It is not too early to discuss proposals for proper preservation and protection. Some of these sites will become enucleating centers of future human settlement. Others will affect the routing of future highways. Their places on the map are more than footnotes to be sure.
MMM #107 – July 1997
As the Earth Turns …
Earth: Color Medley Calendar in the Moon’s Nearside Sky
By Peter Kokh
[Astronaut quotes below were passed on to us by Cynthia Griffin, Space Research Associates, and are from remarks they made to an audience of military personnel and civilians at the May ‘97 National Museum of Naval Aviation’s annual symposium]
In “Seven Wonders of the Moon” [MMM #69, OCT. ’93, p. 8] the view of Earth, hanging there perpetually in the Nearside Sky was listed as one of them. We billed it as “an apparition in the lunar nearside heavens with 3 1/2 times the breadth, blocking out 13 times as much of the starry skies, and shining with 60 times as much glaring brilliance as does the Moon as seen from Earth — all in a spinning ever changing marbleized riot of blues, greens, browns, and whites.”
Earth as Clock and Calendar
Earth-in-the-sky will offer future Lunans endless fascination as well as a psychological anchor (for better or for worse) for their morale. More on these benefits later. First we want to outline how Earth offers clues to (a) the time of the lunar month or “sunth” as we’ve more aptly named it, (b) the time of [calendar] day or date, and (c) the time of the year.
TIME OF SUNTH: Earth-in-the-lunar-sky goes through the same series of sunlit, night-darkened phases as does the Moon in our skies — with some spectacular differences. “New Earth” when eclipsing the Sun during what the Earthbound interpret as a Lunar Eclipse will appear as a dark circle in the heavens crowned with the fiery ring of the sunset–sunrise line as sunlight scatters in the dust of Earth’s atmosphere. At this and other times, the night-darkened portion of the globe has become in this century increasingly “star-studded” with the city lights of burgeoning urban areas as well as oil and gas field burnoffs of “waste” natural gas and hydrogen. Meanwhile the frequent reflection of the Sun off ocean and ice accentuates the sunlit portions.
The point, not to wander in wonder, is that New Earth corresponds to Full Moon (the entire Nearside hemisphere in dayspan); First Crescent Earth to the waning Moon (nightspan advancing from the east over Mare Crisium etc.); First Quarter or “Half Earth” to nightspan having advanced to the central meridian of Nearside, dayspan advancing to the central meridian of Farside, etc. In other words, as seen from each other’s surfaces, the phases of the Earth and of the Moon are opposite. In practical terms, the lunar nearsider will be able to deduce from the Earth’s “phase” what is his local “time of the sunth”: just after local daybreak, dayspan morning, dayspan afternoon, etc. Of course this will differ according to where the viewer is on the nearside (i.e. at which meridian).
TIME OF DAY (DATE):
While the Moon keeps the same face turned toward Earth at all times, Earth-in-the-Moon’s-sky turns on its axis once every 24 hours. Whether the viewer sees the Americas, the Atlantic, Europe & Africa, Asia and the Indian Ocean, or the Pacific as facing him, will tell him what portion of the local 24 hour date it is (distinguishing date form the 14.75 date long dayspan and the 29.53 date long sunth). Depending on how Lunans set up their local calendar and time reckoning rubrics (that is if they do not import unchanged the time reckoning system of Earth), the above concordance may be fixed or it may precess by an hour every 40-41 days if Lunan calendar is set up as I’ve suggested (so that there are exactly 29.5 dates per sunth, rather than 29.5306).
**TIME OF YEAR (SEASON):**
How the Earth’s axis tilts with relation to the Lunan observer at different times of the sunth, will tell him the time of year. The tilt will shift full cycle through the sunth (sequence of phases). If at 1st Half Earth, the north pole tilts toward the right (towards the Sun) it is northern summer, southern winter. Ditto at 2nd Half Earth if the tilt is to the left, at New Earth if it is away from the observer, and at Full Earth if it is towards the observer, and so on.
Accompanying the tilt will be confirming visual clues: snow cover in higher Northern latitudes or in higher Southern latitudes corresponding to that hemisphere’s winter, the other hemisphere’s summer, and so on. Yellow–oranges replacing green shades in temperate zone forests will indicate Fall in that hemisphere, Spring in the other hemisphere. More seasoned observers will be able to recognize seasonal clues in between to give a better approximation.
**Pattern Watching**
On the ball Lunans will be able to look up at Earth and tell the time of day (date), a close approximation of the date of the sunth (month), and which sunth/month of the year it is — all at a glance. It is the spectacle of Earth, however, that will turn that glance into a lingering observation, the seer into a transfixed looker. While Earthbound students can patiently study an all but changeless Moon, lunar settlers and visitors looking up at Earth will have an unending drama of riveting kaleidoscopic change to admire and study. It will be a treat without the distraction of flora and fauna and weather in the foreground, a Van Goghish canvas of color understateedly matted by black sky and gray regolith.
The first impression will be of ever changing cloud patterns; of hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons; of storm fronts. Playing hide and seek with the shifting clouds will be the blues of the oceans and lakes and seas, the greens of grasslands and forests, the light tans of the deserts, and the glaring white of snow and ice. Beyond the day/night terminator, again playing hide and seek with the clouds, will be a light show extraordinaire: lightning and forest fires on the natural side, city lights and oil and gas burnoffs added by man. Different observers will see and watch for different things, each according to his/her own interests. Some will habitually count lightning strikes, jotting numbers in a log. Others will try to catch a glimpse of the light patch that locates their hometown lights or the lights of other towns, cities, and urban industrial archipelagoes.
Relatively few sets of elements will contribute to the never repeating sequence of Kaleidoscope treats. Not all the elements will appear with the same frequency: for example, the appearance and track of the approximately 60 mile wide Moon Shadow across the lit face of the Earth during what terrestrials experience as locally very rare Total Solar Eclipses. And the relatively glare-free conditions of solar eclipses (which we experience as eclipses of the Moon), many fainter nightside light glows may become visible to the practiced lunar observer.
**“Humansign”: Earth as an Inhabited World**
That Earth is an inhabited world will be quite apparent. In the night portions of the observed face we will see the city lights, some unnaturally frequent forest fires, and the oil field gas burnoffs. In the sunlit portion of the Earthglobe we might see some agricultural patterns, and even detect portions of national borders betrayed by differing land use patterns on either side. We’ll also see slow changes from advancing deforestation and desertification. Man-made reservoirs will catch the sunlight where once their was all-but-undetectable river valley. And we’ll spot natural floods that are here and their ‘controlled’ by man-taken measures. All these signs will be studied acutely by those keenly interested in the great unplanned experiment of environmental “detterraforming”, going on more or less continuously since the invention of slash-and-burn agriculture in Europe some eight thousand years ago.
For those fascinated by Earth’s city lights and their identification, an amateur observing league may give out “Edison Certificates” to those who have correctly identified a representative selection of a hundred-some urban concentrations – much like the Messier Certificate Program in which backyard astronomers seek to identify star clusters and nebula on an early and popular list of the brightest such objects. Advanced observers will be on the watch for blackouts, major fires, night launch rocket booster burns as well as fiery nightside reentries.
For the Earthborn, night lights of homelands and hometowns and spaceport points of departure will hold special interest. For native born Lunans, night objects sought out will include a less predictable list of various places they’ve each heard and read about, and which have fired their imagination.
**Naked eye observation of Earth**
Full Earth illuminates moonscapes with sixty–some times as much brilliance as Full Moon brightens Earthscapes. But without a dust and water vapor laden atmosphere on the Moon, Earthside shadows will be inky black and impenetrable. A happy result is that starlight is not drowned out.
Yet not all lunar settlers and visitors will be able to appreciate Earth–in–the–sky with equal ease. To paraphrase the opening sentence in Caesar’s report on the Gallic Wars, “All Luna can be divided into four parts”.
In the central portions of Nearside, Earth is either directly overhead or at a very uncomfortably high angle above the horizon. We might nickname this central area **The Crooknecks**. It includes most of Mare Imbrium, Mare Nectaris, Mare Serenitatis, Mare Tranquilitatis, Mare Nectaris, Mare Vaporum, etc.
**The Postcardlands** are the peripheral stretches of nearside, regions in which the Earth hovers perpetually a comfortable 5–40° above the horizon. Adjacent to these, straddling the “limb” of the lunar globe which forever keeps the same side turned towards Earth are **The Peek–a–boos**. As the Moon’s axis is not perpendicular to its orbit around Earth and because that orbit is somewhat eccentric and the Moon travels faster when nearer Earth and slower when further away, all the while rotating at a fixed rate, about 7° to either side of the 90° East and 90° West lines are alternately turned towards Earth and away from Earth, psychologically annexing about 9% of “Farside” to Nearside.
Together the above three regions cover 59% of the Moonglobe. The remaining 41% might be dubbed **the Obliviside**, the Farside heartland from which Earth is never visible – and as the old saying goes, “out of sight, out of mind.”
**Special Observing Equipment**
Special equipment will not, without signal relay, make it possible for deep Farsiders to observe the Earth. But in Greater Nearside, if we might call it that, many of those enthralled by the sight of Earth will be motivated to go beyond Earth–facing picture window portholes in their shielded abodes.
Oculars and binoculars will be among the simplest terrascopic assists, along with large Fresnel lenses or projection lenses in front of windows, much as late 40s/early 50s small screen TVs used similar fore screens to magnify the view. Special amateur optical telescopes designed with the aperture above the surface, but the observer eyepiece optics within the pressurized habitat for direct shirtsleeve observation will be popular with purists.
But for others, HDTV monitors, interactively zooming in on selected portions of the Earthglobe, will provide even better views. There might even be a dedicated fully interactive yet live Earth View Channel offering not only spectacular live detail, but also multi-spectral false color enhanced imaging that cues in on ultraviolet, infrared and other cues in the more complete light spectrum. Various interactive programs may search on demand for lightning flashes, pick out keyed in cities or other locations, even overprint city names of areas on which the viewer has focused in. Instead of the view from the Moon, auxiliary channels could give the view from LEO and GEO satellites, or even from future flank observation outposts in L4 and L5.
As on Earth, some avid observers will be heavily into photography, others into interpretive drawings, and yet others into raw and immediate unfiltered live observation. Yet glare reducers and variable masks for night side viewing will be standard (and the automatic default setting on TV).
**Earthsght as an Umbilical Fix**
The riveting sight of Earth will be the chief anchor with ‘reality’ and with the heritage of their individual pasts for the early Lunan pioneers.
``Landing on the Moon was not nearly as overpowering and as memorable as just going to the Moon and looking back at Earth. We went to explore the Moon, and in fact discovered the Earth.”
— Eugene Cernan.
Looking out the Apollo Module porthole from out around the Moon, Apollo 8 and 13 astronaut James A. Lovell, looking back at Earth, was able to block it out with his thumb. Later he recounted, "Everything that I ever knew – my life, my loved ones, the Navy – everything, the whole world was behind my thumb."
One can argue if this is good or bad. Deep Farsiders may tease Nearsiders about their mommy-fixation to Old Earth, boasting of a keener, deeper openness to the Universe at large, and of a greater space-hardiness that results.
We'll see. <MMM>
MMM #111 – December 1997
Out on the Lunar Surface
This month, we take an outdoors, or out-vac perspective on the lunar settlement. Our first feature article takes a second look at the possibility of "skyscrapers" out on the open – not under some fairy dome (for first article see MMM # 55). In our second feature article we explore the various ways the true outdoorsman (who will have given up so much on forsaking the "Green Hills of Earth") might be able to satisfy the urge to be actively one with nature.
Lunar Skyscrapers
Shattering Low Expectations
By Peter Kokh
[see MMM # 55 MAY '92, pp. 5–6,
"SKYSCRAPERS on the Moon? Beyond Mole Hill City"]
An envelope-bursting topic revisited
The conventional wisdom is that surface-embedded or surface-burrowing lunar settlements will be monotonous complexes of "mole hills" unrelieved except by docking ports, communications antennae and other systems hardware that must be on the surface or surface-exposed. Yes, we have all seen science fiction artist renderings of skyscraper studded lunar and Martian cities on great glass domes. But that is an eventuality for realization somewhat further down the road, if ever. And as to settlements within lunar lavatubes, some with ceiling heights a thousand feet high or more, – why, what we'll have there, are ceiling-scrapers (or even ceiling-touchers). In both these cases within pressurized megastuctures, the first manmade, the second provided by nature), the skyscrapers are likely to be conventional copies of what is current construction structure and form on Earth.
But what excited me when I wrote the first article five and a half years ago, was the realization that the starter premise just wasn't necessarily true. We could build fully shielded "skyscrapers" to centralize the downtowns of lunar settlements built the way settlements on Old Earth always have been, the old fashioned way, one structure at a time.
The "Pent Roof" makes it possible
Egyptian pyramids, Mesopotamian ziggurats, and the Tower of Babel notwithstanding, the practical skyscraper was an urban innovation that awaited two inventions: the steel girder, and more importantly, the first people mover – the elevator. (Yes we know the Russians have built high rises without elevators, so, what's your point?)
For anyone imagining a lunar surface settlement cozily tucked under its regolith security blanket for protection from the local cosmic weather and for thermal averaging, the idea of a skyscraper-studded "downtown" just did not occur. How would you shield something like that?
Enter by happenstance, a picture of a Chinese pagoda in some book I was perusing, and a eureka brainstorming avalanche was on its way cascading down the brainslopes of my mind.
A little redesign slight of hand with those pent roofs (pent as in penthouse), and they could serve as overhanging retainers that could hold a couple of meters of lunar regolith shielding – not prohibitively heavy in the light lunar "sixth-weight."
For people on the Moon for long duration or indefinite stays, it is important to be very, very conservative in minimizing accumulative radiation exposure. "Windows" providing the satisfaction of regular views out onto the local moonscape should incorporate broken pathways, using mirrors, so that the observer is protected in every direction by adequate shielding, so that the habitat or moon manor has not "hot spots". The same is true of any type of structure in which people regularly work or spend significant accumulative time.
In comparison, the "pent roof" balcony overhangs would provide safely set back vertically narrow eye level slit windows, and through them, horizontally constrained views of the moonscape. Looking out through one of these, the observer would see just enough "sky" to frame the view, a sky with very few square degrees of exposure to the naked cosmic heavens and its hot delights.
If you wanted to build a pentroofed office building, you would have to tweak the internal layout so that the interior space sporting these view ports was reserved for use principally by visitors, and, compromisingly, for regular office personnel and daily maintenance staff people "on break". The principal break room and lounge areas, however, would be in interior parts of the building that did not sport such direct-view windows). In other words, lunar office towers would have such slit windows only here or there. The architect could always resort to rows of fake trompe l'oeil windows to create the right external effect. After all, the architect has two goals in mind: an optimum, occupant user-friendly interior arrangement, with a full suite of desirable function areas; and, a pleasing, readily identified, and positive image-creating external appearance on display for the potential using public passing by.
Such pent roof windows might be used with more abandon in buildings more heavily used by visitors, such as the Luna City Hotel. Even so, for the protection of guest room cleaning staff especially, the architect would want to tweak the internal room layout to minimize the total accumulative fraction of daily time spent in the hot spot pools of naked sky exposure. And hotel management will be constrained by law to rotate staff duties to minimize the chances of anyone getting too much accumulative exposure.
A Second Look
In that article we looked at three possibilities: (a) single or multiple vertical cylinders with pagoda like pentroof balconies holding shielding mass, yet which allowed vertically narrow views of the surroundings; (b) Stagger–stacked horizontal cylinders, again with pentroof shielded and windows; (c) a circular pyramid of horizontal cylinder sections of decreasing diameters.
In retrospect, this last design option seems the most strained. Pressurization stresses would make it the most likely to fail. This article offers a radical rethinking of the round pyramid format.
Instead of stacked cylinder sections of decreasing diameter, we now propose stacked torus units of decreasing outer diameter, but of set inner diameter (of the donut hole). And they would be stacked over and around a vertical cylinder which would carry the elevator shaft and service chases for electricity, communications, thermal control, and. If this seems reminiscent of a popular children's building block toy, it is with reason. Here lies the humble source of our inspiration.
KEY: (left) see-thru observation dome skyscraper (right) outside view of twin tower with revolving restaurant. Both have 23 occupiable floors.
In the design shown above, for illustration purposes only, the upper torus tier would be sized to include floor to ceiling clearance for one floor, The next tier, two floors, the bottom tier three floors. The exposed roof overhang of each torus would be covered with shielding, pentroof style, as illustrated in the previous article, partial pent balconies at each intermediate floor level. Not a very visually pleasing design, however structurally sound.
One possible building top embellishment is a geodesic dome or hydroshield dome (a Marshall Savage idea) serving as an observation area, the later much better shielded. Another obvious topper option is a service core shaft extension to a revolving rooftop restaurant, à la the Space Needle in Seattle (just the first of many copycat structures now highlighting downtown skylines around the world). With possible structures like these, the analogy of the downtown centered Earth city is wonderfully translated into the construction idiom of incrementally growing regolith blanket shielded lunar, or Martian, surface settlements. Marketable uses are for bank office buildings, corporate headquarters, and hotels.
From Pent Roof To Caisson
The illustration effort above yielded rather ugly results. The important thing about the torus – central shaft stack is its dynamic stability pressurization-wise. Why not, for this application, shuck the pent roofs for cylindrical caisson sections holding shielding up against the building. These bulkheads would not be pressurized and can be vertically flat.
This results in a much more conventional look. These are some ideas thrown out for improvement. We'd like to see now good artist renderings of a downtown-centered lunar urban panorama.
<MMM>
Opportunities on the Moon for the Incurable Outdoorsman
By Peter Kokh
What's a Field & Stream sort of guy to do on a world where you need a clumsy spacesuit just to survive?
A Truth-in-Writing Declaration
The author is not a hunter or a fisherman, nor a sailor or pilot. Nonetheless, he loves the outdoors with a passion, finding exhilaration and renewal in long walks through woods and fields, up mountain-slopes and through rocky canyons, either by himself or with his dogs. Through the years he has had many a treasured moment sitting alone by a well hidden waterfall, or perched on some mountain peak looking down on valleys, yes, down even on clouds and eagles. Yet this has been sporadic activity for him, and he knows full well that there are those for whom the outdoors is not just a shot in the arm, but lifeblood.
Just the facts, Mam
The Moon has no atmosphere. You cannot stand outdoors in your shirtsleeves, not even bundled up but with face exposed, enjoying the uninterrupted sunshine, or the star spangled skies beyond belief. You must wear a spacesuit, or be inside a protective vehicle, or within a pressurized structure. Your communion with nature cannot be immediate, as on Earth. It must be mediated, very unsatisfactorily, by contrivances and contraptions allowing you to survive outside of your element.
While there is no air or breeze to be chilly or sultry, surface temperatures can swing wildly between sun and shade, between dayspan and nightspan. Exercise and exertion mean a buildup of heat from which it is difficult to find relief. Sweating only makes things worse, steamy in the sun, clammy in the shade.
Outdoor sports like flying and soaring and kiting and hang-gliding are not possible. Though human-powered flight may become a commonplace in large enough pressurized mega-structures. Fishing and hunting will be possible someday, but only in small captive reserves, smacking of "canned
hunting." Swimming needs only an indoor or middoor pool, and canoe-ing along urban canals and boulevard streams is a likely target for city fathers seeking to make life as homelike as possible. But open sea sailing and boating will be a memory, or at best a virtual reality pastime.
For the spelunker, there will be lavatubes aplenty. But these great lunar underworlds, unlike Earth's limestone caves carved by water through sedimentary rock that once was ocean bed, lack stalactite and stalagmite, no curtain, column or drapery formations; they boast no underground streams or pools.
And for the coup de gras, even the protection of the spacesuit is overwhelmed by time, too long out-vac at a time, too many short excursions over the long haul. Radiation exposure is accumulative. One will have to hoard his surface outing time, saving it for occasions that are the most necessary, and/or the most rewarding. No all day, every day stuff. Never again for those who would forsake Cradle Earth. Not until another sweet thick atmosphere blessed home world is found, or made.
What's a guy to do? no green hills or valleys, no woods, no grassy plains or meadows, no boundless seas horizon to horizon!
Quit your bellyaching!
The Joe Six Pack, who only imagines himself indulging in all these activities from the safety of his sofa cushion, will moan and groan. But the true inveterate son of the outdoors will find a way, make a way if necessary, to satisfy his search to live one with nature, one with the wind, one with the sun, one with the stars. At least on the Moon, it is possible. Those who boast that they are nature's children, but only indulge themselves from the safety of a tether-leash, in urban parks and man-made meadows, will delight, poor souls, in those human "zoo-parks in the sky", the great O'Neilian space settlements. Some of us must march to another drum. We need to be one on one with nature, and not just nature counterfeited by man – in a bottle.
Here on that harsher frontier, where there are natural landscapes and land forms undreamt of, where one is surrounded by nature untamed and uncaricaturized by man, the true outdoorsman will find a way, indeed many a way. And the result will be all the more gratifying for the challenges that will have been overcome along the way.
The Spacesuit is dead! – Long live the Spacesuit!
The spacesuit has its origin in a series of ad hoc improvements to the high altitude aviator's pressure suit. It has been made capable of handling not just thin air, but vacuum, not just cool or warm air but the merciless heat of the unmediated sun, and the insatiable heat sink of the naked cosmic skies. In the process it has grown ever heavier to wear, ever more cumbersome to move around in, or do useful tool-yielding physical work. Using it to transfer between pressurized habitats or vehicle cabins and the vacuum outside requires expensive airlocks, poor at retaining precious volatiles, and failing altogether to keep outvac the insidious, mischievous, ubiquitous moondust.
The spacesuit needs to be rethought. The time is long overdue. But you don't see the need if you have only short term goals. It is perhaps imagined by many that the spacesuit is what makes it possible for humans to be in space, or on the Moon, or Mars. In actuality, it is the spacesuit, in the forms realized to date, that is the biggest onsite obstacle to human acculturation to these alien shores.
First, routine chores outside pressurized habitats, outposts, and vehicles, can be performed much more comfortably in the older more flexible less weighty high pressure aviation suits. All we need to do is to put in place sky/sun shielding ramada canopies over routine work areas and aprons.
Second, the space suit can be radically redesigned to be entered as if it were a formfitting vehicle, from a turtleback life support unit. One backs into a conformal convex dock-lock, the turtle back engages, the inner hatch opens, the turtle back opens into the interior space thus opened up, and the suit wearer reaches up and out behind his head to grasp a bar inside the habitat or vehicle and pulls himself out of the docked suit, into the habitat or vehicle. There would be much less precious volatile loss (specifically Nitrogen) during each outbound cycling, much less insidious moondust tracking in on each inbound use. [see MMM # 89 OCT '90, "Dust Control"]
Today's suits are veritable "Dagwood sandwiches" of layer after layer of different materials, chosen to hold in the pressure, keep out the vacuum, and buffer against thermal extremes. The result is an unwieldy amount of bulk that makes motion difficult, and the graceful agility prized by the outdoorsman, nothing more than a forgotten memory. Are there alternatives to this overbearing layering? Maybe not, but the "Young Turk", the won't-take-anyone's-word-for-it type of guy who in the end invents
everything, will be the one to test the righteousness of this all too early capitulation. One almost suspects that the greater the perceived technological difficulty the more likely "ordinary folk" will continue to leave space, and the Moon, to the godly experts. It is important to the priestly class who now permits only token human scout activity, to maintain all myths.
Assume a lighter suit, one that is entered through a docked turtle back hatch, rather than donned inside in preparation for a ceremonialized grand exit or entrance through the airlock. Given such substantial improvements, personal after-breakfast or after-supper hikes through the never quite the same moonscapes becomes a possibility.
In his novel *Earthlight*, Arthur C. Clarke has his hero jog some 600 kilometers to the nearest outpost after his vehicle breaks down. Not bearing all that weight. Not without being able to shed all that perspiration and heat from exertion. In high sun conditions (say within $20^\circ$ of the equator, and within two days of local dayspan noon) solar overheating can be avoided by deploying a gossamer helmet mounted parasol of aluminum foil. In sixthweight and in the absence of air and wind, such a comically ungainly contraption will be less ridiculous than it seems.
In the all time number one science fiction best selling classic *Dune*, the desert dwelling Fremen wore stillsuits to both conserve body moisture – even the urine was recycled into drinking water – and shed excess height. This fictional concept provides a goal for those who would improve the spacesuit to strive after. It is those who would not try, and don't want to be proven wrong, who say it can't be done.
**The Buppet**
The Buppet, like the turtle back suit, is something we've spoken of previously, for instance in the "Dust Control" article cited above. The Buppet (contraction of Body Puppet) is really a telephone booth sized upright personal cab(in) within which the shirt-sleeved operator directly controls manipulator arms and either "legs", tracks, or wheels. This device will allow a more immediate sense of oneness with the terrain than that afforded by vehicles of more conventional configuration. What's more, it is made for one, and will take you where you want to go in acceptable comfort. Ideal if you are a prospector, like to collect rocks, or simply explore difficult but scenic terrain. It will do fine, with inboard stereo, to just loose your-self over the horizon for a while, meditating on all the mysterious meanings and enigmas of life.
**From Personal Vehicles to Motor Coaches**
Your spirit of adventure may be well-enough satisfied by following sundry beaten tracks. Or it may compel you to seek the trackless expanses "where no man has gone before" or at least not too often. You know yourself. In the first case, just the right personal vehicle for you may be relatively small and simple. In the second case, you may need prudent capacity for provisions, spare parts, tools, and medical supplies, as well as a vehicle with a much more capable suspension and life support system. If you are not one to stray far from home, but like to get out on your Harley all-terrain moon-bike once and awhile, there probably will be just such a bike for you. [Herein Milwaukee, where Harleys are made and designed only a few blocks from my home, we had hoped to coax Harley-Davidson into putting together just such a dustmaster for ISDC '98. Alas, we let our lead time slip, and it's not to be.]
For the everyday intersettlement traveler or businessmen, the first modest coaches operated by Graymaster Lines, may be conversions of the crew cabins of "amphibious" lunar landers. Such vehicles which we have dubbed frogs, or toads (depending upon whether the conversion is temporary or permanent) would have the crew compartment, equipped with a wheeled and motorized chassis, underslung between the engines, so that upon landing, they can be winched down to the ground and taxi away.
**So what's an Outdoorsman to do?**
Well, if you can live within the Rad limits, without cheating by removing your monitor wristband either occasionally or with compulsive frequency (until and unless you have been diagnosed with an incurable fatal or degenerative disease – why, then, reckless is the thing to be!) – if you can live within these strictures, and be satisfied, you can do a lot. Personal motor-exploring, occasional suited sorties to reach some near-path scenic overlook or vantage point. You can tell at a glance if you are the first to visit a site, or one of the few.
- **Motor rallies** with others and against a clock
- **Motor races** over prescribed routes
- **Rock collecting** and for-fun prospecting, always with the eye open for something rare and unusual and hopefully important
Exploring near-surface and deeper lavatubes, many of which will play host to major settlement and industrial activity, as the Moon's most benign potential "habitats", the only (Nature-) improved real estate on the Moon
Soar over the surface in lunar hoppers, and over great stretches of the globe in lunar suborbital transports
Cruise long distance just over the surface, enjoying bird's eye views at a relaxed pace from a suspended cableway.
Enjoy the scenery in smoother, swifter fashion in intersettlement Mag-Lev vehicles and trains
Enjoy Earthset and Earthrise, and in between, the unimagined glory burst of the Milky Way from the lunar limbs, the peek-a-boo lands that alternate between nearside and farside
Enjoy some incredible scenery from rille tops and crater crests, with the ever-changing patterns of inky black and dazzling gray-whites – the jaded will say so unsuspectingly "seen one crater, seen 'em all!" It's their loss, keeps the traffic down
Visit a clear glass-composite enclosed waterfall and cascade down the inner slopes of some deep crater, part of a hydroelectric nightspan energy plan in which solar energy pumps excess water up the rille or crater slope during dayspan, to let it fall through turbines during nightspan
Enjoy an evening campfire with a special fuel cell that uses an enclosed flame to combine oxygen and hydrogen to make drinking water
Enjoy pressurized out-on-the-surface amusement park rides in giant roller coasters, accelerating slowly but without air and wind to put a limit on top speed, perhaps down crater ramparts thousands of feet high, maybe plunging into a shed tunnel near the crater bottom in pitch darkness, before emerging on the braking coast out onto the reassuring sun-baked surface.
Roll over the undulating terrain in "unitrack" squirrel cage "atlas balls" in which your seat rides an inner circular upright track within the ball-frame, well below the center of gravity. Work your geodesic cage along a rally course of crater-lets etc. Solar powered, the spheres would have a track riding buggy capable of generous side-to-side movement or banking – call it a unicycle, an auto-tracker, a cyclotrack, or whatever.
Scamper over rough terrain like a giant spider, in fact within a spider leg suspended cabin with great views. [MMM # 81 Ibid. p. 7 "Go Anywhere"]
Sail across the long congealed lava "Seas" of the Moon in electric powered lightweight moon-dust outrigger trikes driven by solar energy, your spacesuit serving as cabin.
Bungie jump with your spacesuit on, of course, from a bridge or cable car suspended over a rille or large crater
Do a duty tour with the Frontier Authority's road, bridge, and cut building crews as a volunteer or as a court assignee (in lieu of jail)
Serve on exploratory / prospecting excursions or new town site preparation
Get a job at the settlement space port yards, or driving a Graymaster intersettlement coach, or over the road rig
Get a job as a technician in repair, maintenance, instrumentation changeouts at a remote optical or radio observatory.
Farther Down the Road, Way Down
Fly again, go sailing and boating again, in a crater miles across, covered over with a glass-composite enclosed "hydroshield" dome-vault, à la Marshall Savage ("The Millennium Project") to create a spacious Earth-like Oasis on the Moon. Such a hydroshield will supposedly let in light and moderates temperatures.
Ski, or toboggan, in your spacesuit with a break resistant visor and tear/puncture resistant fabric, down a high mountain-slope covered with silicon powder (if only silicon were a true analog of carbon and we could have silicon buckyballs!)
Go hiking, photo-hunting, picnicking, camping in a many miles long meandering rille valley, vaulted over and pressurized and transformed over decades into the first lunar National Parkway and Nature Preserve.
And so?
We have included in the outdoor menu above recreational, hobby, leisure travel, and occupational activities that outdoor lovers from Earth might enjoy in the "magnificent desolation" of the Moon, provided they have an open attitude. Temperaments and moods firmed up by stubbornness are not easily changed. But then we are speaking to outdoor souls.
It will never be "just like on Earth," You can't substitute for Earth's forests and plains, for its rivers and lakes, and least of all for its global ocean, the mother biome of all life. But if the pioneer ceases to pine for what he or she has willingly left behind, and give it a chance, there may lie ahead plenty of moments of outvac satisfaction. The Moon is not Earth, but it has its own beauty, its own scenic wonders, its own awesome sights. In this now alien environment, people with "outdoor souls" will someday come to feel quite at home. They will learn to love activities they can indulge in on the Moon but could never do on Earth.
The Moon offers vacuum, lavatubes that are gargantuan by Earth standards, awesome craters and vast frozen lava flood plains. It offers stunning views of Earth, and the stars? Why Lunans will wonder how people of Earth could ever have been drawn on an epic journey to the stars that they could barely see. And hopefully, any sense of loss that lingers in first generation pioneers will sublimate into a drive, a passion to find still more ways to enjoy, relax, and have fun in the great outvac.
In the end, the prospective pioneer must choose. If there are activities on Earth that cannot soon enough be duplicated on the Moon, to which his happiness is pegged, it's best to be honest and call yourself a stay-at-home Pioneer supporter. There is no point in being heroic. There is nothing wrong with being attached to recreational pursuits than will not translate well to the "new" world. The Space Frontier needs not only those willing to and psychologically capable of forsaking Earth, it needs real trusted friends who will stay at home and lend invaluable support that can only be given by people in the mother world.
"One doesn't discover new lands without consenting to lose sight of the shore for a very long time."
A. Gide
The Out-Vac Sculptor
By Peter Kokh
Human acculturation to the Moon involves more than just using lunar materials to build with and express ourselves creatively within tight-hulled minibiosphere settlements. There is no need to confine the material evidences of human interfacing with the Moon within "reservation" "ghettos". We will also build roads, roadside inns, solar flare sheds, repair garages, outfitting supply general stores, and so on, in between settlements. We will build scenic overlooks along crater rims and other high points. There will be rural retreat houses, and small rural "intentional communities" or communes (we've suggested the name "tarn" from the Old Norse for a small mountain lake in its own isolated mini-basin or cirque – after all, such rural outposts are isolated oases with their own water reserves.)
Over and above all this, it will be legitimate for Lunan artists to express themselves creatively in the wide open spaces of the out-vac in a way which both complements its "magnificent desolation" and which also celebrates the new stepmother-stepchild relationship of Mother Moon and the new frontier human settlements and communities. Out-vac sculptures will proclaim the mutual adoption of both for one another. In many cases such 3-D creations will serve useful functions. Both raw "magnificent desolation" and human artifacts give glory to the Creative Energy at work in the Universe through everything, through each according to its nature.
Available Sculpture Stuffs
Sculpture comes in many forms: carvings, castings, assemblages, and simple arrangements of found items. Different materials can be used or worked in varying ways to form 3-D creations. What lunar available materials might a transplanted sculptor pick for various large-scale out-vac art creations? On hand, usable almost as is are these:
- Boulders, rocks, and breccias (rock composed of angular rock and glass fragments melded together): Large boulders can be used as landscape accents, or, engraved, as milestone markers, sign posts, etc. Smaller rocks can be used as is, or cut into blocks or slabs, even polished. Question: would their surfaces sparkle with fluorescence under black light?
- Simple mold-sintered regolith, in various natural regolith shades perhaps gathered from remote sites to provide enriching contrast with the local soil.
- Sintered mold-shaped low-performance creations of iron fines. These fines are fairly abundant in lunar regolith from which they can be harvested with a magnet. Sintering does not impart great strength, but out-vac sculpture creations which undergo only dayspan/nightspan thermal stresses should endure.
- Iron castings and wrought iron, prior to the availability of steel alloy ingredients might make durable sculpture materials outside rusting atmospheric of settlement interiors. (Items could be steam-rusted in pressurized studio compartments before being placed in permanent out-vac locations as an option if rust color is desirable.)
- Native glass spherules might be used in various surface treatments in sun-catching ways.
- Manufactured glass of various crude to refined formulations: poured, cast, blown, reinforced with clear or colored fiberglass, prisms and colored sun catcher creations; mirrors.
- Cast basalt, a onetime actual industry in Central Europe which could easily be pre-pioneered anew in states like Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Hawaii, etc.
- Ceramic pavers, glazed or unglazed
- Gunite: a mixture of lunar cement, and rough-sifted regolith with glass and small aggregate inclusions, sprayed over forms to create lightweight simulated lunar rock. Terrestrial Gunite™ is used to make lightweight "rock" outcrops in zoos, for example. (may be the standard faux rock in space settlements).
- Cast magnesium (unalloyed, dangerously reactive in oxygen), where we would use bronze on Earth.
Aluminum, steel, and titanium, once these are produced on the Moon.
Welded salvage scrap metal and abstract or form-suggestive junkyard creations, using discarded metal objects originally forged on Earth.
**Some Out-Vac Applications**
Sculptures and sculpted works might be placed in the out-vac for a number of reasons. For the enjoyment of travelers, "sculpture gardens" would provide welcome interest in areas where the native "scenery" is especially monotonous. On Earth, we find sculpture gardens on the grounds of museums and, in some states (e.g. Nebraska) concerned with interrupting soporific driver fatigue, boredom, and mesmerization with the road, at scattered highway waysides. But these are within the given biosphere, enjoyable in "shirt-sleeve" comfort, as is everything on Earth. So such use provides no easy parallel on the airless Moon. There, travelers are not going to don individual spacesuits to exit their protective motor-coach or other vehicle just to peruse a bunch of sculptures. Too much hassle.
Like façades of corporate headquarters deliberately sited alongside busy interurban freeways, and meant to be enjoyed in fleeting glimpses, such "freewaytecture" provides a better model. Items in a lunar out-vac "sculpture garden" could be placed in a well-spaced row, say in a "boulevard median", to be enjoyed in quick glances out their coach windows by people on route from spaceport to settlement gate and vice versa. Deliberate distractions of this sort would seem especially appropriate along stretches with little "competing" natural scenic attraction. The sculptures chosen would have just enough detail to be appreciated on the fly, yet enough to be enjoyed over and over on repeat passings. This generalization would seem to be pertinent for all out-vac sculpture.
Monuments commemorating historic sites (first "overnighting" on the Moon, etc.) and historic events could aptly be set out on the naked surface along well trafficked corridors, aimed at catching the eye just long enough to stir the soul, no more. Of course a monument could be tall enough, and/or set on high enough ground, to be observed with more intent interest for an extended time and for many miles as vehicles approached the site, passed by it, and then receded.
For example, a very large scale sun-catching monument of polished stone, polished aluminum, mirrored glass, clear glass, or prism shape, etc., erected to celebrate the achievement of independence by the Lunan Frontier Republic might be placed atop a mountain peak that stands prominently out from other nearby surface features from well beyond the general horizon. Mt. Piton, an isolated 7,500 ft. high massif in ENE Mare Imbrium is one such example. From atop this perch, a monument such as we've described could be seen above the horizon for many tens of miles from a busy road passing to its sunny south between Mare Imbrium and Mare Serenitatis, where it could mesmerize passersby. Such a road could very likely become the busiest east-west travel corridor on the Nearside. (This previously published suggestion is not mine. Ben Bova's?) Again, freeform and abstract design would work better than anything demanding closer inspection to be fully enjoyed.
Decorative options combine with utilitarian function to provide many other non-commemorative chances for out-vac sculptors to express themselves and delight others. Graded roadways could have their right-of-way edges clearly demarcated by rows of gathered smaller boulders, rocks, and breccias. These could be left natural, art limited to selection and serial arrangement, or they could be cut and polished to better catch headlights during nightspan, or along shadowed stretches during dayspan. This both decorative and utilitarian technique could then be applied to the slopes of road cuts, embankments, and retaining walls as well, which could be covered and/or stabilized with cut rock "pavers".
Question: certainly some Apollo moon rock researcher has tested both moondust and various rocks and breccias, intact or cut, for fluorescence in "black light". [If any reader is familiar with such research, would they please acquaint the editor with the results?] If this fluorescence exists and is high enough, maybe black light headlights would be more appropriate along lunar highways, at least during full nightspan, than normal halogen or other visible light lamps, especially on the farside, out of reach of "Earthlight" (which should provide illumination enough). After all, the roadway is unlikely to hold other obstacles, and if it did, radar, more easily linked to automatic warning or steerage correction devices) could more easily and spot these and more accurately access them. On Farside, the use of black-light only would allow drivers and passengers to enjoy the full splendor of the intensely star-spangled lunar heavens.
Early lunar highways, when they come to rille valleys too long in either direction to detour around without major inconvenience, will probably simply angle down one slope and back up the opposite one. Eventually, in high traffic areas, more expensive bridges and causeways may be justified. While
these will be basically utilitarian in their design, there will still be several basic structural design choices, as well as elements of each design not constrained by function. Such elements will provide sculptural and decorative opportunities: side bumper walls, lampposts, mid-bridge scenic turnout markers, etc. Roadside signposts in general (milestones, junction directions, “Place of Business” signage), offer decorative occasions beyond the simple “rock pile and post” wherever they are put.
Out-vac sculpture can be Government or Sponsor–Commissioned or privately financed, even artist-donated. A prime example of an opportunity for privately financed sculptural decoration will be the home-pride and/or image-conscious need felt by some to mark the exterior regolith mound shielding their own home, neighborhood, entire settlement, or their corporate headquarters or other place of business in some distinctive fashion. This can be as simple as raking patterns. Or distinctively colored thin top-layers could be applied (e.g. very dark ilmenite-rich soil, calcium oxide lime, to suggest two cheaper choices). Or the mound slopes could be accented or even fully paved with cut rocks or molded cast-basalt tiles, even faux “shingles” etc. [See MMM #55 MAY ‘92, p.7 “MoonRoofs”.] Luxuries like this will obviously be more common in close proximity to surface roads from which they can be appreciatively noticed. This would fit the sad but common dishonesty on Earth where only traffic facing façades are given special attention.
Out-vac sculpture of all these sorts, and of kinds we have not imagined, will allow frontier pioneer artists to put a human touch on the lunar surface in the areas where human presence has been or is being securely established. These artifacts will proudly proclaim a clear message:
“This magnificent desolation is ours. It is home.”
The role of lunar-derived artforms and crafts in making settlers feel at home will be major.
<MMM>
MMM #115 – May 1998
HIGH NOON
Coping with Dayspan Heat
HIGHNOON: COPING WITH DAYSPLAN HEAT By Peter Kokh
FOREWORD
There is much enthusiasm for a north or south polar Moonbase these days. Can’t fault that, especially in the light of Lunar Prospector’s positive findings at both lunar poles. The thin frost-mix of ice crystals with regolith powder moondust grains is a real asset for any prospective base.
Yet one of the advantages stressed most by polar base enthusiasts is the relative ease of “thermal control” at the poles in contrast to anywhere else on the Moon where it becomes “impossibly hot” during the lunar dayspan, 14 and 3/4 standard Earth days long. The Apollo landers all touched down by local midmorning and left well before local noon. It gets well over 200°F out there.
We are so endlessly tired of polar base aficionados and others pointing to the stifling dayspan heat. So we can go to the Moon but we can’t figure out to handle so simple a problem as superficial heat?
Lah deh dah! Give me a break!
· The LEMs stood exposed on the surface, unshaded from the Sun. The astronauts they supported were only there for a few Earth days max.
Once people come for longer stay times and tours of duty of some months or more, it’ll be essential to protect them from cosmic rays and solar flares. Covering their habitats and work modules with a blanket of moondust six feet thick, will offer such protection. (For a lifetime stay
you’d want to double that.)
Frosting on the cake, it happens that six feet down the temperature is constant year-round, some $-4^\circ$ F. The soil is a poor conductor of heat, and the Sun’s warmth does not penetrate that far down, not even with a full two weeks plus to do it.—and no clouds!
There is no atmosphere on the Moon to hold heat. So surface temperatures are entirely superficial. It can’t affect suited personnel by convection then, only by radiation, reflection off the surface.
That’s why astronaut space suits have reflective outer-surfaces. Anything which baffles that reflection off the nearby surface and rocks is quite effective.
As for direct heating by the Sun itself, people at the poles catching the Sun full on from front, side, or back are far more exposed than those elsewhere who catch the Sun’s rays from a higher angle.
RAMADAS REVISITED — Eight years ago, in the July ‘90 issue of MMM, pp. 3–4, we ran a piece entitled “Ramadas”, illustrated by Dan Moynahan.
We pointed out that a significant fraction of out-vac activities come under the classification of routine chores associated with outpost maintenance and service, change out of volatile supply tanks, external warehouse management, and so on, done in limited definable spaces.
By covering these with sun-shading ramadas or canopies with a minimum blanket of moondust on top, we in effect create radiation-free, UV-free “lee” space in which workers can do their jobs in lighter weight unhardened pressure suits.
But such ramadas can also filter or baffle the direct sunlight. Without air to convect heat, the surface temperature underneath can be whatever we want it to be (amount of modulated sunlight let through). Sunlight can be brought in through glass block, or by bundles of glass fibers, or chevron slat diffusers.
For landscaping aims, these service and warehousing “back yards” can be blocked from passing view by berms, mounds, by walls made of locally produced translucent glass block or sinter block. We need to look at what translucent materials or diffuser designs can be most easily produced from elements we can process on the Moon in near term.
What about various types of milk glass, or even Correlle. Can we locally produce low-E coatings to reflect infrared light back into space, cutting heat transmission? Are there ways to produce both serviceable minimum shielding and moderate diffused translucency for an easy to work under light—but—not-too-bright faux “sky” that would also greatly soften shadows?
And what is the cheapest, easiest way to locally produce the ramada “pan” itself that holds the shielding overburden and the light diffusing elements?
No one else is talking about ramadas and “lee yards”, yet any non-polar lunar outpost without them can be truly functional in its design. These are obvious and essential accessories. If LRS had the seed money to promote a nationwide design contest, high on the list of subject matter would be ramadas. Hopefully, such a design competition is something we will be able to arrange in the near future.
One might expect quite a number of innovative, creative, and resourceful designs, something on which entre-preneurs could then get to work, so that they are “on-the-shelf” and ready for future lunar base operators when the time comes. Moreover, some of these designs may even have profitable terrestrial applications or analogs, the profits from which could finance their development for lunar applications. This is an example of what we’ve been calling “spin-up”.
**SUN FENCES & SHADE WALLS** — For use at eastern and western exposures (rising early morning sun and setting late afternoon sun) as well as equatorwards at higher latitude locations (midday sun at low sky angles) simple shade walls will provide some relief. These can be made of perforated sinter block or glass block, in both cases letting some moderated light pass through – enough to see into the shaded area.
Lightweight unrollable fiberglass tight weave mesh sun-fencing would operate similarly, set up to partially shade areas where suited individuals are going to do geological field work or prospecting.
**MOBILE CANOPIES & AWNINGS** — Simple protection from direct solar heating is available for travelers and campers as well, just by doing what they would do on Earth. There’s no mystery. Keep in mind that there is no air to hold and transfer heat by convection or conduction on the Moon. So, except through boot soles or tires, heat gain can only occur through infrared radiation.
We must drum into our heads that, however counterintuitively, this hyped up 250°F dayspan heat is only a superficial, easily managed effect. Again, because there is no air, and hence no wind, awnings and swiveling sun-tracking mobile solar collector arrays doing double duty as sunshades, can be very light weight, even flimsy.
**INDIVIDUAL PARASOLS** — Even space suited persons out in the field can minimize direct solar heating. While a helmet or headgear attached parasol might be quite impractical on Earth, the lack of air and wind makes even a gossamer helmet shade “no problem”.
**ENHANCED HEAT RADIATORS** — Absolutely the most lame claim of the “oh, it’s too hot!” crowd, is that it is difficult or impossible to radiate away excess heat to the black sky when the Sun is up. We are
in the space business. We are alleged to have constructively creative imaginations and a “can do” attitude. The “can’t do it” response isn’t what got us to the Moon in the Apollo days, and as an excuse to divert attention to Mars, where that attitude won’t work either, it is not only dishonest but self-defeating. Enough, a picture is worth a thousand words. Here’s three of them to prime the brain-storming pumps.
The storage area could be any hollowed out volume. A lavatube reservoir would be useful for larger settlements with growth potential. Systems of this sort have worked well in northern U.S. areas over the last two decades, equalizing not just alternating cold and hot fortnights, but much longer winters and summers. We need reserve water. This would be a good use to which to put it when not in use directly.
Typically hundreds of meters in width and height, many kilometers long, cryo-cold lavatube surfaces could suck up a lot of heat. In short we need not cower before lunar dayspan heat.
If we are going to make it into space, it will not be courtesy of those who look at all the obstacles and disadvantages and cry “it is too much, too difficult, and give up. It will be courtesy of those who look at these same challenges and accept them as that, challenges to be overcome by human ingenuity.
“Tell me all the reasons why we can’t. Then tell me how we are going to do it anyway.”
<MMM>
[Time to cool off!]
SKING ON THE MOON
Inspired by an episode of PBS’ European Journal, 3/8/98 Ch 36 Milwaukee, from Deutsche Woelle TV
HARVESTED ICE RESERVES
Any company in business to market lunar polar ice reserves will need to keep an inventory ahead of reserves if it is to take advantage of market opportunities as they occur. This reserve can be stored in
pressurized volumes as liquid water, or as manageable ice cubes or blocks kept by controlled temperature and humidity from welding into a solid unmanageable block. Another very handy way to pile up such a harvest would be as snow, again at carefully managed temperatures and air moisture.
Now there are times when demand will be brisk, and reserves will run low. Harvesters will be hard put to keep up. At other times, they may get well ahead of the game. Question: how do you make money out of an idle reservoir of harvested ice just sitting there, waiting for a buyer? Why build a ski hill, of course!
In Florida—flat Holland, Dutch entrepreneurs, hoping to tap into a suspected market of would-be Alpine skiers without enough gilders to travel to the Alps, have built a ski hill! The hill is modest, as hills go. But without competition for hundreds of miles around, modest will do. To extend the season, they have covered there ski hill slope in a Quonset shed, the better to maintain just the right conditions. Could not lunar entrepreneurs do the same thing?
**CONSTRUCTING THE HILL**
At the lunar poles, one would not have to construct a hill. Hills, in the form of the inner slopes of crater rims, abound. In fact they frame the permashade areas in which the ice reserves are to be found. Right structure, superlative size, right location. A little grading to smooth the beginners run, a little more to make the intermediate and advanced runs more interesting, cover it all with a shed, and Voilà! No, not quite. Pressurize it and the shed would blow off and the air would be gone. The shed has to be an ovoid or cylindrical tube that is pressure tight, bending to fit the graded slope bed prepared for it. Then, and only then, is the air tight cylinder pressurized, and snow piped in and deployed to the right thickness or better.
On the Moon where the lunar gravity is but a sixth that of Earth, even on “fast” snow, it would take time to build up satisfying speed. But even in sixth-weight, considerable speed can be built up – it just takes a longer warm up run. But the slopes of lunar craters can be thousands of feet, 2–3 kilometers long – plenty long enough, given the money, the snow reserves, and the entrepreneurial daring.
A permanently shaded equatorside inner slope of a near polar crater would make temperature control easy. Air pressure need only be high enough to keep the snow from subliming, but no higher, e.g. as high as Everest. And the thinner air would actually mean faster terminal speeds than we achieve on Earth, where air pressure, not gravity, are the ultimate determinant.
The shed roof could be glazed for glimpses of starlight, but given enough artificial interior illumination to see where one was going (unless we use blacklight! – hey!) a faux firmament finish on the ceiling would be fine. Or even a matte sky blue for those who want to pretend they are on Earth. In fact, the setting could be engineered to change seasonally or on some other schedule.
**STAFF RECREATION & TOURIST INCOME**
Who would ski the Moon? First, the people doing the harvesting and staffing the lunar polar operations – in their free time. It would be an enormous perk. Telecasts to Earth of this activity, or of intramural tournaments would lure tourists for the ultimate ski experience. Skiers are like golfers. No course is the same, and life is never boring as long as there is a run or course they haven’t tried.
Skiing suits and equipment need not be much different, if at all, from what is currently used on Earth. In time, the special nuances of lunar skiing will encourage a unique specialization of wares and wears as we try to push the sport to newer limits.
OUT-VAC SKIING? WITHOUT SNOW?
Skiing on lunar polar indoor craterslope snow runs may be only the beginning. This is one sport which few had suspected might ever have a lunar translation. But there could be other lunar-appropriate idioms in which "to ski" might be rendered. This may be but the beginning.
What about skiing in vacuum, on something other than snow, something slippery and non volatile. Surely I jest! Not that long ago (to an old timer like me) something new under the sun was discovered: "Buckminsterfullerene" a hollow, spherical form of carbon with the formula C₆₀. Yet it was only new to us. Carbon sixty had been there all along, and too boot, in a form we are all familiar with, soot! Could a slope piled with carbon buckyballs be slippery in vacuum? It would take a nifty experiment to determine if the answer is yea or nay.
But if so, where would we get the carbon? Right where we get the water ice. For the lunar polar ice reserves are a gift of the comets, and carbon oxide ices are the second most common volatile in comet cores. Lunar ice should be clathrate, a mixture of water ice and carbon oxide ices.
There are plenty of good crater slopes near the poles and away from them. The northern near-side maria have a number of famous mountain massifs: Mt. Piton, Mt. Pico, Mt. Bradley, to name a few. With bucky-snow in vacuum, the higher temperatures away from the poles would be no problem.
But let our imagination wonder yet further afield. Silicon is said to be an analog of carbon, both having a valence of +/- 4. Could there be a silicon analog? There's lots of silicon on the Moon. This rock-making element is second in abundance only to oxygen. But there probably is no analog – while the valence is the same, the bonding tendencies of silicon and carbon are quite different. Silicone chemistry does not mirror organic carbon chemistry for that very reason. It's unlikely that chemical engineers will be able to come up with "silisnow".
FOR SOME – THE THRILL OF TEASING DEATH
Regardless, skiing in vacuum would create risks and dangers that would attract only the most proficient and daring, those for whom the ultimate high is to risk death and win. In vacuum, over long enough slopes, speed would be limited only by the friction of the skis on the slippery medium, not by wind resistance. And at any speed, let alone very high speeds, a fall accompanied by a suit puncture could lead to speedy death. But if there is a market, ever more rugged and puncture resistant suits and helmets will be developed.
Or, instead of skiing or ski-boarding, devotees of the vacuum slopes could take to sealed and pressurized toboggans engineered to be roll-over safe at very high speeds. Or we could ride weighted cars inside wire or pipe "atlas-spheres" allowed to roll downhill where they will. We talked about a cross-country version of such a vehicle in MMM #81 DEC '94 p. 1 "Lunar surrey with the fringe on top".
Watched "American Gladiators" lately? Seen the "Atlasball" segment? Next time, picture space suited lunar thrill-seekers working their geodesic cages along a rally course of craterlets etc. Might be fun if the sweat and heat rom over exertion inside one's space suit could be handled!
Similar solar powered spheres could be equipped with a track riding buggy capable of generous side-to-side movement or banking. Such an "off-road vehicle" – call it a unicycle, an auto-tracker, a cyclotrack, or whatever – could open the vast lunar barrenscape to the sports-minded "outlooks" types and help avoid cabin fever.
But the idea here is to go "down", "fast"! Yes, there are the Nordics and the Alpines. To each his/her own. Never tried cross country, so I don't quite understand the lure.
LUNAR AMUSEMENT PARK RIDES
Then there are roller coasters. Pressurized cars plying an out-vac track that was high enough, could build up speeds never experienced on Earth where air pressure sets up an artificial “terminal speed” that can’t be exceeded in an unpowered run. Some of the down hill run of the coaster could be above the lunar terrain, but some of it could be tunneled into the surface, perhaps opening into a lava-tube, with a sphincter gate, resembling so much normal hum drum lunar surface, opening just in time to swallow the horrified passengers into the pitch darkness of the lunar netherworld.
In the sixthweight, with the absence of wind, towers could easily be built miles high. Bungee jumping, anyone? But isn’t all this another article?
OUR POINT
Wherever there is significant gravity and a community of people settling-in, sports will rise to the occasion. Ever since we (most of us) were first flung into the air by our fathers as infants, the thrill of a gravity-polarized environment is a lesson that we have never forgotten. Of course, not all things that are possible catch on as lasting fads (e.g. going over Niagara Falls in a barrel!)
Maybe none of this will come to pass. But nothing imagined, nothing attempted. And nothing attempted, nothing achieved. So we take the first step and dare to imagine. Those of you who have never skied, never felt the rush of excitement that it brings, will not understand. Stay home! Those of us who have felt what it is like to challenge the slopes and control our paths will dare to push this sport to its furthest limit, even on the Moon. <MMM>
SCENIC CABLEWAYS By Peter Kokh
On Earth, cable railroads and aerial gondolas have been used to transport people in hilly, mountainous country for two centuries, both for basic transportation, and for bird’s eye scenic viewing of spectacular and beautiful terrain. Various forms have been tried with great success from inclined planes, cog-railways, funiculars and aerial systems.
On the Moon, once there is a plurality of globally scattered settlements, and enough traffic, we are likely to see the emergence of some strangely familiar forms of mass transportation. Moon Miners’ Review # 13 AUG ‘93 pp. 10–14, reported the results of a group brainstorming effort on the prospects for “Railroads on the Moon.” From time to time we have mentioned in passing some other possibilities. In this article, we take an in depth look at one of them.
In this article, we propose a cable suspended boxed monorail design that would lend itself to long-distance travel over rugged terrain without necessitating extensive road grading, yet allow a heightened appreciation of the scenic moonscapes. The towers needed to suspend the system at regular intervals could be set in place by spider-legged walking vehicles, to minimize disruption of the surface below and keep the setting as pristine as possible.
INTERMARIA PORTAGES & SHORTCUTS
On the nearside of the Moon, perhaps the majority of good settlement and outpost sites are along “shores” or “coasts” of the interconnected Nearside Chain of Maria. This allows easy “highway travel” in general. However, one of the most-often favored maria for settlement sites, Mare Crisium, the Sea of Clouds (the easiest feature on the Moon for the naked eye to pick out, a real media plus) is land or more accurately highland-locked. Surface travel between the Sea of Crises and the nearby seas of Tranquility (to the west) and Fertility (to the south) would require surveying logical low-grade routes through the crater-pocked highlands.
Even between contiguous maria, there are often sizable "promontories" or "headlands" to detour around. Such detours will add hours to the time needed. And even within a maria, inconveniently placed sinuous rilles (collapsed lava-tubes) will mean either hairpinning routes down one slope and up the other or a detour that could add hundreds of kilometers or miles to the trip, and many hours. Roads and even railroads will eventually find their way up and through and down low grade "valley routes" much as they do on Earth. Such obstacles will yield to them. Meanwhile, such obstacles present opportunities for scenic cableways portaging both passengers and freight – much as do waterborne ferries here on Earth – "to get to the other side" where freewheeling travel is again available.
On the much more rugged lunar Farside and through both polar regions and southern Nearside, cableways may be an early option of choice.
**SCENIC RIMWAYS**
Just as on Earth, recreational travel on the Moon will not necessarily be to a "destination". We go on cruises to enjoy and relax, not to go somewhere. We can foresee scenic cableways along the rim ridges of the Lunar Apennines SE of Mare Imbrium, or along the shorecrest of Sinus Iridium in NW Mare Imbrium, or along the coastal ramparts of Mare Crisium, or along the rims of major craters like Copernicus. In fact such excursions, ending up where they started, are often cheaper than round-trip straightline travel to magnet destinations. Of course, such rim and crest following cableways will also work as practical ways to travel between various shoreline settlements.
For tourists from Earth, such cableways will become a favorite, giving them a much better feel for the undisturbed rugged lunar terrain, as well as more sweeping views, than will graded highways with their cuts and fills, tunnels and bridges.
**POINTS:** Using the suspended monorail box beam, the ride will be much less up and down, smoother, with moderated changes in elevation and grade, allowing faster speeds. The box beam shades the "truck" that rides within it. There are spring loaded wheels that ride the inner sides of the beam and keep the truck centered so that the suspending bar or beam does not touch the sides of the box beam opening. The beam could be made of fiberglass reinforced lunar steam-crete\(^1\) sections that would neither conduct dayspan heat or nightspan cold to the same degree nor expand and contract with dayspan/nightspan temperature changes as much as any beam made of available engineering metals: iron & steel, aluminum, magnesium, or titanium.\(^1\) T.D. Lin of Construction Technologies Inc., who had first found a way using Apollo return samples to make lunar concrete, has now found a way to make it using the very minimum of water by steaming the mix.
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**Landcruising Gypsy House Boats**
By Peter Kokh
**LIVING ON THE ROAD LIFESTYLES**
What concern NASA has given to provision of **radiation protection** to its people on the Moon has been concentrated on methods of banking regolith soil around fixed habitats and shelters. This writer has never seen a NASA or contractor drawing or illustration of a lunar surface vehicle that
paid any attention to the question. The assumption is that no one would be out on the surface long enough for it to matter, that surface sorties would be as relatively short and limited as the sight lines of those “in position” who talk about lunar bases.
But in any kind of longer term vision of what is likely to happen in lunar development and settlement such an assumption is patently absurd. Even an infant lunar global market is certain to sprout the following (and other) types of vehicles in which drivers and crews will be on board for very extended periods in which, without protection, they would accumulate potential lethal doses of radiation.
- fleet and owner-operated long distance truck rigs
- large gas/ice harvesters always in “the field”
- mobile markets, plying the settlement circuit, picking up special crafts and manufactures of one community to hawk in others at dockside markets [see MMM # 35 MAY ‘90, pp. 6–7. “Tea & Sugar” on the same lifestyle niche in the asteroid belt]
If lunar development goes anywhere at all, it will rather quickly move past the “tentative” stage in which personnel involved have come for short and temporary tours of duty, to then return to Earth to brag to their grandchildren how they where once on the Moon. If those “in position” dare not allow themselves the luxury of thinking in such “unsupported” terms, we, whose primary concern is to pave the way for just such long-term realizations must tackle the problems that will then arise.
One option, of course, is to limit accumulated exposure by making mobile assignments temporary, not allowing anything like lifetime careers “on the road”. But this is an unnatural choice. While living on the road is a lifestyle that does not appeal more than momentarily to most, it does suit the temperaments of a steady fraction of any population, who find themselves happiest in outdoor mobile occupations. Rather than limiting people, we should seek to turn them loose. People always do their best when they are following their own stars.
In any natural unfettered lunar society, there will be the long distance truck drivers, the traders, the road builders, the field prospectors, the out-vac sportsmen, whose spirits would suffocate within the confines of even the best designed settlement. How do we make a place for them, not just in society, but also out on the road and in the field, a place in which they are moderately safe from dangerous doses of cosmic radiation? [The solar flare question is another matter altogether. See MMM # 37 JUL ‘90, pp. 4–5, “FLARE SHEDS: Butt-savers in the lunar out-vac”]
**TORTOISE SHELLS – THE CARAPACE**
What seems to be needed in all the types of vehicles mentioned above, is some sort of overhead and side layer of sufficient thickness to harmlessly absorb incoming radiation. This cannot be conveniently minimized. Too thin a radiation barrier is worse than none at all because of the even more dangerous secondary radiation that occurs when cosmic rays hit layers between about 20 and 200 centimeters (8” and 2 yards). The first thing that comes to mind is to use garden variety regolith, pre-pulverized lunar soil, in bin rows to keep from shifting. Even in light lunar gravity (“sixthweight”), this would entail a loading of 180 lbs per square foot, nearly a ton per square meter. Talk about road-hugging vehicles! Obviously, such vehicles would have high centers of gravity and need to be very wide-tracked to compensate.
Can we find ways to lighten this burden? Like the tortoise and turtle, crews of constant use lunar vehicles will need to take their shelter with them. But doing so with “raw” and otherwise “useless” shielding threatens to bog them down in tonnage.
**LIGHTER WEIGHT SHIELDING MATERIALS**
There are two reasons to avoid cheap raw regolith for this purpose. It is relatively heavy, 2.8 gm/c³, and loaded with middle weight atoms that increase the amount of secondary radiation. By weight, 76% of regolith is constituted by the lighter elements [with their atomic weights given]:
- O oxygen [16]
- Ma magnesium [24]
- Al aluminum [27]
- Si silicon [28]
Another 22% of regolith (abundance averages for highland and mare soil) consists of:
- Ca calcium [40]
- Ti titanium [48]
- Fe iron [56]
Highland soil has more light magnesium and aluminum but also more heavy calcium. Mare soil has more titanium and iron. In advance of the capacity to remove Ca, Fe, and Ti altogether, highland soil, free iron fines removed by a magnet, would be the better choice. This may be the practice for some time, and it will be quite feasible if early settlements are established, as we've recommended, along the shores of the various maria or lunar lava plains, i.e. in coastal mare/highland zones where access to both the most common types of lunar soil are readily available.
Once we can do extensive processing, the following options suggest themselves either singly or in any available easy to produce mixture [molecular weights, followed by average atomic weights given]:
- Silica SiO2 = 60/20
- Magnesia MgO = 40/20
- Alumina Al2O3 = 102/20.4
- Magnesium 24
- Aluminum 27/27
Foamed silica glass or hollow quartz Spherules would seem to be the most attractive possibilities, if they can be manufactured as a cheap byproduct of other priority materials. As quartz (pure silica glass) is transparent to solar ultraviolet, it is likely to be a high priority product of early lunar industrialization, as waste water could be purified of bacteria and pathogens quite simply by exposure to the sun in pressurized quartz-paned tanks. But silica, magnesia, and alumina are also likely to be produced early on for various uses. And aluminum metal alloy could conceivably be foamed.
In similar situations on Mars, where both hydrogen and carbon are much more abundant, such passive shielding materials as C graphite [12] and simple solid or baffled liquid hydrocarbons [average atomic weights c. 4–5] would offer superior choices. On the Moon, even given the lunar polar hoards of cometary ices, such use of these elements would seem profligate [unless liquid propane becomes the fuel of choice instead of methane, in which case overhead and/or side-mounted fuel tanks could do double duty].
**SHIELDS OF CARGO, FUEL, SUPPLIES, BATTERIES**
Above we called regolith and regolith derived shielding "otherwise useless". Worse than useless, it will make for slower acceleration and braking. What about dual use materials and objects: items likely to be part of, or carried aboard which, if placed above and/or to the sides could do double duty as shielding, thus keeping total loaded weight (and fuel consumption) of the vehicle down? This is an area already much investigated in the design of deep space craft for human crews who need radiation protection but can ill afford the exorbitant fuel penalties of extra mass\taken along for shielding purposes only.
Among such items are: banks of fuel cells, the bottled cryogenic hydrogen and oxygen that feed them and the tanks of water that they produce, other water reserves and water in treatment, and cargo holds.
With proper vehicle layout and design, such double duty shielding may be able to handle a large portion of the load, using the inert regolith-derived (atmosphere-derived in the case of Mars) materials for filling in and topping off. If cargo holds were counted on as part of the mix, vehicles would have to fill them with inert dunnage when no cargo was available for return trips.
But that very prospect may make some otherwise marginal products marketable as their shipping costs could largely be waived. For this purpose a market should arise for standard stackable containers; standard construction bricks could serve as salable dunnage in a pinch. Other creative and enterprising solutions will arise.
Cruising Mare Crisium
Cruise “Ships” on the Moon’s Lavasheet “Seas”
By Peter Kokh
What is the essence of a cruise ship? May I suggest, dictionaries aside, this working definition: an internally spacious and many-activity supporting means of transport that goes nowhere in particular over a non-distracting surface so that its passengers have nothing to do but relax, relax, relax.
The sea is essential only as a metaphor for a non-distracting motionscape. This can be a terrestrial ocean or sea*, the surface of relatively featureless lunar or Martian lava plains, and above all empty stretches of interplanetary space itself.
*There are places on Lakes Superior and Michigan and Huron, the Aral Sea and Africa’s Lake Victoria, where ships lose sight of land for appreciable stretches.
Such plainscapes, watery or dusty, support vessels or craft that can be gargantuan in their dimensions. Bodies of water call for streamlined hulls because the craft in question must “part the waves” to make progress. But by using a double hull catamaran plan, ocean ships can be amazingly wide. Port congestion with close-spaced piers may introduce an artificial constriction not “of the essence”.
Why cruise “ships” on the Moon? Because they will provide the same welcome relaxation and escape from routine as do their terrestrial counterparts. As here, the object will not be to go anywhere, even for an extended visit (e.g. Europe), though brief visits may be made to small ports with local color to spice up the vacation: San Juan, Nassau, Ochos Rio, Aldrin Vale, Alpine Valley Junction, Rover Crossing.
As with terrestrial “floating resort hotels”, over time a symbiotic relationship will develop between the ships and their ports of call. The quest of the passengers for variety will work to motivate local artists, craftsmen, and performers to produce unique items that give their “port” a special and hopefully memorable flavor. Produce or get dropped from the circuit. This motivation with both public and private support will be strong, even if service to the tourist trade is a secondary part of the local economy. Occasionally the “ships” will test visit new stops, on or off their accustomed circuit(s).
Where on the Moon? Many locations on the Moon are suitable for this kind of vacationing. Keep in mind that rilles are as much an obstacle, however, as craters of size. Treat them as barrier reefs and large islands respectively. Even so, most of the lunar maria have sizable continuous stretches that should be negotiable by large, seemingly “floating” structures. In each mare, proposed routes will have to be surveyed carefully for obstacles and alternates. The whole idea is not to have to “fix” the route by cutting or filling or bridging.
On the Nearside, since most of the large maria are interconnected in one great “Chain of Seas”, large scale cruising is a likely development. There is even one natural ready-made intermare canal, the Alpine Valley, that connects NE Mare Imbrium with S Mare Frigoris east of the conspicuous crater Plato.
While scenic shore-lines and other natural features will give some potential routes a big boost, in the end it will take the efforts and energies and imaginations of individuals to make it real. And that is something that can never be taken for granted.
Cruises on any of the maria along the limb (N–S East Limb: M. Humboltianum, M. Marginis, M. Smythii, M. Australe; West Limb: M. Orientale. L. Veris) where the Earth appears to rise and set in the sky monthly due to an orbital eccentricity effect known as “libration”, could be popular. During stretches when the Earth is just below the horizon, especially during local nightspan, the Milky Way will dominate the skies in a way that no human has yet experienced.
Nightspan cruising will be more popular on Farside (M. Muscoviense, M. Ingenii, Tsiolkovsky, etc.) if powerful blacklight headlights in the absence of both sunlight and earthlight does indeed show the moonscapes in a magical guise. Experiments on Earth with Apollo Moon samples in a dark room should tell us whether that is something to pursue or not.
The idea, we said, is not to have to “fix” a route by one kind of civil engineering or another. That said, there is precedent for just that on Earth where channels have been dredged, rivers dammed, canals dug or blasted, and locks installed to allow navigation where it could not otherwise have been supported. Cheating? To purists perhaps, but few practical people would give it a second thought. Pragmatic acceptance of “helpful” engineering will be accepted on the Moon as it is here. In each case, the engineering feat will quickly fades into the background or asserts itself to provide special, even featured interest and enjoyment.
Overland cruising might even be supported along very carefully chosen highland routes through chained stretches of so-called “intercrater plains”. These favorable locations will be few and far between in the lunar highlands covering 70% of the surface. The corollary is that where they do exist in extent large enough to support such activity, this will be an economic incentive toward establishment of outposts in the area. In most cases this will be but one “plus” to be combined with other advantages outweighing any disadvantages before development will happen. Just one town at the “head” (i.e. nearest to a beaten path or inter-settlement highway) of such a proposed circuit of smooth-going terrain may be enough to get the ball rolling, cruise excursions giving rise to other stops along the route – eventually.
We do not suggest that cruise activity be an important factor in the establishment of early era secondary settlements, for one simple reason. A Cruise industry presupposes a large established population in which at least some hundreds of people may be motivated to take the same king of vacation at the same time. That won’t happen anytime soon.
Obviously, however, the way to start is small, e.g. with mare “yachts” and “schooners” that handle a few dozen to a hundred paying passengers plus crew. Indeed, mare cruising is likely to start with an upgrade of a live-aboard lunar “houseboat” of the type described in the last article. Design solutions must progress as well from smaller craft to larger ones. Of course, not everything can be scaled up or down. There are size thresholds above which things become possible for the first time and at which old
tried solutions are no longer suitable. But one must never set the working threshold too high, lest one put it out of reach!
So in this article we are leapfrogging past the first decades of the frontier. But again our purpose is the same, to show that a surprising variety of activities we accept as commonplace on Earth (e.g. excursion cruises!) can be supported in some analogous way on the Moon. We want to expand the envelope of imagination and expectation which, if it were to rely only on the vision of NASA-contractor horse-blinder minimalism is pretty skimpy. It need not be.
We confine our scope to “defining” the functions of our topic – a lunar analog cruise ship resort hotel. Once again we invite the reader to provide constructive criticism as well as to suggest design architecture, engineering, mechanical, power plant and fuel options that work with the basic concept to promote its eventual salinization. To contribute your ideas, concepts, problem identifications, etc. either by email or stamp mail, see the contact information on page 7, column 2 “Reader Design Input Welcome”.
Here are some interior design considerations:
- size and passenger capacity (50–2000?)
- adequate shielding carapace over top and sides
- side holds for supplies and equipment lockers
- adequate solar flare storm shelter as parking under a standard flare shed is out of the question
- substantial mini-biosphere and life support with allowable passenger tasks and involvement
- resort hotel accommodations and features
- solar atrium – thick layers of glass composites or honeycomb of bundled fiber optics cells
- decktop observatory
- mall offerings and features
- diversions and entertainment
- crew promoted networking and socializing
- other onboard services
- full spectrum communications and libraries
- luxury touches
- carry-aboard coaches to take passengers to nearby scenic overlooks etc. over terrain the cruise-ship cannot negotiate – these can double as “lifeboats”
Here are some mechanical considerations:
- oochie and nuclear power alternatives
- desired speed cruise 20 knots, flank 40
- use of “harbor tugs” for precision berthing
- very wide track to compensate for high center of gravity in a low gravity environment
- suspensions, track width, wheel radius, and clearance chosen for maximum stability, low sway ignoring small craterlets and boulders
- possible lowerable surface skimming observation platform for soft-suit moonscape observation in smooth terrain
- possible use of drag rakes to minimize wheel wakes in the dust, keeping the “sea” trackless
Here are some legal issues:
- Establishing cruise preserves to make as much as possible of the circuit corridor within flanking horizons (from the highest onboard perches) off limits to other surface vehicles to help preserve the trackless character of “open sea” (in concert with the drag rake feature mentioned above).
- Restriction of transecting corridors open to other surface vehicles in the vicinity of crossings with tunnel underpasses where possible
- Possible exemption from local government restrictions on gaming and gambling
- Traditional power of “ship” captains to conduct marriage legal ceremonies
If ever the era of low-paced living and leisurely travel “to” destinations returns, Ships that go somewhere and take people somewhere as once great liners took people between New York and Le Havre or Southampton across the Atlantic, land-sailing liners may someday take people “somewhere” on the Moon. We do not foresee that. For now we are talking simply of “cruises to nowhere” in which the ship itself is the destination, a vacation site at which you can’t get into your car and hustle around just like you do at home during the work year. Cruising is meant to give a complete break to the pace of life. In this sense, “Love Boats” on the Moon are plausible.
A trio of sketches to prime your imagination. Feel free to start fresh and to look at other concepts.
Some Possible Chassis Plans for a Mare Cruise Ship
A Rectangular 4-wheeled design B Rectangular whimsical “paddlewheel” design C Delta 3-wheeled design
The paddle wheel design (at least the wheel placement) would allow greater maneuverability (“turning on a dime”) than a conventional 4-corners wheel arrangement. If you wanted to press the paddle wheel analogy and allusion, you could design it so that it would pick up regolith that would fall off the trailing edge like water. Romance should not be pursued at the expense of practicality, however.
A three wheel design might be the most stable, especially over moderately rolling terrain (“high seas”, if you will) although a conventional 4-wheeler would be fine in really flat areas. Of course, each wheel should be large enough to ignore pockmark craters, and have enough play in its independent suspension to handle those several yards (meters) wide without forcing a detour. A companion advantage of a delta design is that it would allow more passengers to have forward facing lounge seats.
We’ve tried our crude hand at some collaborative design options that seem promising. But we’d like to see what our readers can come up with first before publishing any of these suggestions. While this brainstorming is perhaps a century ahead of its time, it is a horizon-stretching activity. More to the point, it is a mind-stretching exercise that will help in imagineering the near term lunar frontier as well.
So jot ideas down as they come to you, let them simmer, and once you sense you have the start of a “critical mass”, start putting them together and see what you come up with, keeping score of problems solved, problems remaining, and problems created. Take breaks as needed, and send MMM the results when you have taken them as far as you can.
If your brainstorming stalls, you might want to look at a CCC design study for an 80 passenger Earth-Moon Hotel Cruise Ship [Moon Miners’ REVIEW # 12, January 1993, pp. 2-8.—http://www.lunar-reclamation.org/papers/transitel.htm]. While this study is for a vessel that plies space, not the lunar surface, the features included in the hotel portion are things you might want to take into account in your own design. Some of the design solutions may find a parallel in a mare cruiser, others not. But features included are a minimum:
- lobby
- grand staircase and/or atrium
- dinning room(s) and snack counters
- bar
- cinema
- communications/computer room
- chapel/meditation room
- dance floor/lounge
- three or more classes/sizes of staterooms
- purser’s office
- lecture rooms
- gym/exercise room
- hot tub/massage room
- gift shop
- performance theater/stage
- library/quiet room
- observation areas
Some of these functions can be adequately combined in dual purpose rooms. You get the idea.
They can still be found here and there on Earth, old lighthouses, each distinctive, providing ships with navigational points of reference night and day, guarding harbor entrances and dangerous headlands along ocean and Great Lakes coastal regions. Fewer and fewer are in use these days, as reliance on GPS global positioning system units, becomes ever more widespread and reliable for all aspects of maritime navigation. But lighthouses, each distinctive in their design, majestic and symbolic on their headlands or harbor jetties, have a romance and symbolism that persists and grabs at the onlooker.
**ASTEROID BEACONS & LIGHTHOUSES**
In space, potentially troublesome pieces of solar flotsam, meandering astrobits, might be tagged with transponders, triggered by proximity sensors or upon being scanned (not gawking all the time when no traffic is around). Radio signals could be modulated to yield the identity of the body in barcode or some analogous fashion. If laser pulses are used, they might be in a color that stands out more easily from the starfield, like the red of the ruby laser.
One question is where to put them on a rotating body? Keep in mind, some of these astrochunks rotate or wobble on more than one axis! Convention might decree tagging the north pole of a body (the pole from which left gives the direction of rotation i.e. east). But that pole may be turned away from an approaching ship. An “equatorial” site, any one would do, would guarantee the signal would face anyone nearby at least half the time – these small bodies usually have short rotation periods of a few hours and one would be approaching them for days. To guarantee visibility/audibility at all times, more than one beacon would have to be used. This is a subject that deserves some discussion with the aim of coming up with the easiest, cheapest, most practical “tagging” method, and a solar-charged beacon that can be triggered when needed only. A few bodies might deserve permanent “always on” beacons.
**BEACONS & LIGHTHOUSES ON THE MOON & MARS**
The surfaces of the Moon and Mars are very well known and detailed photographic atlases for both exist. No problem, it would seem. But remember that for nighttime approaches, these would be of little help. If there is going to be any steady and regular traffic to either body, Lunar and Martian Global Positioning Satellite networks would be a good idea. But why not a lighthouse or visual beacon to mark spaceport locations? Until the clusters of city lights that stud Earth’s planetary nightscapes have their counterpart on the Moon and Mars, such marker beacons would stand out quite clearly, and helpfully.
Sooner than some would think, on both worlds there will be a number of towns and outposts – not just one – and so there will be nighttime surface traffic. Rural areas in between will be extremely deserted, not like our own highways dotted with farm houses and gas stations and country stores and electrically lit billboards! We may see solar-charged mileage markers and junction signs. But why not a lighthouse on some elevated point along the approach to a Major (relatively speaking) settlement? Why not atop solitary mountain peaks or mountain crests when such spots are visible for many miles from all directions? Why not marking “straights” connecting the various lunar seas or maria, or the high flanks of passes through the highlands?
THE LUNAR OVERTURE LIGHTHOUSE PROJECT
The role of the very first lighthouse on the Moon could be paramount. If it were established before humans returned to the Moon, on the fringe of the intended first Moonbase site, and easily visible to the naked eye of millions on Earth, such a beacon would raise the “consciousness-level” about the pending integration of the Moon into the greater human world, like nothing else could. Hopefully it would increase expectation and garner political as well as monetary support.
Let’s say the Artemis Moonbase Project is finally about to get off the drawing boards of dreamers. (That Congress would do a major policy turnaround and embrace a lunar beachhead initiative is the more science-fictiony of the two possibilities.)
The Artemis folk are looking to the Mare Anguis site as a place to establish their first commercial Moon-base. (Mare Anguis is a small irregular shaped lunar maria off the NW coast of Mare Crisium, the Sea of Crises, and connected to it by an inlet – Artemis would rename the area “Angus Bay” to avoid the direct translation from the Latin, “Sea of Snakes” or “Serpents”. ) A Lighthouse/Beacon at the entrance to Angus Bay off the Sea of Crises would be a publicity bonanza, stirring up anticipation and dollars in support of the bold project.
On page twelve, we play the gadfly and try to get such a project started. Brainstorming is fun, and cheap, and of the essence if anything is to become a reality. Those interested are welcome to participate with ideas and identification of challenges. <MMM>
The Angus Bay Lighthouse: Steps in Making it a Reality
By Peter Kokh
See the article “Lighthouses & Beacons” on page 11 of this issue. Putting such a Beacon on or near the proposed Artemis Moonbase site would be unbeatable publicity, make people aware that human return to the Moon is immanent, stir up the enthusiasm that will bring in money, resources, members, and talent, and create the ideal climate for Artemis Moonbase the Movie to be the box office success we need it to be. Here are some of the steps that will be needed to get such a project off the ground.
- An attitude that we can do it
- An email list-serve for those contributing ideas to the brainstorming of the project [ABLP]
- A web address where we can keep track of the Angus Bay Lighthouse Project as it takes shape.
- Determine how many lumens are needed (and the best color) to make the Beacon clearly visible to the naked eye on Earth during local lunar night, as well as during total lunar eclipses.
How close can we come to that candlepower with off-the-shelf commercially available equipment with minimum weight and low cost?
Capacity to televise beacon installation in color
Capacity to photograph moonscapes and take temperatures during eclipses for science.
What else do we need that is off-the shelf?
What is available as “military surplus”?
Design a solar-power charging system for ABL
What else needs to be designed, fabricated etc. from scratch?
How much can we get donated “in-kind”?
Possible piggyback moneymakers, their cost and weight penalties
Vanity electronic bulletin board on the Moon
Vanity phone relay
Morse code beacon advertising/messages
Various entertainment products
Beacon base to house memorial ashes
Beacon base to preserve signatures of donors
Find cheapest way LEO to Angus Bay touchdown
Look for possible piggyback ride to LEO
Project Manager, local subassembly assistants
Inauguration during a lunar eclipse visible from most of North America for maximum publicity
If our collective brainstorming turns up no show-stoppers (other than money), then we propose this as a project by the Society. True, ASI does not have the funds for such a project, but just undertaking it will flush money out of the woodwork and out from under the mattresses. Diffidence squeaks, enthusiasm rolls in dough. Positive thinking can, negative thinking can’t. Attitude is the most priceless commodity in the universe.
· Send early feedback to email@example.com
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**MMM #120 – November 1998**
**In Focus: Essence of the Frontier:**
“Readiness to Reinvent Everything”
Commentary by Peter Kokh
Throughout human history, whenever groups of people endeavored to pioneer new territory, unoccupied or not, they have had to adjust to different conditions than those they were familiar with in their traditional homeland. When there was a choice of prospective new territories, they would, of course, naturally select those that seemed most similar to the one left behind, at least in those respects that mattered most. Steppe peoples favored other steps. River delta people, other river deltas. They would have to make some adjustments, but hopefully not wholesale ones. But nowhere could they expect to find a new home just like the old one in every way. Whether the stress was on finding a new life setting, or on getting out of the old one, except in the case of unwilling refugees, the movers were a group self-selected according to their willingness to start over, their acceptance of the need to “reinvent” many of the givens of daily life to fit the character and available assets of the new home.
Mineral resources, wildlife, vegetation, and climate all affect what the pioneers can make and the methods they might use. On hand manufacturing and craft stuffs will affect home and building styles and construction methods, furnishings, clothing. Sports, games and amusements, even cuisine, will show major or minor adjustment to the new realities.
Those who liked their lives as they were and were willing to change little, stayed behind. Those who left would naturally change as little as possible, but were willing to change and adapt and make do whenever, wherever necessary.
As we move into space locations, we are very unlikely to find any places reminiscent of Earth except in trivial ways (the Arizonesque scenery and similar day/night cycle of Mars). Those not ready to
make major and wholesale adaptations will chicken out once they take off their rose-colored glasses. Sure, we've all seen the very Earthlike concave landscapes painted by artist dreamers trying to sell the L5 vision. But if ever such places are built, it may be long after the youngest of us is dead that the extremely high economic thresholds involved are reached. Nearer term, whether on or under the lunar or Martian surface, or in the primitive shielded construction shack space settlements that we might be able to build in coming generations, the frontier's most Earthlike aspect will be ourselves, the plants and animals we bring along, and our characteristic "we can do it" attitude.
Those who find they have to leave behind too many "favorite things" and lack confidence that they can find/make satisfying substitute "favorite things" will choose to remain behind. Never has there been a frontier, or set of them, so challenging, so demanding of our readiness to reinvent everything. It is a task that daunts us, whether we'd go to the Moon, to Mars, to the asteroids, or pioneer the first crude space settlements. There will be a premium on adaptability and attitude. The tasks involved should frighten anyone taking a real look.
Yet there are ways to adapt, to do without, to make happy substitutions. There are ways to hone the rough edges off the early frontier. Taking a look at them, one by one, is just what MMM is all about. That is what the third "M" is all about. A brash, brazen MANIFESTO that shouts: "look, we can do it, and these are some of the things we might try to make ourselves 'at home' in our new setting."
If we remain displaced Earthers, we will have failed. We will need to redefine ourselves as fully settled--in Lunans, Martians, L5ers, asteroid 'Belters' and so on. We can only do this if we leave Earth behind in our psychological rear view mirrors, and forge unreserved new attachments to our new homes. We need a no-holds-barred readiness to reinvent everything. Sure, some material, cultural, and social aspects of our lives will translate readily enough. But others will require major changes, reinvention, replacement, or sublimation.
If the Frontier is a place where we are forced to start anew, it is also a place where we will have a chance to get in on the ground floor, a greater chance to play a significant life role, where we can leave behind the baggage of examples, customs, habits, and strictures accumulated on Earth. The space frontier will be a rugged place where the status quo, the way we do things, is not a given, but something to be created afresh with our input. And all this is a plus. It is this gain in the potential value and significance of our individual struggles that will make all the sacrifices worth while. It is this promise, the chance to start over when the old life has been found wanting or become unbearable, that has been the beacon, the siren, the beatific vision pulling many a person and family to pioneer in the past.
The deep logistical mutual quarantine of the various space frontier sites will offer unparalleled opportunity for social, political, cultural and religious experimentation without attrition to, and erosion by, a dominant and overwhelming mainstream culture. It is not only political, cultural and economic anarchists and utopians that will be drawn outwards, but many individuals with more concrete, more personal problems with their current life situations. The frontier will be an unparalleled scene of renaissance, creativity, fulfillment. PK
MMM #121 – December 1998
THE INTERCHUTE By Peter Kokh
Here on Earth, it would be hard to imagine what modern civilization would be like, if for some reason, there were no aviation, no airplanes, no travel swiftly than high speed rail. Those who romanticize about future settlement civilization on Mars have been greatly encouraged by the fact that Mars thin air could support aviation. Takeoff/landing speeds would have to be very very high, and some lift assist, perhaps in the form of thick, hydrogen filled wings, might be necessary. Yet if it can become a practical reality, that is an enormous plus for opening a world as vast as all of Earth’s continents gathered together. The alternative is either substantial investment in a global ground infrastructure – roads and rail, “R&R” – or a resort to suborbital flights.
Such an alternative – to aviation – is taken for granted by those brainstorming human futures on the airless Moon, the impossible ground-skimming lunar bus of “2001: A Space Odyssey” notwithstanding. We will build limited networks of roads on the Moon, we may have high speed Maglev lines in heavily traveled corridors, and overhead cable car lines elsewhere. Yet eventually, even through the high lunar vacuum, when and where intersite passenger traffic demand rises high enough, there may be an “aerial” option. If this idea proves practical it will be because the Moon lacks an effective atmosphere, turning a “liability” into an asset, in true pioneering fashion.
More than twenty years after most of us heard of mass drivers and electromagnetic catapults, we are used to the idea of mass drivers as devices that hurtle small pellets of materials into space at bone-and tissue-crushing accelerations. But a number of people have already expanded their vision to include larger diameter, much longer electromagnetic catapults that could hurl passenger cabins into space at accelerations the ordinary person might tolerate.
It will take more power to hurtle the larger payloads, but less per drive cell unit owing to the greatly reduced acceleration. The total energy needed per kilogram or ton(ne) will be similar. The rest will all depend on the total traffic tonnage in either case.
Writing in the Artemis Data Book*, Greg R. Bennett explains: ‘A man-rated mass driver would be longer, but not significantly more complex. One limited to 3 g’s acceleration, designed to escape** from the Earth–Moon system starting at the surface of the Moon would be 63 miles (101 km) long.’
*http://www.asi.org/adb/02/10/mass-driver-intro.html
** assuming a total delta V of 8,016 ft/sec (2,443 m/sec), lunar escape velocity from the surface (7,776 ft/sec) plus additional escape velocity (240 ft/sec) to escape Earth’s gravity at distance of the Moon. Formula for the length of the mass driver S = V2 / (2 * a)
An Interchute driver/catcher need not be quite so long; we do not want full orbital velocity, much less escape velocity. But at both ends, it would still be a major piece of infrastructure.
A Caveat here: 3–Gs is quite tolerable for most Earthlings, but it would be 18 times the gravity level to which future Lunans may have become physiologically attuned. Somewhere a tradeoff will have to be made between affordable length of the Interchute installation and the percentage of Lunans who can tolerate a ride. Nonetheless, the idea is an engineering practicality, and this article is based on that.
This transport system demands an extremely high level of precision accuracy, within a centimeter perhaps, after a volley of hundreds, even thousands of kilometers. Anything short (long, off to the right or left) would mean certain vaporizing death on impact at c. 1.5 km/sec. Such precision could never be attained even once, let alone routinely, through an atmosphere of varying pressure and moving fronts. Mars could not support such a system even between its loftiest volcano tops where the air is thinnest.
For such a system to work, there needs to be at least one pair of settlements far enough apart to raise the demand for faster travel between them and with enough potential traffic to pay for the expensive installation. Destinations only a few hundred miles apart might be better, and less expensively served by a Maglev rail system. At the far end of the distance range would be destinations antipodal to one another, at the opposite side of the globe, 3392 miles [5459 km] or about 1 hr flight time apart. Examples:
Mare Smythii <=> Mare Orientalis
Mare Imbrium <=> Mare Ingenii
Aristarchus <=> Tsiolkovsky.
GROWING A GLOBAL SYSTEM
The chutes would come in dedicated pairs. One settlement could have several, connecting it with others around the globe.
Given the many-kilometer long length of each chute, a railroad-style “round table” allowing one chute to be alternately aimed at several destinations would be quite impractical. What could be shared between several chutes at an Interchute complex is the charging power source and transit to the host settlement interior.
**THE ROMANCE FACTOR**
On Earth, most rail systems name their individual regular trains (a few use numbers). Who knows what names would be used on various Interchute lines? Here are some names that seem appropriate to the nature of the beast:
- The Javelin, The Sagittarian, The William Tell, The Arrowsmith, The Bullseye,
- The Marksman, The Aurora Arrow, The Quivers, Cupid Twins, The Spirit of Port Heinlein,
- The Spirit of Luna City, The Boomerang, The Retrobullet, Intervolley, etc.
Alternatives to “Interchute” might be Flightrail, Skyrail, Sledway, Interballistic, etc.
**The Passenger Coaches**
Interchute coaches are not rockets. They are passive bullets or projectiles. The acceleration and deceleration both take place entirely within the “barrels” of a pair of electromagnetic “cannons” “aimed down each other’s throats.” Properly set up, there would be no need for “mid course corrections.” These “coach cans” are passenger conveyances but not vehicles as such apart from the chutes they ply between, as they are totally passive elements.
**SHORT FLIGHTS – SPARTAN ACCOMMODATIONS**
Interchute travel on the Moon would be very swift, with a maximum of one hour flight times, but in most cases much shorter. As such, accommodations can be rather spartan: no berths, no snacks, maybe even no toilets. All such facilities would be found in the terminal buildings.
**LOADING & UNLOADING PASSENGERS**
Economics (demand for lowest ticket prices) will demand “maximum packing” of the coach cans. An “aislefree” arrangement can be effected by using pre-boarded seating trays that can slide into (and back out of) the Coach Can through an end-installed door-lock.
Approaching the halfway point of the zero-g ballistic coast, the coach can will do a computer controlled precision 180° end-for-end flip to prepare for deceleration within the kilometers long barrel of the catching chute ('g's felt against the back of one's seat just as in acceleration in the equally long barrel of the driving chute).
FREIGHT USE IN SLACK TIME?
Could an Interchute system be used to ship containerized freight of comparable mass? Between the same pair of chutes, certainly. Plus passenger runs could be used to deliver priority packages on a ballast-needed opportunity basis. But the chutes themselves could not be re-aimed to other destinations. However, the velocity and length of trajectory can be decreased or increased, by adjusting the electrical power input. This should allow alternative freight distribution terminal chutes conveniently aligned along the same vector or pathway.
COACH CAN TURNAROUND & CHUTE CAPACITY
The reversible trajectory between a pair of chutes is so narrow that cans traveling in opposite directions between the same pair of chutes could not "pass" in mid flight without colliding head on. If only one coach can is used, its turnaround time plus a pair of flight times will yields the capacity of the system per day. The farther apart the two terminals, the less total flights can be made each day by a coach can.
However, even though cans cannot safely pass in the opposite direction, Interchute capacity can be multiplied by following a series of volleys by a fleet of cans all in one direction by a similar series of return flights. Upon reaching its destination, each can would be shunted onto a siding until its position in the return queue came up. The shorter the interval between volleys, the greater the Interchute capacity.
ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS
- repeat precision accuracy despite load variation
- tolerable accelerations
- long smoothly graded chute runs
- a suitable pair of sites
- fail-safe power nightspan as well as dayspan
- passengers per megawatt
- maximum runs per day (same coach both ways)
- total capacity versus expected growth of demand
SITE CONSIDERATIONS
The flight path of the chute cans starts off and ends tangential to the lunar surface. All that is needed is enough initial elevation to provide ground and passing vehicle clearance along the exit and entrance glide slopes. Inclination to the level of the surface need be negligible. (In this respect, my title and first page artwork are misleading.) Gentle crater rim slopes are not strictly needed, even if handy. Obviously, it will be harder to find optimum sites in the more rugged highland areas than in the comparatively flat maria or lava plain "seas".
PROFIT CONSIDERATIONS
The first Interchute will be built between the pair of settlements projected to generate the highest traffic demand, combining passengers and priority containerize cargo.
As the system begins to run smoothly and becomes accepted and chute travel becomes routine, the cost of building additional interchute pairs linking one or both of the original pair to other sites will come down. The Interchute might remain a monopoly if the company has the capital to expand routes to include other growing lunar sites. Or it might be duplicated by other companies with the capital. Rival parallel Interchutes between the same towns are possible if demand increases beyond capacity of the original system.
Two towns of a million people a thousand miles apart a hundred years ago might not have had enough traffic between them to justify an Interchute even if it could have been built on Earth. But the amount of economic interdependence and percentage of consumption that rests on trade and traffic has been steadily increasing in our globalizing economy.
On the Moon, once there are two settlements of rival size, interdependent traffic between them will be relatively strong no matter how far apart they are (3,392 miles max, one half lunar circumference.).
And there will be no real alternative, aviation being out of consideration.
**NOT FOR EVERYWHERE & NOT SOON**
The Interchute is a much more specialized transportation system than are railroads. Nor would realization of this dream be a down payment on “general aviation” in any sort of form realizable on the Moon:
1. Interchute loops, of whatever length and frequency of use, will require a very large capital investment.
2. The further two potential terminals are apart in terms of real alternative road travel time, the greater the time savings and the stronger the incentive to build an Interchute.
3. Towns a few hours apart by good highway would not be good candidates no matter how much mutual traffic that they generated. High speed rail (see MM Review #13, AUG 13, pp. 9–15 “Lunar Railroads”) or Maglev would be the choice.
[http://www.moonsociety.org/publications/mmm_papers/rr_moon.htm]
Interchutes will be a travel option on the Moon some generations down the road, when and if the lunar frontier economy fully develops to its full potential, which is considerable. <MMM>
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**WINDOWS FOCUSED ON EARTH** By Peter Kokh
For people living on the Moon, Earth will be by far the most fascinating object in the sky. Technology will let young and old alike scan, zoom, browse, and explore the ever-changing colorful blue marble, for both hobby and education
See These Articles from MMM Back Issues:
- MMM # 69 OCT ‘93, pp. 8–9, “7 Wonders of the Moon”
- MMM #107 JUL ‘97, pp 3–5, “Earth: Color Medley Calendar in the Moon’s Nearside Sky”
– republished in MMM Classics #10
The Crooknecks, The Postcardlands, The Peek-a-boos, and The Obliviside
In the central part of the Nearside hemisphere, Earth is either directly overhead or at a very uncomfortably high angle above the horizon. Settlers might aptly nickname these central regions the “Crooknecks.” Included is most of Mare Imbrium, Mare Nectaris, Mare Serenitatis, Mare Tranquilitatis, Mare Nectaris, Mare Vaporum, etc.
The “Postcardlands” are nearside peripheral regions in which the Earth hovers perpetually a comfortable 5–45° above the horizon.
Adjacent to these, straddling the “limb” of the lunar globe which forever keeps the same side turned toward Earth are the “Peek-a-boos.” Because the Moon’s axis is not perpendicular to its orbit around the Earth and because that orbit is somewhat eccentric and the Moon travels faster when nearer Earth and slower when further away, all the while rotating at a fixed rate, about 7° to either side of the 90° East and 90° West lines are alternately turned towards and away from Earth. Together the above three regions cover nearly 60% of the lunar surface.
The remaining 40% is in the “Oblivisde,” the Farside heartland where Earth is never visible. From any point on the Moon from which Earth is visible (even part of the time), Earth will seem to drift in the sky, but never more than 7° off some anchor point. Windows designed to focus on Earth will have to take this into account.
By Gregory R. Bennett. Earth’s location above the lunar horizon.
Earth wanders in the sky inside a rectangle approximately 14° on a side, tilted by the observer’s latitude. Image generated by Starry Night software on a Power Macintosh 7500/100.
For areas in the “Peek-a-boos” along the limb between Nearside and Farside, sometimes Earth will drift above the horizon, other times, just below it.
Passive Earth-Windows
Given these preliminaries, Settlers having their own homes built, may well choose to include a very special “picture window” with a field of view that always features the beautiful, ever-changing blue
marble of Earth. Such a window might even determine the location of the Hearth, and/or Den/Library/Study, or Family Room in the floor plan.
Such an “Earth–View” window could either show the whole 14° high and wide black, starry domain in the sky in which Earth always appears – somewhere – or, since in contrast to Earth’s brilliance (60–some times as bright as the Full Moon as seen on Earth) all stars in the field of view would be lost in the glare, an automatic shutter could damp out all but say the 3° circle that currently contains the 2° wide Earth. The rest of the field could be some neutral shade chosen for maximum eye–relief.
Even those living toward the center of the Nearside, in the “Crooknecks” where Earth is high in the sky, could enjoy such windows. All it takes is the intervention of a mirror or two at just the right angle for that location, to make Earth appear comfortably just over the horizon. There it would always be, Earth, sometimes crescent, sometimes half, sometimes full. And sometimes, with the Sun lined up behind it, a black hole fringed with a brilliant orange halo – the sunrise – sunset terminator ring, the Sun’s rays catching the dust in the atmosphere at angles parallel to the surface. Full moonlight will dimly illuminate the landscapes, oceans, and cloud decks below.
The day–lit portions of the Earth globe would be a riot of blues, whites, greens, and tans. The areas on after–dusk or predawn sides of the terminator would be ink–black over the oceans and uninhabited areas, and under cloud banks (though some of the incessant lightning dance will be visible here and there in thunderstorms). Elsewhere on the nightside, star–like clusters of city lights would beg for identification, along with forest fires, and the gas burnous from oil fields. (The East Siberian and Persian Gulf areas assault the eye like permanent supernovas.)
Some will never notice, of course, while others will never cease to be in awe – depending on personal temperaments and cultivated interests. As on Earth, those who are “bored” by such spectacle, are inevitably those who are “boring”.
Such passive Earth Windows could be enjoyed without any visual aids, or with binoculars or small telescopes, if the window was designed to be free of glare from ambient sources within the home. Room darkening draperies at the room entrance would do.
Live Electronic Add–on Earth Browsers
One can imagine a variety of after–market electronic aids for Earth watchers. One should be able to purchase and install an electronic Monitor with a feed from a video–cam on the external window frame. Full–color and flat–screened, the monitor could be mounted on the pane surface, in a corner.
Using a hand held remote, one could zoom in on areas of interest, permitting in depth yet still live examination of the spectacle’s features in increasing detail. Or, the monitor could be instructed to ignore all but certain kinds of features, or to fill in with dotted lines coastlines and other features hidden by clouds, or to apply various spectral filters. At a prompt, place names stored in a preprogrammed file, would appear superimposed on the monitor for features on the screen lit by a laser–pointer from the remote. With features like these, young and old alike could learn ever more about Earth in riveting, interactive, live detail.
At first such electronic Earth Window add–on browsers would be found in Corporate offices, then in schools. But eventually, individuals would choose to purchase them for instruction and endless hours of enjoyment at home.
Electronic Whole Globe Browsers
For serious study, schools and dedicated individuals may choose to forgo the Earth Window with its directionally biased live views. Instead they may opt for an all electronic flat wall screen in a projection that shows land masses with minimized distortion. The data on the screen would be live–fed from an array of Earth orbiting satellites. It would be available on the Moon, because it would have been developed for use on Earth itself perhaps in university libraries, planetaria, museums, and other locations, where an initial high cost could be justified. Once available on Earth, a simple relay could make it available on the Moon, even on Mars, to serious and hobby Earth observers at those locations.
Such displays could be made interactive. For example, with a click of the remote, you might be able to blink–switch back and forth between current conditions and say those of the day before, the month before, a season ago, or a year ago – to reveal minor changes that would never leap out on inspection without such a blink–comparator device.
One could impose spectral filters on the display, or entire false–color views revealing vegetation and other thematic “breaks” or discontinuities and contrasts: faults, plate borders, land use borders,
lava fields, drainage watersheds, coast interactive zones; human feedback zones (fertilizer, effluents e.g.); lightning storms, city lights, fire, smoke; chimney contrails; ocean wakes and phosphorescence, etc.
The live feeds would show day and night, of course, but on command, areas currently in darkness could display last available daylight data. Areas in darkness could also be viewed in the infrared. The possibilities that will be possible are endless.
The same screen could show dated information stored on CD-ROM or other media. By the same means, demonstration “tours” of what one can see, study, and learn on the screen could be programmed. Using temporary false color, changes in color intensity or hue, or simply blinking until notice is registered, the monitor could be programmed to call attention, and/or store for later inspection, specific ephemeral events and features and even to search for them from live and stored data scans: incipient tropical depressions, tornadoes, forest fires, oil spills, major mud slides, etc. In this manner, the input from a number of satellites could be collated and monitored by any number of observers around the world, or even beyond it. One should be able to set the monitor in playback mode to show ‘movies’ in various speeds of fast-motion to show how changes and patterns develop.
A screen within a screen could have a zoom feature to zoom into whatever level of data the available resolution will allow. These Whole World Browsers could take the form of very large wall units, modular screen units, or smaller “den sized” units. For Planetaria, they could conceivably be constructed as giant spherical LED globescreens with walk around spiral ramps.
As to more modest versions, it might take some time before market-demand-triggered mass-production brought them down to family budget size. But the history of market electronics gives plenty of precedent and confidence that just that will happen. A number of rival manufacturers will guarantee that the product is steadily improved and made simpler to use, as well as be more attractively packaged.
On the Moon, such devices might be more popular on the Farside where direct view passive Earth Windows are not an option. Though there might just as likely be a large segment of the population there for whom Earth is all too happily out-of-sight and out-of-mind. The “Obliviside” is a place where people can forget the womb world and turn outward to the universe at large with more single-minded focus.
Interplanetary Globe Browsers
Any planet where large scale visible patterns are changing constantly as Earth or any of the gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn (even the Sun!), or at least steadily, as on Mars, invites the installation of such electronic globe browsing screens and the satellite networks needed to feed them. Jupiter could be monitored from a trio of synchronous satellites – or we could rest satisfied with the quasi-hemisphere visible from a station on Amalthea, inwards of Io. Venus, too, could join the ranks of monitored worlds, once a fleet of aerostat observatory platforms is in place, drifting with the winds just below the Veneran cloud decks. A system installed at and around Saturn’s Titan could shed enormous light on that mysterious haze-shrouded moon-planet.
Future Mars frontier settlers could study their own adopted world, or Earth, or even Jupiter’s clouds. Time delay will not be a problem as the data flows just one way, and interaction is with the monitor display, not the world being monitored.
The Moon, as dead meteorologically as it is geologically, needs only a screen browser with stored data, no live feeds. Students of the Moon will want an electronically searchable data bank that they can study in any spectrum at any resolution, under all lighting (phase or solar co-latitude) conditions. Once human occupation of the Moon becomes truly global, and the speed of development picks up pace, live feeds may be useful to keep ahead of major environmental changes and their implications.
A trio of close in sun-synchronous satellites in monthlike orbits could continuously monitor the development and evolution of sunspots and solar flares. At less than half Mercury’s average distance from the Sun, these “Vulcansats” would have to be hardened. But the Solar Global Browser they fed with data would be one of the most critical factors in allowing human activity in the solar system at large to grow and carry on in relative safety. The satellites and the browsers they feed would automatically compile quick time movies of the Sun’s successive twenty-two year sunspot activity cycles.
Around Earth, the needed satellite networks will be built anyway, for, invention of multi-feed monitors or not, scientists do need the data. We could rely on a trio of geosynchronous satellites, say at 80° W (Toronto–Miami–Panama–Quito), 20° E (Warsaw–Capetown), 110° E (Irkutsk–Chunking–Saigon–Perth). Or a series of high inclination Mirtype or Molniya satellite constellations (eccentric orbits with high points at low traverse speed over the target observation areas) could be used, along with some terminator–synchronous low–orbit satellites.
The market for data has been the weather forecasting services, crop surveillance, and other scientific pursuits. But clearly the market for electronic global browsers will be much wider, embracing schools, observatories, museums, space centers, contractor lobbies and conference centers, and even, as we have suggested, in–home dens and family rooms.
Here and Now
As for the Moon and Mars, if the equipment is ready before human presence on those worlds is established, Moon and Mars Global Browsers could be of great use right here on Earth to help settlement candidates become familiar with their new worlds. Certainly they would be popular features at any planetarium or space center, revving up enthusiasm.
Such global browsers would be an invaluable tool for planetary astronomy as well – significant patterns would be noticed on such screens that otherwise might quite easily go undetected. In this case, discovery would become a democratic affair. People everywhere could double check “discoveries”.
In the process, students will become much more aware of how science works, what it is all about, and that, unlike the case for “faith” and “dogma”, the essence of science is that its discoveries be publicly verifiable.
For Profit Opportunities
It would seem that there would be abundant cash–in–hand market to incentivize the development, first of Earth Global Browser Monitors, using feeds from existing satellites, and then the establishment of other planetary global browsers and their satellite feeds as human economic activity moves outward, and as the public appetite for the product grows. To have a living planetary globe be recreated before your eyes in a form with which you can interactively react is one thing. But to understand what it would be like to experience phenomena visible from space from down on the surface “in the very thick of it” is another. As a teaching tool, global browsers need to be paired with on–location correspondences, from either manned, or unmanned surface videocams.
Joe Six–pack might even learn some geography in the process of being entertained! <MMM>
Man-rated Mass Drivers & Mass Catcher to & from Orbit
By Peter Kokh
In a previous article [MMM #121 DEC ‘98, “Lunar Intercity ‘Flights’ via the INTERCHUTE”] we sketched an idea for electromagnetic man–rated mass–driver / mass–catcher pairs to handle high volume intersettlement passenger traffic on the Moon via an automated suborbital shuttle system. Here we sketch the use of a similar system to get people on and off the Moon cheaply and safely – once an expensive infrastructure is discounted or amortized. As with the suborbital Interchute, this is a trick difficult to match on Mars where atmospheric interference would make it impossible to compensate with enough precision to make it work safely. Unlike the "Interchute" system in which each electromagnetic cannon will both throw and catch, for this to/fromorbit traffic, as the directions (to/from) are opposite, not the same, there will need to be two cannons, one doing all the throwing, the other all the catching. It would be convenient to line them up back to back with a passenger terminal building in between. That would make it handy to process a shuttle that has just arrived for the return flight to space. A
number of parking slips would be needed, as the order of arrival is certain not to be observed in the order of departure.
As traffic at this electromagnetic space port (ESP) grows, more parking slips will have to be added and provision for such expansion should be made in the original design. Parking is likely in a sky-sheltered area exposed to the vacuum. Nominal service can then be done in soft suits. Pressurized garages would be available for more labor-demanding service. Since the various craft would need to have the same diameter and cylindrical cross-section, this would make a standard garage slip-lock a sure thing.
The stakes are high. It would require corresponding space infrastructure, either in a precisely positioned orbit and oriented orbit, or near L1 or L2 Earth-Moon Lagrange points, whichever is the more stable and forgiving. It would also require onboard propulsion to taxi to the shifting station from its driver-catcher trajectory path and vice versa.
If the space transfer station is to be at L2, behind the Moon, the ESP would need to be sited on the Nearside Equator. If the space station is at L1, between Earth and the Moon, the ESP would have to be built on the Farside Equator in an intercrater plain – there are no maria smack on the Farside equator (a mare fill area in Aitken crater is the closest match), unlike the Nearside situation where there is an abundance of potential sites. Either option poses problems for the maintenance of the priceless Farside radio silence needed by radio astronomers and the S.E.T.I. Project. It would be near impossible to reproduce this radio silence anywhere else in the Solar
A potential disadvantage is that a driver-catcher must be on the equator – precisely so – whether handy or not to the locations of existing settlements. On the other hand, such an installation would be an economic boon to any settlements nearby or surely give rise to one if there were not.
The installation of such an ESP facility would speed up of the flow of immigration to the Lunar Frontier Territory (or Republic) as well as lower the cost per individual. A same cross-section, same total weight range cargo hold craft would greatly lower the cost of importing and exporting large items. In both ways, the inauguration of such a facility would mark a threshold of significant expansion of the lunar economy in total trade volume, tourist volume, and settled population. Inauguration of service will mark the attainment of a critical mass that changes the prospectus of the lunar frontier substantially.
Speed and momentum would differ only by a few percent from that of the proposed suborbital Interchute systems. So the length of the passenger-rated E-Mag cannons need be only slightly longer. There could conceivably be more than one such EMag spaceport, if the first was not sufficiently handy to all inhabited areas of the Moon. But the original cannons may not need to be doubled or tripled or more at the same site for a long time.
Loads could probably be received and sent at very short intervals with streamlining of the off-loading, shunting, and onloading operations, allowing perhaps hundreds of flights each way each day. Instead of duplicating the Electromagnetic Space Port at multiple locations around the Moon, it would be logical, at least early on, to make it THE hub of a global Interchute system. Both applications of passenger-rated electromagnetic driver-catchers seem destined for realization in tandem. One need not wait upon the other in this case, so long as the real estate and infrastructure needs of the other was considered in the planning of whichever comes first.
And no, there is no way the flight paths of Cans coming from and bound for orbit would infringe on the paths.
of incoming and outgoing Interchute flights. That is especially guaranteed by making the same general location the hub for both to/from orbit traffic and for inter-settlement flights. The Interchute cannons might be best arrayed in a manner concentric to the ESP.
Interchutes would radiate out from the center but only in the directions called for by the location of high traffic generating locations. The Interchute Hub would be no more symmetric than the geographical array of settlements across the lunar globe. Such a Hub would deserve a special name like Port Luna, Lunaport, Lunar Global Gateway, Gateway Luna, Moon Central, Union Gateway, etc. It could just as easily be named after an individual prominent in the Lunar Republic’s prehistory or early years, like Heinlein, or somebody yet unknown or even unborn.
Even if there were originally no nearby settlement or even any [other] economic reason to settle the Central Hub area, the steady rise in the transient population passing through it, and of the permanent population needed to service their needs, would give rise in time to a major city. Its primary industry would be running and servicing the Central Hub complex and all the people who pass through it.
Because the Central Hub will quickly become the gathering place on the Moon, it may well also become the entertainment, diversion and escape center, and be a magnet for such developments as:
- Global Trade Center and Export Showcase
- Major convention facilities and hotels
- Magnet shopping mall
- Duty-free or duty-low import shops
- Magnet specialty museums
- Magnet amusement park
- Groupie tourist traps cashing in on the traffic
- Headquarters for lunar excursion companies
- Headquarters for many all-Luna organizations
- Cluster of Earth nation and other Embassies
- Mars and Asteroid frontier recruiting agencies
- Network Broadcast/Telecast Center
- A major university
- A major medical center
[See MMM # 56 JUN 92, pp. 3–4, “Harbor & Town” republished in MMMC #10]
Other magnets needing maximum traffic to justify their construction or development costs will follow. However big the Hub Center gets, it will be the most homogenized melting pot on the globe, the least "typical", most cosmopolitan frontier city. In the wake of such a development, major conventional space ports may wane, although there will always be a need for such ports to accept and send cargoes and groups of people that the totally containerized Central Hub operations cannot handle as well as the space equivalent of "general aviation".
In turn, there will always be mineralogical, industrial, geological, geographic, scenic and other reasons for pre-established centers in other areas of the Moon to continue to thrive. More, a Central Interchute Hub need not preclude regional Interchute hubs.
**Revenues:** Paying the price tag of an ESP Hub Installation can be handled through Space-line can arrival, departure, parking and transfer (gate) fees, ticket counter leases, corporate hanger leases and user fees, and other "anchor tenant" contracts for companies wanting to provide service to the traffic (hotels, land excursion companies, merchants, outfitters, etc.).
The installation would not be built except under the expectation that it would be profitable within a given time frame. The greater the momentum slope of lunar economic development and immigration, the sooner the Electromagnetic Space Port is likely to become a reality. Running the operation could be the job of a Port Authority type entity with a Board of Directors responsible to the Lunar Frontier Government. The venerable "Port of New York Authority" might serve as a model, appropriate modifications and corrections being made, of course.
Others have thought of such a system in general terms. It is an idea that comes naturally enough, given familiarity with the concept of lunar mass drivers publicized by Gerard O'Neill. <MMM>
POTENTIATION: A Strategy for Getting through the Nightspan on the Moon’s Own Terms, P.Kokh
[This article covers several ways to build up power during the two week long dayspan while the Sun shines full strength “24/14+” to provide ample energy for Lunans to get through the equally long nightspan. But here we post the part of the article that deals with Hydroelectric Power Plants on the Moon.]
“Potentiation” – A Strategy for Getting through the Nightspan on the Moon’s Own Terms
By Peter Kokh Presented at ISDC 1999, Houston. This idea originated with Myles A. Mullikin in 1989
Gravity Slopes & Hydroelectric Power
Gravity hills, slopes, gradients, wells: something is placed at the top of a slope, poised to create energy by being allowed to fall. On Earth, we dam up rivers at convenient constricting points. This creates a “head.” Water is allowed to spill over the dam in a controlled fashion, gathering momentum from its plunge, and using this momentum to spin turbines that run electric power generators.
No rivers on the Moon? No problem!
Wherever we place our outposts and settlements, we will need appreciable amounts of water: as an essential component of whatever minibiospheres we establish to reencradle ourselves; for food production; for drinking, washing, and hygiene; for use as recyclable reagents and handling media in industry. We will need a substantial water surplus, in part consisting of water being recycled and purified.
During dayspan, solar energy can be used to pump the water surplus uphill: nearby crater rims, rille shoulders, or the surface above lavatubes. At night this water is returned to the loop through tubes plunging to turbine generators downslope. Of course, at no time will the water be exposed to vacuum!
Of course, the amount of water available for this form of nightspan energy generation depends on the generosity of the settlement’s water endowment. Now that Lunar Prospector has confirmed the discovery of substantial water ice reserves at both lunar poles, this idea is not far-fetched.
It’s all about the “Head”
What about the low lunar gravity? Won’t that work against the idea? Well, Niagara Falls, which produces ample power, has a head of about 150 feet. To match that head, we’d have to have a reservoir 6 times as high above the generator turbines, or 900 feet up. Now some Crater rims are 10,000 feet or more above the crater floors. Many mare coastal sites are near high rampart mountains. These sites are advantaged by access to both major suites of regolith materials (highland soils rich in aluminum, calcium, and magnesium, and mare soils enriched in iron and titanium).
Even mid-mare sites in proximity to lavatubes will find ready “heads” of several hundred meters between the exposed surface and the floor of the tube underneath. Nor is a Niagara-equivalent head needed. There are many working low-head hydroelectric sites around the country in the 20 ft. range. Where there are no natural “heads” for reservoir placement, we can simply build water towers hundreds of feet high, using dayspan solar to pump them full.
Now let’s play with this idea. Dayspan sunshine can also be used to purify and treat the water in the reservoir – if the reservoir is covered with ultraviolet transparent quartz (pure silicon dioxide glass). Going a step further, dayspan sunshine can be used to electrolyze this stored treated water into oxygen and hydrogen.
After nightfall, the hydrogen and oxygen can be recombined in a bank of fuel cells, producing both energy on the spot, plus the water to fall downhill to the generator turbines, producing yet more energy. All these processes would have to be paced to extend this potential energy resource through the long nightspan.
Lunar Hydroelectric as sketched above, is the brainchild of Myles A. Mullikin, Lunar Reclamation Society cofounder. It was one of several of his major contributions to our “Prinzton” runner up entry in NSS’s Space Habitat Design Competition during the winter of ’88–’89.
Hydroelectric power on the Moon is the last thing that occurs to most people mulling the problem. But it turns out to be very realistic for any kind of outpost or settlement. No one pretends the amount of energy stored dayspan and produced during nightspan by a hydroelectric scheme will meet all the settlement’s power needs. But it is one workable component of a mix pioneers will have up their sleeves. Planners should consider incorporating such interactive water storage into the settlement utility system.
MAM/PK
MMM #130 – November 1999
Of COASTS, HARBORS, & LIGHTHOUSES
and, oh yes, LAVATUBES
By Peter Kokh
To build a bridge one must have knowledge,
To know where to build it one must have wisdom. –Charles V. De Vet
The difficult we do immediately.
The impossible takes a little longer. – Army Corps of Engineers
Lavatubes as “leeward lagoons”
When early exploring ships reached the coasts of the Americas and of Australia, they didn’t put into shore just anywhere. They turned either right or left and sailed along the coast looking for a natural harbor that would shield their anchored ships from the wind and waves.
Before the first Apollo craft landed, our Lunar Orbiters had already found only cosmic storm washed coast-surface. The Lunar surface is alien and hostile and unwelcoming.
Today we know that this picture is not quite accurate. While the lunar surface is all “windward coast,” it hides lavatubes that are “leeward” lagoons, “breakwater-protected” volumes of vacuum ready to serve as safe harbors, anchorages offering real refuge from the dangers of the cosmic ocean.
A natural Harbor along an otherwise unwelcoming coastline offers wind and wave free anchorage.
Lunar Lavatubes offer analogous leeward shelter against the ravages of cosmic and solar weather.
Breakwater Outposts
Lavatubes are unlikely to offer dock slips to incoming space craft. Rather they offer volume that is thermally moderate, relatively free of moondust, and unexposed to Solar ultraviolet and Solar flares, “dry” from the constant micrometeorite rain, and free from cosmic rays. This is useful for settlement expansion, including industrial parks, warehousing, and square-footage intensive geoponic agriculture for crops that do not do their best in hydroponics.
In these benign pre-shielded spaces, two things become much easier.
• With no need for extra shielding, inflatables, hybrid-rigid inflatables and unhardened rigid modules will all be at home, less expensive option in comparison with what will be needed on the exposed surface-coast. The lavatube roof/ceiling becomes a protective ramada or hanger for everything below.
• Simple pressure suits will do. Similarly, personnel occupied with tasks outside the habitat/lab and other structures within the lavatube need only unhardened pressure suits: lighter, easier to carry, and easier to work in.
But these user-friendly weather-free lagoons of the void out top, will not be the exclusive locations for lunar outposts. Some areas of the Moon rich in resources we will want to tap, are not handy to mare lavatubes. In such parts, there will be no ready alternative to digging in and covering up. But even in lavatube-endowed locations, there will be a need for a surface outpost and transfer station for goods and people on the surface near the lavatube entrance.
**Entryside Service Installations: Division of Labor**
Near the entry point to our lavatube main site, we will need a surface "interface" facility. A "construction camp" to prepare the rampway into the lavatube, or install an elevator if what we have is a "skylight" entrance. The surface post would then be the initial construction camp for deployment and construction within the lavatube.
**Surface Facilities**
As and if the demand for construction support winds down, a surface installation will still be needed to process visitors and goods, as a transportation mode transfer point and as a base for surface field work and expeditions. In addition, surface-shielded facilities will be needed at a spaceport location and as inns and service centers along major surface intersettlement transportation routes. While surface installations may outnumber occupied lavatubes, given that construction is simpler and easier within a lavatube environment, it is likely that overtime, perhaps a majority of Lunans will live in adopted lavatubes.
Ink-black Lavatubes can be sunlit via fiber-optic bundles connecting surface solar concentrators with in-tube light diffusion systems. For further reading on the possibilities, see MMM # 100 and 101, NOV & DEC, 1996, both online at www.asi.org/mmm/.
**Lighthouses**
On Earth we put lighthouses in two types of coastal locations: (1) on major headlands and peninsulas; ((2) at the entrances to major harbors. There does not seem to be an analogous situation to the former use, only for the latter. It would be a good idea to have a lunar version of a lighthouse at the entrance of a lavatube in any stage of occupation or adaptation for human purposes.
Even if Oregon L5's Lunar Lavatube Locator mission succeeds in jumping through all the hoops and over all the hurdles, it will have performed well if it maps even a small fraction of the Moon's population of intact and partially intact lavatubes. We will be discovering new ones, perhaps for generations. We might well put transponders near each identified entrance. But not all tubes will have open entrances. Nor are they navigational hazards, either for surface vehicles or spacecraft.
<PK>
---
**MMM #136 – June 2000**
**An “All-In-One” Moon Resort**
By Peter Kokh
You are a tycoon-entrepreneur, and you want to open a lunar resort-hotel for tourists regardless of whether or not there were other outposts already on the Moon or whether local industry had begun. Only very limited "easy" surface excursions would be possible, so you would want to find a location that "has it all." What would be a great location?
In "Seven Wonders of the Moon," we divided all the Moon into four parts from a human point of view: the Crooknecks, where Earth is always high overhead, the Postcardlands, where Earth hangs suspended over the horizon, the Obliviside, from which Earth is never visible, and finally the Peekaboos:
"Straddling the "limb" of the lunar globe which forever keeps the same side turned towards Earth are "the Peek-a-boos". Because the Moon's axis is not perpendicular to its orbit around the Earth and because that orbit is somewhat eccentric and the Moon travels faster when nearer Earth and slower when further away, all the while rotating at a fixed rate, about 7° to either side of 90° East and 90° West are alternately turned towards Earth and away from Earth. The effect is that these areas are alternately part of Nearside or Farside."
These areas constitute a border are from which sometimes you see Earth, sometimes you don't. Hence the nickname – the Peekaboos".
Now only somewhere in this globe-girdling strip, can tourists enjoy both of the Moon’s celestial wonders. Everywhere else on the Moon, they can see one, but never the other.
- The spectacle of the blue-white marbled Earth in the sky, and at a comfortable elevation over the horizon – especially when the Sun is below the horizon.
- The spectacle of the Milky Way as revealed in unbelievable brilliance and glory in the darkest skies in the entire Solar System: no glare from Earth, no glare from the Sun – when both Earth and Sun are below the horizon.
But we must issue the following pair of disclaimers! While a lunar resort somewhere in the midst of the Peekaboos will offer both spectacles, there will be times when Earth is visible but the Sun is also above the horizon and uncomfortably near to Earth in the sky. And there will be times when Earth is below the horizon, but the Sun above, and glare from the surface will impede seeing the Milky Way.
Here’s how we put it in “Seven WONDERS of the Moon” above.
**The Milky Way.** One of the lesser recognized ways in which our Earth environment continues to continue to degrade is urban nocturnal light pollution. There are millions of youth who have never seen the Milky Way.
**“Libration”**
**Libration in latitude:** as the Moon’s axis is tilted slightly relative to the Earth’s, each of its poles will seem to be tipped slightly toward the observer on Earth, in turn, over a four week cycle.
**Libration of longitude:** the Moon travels at a slightly varying rate along its elliptical orbit, traveling faster when it is closer to Earth, slower when farther. Meanwhile the Moon’s own rotation about its axis continues at an unvarying pace. So alternately, as seen from Earth, the Moon seems to be turned slightly eastward, then slightly westward. In each case we can peek about 7° past the mean 90° longitude over the edge of farside. These 14°-wide strips, from 83° to 97°, both East and West, are called the limbs, or in MMM-speak, the “Peekaboos”. For as we can sometimes see around the edge, to observers there the Earth is sometimes above the horizon, sometimes not.
The combined effect of these two librations allows us to see some 59% of the Moon’s surface from Earth, though only 50% at a time.
A good way to picture what happens is to imagine a very tall pole at the center of the Moon’s Nearside, 0°/0°, whose mean position is pointed at Earth’s center, but whose actual direction is sometimes above, sometimes below, sometimes to the East, sometimes to the West of that “anchor”.
António Cidadão has created a spectacular 133K animation illustrating libration along with oscillating distance, as seen from Earth. [http://www.minervatech.u-net.com/moon/not_libr_ac.htm](http://www.minervatech.u-net.com/moon/not_libr_ac.htm)
This animation, covering one full lunation (lunar month, or in MMM-Speak, one full “sunth”), dramatically illustrates libration of both latitude (N–S) and of longitude (E–W). Notice also how the Moon’s apparent size changes from perigee (its closest approach to Earth) to apogee (its furthest).
![Diagram showing libration]
For those of us fortunate to live in or visit at least occasionally countryside areas well outside built-up populated areas, the sight of the Milky Way in dark star-bedazzled skies is unforgettable. But we glimpse it at the bottom of a wet, dusty atmospheric ocean. Even in mid-desert where on cold crisp nights the seeing is best, we are somewhat handicapped.
On the lunar surface, atmosphere is absent. But anywhere in the Nearside Crooknecks or Post-cardlands, and part of the time in the Peekaboos, there is the distracting brilliance of Earthlight that must be baffled not only from view, but from reflection on one’s helmet visor.
It is in Farside during nightspan, both Earth and Sun below the horizon, that the Milky Way shines in full undampened, unchallenged glory. To look up from such a vantage point and scan this river of star clouds as it arches across the heavens from horizon to horizon is a treat no human has yet experienced. For those with soul enough to appreciate it, this awesome sight will be a, even “the reason” to visit, or settle in, Farside. Many will choose the peripheral Peekaboos along the limb, for in these areas one can enjoy both the Milky Way, and Earthrise/Earthset, alternately.
Even though these magnet celestial spectacles are each to be best enjoyed only at certain favorable times, the ability to offer both makes a Peekaboos location a must for an All-in-one Lunar Resort Hotel. But that leaves a lot of turf to consider.
Our other constraint -- only easy excursions will be supportable, especially if the Hotel is built prior to the establishment of a full lunar outpost able to provide logistical support of any tourist operations -- helps narrow the “doable” area greatly. We will want to site our Hotel in, or at the fringe of a level, easy-traverse mare plain. This will allow deployment of line-of-sight relay stations from the Hotel, out to at least 83°, E or W, from which Earth is always in sight.
Of course, we may already have established a communications relay satellite in one of the Moon’s flanking Lagrange positions, L4 and or L5. But even if we do have an L4 or L5 relay, a mare or mare fringe site will allow excursions both east or west to get more favorable views of either great sky spectacle: Earth or the Milky Way.
Along the western limb of Nearside, we don’t find the ideal conditions. You could erect a Hotel at the extreme eastern fringe of Mare Orientalis, “Eastern Sea”, the “Bullseye” in the center of the lead L4-ward face of the Moon as it travels about the Earth, or in its peripheral Lacus Veris, “True Lake”. But in the first case, any travel to the east further into nearside would be extremely rough going over the ramparts of Mare Orientalis. In the second case, travel either east or west would be impeded. We will certainly see outposts and/or hotels in this area someday. But this is not the place for the “first.”
On the eastern, L5-wards limb, SE of Mare Crisium, the “Sea of Crises” we find Mare Smythii astride the equator. Just north of “Smyth’s Sea” and due east from Crisium, we find Mare Marginis, the “Border Sea”. And well to the south, Mare Australre, the “South Sea” also straddles the limb.
Of these, Mare Marginis seems best to offer what we want:
- Level, smooth going to at least 7° in to a point from which Earth is always above the horizon
- Smooth going at least a few degrees deeper into Farside for optimum viewing of the Milky Way
MAP OF MARGINIS, NORTHERN SMYTHII, AND EASTERN CRISIUM
Sites in Mare Marginis: * “Peekaboo Resort”
* Earthlink Relay Station * Eastern vantage point * Neper Crater Lookout
LETTERED CRATERS: (C) Condorcet, (G) Goddard, (J) Jansky, (AB) Al Buruni.
[“Angus Bay” is an Artemis Society nickname for Mare Anguis, NW of Mare Crisium]
If one were to put this Hotel at the location indicated on the map above, in mid-limb 90° East on the north shoulder of the 60 km [37 mi.] wide crater Jansky, you would have a moonscape spectacle at your doorstep. And it would be a fairly easy 80 km [50 mi] excursion to the rim of even larger and deeper crater Neper. At 113 km [70 mi.] wide, Neper is one of the Moon’s “great craters,” appreciably wider than 97 km [60 mi.] wide Copernicus, which, since it is much more easily observed from Earth, is considerably more famous.
Neper, like Copernicus, has a central peak. Our suggested protocol [Selenology, AUG ‘89, pp. 18–21, “Extending the System of Lunar Nomenclature”] for naming such peaks is that if the crater bears the last name of an honored person, the central peak should bear his/her first name. In this case, Mt. John. John Neper (also known as John Napier), 1550–1617, was the Scottish mathematician who invented logarithms.
An easier traverse to the north would take us into the partially breached and mare–flooded crater Goddard, 80 km [50 mi.] wide. So a site in the Border Sea seems to offer the best of everything.
Even more reassuring is that a look at this whole section of the lunar globe suggests that as the Lunar Frontier more fully develops, Mare Marginis will not find itself left out in some backwater. A “highway” from the Mare Crisium – Mare Anguis area could pass through Mare Marginis, then through the highlands between Neper and Jansky into Mare Smythii, before heading ESE in the direction of Tsiolkovsky, and Mare Ingenii, deep in farside.
What might an early Moon Hotel look like?
Now that’s a pretty wide open question! At this time, it would seem that the least expensive bare minimum would be a complex of SpaceHab modules outfitted to provide sleeping accommodations, a ward room for meals, a galley kitchen, communications, an infirmary, an EVA preparation room, etc. Plus a pressurized rover.
You would need at least that much to house and support a handful of hardy tourists, lead individual guided EVA “walks” in spacesuits, and take them on a few guided excursions to see the nearby “sights”. The current reference mission for the Artemis Project™ Commercial Moonbase is SpaceHab module-based. SpaceHab offers considerably more interior space than did the Apollo era Lunar Modules. Ganged in twos, threes, or larger complexes, we begin talking about real room. And they exist. They are pieces of actual, many-times tested hardware. Add to that their “affordability.”
As the International Space Station (ISS) becomes real, station-type habitat modules will come online, to offer further off-the-shelf choices. This selection will grow.
Inflatables should be available offering “big dumb volume” for a spacious central commons and for a lunar “gymnasium.” The ability to experiment with no-spacesuit lunar gravity in simple exercise, gymnastics, experimental sports, and even dance will make this a priority feature. Add on the capacity to make telecasts to Earth, and that will only strengthen the market. A plain inflatable could be fashioned as a sphere, cylinder (upright or on a side), or as a torus (the most stable footprint).
As we listed in our ISDC 91 Paper “Lunar Hostels: An Alternate Concept for Both First Beachheads and Secondary Outposts, Part II, The Hostel’s Share of the Workload” [See Above] such Big Dumb Volume is tailor-made for equipment-light, volume-hungry function spaces such as:
- bedroom quarters
- exercise facilities
- lounge-chapel
- visitor-made art displays
- dinning area
- lunar rock collections
- assembly area
- etc.
Outlying interim “rest stop shelters” at places of scenic interest, for example, could be easily deployable TransHab type hybrid rigid-inflatable structures. For much greater versatility, and less duplication, one such could be part of the pressurized rover, offering sleep-aboard options.
With such a self-contained, if Spartan, motel on wheels, the Hotel could offer a far wider selection of land excursions, sooner. Properly designed for on location assembly of a few basic modules, such a “Wild, Wild Moon” type vehicle could be as essential as the Hotel itself. A smaller “rescue” coach-only vehicle would be a prudent backup.
As for the Hotel itself, more elaborate architectural possibilities will open up with on location building materials: glass domes for comfortable observation of the moonscape and heavens; or for a central Garden Atrium. Flowers might grow tall on the Moon. The lure of a walk through a floral forest could be irresistible to affluent newlyweds.
As permanent staff developed lunar arts and crafts (art glass, ceramics, regolith paintings, etc.) the decor of the hotel and its various inner spaces, could begin to take on a truly lunar ambiance. Guests could try their hand at new creations in these brand new media, choosing to take their works home as souvenirs, or leave them behind as inspirations and challenges to those who will follow.
Each of these phase by phase additions to the "Lunar Excursion Experience" will add to the market demand and encourage an ever growing flow of people to the Moon. That will make the development of lunar building materials and other industries ever more attractive.
In time, entrepreneur homesteaders will establish an enterprise zone nearby the hotel (if not in sight of it). They will come to offer new services and goods, both to the Hotel, and to the tourists that come to stay there. This will be a first humble step toward a cluster of tourist facilities such as we have at Estes Park, CO outside Rocky Mountain National Park; or at Gatlinburg, TN outside the Smoky Mountains National Park, or at the town of Wisconsin Dells near the river cliffs of that name.
And what a place for a summit conference of implacable foes -- a place where they will quickly see things in a whole new light, looking back at the precious Earth they share!
As population of the resort town grows, team sports and leagues will become possible, not for caricatures of well-known Earth sports, but for all new sports that are fun to play, and watch, and make sense in lunar "sixthweight." This corner of the Moon will not just be in the news. It will be on the Home & Garden Channel and ESPN Sports. Suddenly, this out of the way place will be part of the Greater World.
To be sure, common wisdom suggests such a Hotel resort would follow, not precede, the establishment of a major science, "industry-breeder" outpost. But we are not at all sure that this common wisdom is on target. As illogical as it seems, tourism, not resources, may be the driver that first earns us a foothold on the Moon. Here is the scenario.
**An Alternate Return to the Moon Scenario:**
1. Tourism to low Earth orbit becomes affordable as new reusable rockets bring the cost of such flights down to the low hundreds of thousands of dollars, enough to sustain a "flow".
2. Loop-the-Moon tours are an easy next step, requiring only refueling the shuttle-craft, a week's extra provisions, and Spartan sleeping facilities. Once the cost for this is under a million dollars, the first flights will happen.
3. Resort Hotels in low Earth Orbit are built, to accommodate longer stays, more comfortable Earth viewing, and more zero-G sports and even dance. These hotels will slowly grow into sizable complexes, even offering artificial "gravity".
4. The "Orbitels" become travel hubs.
5. Demand grows for lunar Surface Excursions
6. A small "growable" hotel complex is erected in Mare Marginis
7. Demand for more Hotel facilities leads to "on location" (those inept in English are wont to use the Latin equivalent "in situ") processing of regolith into building materials to make expected continuing phases of hotel expansion financially "doable" and continue to provide sufficient "return on investment" to backers.
8. Availability of realized on location building materials attracts a consortium interested in developing Moon-based space energy schemes: lunar solar relay arrays, solar power satellites built of lunar materials, helium-3 mining
9. Other outposts -- industrial enterprises -- are built, first in the proximity of the Hotel and its incubator building material industries, then at other locations on the Moon.
10. An infrastructure for travel between outposts develops, both for mutual logistical support and for trade. Roads, even railroads, are built in an ever-growing network.
11. Hundreds, then thousands, then tens and eventually hundreds of thousands of pioneers come to the Moon and wind up staying, raising families in the booming settlements. The Moon becomes a Human World.
12. A Hotel built in the lunar Peekaboos to cater to the insatiable demands of the ultra affluent thus proves to be the unexpected Seed of major industrial and economic development of the Moon. Why? Because Tourist Dollars do not need justification by MBA bean counters. Tourism is built on affluence, not on economic needs or justification.
MMM
MMM #138 – September 2000
THE BLACK SKY “BLUES” – Coping with “Black Sky Country” – By Peter Kokh
Foreword
On Earth we enjoy a brightly illuminated sky. If it isn’t clear and blue, the clouds are bright. The darkest storm cloud is far brighter than pitch dark.
On Mars, the sky seems to be “salmon” hued, though there is one researcher who insists that this is only the case during and after dust storms. The point is that on Mars, as on Earth, the daytime sky is a source of diffused ambient light that makes viewing the landscapes easier. Earth and Mars are “bright sky worlds,” a gift of their atmospheres.
On the airless Moon, however, the sky is pitch black during dayspan. In the glare of the unfiltered Sun the naked eye cannot see even the brightest star. During the near-side nightspan, Earthlight will cast a glare from up to eighty times as bright as that of full moonlight on Earth. Even a partially lit Earth will also blot out most of the stars. Only on the lunar farside, forever turned away from Earth, do the stars come out during nightspan – and with a brilliance we cannot imagine. But at no time anywhere on the Moon is the sky itself “bright.”
We’ve all grown up with the night. We don’t mind it. Nighttime darkness is only temporary. With dawn comes welcome visual relief. On the Moon, that relief never comes. Our pioneers will be transplanting themselves to “Black Sky Country.” And that can have long term psychological consequences.
With the black sky even at “high noon”, the contrast volume between surface and sky is intense. Shadows are bottomless visual pits. This will cause some eyestrain. Of course, this will be more of a problem for those who spend a lot of time out on the surface – in the “out-vac”. But it will affect those who spend most of their time in pressurized spaces as well: in what they see through various types of “windows” (vidscreens, periscopic picture windows, etc.); it may affect “skylights” as well.
Coping with Black Skies
To the extent that the “Black Sky Blues” do become a subtle morale problem, and this may differ from individual to individual, ways of providing deserve serious attention. Here are a few, we can think of for starters (and we invite readers to send in additional suggestions):
- **Electronic Windows** – Whether we call them telescreens, visiscreens, or something else, electronic images of the surface scene outside offer, for good as well as mischief, the opportunity to be manipulated. The viewer may be able to select a sky color and brightness to his or her liking. The viewer, much like an Internet browser, would then “interpret” the black areas at the top of the picture accordingly. Pick a light gray to go with the moon tones, or a smoky blue. Or, if you’re a visiting Martian pioneer, a dusty salmon. Those homesick for Earth can pick a brilliant blue. The idea is not to deceive oneself but to prevent eyestrain – if it has become a personal problem.
- **Spacesuit Helmet Visors** – Would it be possible to give the visor some differentially reflective coating that would “brighten” the sky, even if just a bit, without interfering with clarity of visibility of the moonscape? We throw out the challenge. If this proves feasible, could we do something similar with regular windows and periscopic picture windows (Z-views)?
- **Skylights & Clerestory Windows;** On Earth, water vapor in the atmosphere scatters the sun’s rays so that light seems to come uniformly from all directions. Our atmosphere is a natural “diffuser” with a bluish cast. For those windows meant to bring in light but not necessarily the views, could we produce some sort of frosted and translucent, but not transparent, glass pane that will not only let in sunlight but appear itself to be bright, giving the illusion of a bright sky beyond? Again we but throw out the challenge. One might experiment by holding up various kinds of existing glass and diffusers to a streetlight against the dark nighttime sky.
Windows, skylights, and clerestories of this type will be desirable not just for private homes but for sunlit pressurized streets and other “middoor” spaces, sports facilities, highway waysides, etc. Passive light scattering panes to the extent that they present a satisfying illusion of a bright sky could become standard, or at least common.
Without real experimentation, we would not pretend to guess what will work best. But we should be trying a lot of things, including foamed glass, aerogel, special coatings or laminate layers, etc.
Meanwhile, this standby: Some may not want to wait for such tromp d’oeuil developments, or disdain them as dishonest. And it may turn out that none of these suggestions will be possible to realize in a truly satisfying way.
There is another, simpler way. Pressurized habitat structures and modules will commonly have curved surfaces. We’ll need to install flat floors, of course, but the curved ceilings of spheres, cylinders, and toruses present an opportunity. Finish them with a light-absorbing matte texture and illuminate them with cove lighting. Give the finish – or the light source – a subtle blue cast, and Voilà, the appearance of blue sky. That these vaults offer greater ceiling height will only enhance the effect.
We can in effect, recreate the familiar blue sky indoors on the Moon. On Earth, where all we have to do is step outside, this hardly seems like a worth-while extra expenditure. On the Moon, suggestively bluish cove-lit vault ceilings may become the norm.
Cove lighting, especially if it is really “sky-bright”, will reduce the need for other lighting: floor and table lamps, wall sconces, and especially ceiling lights and chandeliers. Strong indirect ambient light reflected everywhere off the vault ceiling from cove light strips hidden from view will create a positive psychological “atmosphere”.
It’s understandable if some residents might prefer the flat, white ceilings they are familiar with on Earth and to get their daily dosage of blue skies in common “middoor” spaces such as pressurized roadway tubes. Below is a suggestive illustration from MMM # 53 March ‘92.
THE RESIDENTIAL STREET (‘HOOD) AS THE MODULE
Cross-Section of cylindrical module 40m x ?00 m:
[1] shield louvers let in sunlight; [2] suspended sky-blue diffusing “sky”–air pressure same on both sides; [3] terraced residential housing with rooftop gardens; [4] thoroughfare running the length of the (neighbor)’hood; [5] light industry, shopping, offices and schools; [6] conduits for utilities.
At first, roadway tubes will be of a much more modest scale, of course. But other “middoor” spaces (pressurized common spaces neither inside private quarters nor “out-vac” on the surface) such as school recreation spaces, public squares, sports arenas, and “park and picnic areas within agricultural modules all are prime opportunities for faux blue sky ceilings. During the two week-long
nightspan daylight (on an artificial 24 hour schedule) could be simulated by using electric cove lighting aimed at such vault ceilings. During the equally long dayspan, sunlight could be indirectly channeled by mirrors to reflect on the vault–ceilings full-time, or shuttered to simulate night conditions on a 24 hour schedule.
**Blue Sky Simulations Out–vac**
What about simulating blue skies outside the settlements, out on the surface? This might be very desirable for frequent inter–settlement travelers, truckers, and others whether they spend a lot of time in such conditions or not. Certainly, one could design emergency solar flare shed vaults and other covered roadsides, even if unpressurized, lit from below, thus providing “bright skies” of a sort, whether they be blue, white, or light gray.
One can foresee a day when many thousands of people live on the Moon in several settlements. There might then be one or more heavily traveled surface corridors. These could be covered with shielding vaults lit from below, open to the vacuum. Such lunar “superhighways” would make for safer, more comfortable driving conditions, day or night.
Someday, settlements may be built within great megastructures with soaring ceilings. These too could be designed to offer bright blue skies. But meanwhile, the use of cove–lit vault ceilings in habitat and other interconnected settlement modules will go a long way to shake those “Black Sky Blues” or at least help inoculate the settler pioneers against the accumulative visual deficits of the “magnificent desolation” of the lunar terrain.
But hopefully, someone will pick up on the other challenges we’ve put forth, of individually tunable “browser–like” video screens, special light scattering glazing options, and smart helmet visors.
The “Black Sky Blues” is something we need to take seriously. It poses an acculturation challenge unique to the Moon and other airless worlds which future Martian settlers will not have to face.
<MMM>
---
**MMM #140 – November 2000**
**Transportation & Town Sites**
TRANSPORTATION & TOWN SITES By Peter Kokh
**Home Planet Habits**
A careful glance at any atlas will reveal a significant number of city and town sites that owe their location to geographic features that anchor transportation routes. Along the coast, there are many cities with natural harbors, some of these at the mouths or estuaries of navigable rivers (New York, Boston, Norfolk). Inland, perhaps a majority of cities and towns are located on lake shores or riverbanks. Among the latter, are many that have been founded at special points along their rivers: waterfalls and rapids (Minneapolis, Cedar Rapids, IA), fording points (Rockford, IL), easy portage points to parallel rivers (Portage, WI), and at major river junctions (Pittsburgh) or deltas (New Orleans). Others sit at an end of a lake around which surface traffic is diverted (Chicago!). Still others guard mountain passes serving as gateways (Denver). And then there are those secondary and tertiary sites that spring up wherever two roads or a road and a river cross. Not to forget railroad junctions! Perhaps not many people give the reasons for town location much thought. But they don’t just plop down out of the sky.
On Shoreless, Riverless, Trackless Worlds
Interesting, perhaps. But what relevance does any of this have to the Moon or Mars? Neither world has actual oceans or lakes or rivers. Nor are there any roads or railroads across their barren trackless wastes. Ah! Perhaps not in the same explicit and developed sense as on Earth. But both worlds are full of features that will attract, redirect, or otherwise constrain transportation corridors and increase or decrease the suitability for townsite location.
Coasts, Seas, Lakes
The Moon does have coasts, even if its seas are of congealed lava floods rather than water. Maybe we won’t have to change transportation modes when we go from lunar sea to lunar highland as we do on Earth (boat to car or train), though in time there may be vehicles specialized for both. More significant is the fact that there is a chemical makeup interface at the lunar coasts on the Moon, just as on Earth. Instead of “ground” to water, we go from soil richer in aluminum, calcium, and magnesium to soil richer in iron and titanium. Lunar Mare/Highland coasts are the prime locations for industrial town sites, affording access to both major chemical suites of lunar regolith.
But not all coastal sites are created equal. Some lunar coast areas will afford easier overland access through their rim ramps into the highland hinterland “interiors” than others. That is, some coastal sites will offer breaks, passes, or easy ramps up into the higher, more mountainous and more crater-pocked highlands. They have the advantage.
Some lunar maria or seas are landlocked or isolated: Crisium, Marginis, Smythii, Humboltianum, Orientalis, Ingenii, Moscoviensis, etc. But on the nearside, most mare lava plains are interconnected: Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Frigoris, Imbrium, Serenitatis, Tranquilitatis, Fecunditatis, Nectaris, Nubium, Humorum etc. In some cases, neighboring seas are conjoined along broad stretches which leaves a lot of room for choosing one’s route. In other cases, there are areas where it is much easier to traverse from one to the other. In these cases, the likely transportation corridors narrow considerably. Even a rudimentary Moon map or nearside photo will illustrate several such instances.
One especially narrow natural corridor links Mare Frigoris in the far north to the northern coast of great Mare Imbrium via the Alpine Valley. It is a no-brainer to predict the rise of settlements at both “valley gates.”
Surrounding some seas or maria we find a number of “satellite” lava floods, sometimes named as lesser seas (Mare Unduram, Mare Spumans southeast of Mare Crisium, Mare Anguis [Greg Bennett’s “Angus Bay”] northeast of Crisium) or lakes (Lacus Veris near Mare Orientalis): but many are nameless, e.g. northwest of Crisium. Perhaps these lakes will attract transportation corridors, becoming easy-going respites from otherwise more difficult highland traverses. We need to pour through the orbital maps and topography and altimetry data to define the best routes, ones needing the least bulldozing and grading, less cuts and fills.
On the maria themselves, as flat as they are in general, there are here and there impediments to easy going which one must either negotiate or detour around. There are some craters, even a few large ones, with their rubble strewn rims. There are also crater ruins or reefs, pre-lava flow craters that are only partially flooded. These are common in M. Smythii.
More important to consider are the lava flow features themselves. Flow fronts can be a hundred or more meters higher than older flows beyond. And then there are the sinuous rilles universally interpreted as collapsed lavatubes of especially large dimensions. Recall the pictures of Hadley Rille from the Apollo 15 mission. We must either negotiate their slopes or detour around them. In some cases we will be lucky to find natural bridges, actually uncollapsed lavatube sections. There are several of these along the Hyginus Rille in Mare Vaporum in central Nearside. The larger, most central of these bridges is likely to attract both highway location and, as an uncollapsed lavatube section, settlement. Put a town and an assured transportation corridor together and you get a prosperous trading center too.
As to the lavatubes we strongly expect to find wherever there are lava floods, some of them, all else being equal, will make more logical settlement sites than others, simply on the basis of how conveniently they are individually located in relation to transportation corridors selected on topographical grounds. Eventually, all “buildable” lavatubes may be occupied, but the best placed ones will be settled first. If we have both a well-argued transportation corridor map, and an orbital radar map of lavatube sites, we could put together a good short list of prime sites.
Surveyors of the most logical routes for the highways and railroads and pipelines of the settled Moon ahead must pay attention to all these things.
Thus 2 things will shape the lunar globe:
1. **Where** the various resources are
2. **How** we get materials, goods, services, and people back and forth between them
To determine a lunar outpost, even the first one, without paying attention to these other considerations risks setting the course of lunar development on a dead end course. Those determined to start at the South Pole rather than the North, risk just such an outcome. More about that next month.
**The Northern Ocean & other Martian “Seas”**
Mars, like the Moon, has no bodies of liquid surface water. Unlike the Moon, it once did. The seas of Mars are dried up real seas, not seas of frozen water. Here as on the Moon, we are likely to find clear chemical interfaces at the “coasts.” Here also we will find easier or more difficult entry into the surrounding higher hinterland. Here as on the Moon, we will find some obstacles in traversing these seas, but they will be obstacles carved by water rather than by lava floods.
All of these considerations will constrain transportation routes and help determine future town sites. But there is this difference. On Mars, there is the real technical possibility, the ethical and moral debate aside, of filling this ocean and these seas with water again. Those who dismiss this possibility will dare to build settlements on the dry ocean floor, much as some Israelis, who dismiss the possibility of Palestinian statehood, dare to build settlements on the West Bank. In either case, no one can demand that those in question not take that risk. But the risk remains. And much as diehard Israelis hope that there settlements will provide a barrier to the recreation of a Palestinian state, future “Reds” on Mars, as they have come to be called, are likely to found settlements and build roads to them on the dry ocean bottom in hopes that this will pose a political fait accompli to prevent refilling of the ocean basin.
The other significant depressions are the Argyre and Hellas basins, the latter by far the deeper and most extensive. If one were to pick and choose areas to flood with precious water, Hellas is the most logical, the vast northern ocean bed the most ambitious. Arguing against the flooding of Hellas is the fact that as the lowest depression on Mars, it enjoys the marginally highest air pressure -- it is still very thin. It is unlikely anyone alive today will see either eventuality. Speaking of Hellas, by pure chance, the greatest seaport in the fictional Mars (Barsoom) of Edgar Rice Burroughs was Helium. Both words come from the Greek but are from different roots. In Greek, Hellas is Greece, Helios is the Sun.
The great Martian lava floods poured out from volcano throats, building up shield volcanoes layer upon layer analogous to, but far, far larger and taller than Mauna Kea/Mauna Loa (the Island of Hawaii): the trio of Ascraeus Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Arsia Mons, plus the mighty Olympus. In contrast, the lunar lava floods oozed out of the fractured bottoms of great impact basins and spread out evenly. In both worlds these lava floods are likely to be riddled with lavatubes, ready made shelter for settlements, industrial operations, warehousing and archiving. In both cases these offer safe and secure settlement sites. On Mars, Pavonis Mons, being by chance astride the equator, assumes an enormous advantage, its west slope the best location in the solar system for a launch track, its summit the best anchor in the solar system for a possible space elevator. Add in an extensive maze of lavatubes and Pavonis Mons is the most assured major urban site in the solar system beyond Earth.
**The Crated Highlands of Moon and Mars**
The crater-pocked highlands of the Moon and Mars are strikingly similar in appearance and morphology. In both cases there are areas that are saturated with craters large enough to discourage travel. In both cases there are “intercrater plains” that would seem to be easier going. Whether we set about to survey future roads, railroads, or pipelines, we need to pay very close attention to the altimetry and topography data in picking the easiest most sensible routes. The routes selected will in turn decide which potential town sites see the light of day. Even in the case of significant highly localized mineral deposits, sites on or near logical transportation corridors are the likely to be developed.
If one looks at the best photographic atlases of the Moon and Mars, it is almost possible to plot the most negotiable routes now. But we won’t want to cast our choices in concrete before seeing the very high resolution data. Terrain that looks very smooth in medium resolution, can be revealed to be strewn with boulders of significant size on further investigation. The whole length of all proposed route options must be looked at carefully, their various pluses and minuses weighed before making a decision.
Happily, on the Moon and Mars we have the chance to identify and preplan these corridors in advance of settlement, and thus in advance of politics. On Earth, it is all too frequent that a less logical
routing is picked to bow before political pressure from already established settlements along one of the proposed routes. Lay out the transportation map first, then choose the settlement sites. On the Moon and Mars the jury on successful establishment of human civilization will always be out. We cannot afford to make mistakes for political reasons.
**The Poles and their Approaches**
Both on the Moon and Mars, the significance of the poles is that they hold known water reserves. Even if, in the case of the Moon, we find excess hydrogen rather than water ice, it amounts to the same thing. Oxygen being everywhere in the rocks, the essential special ingredient of water is hydrogen.
On both worlds, thirsty circumpolar and equatorial settlement prospects may rest on tapping these polar reserves. On Mars, some non-polar areas are blessed with abundant permafrost in the soil. Siting a settlement in or adjacent to such areas will be very attractive IF these reserves are shown to be sufficiently extensive, practical to tap, and sweet rather than saline. Only “ground truth” probing can determine this. In advance of on site testing, we can only sketch the vague boundaries of permafrost areas of high promise, all else being equal, and we can do that only if we succeed in brainstorming and flying instruments to detect and map subsurface permafrost from orbit. This is a high priority for which there is as yet almost no demand among the planetary scientists interested in less practical “knowledge”.
Meanwhile, early planning is wise to start with brainstorming how to get polar water ice to other areas of the globes of the Moon and Mars. If we truck it, we need roads. If we send it by rail, we need railroads. If we pipe it, we need pipeline routes. In all three cases we need reasonably easy routes. These preselected routes will determine the corridors along which secondary settlements make sense.
Heated water pipelines or aqueducts seem logical for Mars. On the Moon where surface temperatures range to both higher and lower extremes, it would make much more sense to refine the water ice along with any immixed carbon oxide ices (highly likely given their cometary origin) into Methane CH4, and oxygen, piping both gases in carefully separated parallel pipelines to user market terminals. At the various destinations, these gases can be recombined to produce water and useful carbon dioxide in a process that recovers the energy put into refining as a most useful bonus. That makes this operation a logical choice for nightspan scheduling when availability of energy is lowest.
Thus the paths of water movement away from the poles on both Moon and Mars will do much to fill in the maps of both globes with the details of human civilization. On Mars, human-built canals will be as significant to both economy and biosphere as the imaginary ones of Percival Lowell.
**Starting Now – a Project for 2001 – “frontier feature annotated” Moon and Mars maps**
We already have good enough altimetry and topographical data on both the Moon and Mars to begin now to predict at least some off the more logical transportation corridors on both, as well as narrow down where they will intersect. Who will do this? Not NASA, which uncommitted to settlement, is not about to indulge in such foolishness. This is a job for groups of volunteers, perhaps dedicated chapters of NSS, the Mars Society, and the Moon Society.
Railroad routes will be more demanding than roadways to plot as they have more demanding grade constraints, even in lunar gravity, perhaps especially so as traction is reduced along with gravity while momentum remains the same. We will want the highest resolution altimetry and typography data to select wisely from route options of competing merit.
Pipelines can use pumping stations, and gas pipelines are less sensitive to grade than liquid ones. But, we will want to plan either with pump stations conveniently serviceable from parallel roads.
In carefully, slowly, filling up our maps and globes with promising routes and nodes, we should not neglect nearby scenic attractions of opportunity. There is a lot worth seeing on the Moon and Mars. What people get to see most commonly, will be those features nearest to travel routes established for trade and commerce on topographic grounds. We may find logical names for some of these scenic overlooks.
As routes, intersections, nodes and hubs are identified, we might give the more prominent of the settlement sites suggested by this network provisional imagination-feeding names. In many cases we can do this quite logically by basing these names on nearby features with internationally established names, using suffixes or modifiers like ford, bridge, pass, gap, valley, gate, head, delta, outlet, lake, heights, point, junction, portage, ridge etc.
We needn’t name them all, only those where a logical name is rather obvious. The other sites can be marked with mapping symbols for the nature of their advantage, the symbol sized according to apparent strength of that advantage. For example:
And Voilà! two suddenly more “human” worlds. Science fiction writers would have a shared convergent plateau from which to build further. The rest of us, pouring over such “frontier feature annotated” Moon and Mars maps and globes would sense worlds the outlines of whose human futures could already be glimpsed through the fog of events still in the future.
Of course, none of these names can be more than provisional “working designations” pending the approval or disapproval of the eventual settlers themselves. The point is that simply naming places on the Moon or Mars with carefully reasoned high settlement potential will work to advance the day such settlement becomes a reality.
<MMM>
MMM #151 – December 2001
Engaging the Surface with Moonsuits instead of Spacesuits
“Mother Nature has a Dress Code!”
By Peter Kokh
In last month’s issue (MMM #150 NOV ‘01) we began our discussion of learning how to be “at home” on the Moon with articles on domesticating regolith, getting comfortable with overnighting, and learning to live with the Moon’s natural rhythms. But there is much more to this agenda, and we pick up the litany this month. First on the list: lunar space suits!
Space Suits have traditionally been designed to protect us from alien environments, not to engage those environments on a “let’s make ourselves at home” basis. These would seem to be just empty and cheap words at first reaction, but let’s play with the idea, follow it, and see if it leads somewhere new.
When NASA sent astronauts to the Moon, it was with suits designed to protect them from a poorly understood and understandably “alien” environment. They did have a good understanding of the thermal loads and heat-management problem, of the radiation flux at the Moon’s surface, and some inkling of the uncooperative character of the pervasive moondust. In designing the suits, it was essential to err on the side of overprotection. After all, the scientific goals of these missions were definitely secondary to the overriding directive to “bring ‘em back alive!”
When we return to the Moon, the controlling directive will be to learn how to stay. Breaking the systems engineering and psychological barriers of overnighting will be at the top of the list of milestones in this campaign. And that will mean that we must have suits that can do more than handle the moderate “midmorning” solar heating loads. They must be up to handling the higher heat loads of “high noon” and of the lunar “afternoon” period (remember that from sun up to sun down takes a full 14 and three quarter standard Earth days). But in order to do outside routine and emergency housekeeping, maintenance, and other chores during the equally long sub-bitter cold nightspans, the suits must have a controllable heating capacity with high reliability. Proper insulation against heat loss by radiation to the black sky will be essential. So even without the extra features we will identify as desirable below, the suits for the return missions will have to be improved, at least in thermal management capacity, over those of the Apollo era.
So much for the obvious. What we want to talk about in this article is the need for Moon Suits that go beyond such improved basics. We need to put to work the tremendous electronic tele-sensing abilities that have become doable in the three decades since the Apollo feats.
Smart Suits
For safety’s sake and to maximize the odds of safe return, or rescue if that should ever be necessary, we can build a number of sensors and computer processor chips into our new “smart” moonsuits. The wearer should have at his or her demand, all of the following kinds of vital information:
- Power reserves and time available at current energy consumption rates
- Oxygen reserves and time remaining at current consumption rates
- Thermal management stress loads as a function of capacity
- Radiation flux with screen becoming activated when flux exceeds normal range
- Built-in GPS (global positioning system) distance covered (GPS track) over the horizon landmark locator (GPS calculator) direct return route distance (GPS calculator)
- warning when the capacity of any system approaches the “point of no return” level
The readouts from these devices could be either constantly visible, or projected on the visor “heads up” area either when activated by a voice command or automatically when a caution or emergency condition develops. No one needs to be unnecessarily distracted by boring confirmations that everything is “functioning within normal parameters,” but information that requires attention, must have a way to get attention. An alternative to a heads up display for less critical information would be a sleeve readout device.
A transponder belongs in every moonsuit. It could broadcast its signals via satellite or via a relay at one of the Lagrange point station (L1, L2, L4, L5 -- according to one’s location on the Moon’s surface). To personnel at the outpost or vehicle from which the suited excursion originated, the wearer’s position would be monitored (as a backup system in addition to the suit’s own GPS monitor.) If there was sign of inactivity lasting long enough to cause concern, or a cut off in transmission, or a signal that a suit function had failed or been compromised (e.g. even slow depressurization from suit puncture), the wearer’s location would be pinpointed.
Additionally, if someone sensed s/he was in trouble, the whereabouts of any nearby persons also out on the surface could be ascertained, and a route to their location plotted or a signal sent.
One of the tradeoffs of such safety features is that if the Big Brother aspect. There are times when one may want to be alone -- just him/herself, the moonscapes, and his/her thoughts. One should be able to turnoff a transponder, but with a double switch to prevent accidental disconnects.
These kinds of "Guardian Angel" features are well within current technology limits. They would make us more safely “at home” on the Moon. There is more we can do, so stay tuned.
**Smart Visors**
Not only can we thus greatly improve moonsuit safety features as described above, we also have it within our power to greatly enhance the wearer’s perception of his/her environment. In comparison to the “Native Scout” expert clue recognition abilities that moonsuit wearers will “put on” when they don their suits, the Apollo moonwalkers had all the clueless sensory capacity of city slicker dudes. No offense intended, of course! They were all genuine heroes of the first rank who did all they could and more with the tools we gave them.
Our point is that it is not enough just to be able to look through a helmet visor with the naked eye. Moonscape’s are notoriously monochromatic and the immense information that they bear comes across to the naked eye as a monotonous blur of seemingly trivial details. Smart Visors and other electronic sensory enhancers could change all that, and allow the wearer to see an immense variety of significant information of scientific, prospecting, or other value that normally fades into the monochrome overload.
Smart Visors and other sensory enhancers will allow future moonwalkers to “engage” the Moon as never before, by letting them see and sense information clues that “naked eyesight” just can’t detect, notice, or pick out. Here are just some of the possibilities that are within our means.
- Infrared scanning of the ink black shadows and kneemount shadow penetrating spotlights
- Phosphorescence sensors
- Picking other humans out of the background
- Exaggeration of slight and subtle color difference
- Telescopic zoom-in capacity
- Sensors that sniff any outgassing in the area
- Range finder (distance to near horizon features can be greatly misjudged by the naked eye according to Apollo EVA experience)
- Tevel horizon guide (in low gravity, one’s ability to detect slight slopes is impaired)
- Filters that enhance visibility through any dust electrostatically suspended over the surface
- Alert-alarm and activation of laser spotlights when sensors in combination with expert recognition systems detect special spectral and reflectivity signatures of minerals, etc. on a field science or prospecting watch list
- Alert alarms for any motion in the visual field
- Alert alarms for any motion in the shadows
- Other expert recognition programs
- Major computing power to analyze inputs (the computer design should address the clumsy gloved fingers vs. keypad issue using voice recognition software and other means, be able to calculate mineral and element abundances of samples, and, using GPS and range-finding data draw simple but functional “map” guides)
We’ve probably missed a lot of other possibilities and if readers have some suggestions to add to this list they are encouraged to contact MMM by mail or by email <firstname.lastname@example.org>
But the list above will give some indication of the enormous potential there is to use today’s electronic wizardry to let future moonwalkers be vastly more attune with and aware of their environment. “Engaging the Moon on its own terms” is what we are after -- the ability to be able to see critical information normally lost in the visual monotony as if one were an experienced native-born scout.
**Wearability and Mobility Issues**
Comfort and Convenience were justifiably secondary concerns for the designers and fabricators of the Apollo moonsuits. One can put up with most anything on a temporary basis, so long as the discomfort or inconvenience is not great enough to compromise the work at hand. But now we are going back to the Moon, intending to stay, intending to make ourselves at home. Field scientists (geologists, mineralogists, etc.) and prospectors and others will be out on the surface for longer periods, and repeatedly. In such circumstances, discomfort and inconvenience risks compromising the work at hand.
What do we need here? Surely suits that are easy to put on and easy to take off without assistance. And suits that do not require pre-breathing special air mixtures. We need to make it so wearing proper apparel to go outside on the Moon is no more of a big deal than wearing proper apparel for rain, cold, wind, or snow is for us on Earth. In short we need suits that protect us without a lot of bother and drama.
We shouldn’t attempt to find an ideal design that offers such features in isolation from the even more important issue of dust control. The use of conventional airlocks will inexorably lead to the immigration of annoying and trouble making amounts of fine powdery moondust into pressurized habitats, labs, workspaces, and other facilities. Previously we have proposed a solution prefigured in illustrations by the great lunar outpost illustrator, Pat Rawlings -- the clamshell-back or turtle-back space-suit. We described its operation in the MMM #89 article cited at the bottom of this article.
“Pat Rawlings did the illustrations Ben Bova’s 1989 book “Welcome to Moonbase” [Ballantine Books, Newyork, ISBN 0-345-32859-0] has elsewhere illustrated a much superior dust-control approach. The cover of “Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century” [W.W. Mendell, Editor; Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston 1985, ISBN 0-942862-02-3] shows personnel wearing what I have come to call the “Turtleback” suit, in which an oval hardshell backpack covers the torso and back of helmet. This backpack is hinged on one side, and entry to the suit is made through the opening.
“In prerelease conceptual illustrations Rawlings did for the David Lee Zlatoff/Disney/ABC ‘91 movie “Plymouth” (still the only science fiction film ever made about settlement and the idea of using lunar resources), there are sketches of turtleback conformal airlocks (my word) into which this specially designed backpack makes a sealed connection, then swings open, allowing the incoming astronaut to (pulling his hands and arms out of the suit sleeves) reach back and up through the opening to grab a bar above the inner door of the lock and pull himself out of the suit and into the habitat. The suit and most of its dust remains outside, perhaps to be stored automatically on an adjacent rack. Whether Rawlings himself ever thought through his artistic concept this far, or further, is unknown to this writer. But we want to give him full credit.”
Next we need suits which are as light as they can be made, and agile! There are probably things we can do with both the boots and the loves to make the wearer more sure-footed in all types of lunar terrain, and more dexterous in handling samples, climbing, making repairs or performing service operations. If our moonsuits constrict our mobility and agility, making us “all feet and all thumbs,” wearing them will exhaust us all too quickly, decreasing both the amount and the quality of work accomplished.
The amount of quality work that gets done per person hour is the name of the game. In time, it will also be a question of enabling people to go out on the surface to engage in field hobbies and out-vac individual or team sports. If we meet the needs of scientists and prospectors, we will enable those with an “outdoors” recreational needs as well.
Out-vac exercise and sports activity of any kind will depend on the invention and debugging of a lightweight, supple pressure suit that can handle the heat and perspiration loads generated. If total out-vac exposure times are kept to an acceptable accumulative minimum, radiation protection can be minimized. Given the considerable benefit and boost to overall settler morale, the development of such a suit is sure to be on the collective front burner. Such suits will have to have many “smart” features we have described above.
For both work and recreation, overall morale enhancement is the real prize. Upon this morale hangs the long term viability of lunar settlement. Now unlike providing sensory enhancement, providing
EZ-wear suits that allow maximum mobility, agility, and dexterity is a goal much more easily described than realized.
Our intent is not to give clues as how we can meet these goals, but to define what these goals should be. NASA has long been aware of the shortcomings of its spacesuits and for a time was funding two different teams to come up with replacement designs. Then the work stopped. There may have been some Agency dissatisfaction with the results being achieved in the two projects underway. Each was promising advantages, but by means that were mutually incompatible so that all the proposed advantages could apparently not be realized in either design. But we think that the real reason for shelving these two projects was Neanderthal budget-cutting, by those who could not see the big picture, or cared.
This kind of R&D needs to be directed by a commercial enterprise that has a stake in the results and in the quality and quantity of work done on the Moon. For now, brainstorming and paper studies of radical new moonsuit designs that meet these objectives are about all we can hope to see — until some intently for-profit consortium has a eureka dream that “there’s (a) gold(mine) in those (gray) hills!”
Active Helper Systems
One could also imagineer a number of "helper systems" that would enhance the surface excursion experience even further. Power tool plug-ins Set II. In addition to tools useful in investigating rocks and minerals (drills, saws, core samplers, etc.) and various glove and boot accessories, we could "plug in" more exotic, even "handier" tools. How about an automatic laser device that would leave "Reeses Pieces" "hot spots" that would remain detectable for a few hours to assist the wearer in retracing steps especially in jumbled and confusing terrain?
Or how about a retrievable tethered mini "scamperer" probe that could reach spots (up/down cliffs and escarpments, inside crevices and clefts, etc. and other hard or inconvenient to reach areas) and either analyze what it detected and send back the data or pick up and return promising samples? The second season team at the Mars Society simulation outpost on Devon island discovered the surprising usefulness of such critters. They experimented with 100 m and 200 m tethers (leashes, anyone?)
We'd be delighted to hear from readers about more such active helper systems. Think of them as productivity maximizers and safety insurers.
The Fremen Stillsuits of Dune/Arakis
Okay, so that's a bad title in as much as those who do not allow the pleasures and escapes of science fiction into their lives will have no clue of what it means. To Sci-Fi fans, no explanation is needed. So let's try again.
Accommodating Human "Needs"
Our suits of the Apollo moonwalkers had provision for urination -- a definite improvement over the one Alan Shepherd wore less than a decade earlier. But these suits were made to enable stays of a few hours at most. We'll want to do some trial and error experimentation with alternatives that will cover our butts, so to speak, for longer periods under both normal and distressed conditions (er when it's Immodium time). Accommodating for regular bowel function (other than by the "low residue diets" fed to the Apollo crews) within the tight confines of a space suit will pose quite a challenge, but one we must meet sooner or later, so why not sooner?
Truly long-duration suits would have the capacity to recycle urine into drinking water, and for the uninitiated, that as the gist of the first subtitle for this section. Now that will make many queasy but it is no more than a very accelerated version of what happens in nature. So if this makes you ill at ease, get with the program!
Suits will have controls to adjust the gas composition of the air, and scrubbers to remove or recycle exhaled carbon dioxide. To create a "micro" biosphere system to handle all this indefinitely without frequent fresh inputs would seem an impossible challenge. Fortunately, some people relish "impossible" challenges. We predict breakthroughs in this area -- in time, and not by an "agency."
The ultimate backup system would be a "noninvasive" vital signs telemetry system. That is a nearer term goal, one we should find easier to meet.
Wrap Up – "Moonskin"
Actually, we are all born with a space suit of sorts -- our skin, which is one of the most important yet least appreciated of the body's essential systems. The skin works to keep our body fluids in and contaminants out. But this natural integument evolved to meet the challenges of our terrestrial environment.
Now as we move out into spaces and places beyond our native atmosphere, we do not have the time to let “evolution” do its work in spinning us an improved formfitting protection layer.
But the way the skin works without encumbering us to assist our mobility, agility and dexterity is the model we must hold before us in designing our “moonskins” the suits that will let us be at home on the Moon as if we were native. With the right outerwear, we could operate freely on the Moon’s surface and be attentive of all the clues the moonscapes hold. Well designed moonsuits well let us “belong” in our adopted homeworld. MMM
MMM #152 – February 2002
Lighthouse Network for Travelers
By Peter Kokh
In MMM # 151 DEC ’01, pp. 3–6 “Engaging the Surface with Moonsuits instead of Spacesuits” we suggested that Lunar GPS units be standard equipment. Yet, the Moon being the unforgiving environment that it is, redundancy is the wisest policy.
So we pose the question: how would “lost” or location/direction-confused travelers, explorers, prospectors, and other people in the field find their way to their destination, or back home, if for some reason their GPS unit was not working, or the system was down (satellite failure)?
An updated and Moon-adapted analog of the time-revered lighthouse network along the coastlines of Earth’s oceans and Great Lakes might be useful, particularly in analogous “coastal” areas of the Moon. The Moon’s “seas” -- plains of congealed lava that fill great impact basins -- are bordered by impact basin ramps and highlands with intermittent high points or “headlands.” Travelers taking coast-hugging routes could benefit from a chain of well-placed lighthouses. In time, a network of such beacons could be placed on high points along cross-highland routes as well.
By “Lighthouse” we mean:
Before we go any further in this seemingly romantic reverie, let’s make clear what we do and do not mean by a lunar “lighthouse.” These would not be manned, nor would they be eternally “lit” as are our terrestrial analogs. Nor need they be as large.
The lunar “lighthouse” we envision normally sits passive, “on call” when needed. An omnidirectional radio signal from a confused traveler would awaken any lighthouses in line-of sight. Each would then send out a directional homing beacon signal that would contain a “signature” identifying it to the traveler to help in determining his/her location. A visible light pulse could also be emitted when the lighthouse was in darkness or shadow.
These units would have solar panels to keep batteries charged, with enough of a charge to work when needed during the long nightspan stretches. Once in place, they would operate “on call” indefinitely without tending, and without grid connections.
Samples of placement:
We have made line sketches of two areas where such networks might be useful in the earliest frontier period (proposed) areas of early settlement. [Discounting the Poles as totally atypical regions that are likely to be dead-ends.]
1. the coastlines of “Angus Bay” (Mare Anguis (Sea of Serpents) and adjoining NE coast of Mare Crisium (Sea of Crises
2. the northern coastline of Mare Frigoris (Sea of Cold), a prime settlement location (“North Junction”) -- and high points along one possible cross-highland route to the North Polar Icefields and the “white gold” they contain.
Such automated “lighthouse” beacons could be small and relatively lightweight which would help in deployment. The first explorers to blaze any trail through “virgin” terrain would set them at surveyed high points so that the network would grow steadily with the expansion of “explored” terrain.
Could we package such beacons in inflatable tetrahedrons (we don’t want them to roll back downhill much less down the opposite slope) so that we could hurl them precisely to their intended perches without having to scale hills ourselves? Within such an envelope, the equipment package would be self–upright itself, then deflate the cushioning envelope.
Along level terrain routes with no real high points, beacons can be hoisted up telescoping pylons -- after all, on the Moon the horizons are much closer than on the larger Earth. On this windless low–G world, such pylons could be very lightweight.
Such a system could be the prime carrier of communications and data in, from, and to the deep Farside where we will want to maintain high radio quiet for Radio Telescopes. It’s all part of making the Moon a friendlier place to call “home.” <MMM/>
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**MMM #161 – December 2002**
**Tourist Clusters on the Moon**
By Peter Kokh
**Foreword**
In MMM #136, JUNE 2000, pages 5–8, we wrote about an “All-in-one Moon Resort.” This article described the general advantages of various locations on the Moon from the viewpoint of visibility of Earth above the horizon, concluding that locations on the limb, where due to libration effects, Earth was sometimes just above and sometimes just below the horizon offered the “best of both worlds,” that is, the advantages of Nearside locations along with the advantages of a Farside one.
The article also traced a surprising scenario, which is becoming more and more plausible as time goes on: tourism, not industrial development of lunar resources, may pace the opening of the Moon. What follows is a fresh, shorter, look at how tourist facilities are likely to multiply on the Moon.
**The Dawn of Lunar Tourism**
We are, alas, still a long way from returning human pioneers to the surface of the Moon. There are no NASA plans to do so – all such previous studies gathering dust on the shelves per instructions from Congress – and amorphous plans of China, India, and Japan to put people on the Moon cannot yet be taken seriously, none of these nations having yet put an astronaut in orbit. The Artemis Project would set up a first commercial Moonbase, and indeed, this seems a more plausible eventuality than Congress reversing course and ordering NASA to shake a leg.
Everyone waits for someone else to put precursor pieces of the terracing puzzle in place, however, and so we do not seem to be making any real progress. That none of the would be movers and shakers has a critical amount of seed money is the harsh reality, of course.
We have all been quick to herald the opening of the Space Tourist age with the ISS visits of Dennis Tito and Mark Shuttleworth, the first “kids on the block” to come up with icebreaking money. Efforts to get additional camera-toting commoners into space through “creative financing” have so far not succeeded. That’s to be expected. The more we rely on multiparty financing, the more failure points we introduce into the plan.
Yet interest of “ordinary people” in space tourism remains quite high. Once someone succeeds in bringing down the ticket price by a factor of ten, then a hundred, the floodgates will first crack, then shatter. Regular traffic will lead to dedicated, if spartan, orbital tourist quarters. As prices continue to come down, and the number of ticket purchasers grows, whole new orbital tourist centers will be developed, unconnected to ISS.
Once we have a dedicated tourist shuttle, it simply requires refueling and reprovisioning that craft to send it and its passengers on a no-land loop-the-Moon up-front-and personal venture following the default path taken by the limping Apollo 13 craft. Indeed, as we have pointed out previously, tourists could skim over the Moon’s farside before the next humans return to the Moon’s surface. It is a simple fact that landing on the Moon, and then returning, requires additional hardware and fuel. See “Lunar Overflight Tours” – pp. 22-26 above.]
But where do we go from here? In the MMM #136 article cited above, we suggested that a dedicated surface “hotel” complex might be developed in Mare Marginis (or some other “limb” location.) But the actual step by step development of lunar surface tourism may start quite humbly, without any surface facilities at all. The first tourist lander craft will serve as a self-contained hotel, exactly as the Apollo Lunar Excursion Modules not only brought astronauts to the surface, and then returned them safely to lunar orbit rendezvous, but served as their “camp” while on the surface. Such a craft could set down just about anywhere on the Moon’s surface, perhaps visiting a different location on each trip. This “butterfly” strategy would encourage repeat visits by some of the well-heeled early Moon tourists. And as anyone in business knows, the repeat customer is a principal mainstay of success.
**First Dedicated Tourist Surface Facilities**
From this point in time, it seems obvious that the first permanent habitat on the Moon will be a module (with auxiliary equipment) manufactured on Earth and transported to the Moon’s surface. There is simply no other way to get started. We cannot rule out the possibility that once the facility is field-tested, debugged, run through a full lunar dayspan–nightspan cycle and judged “operational” by advance crews, its intended design use will be for tourists. After all, we do need to make the first outpost earn money, and tourism is certainly a promising source for a steady revenue stream.
However, this approach would seem to be a dead end one. Bringing pre-manufactured ready-to-deploy–and-use habitat space from Earth is forbiddingly expensive. There will be no way to get beyond the “rugged campsite stage” without first developing the capacity to produce lunar building materials, and modules, from processed local moondust – regolith. So while hosting occasional tourist visitors will be an important way to raise capital for testbed lunar industrial experiments, the principal and regular occupants of a first outpost will need to be those pioneering the early industrialization route. Only when we are ready to begin manufacturing, and assembling, and outfitting expansion habitat and function space from modules manufactured on site, can surface tourism grow.
**Scattered Tourist Sites vs. Tourist Clusters**
Here on Earth, there is a seemingly inexhaustible number and variety of tourist destinations, facilities, and activities from which to choose. In fact, this has been the case since at least the middle ages, but has never been so manifold and so accessible to the general traveling public as today. Yet while we can fly here today, there tomorrow, on a butterfly itinerary that samples many locations, a mainstay of surface tourism, especially for the driving public, has been the tourist cluster: one general destination that offers a great variety of facilities and activities.
The tourist cluster comes in many sizes. There are the mega-clusters of Orlando and Las Vegas, of course. But we are thinking of the many smaller clusters around the country whose development preceded these modern day wonders. Inspired by my own experience, four “gateway” clusters come to mind.
- **Wisconsin Dells, WI** – gateway to the scenic Dells of the Wisconsin River
- **Estes Park, CO** – gateway to Rocky Mountain National Park
- **Gatlinburg, TN** – gateway to the Smoky Mountains National Park
- **Cave City, KY** – gateway to Mammoth Cave National Park & many more similar clusters
1st Outpost – 1st Tourist Surface Itinerary Synergy
Now on the Moon, we will, in time, have clusters of tourist facilities and for-profit attractions (frequently disparaged as “tourist traps”) at gateways to some of the Moon’s more outstanding scenic attractions: the crater Copernicus, approaches to the Alpine Valley, for examples.
But it seems certain that the very first lunar tourist cluster will grow up in close proximity to the first lunar commercial-industrial outpost as it gradually develops into a true settlement.
Tourism requires support facilities and support services and people “on location” to man them. However, it will be a while before the tourist stream becomes a steady one and requires the “day job” attention of support cadre on location. In the beginning, tourists will arrive in small groups at infrequent intervals. Tour group leaders familiar with the outpost and the lay of the surroundings can themselves provide much of the support.
They will have the Outpost to visit, and make the tour of surrounding support facilities: solar arrays, fuel tank farms, construction sites, road-building sites, regolith harvesting and mining sites, processing facilities. And, of course, the local scenic high points.
As the stream of visitors grows in both numbers and frequency, one can imagine a definite symbiosis emerging between the tour operators and the Outpost and its staff. For example, an additional pressurized motor coach/crew transport could be paid for on a time-share basis by both the Tour Operator and the Outpost Agency and bring real benefits to both. New roads serving new scenic attractions as well as new mining or processing sites could be built. Tour Operator need for automated self-help rest stops would seem to be a made-in-heaven match for the Outpost’s needs for a network of service garages/emergency flare shelters. In short, we can expect a real, if partial, synergy between the driving needs of Tour Operators and the driving needs of an Outpost aggressively expanding in both size, staff, and diversity of activities.
That there will be some friction and disagreements will not discourage such a partnership. Only an Outpost that aggressively seeks to expand along for-profit vectors has any real chance of morphing into a real settlement. And we all know from experience here on Earth how important an economic driver tourism can become.
Location, Location, Location
It could happen that the first outpost-settlement-to-be will be quite close to a major scenic attraction. But it is more likely that scenic advantages will be an important but secondary consideration in site selection. Yes, to support a variety of marketable services, we will want a photogenic site, one with interesting moonscapes, and one from which Earth hangs in the sky not uncomfortably far above the horizon (in “The Postcardlands.” It is also likely that the outpost planners and site-pickers will have the foresight to realize that a mare-highland “coastal” site will offer the best strategic advantages for industrialization: access to both mare and highland suites of lunar regolith resources. And such a site will be much more interesting from a tourist point of view: vistas of great plains along with a setting of nearby mare basin rampart mountains.
Two such site proposals are Greg Bennett’s “Angus Bay” (commonly known as Mare Anguis, Sea of Serpents, an irregular winding mare-filled bay off the NE “coast” of Mare Crisium) and our own “North Junction” proposal for an outpost along the north coast of Mare Frigoris at the overland gateway to the north polar ice fields. Both offer comfortable Earth viewing and a mix of plains, mountain ramparts and craters.
In time, as diversification of the economy leads to the spread of human presence to many distant locations on the Moon, more scenic attractions will become accessible. A first “service station / flare shed / inn could lead to a cluster of tourist facilities of which providing access to the flagship scenic attraction in the area will be only the first.
In clusters, whether of tourist facilities, fast food restaurants, or automobile dealers, everybody benefits from increased traffic. The cluster provides something for everybody within a relatively small area, so more time can be spent on enjoyable activities, less on traveling from one to the other. Industrial diversification keyed to special ore concentrations may lead, but tourism will help build the future map of the humanized Moon.
MMM
MMM #164 – April 2003
Eclipses: The Lunar Experience
ECLIPSES: THE LUNAR EXPERIENCE
By Peter Kokh
Every now and then, Earth-facing moonscapes take on the hues of a dimly lit Mars. But there will be no mistaking where you are. In the sky in place of Earth will be a black hole outlined with a ring of orange tones with only one ten-thousandth the brilliance of sunlight. And in that black hole, clusters of lights, Earth’s cities and fires, dotting otherwise dark continents. It is Umbra.
Thursday, May 15th, 2003, there will be a total eclipse of the Moon, visible from all of the Continental United States and Hawaii, and from most of the rest of the world except Asia and Australia. For information about this event, go to: http://www.netspeed.com.au/minnah/2003/2003-1.html
For an Eclipse Computer that will tell you when (and where in the sky) the eclipse is viewable in your area, go to: http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/LunarEclipse.htm
Most everyone has seen a total lunar eclipse at one time or another. They aren’t all that rare. But no one has ever experienced such an event from the Moon’s surface. What would the experience be like? What would we see in the lunar heavens? How would it transform the appearance of the surrounding moonscape?
For observers on the Moon, what we Earth-dwellers experience as an eclipse of the Moon, will for them, be an eclipse of the Sun, our home star disappearing behind the Earth. So the phenomenon that they would/will experience will bear closer comparison to the one that those fortunate enough to have seen a total solar eclipse on Earth have felt.
Shown: Moon passing thru Shadow Cone (Umbra)
Let’s try to visualize and feel the sight and impressions that future Lunan pioneers can anticipate.
Comparisons
Those of you fortunate enough to have witnessed totality in a total solar eclipse (anything even a tad short of totality counts as zilch – yes, there is that much difference) were probably as little prepared for the overwhelming effect of the experience on oneself as I was, when I saw my first from Minot, North Dakota in February 1978. The sky darkens gradually, suddenly going black, as the Sun disappears and the stars come out, in what should be bright daylight. Where the Sun had been there appears in its place a very black hole in the sky surrounded by a ring of flames, the corona. Meanwhile the air temperature drops some tens of degrees, and an eerie silence falls. For many first time witnesses, the experience is so unexpectedly transfixing that the goal of seeing yet another total eclipse suddenly soars out of nowhere to somewhere near the top of one’s personal life agenda. For me, that quest next led to Bratsk, Siberia in late August, 1981.
Much of the magic of this experience arises out of an unlikely coincidence. The size and distance of the Moon makes its apparent size vary from just smaller to just a bit larger than the apparent size of the Sun. Total solar eclipses occur in the latter case. Because of the close approximation in apparent size, totality is brief, commonly two minutes give or take, with a maximum of seven.
But from the Moon, Earth’s apparent diameter is some three and a half times as great as that of the Sun. When the Sun disappears behind the edge of the Earth, it will take quite a bit longer before it peeks out from the other side. Totality on the Moon can last some three hours.
**Moon just inside Umbra through center of Umbra**
For us on Earth, during totality, the Sun’s flaming corona can be seen surrounding the black hole in the sky that is the Earth. From the Moon, the Sun’s corona will also be eclipsed for most of totality. However, the black Earth will sprout its own “coronalet” as sunlight beaming down upon the hemisphere of Earth turned away from the Moon, lights up the dust in the atmosphere. This light is refracted into the shadow cone. Portions of the Moon passing closer to the edge of the Umbra will be brighter, those closest to the mid-umbra darker. Clouds and volcanic dust in Earth’s atmosphere will also have an effect so the actual appearance, brightness, colors and color variation will change throughout the event and differ from eclipse to eclipse.
Watchers on the Moon will see an unbroken ring of sunsets and sunrises, much less brilliant than the Sun’s corona, but also much larger in diameter, and an awesome sight. Stars hidden by the Sun’s glare will reappear in the sky. The glow from this ‘coronalet’ will repaint the Moon’s surface in very unmoonlike hues. For the pioneers, it will be a magical time in which they might imagine themselves transported to deep twilight on Mars! The direction and length of shadows will not change from what they would be if the Earth were not blocking the Sun. But the edges of shadows will be much fuzzier, contrasts less sharp. Familiar moonscapes will reveal themselves in this whole new light.
For crews, tourists, and settlers on the Moon’s nearside, it will be an unforgettable experience. While for them, this will be a “solar” eclipse, the real show will be on the Moon’s surface, with the show in the sky just completing the “Landscape.” That’s in contrast to the experience of solar eclipses on Earth where the main event is in the sky. For a treatment of the coloration and brightness-darkness of the Moon during Umbra, see “Danjon Scale:”
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/OH/Danjon.html
**Timing and Frequency**
How often do these events occur? The Moon’s orbit around Earth is tipped some 5° to Earth’s orbit around the Sun, so the Moon spends most of the time either above or below the plane of Earth’s orbit and does not pass through Earth’s shadow every orbit. There can be as many as three eclipses a year, as few as zero. Only a third are total. While one seldom sees either lunar or solar eclipses noted on calendars – (just the phases of the Moon) “umbra” dates are likely to be noted on Lunan calendars. Where on the Moon Eclipses will be visible
The Umbra Experience is only visible on the Earthfacing side of the Moon. That means that the Sky Show of black Earth outlined by the ruddy sunrise–sunset ring of dust–refracted sunlight will be high overhead in the central areas of nearside (the “crooknecks”) and at more comfortable elevations above the horizon nearer the limbs (in the “postcardlands”). Some events may be visible in the limb regions, others not, depending on the angle of libration (variance from facing Earth dead-on) at the time.
Both the proposed Angus Bay and North Junction sites will offer comfortable viewing, with Earth some 20–30° above the horizons, with shadows of mid-range length. In contrast, at a site near the center of nearside, not only would the sky show be directly overhead (zenith), but there would be no shadows, it being a high “un–noon” situation. Tourists coming from Earth to experience the umbra will
head to areas closer to, or in the limb region. Umbra will occur early in dayspan for areas east of the Earth-facing meridian, at mid-dayspan along that meridian, and later in dayspan for areas to the west.
Impact on frontier culture
The Moon is a world of gray shades, overwhelmingly so. Indeed, Lunans will be challenged to infuse their homes and settlement areas with color to make up for the sensory deprivation that greets them out on the surface. To be able to view familiar out-vac surroundings through the filter of sunlight refracted through Earth’s dusty sunrises and sunsets will bring periodic relief and delight. Umbra will also provide the best viewing of the many clusters of city lights on Earth’s nightside, framed in the sunrise–sunset ring.
The hours-long event will be occasion enough to let kids out of school, even workers. Umbra could even become a holiday of sorts. For these pioneers, who will have given up much that we take for granted, who can begrudge them this periodic pleasure. Add to that, that each Umbra will be different, and the same event will be experienced differently in various places on the Moon.
MMM
Postscript: Umbra-clad moonscapes
Where one is on the Moon will make quite a difference. The relative brightness of the brighter highlands and darker maria (lava plains or “seas”) will be much the same. The reddish umbra light may make some areas stand out. Shadows will be in reduced contrast with the umbra-lit areas and have softened edges (owing to the greater diameter of Earth’s sunrise-sunset ring than the angular size of the sun’s disk), but in the same direction.
During a short totality, portions of the Moon nearest the edge of the umbra shadow remain relatively bright, where as portions deeper within the umbra are considerably darker. For pioneers, the brightness or darkness of the eclipse “twilight” and of surrounding moonscapes will depend on one’s position on nearside relative to the umbra center.
Popular vantage points – The spectacle will be more comfortably viewed the further one is from the center of nearside (the closer to the horizon Earth sits in the lunar “sky.”) Vantage points that include both mare and highland terrain in the foreground will be more interesting. “Experts” and Umbra devotees may seek out special vantage points. Visiting Tourists
People will come to the Moon from Earth, even from Mars, to experience the brief spectacle. Because of demand, prices for Lunar Eclipse Excursions flights to the Moon, or even just to loop around during the event, may be higher than other flights. An eclipse experience would highlight a visit The Spectacle of Earth’s city lights. I think that the Nearside Umbra experience (by far the best to view Earth’s city lights) should be added to the list, expanding it to eight, or supplanting the Straight Wall. The others: (Nearside) Copernicus (or other major crater), Alpine Valley, Lavatubes; (Farside) Tsiolkovsky, and the heavenly splendor of the Milky Way.
The Spectacle of Earth’s city lights
In MMM # 69 OCT ‘93, p 8–9, “7 Wonders of the Moon,” [MMM C #10] I listed my personal picks which included the Nearside Spectacle of Earth in the heavens. But I was thinking of viewing Earth under normal phase conditions – the Bright Blue Marble. I think that the Nearside Umbra experience (far the best to view Earth’s city lights) should be added to the list, expanding it to eight, or supplanting the Straight Wall. The others: (Nearside) Copernicus (or other major crater), Alpine Valley, Lavatubes, (Farside) Tsiolkovsky, Milky Way splendor in the heavens.
graytones. There has been no weathering by wind or water and the pristine impact powder on the Moon remains angular and gritty. There are no rivers, not even dry ones (wadis or arroyos) to cross, no need to provide drainage.
On the other hand, the fact that the momentum of a moving vehicle remains “Earth-normal,” its traction is greatly reduced in the Moon’s light 1/6th normal gravity, means that extra attention must be paid to banking on curves and/or providing surfaces with enhanced “grip.”
**The earliest frontier roads; marked trails**
Getting down to the nitty gritty bare bones essentials, a road or trail is essentially a route that someone has pioneered and which is visibly evident to anyone who would follow or retrace it. On the Moon, footprints and wheel tracks in the soft, easily compacted moondust, will remain visible for centuries or more.
The amount of effort to be made in “constructing” a “road” depends on the amount of “traffic” that we anticipate. Clearly, that will change with time. In our own experience, ungraded dirt roads give way to graded ones, then gravel, and finally paved byways.
The first outpost may have a number of frequently visited outstations: out-vac tank farms of fuel and other volatiles; warehouses; remote nuclear power station; a launch pad in early stages of becoming a spaceport; a scenic overlook or two; areas of enriched raw materials for early industry, etc. And there will be exploration and prospecting sorties to areas further afield, possibly scouting sites for additional outposts or “industrial parks.”
To aid in route surveying and “highroute” corridor designation, we will need more accurate, higher resolution lunar global altimetry maps than those now available. Based on the maps yielded by such a TopoSat, potential corridors and routes of varying breadth, both main and tributary branch routes, can be identified prior to decisions on where to site new outposts. Proximity to such routes linking potential sites to the early population centers will be a primary, if not overriding consideration in final site selections. This map of potential traffic routes, color-coded for sections needing special improvement, identifying and quantifying clear-grade and cut-fill hurdles according to difficulty and expensed options will provide one part of a Global Lunar Development Map.
Given the Moon’s low gravity, grades steep by our own terrestrial standards, may present no big problem, at least not for wide-track vehicles with low center of gravity. But we’ll want to pick paths with gradual changes in grade, and relatively free of large boulders – routes that promise to be relatively easy to negotiate – and which do not lead to dead-ends, e.g. into a box canyon, toward a cliff or escarpment, or into jumbled, chaotic terrain.
The simple passage of other vehicles following a first trail, will compact the moondust, making the route more clearly visible and easier to follow. But without minimal improvements, average speeds may be rather low. In general, routes will be picked that steer clear of boulders of any size, say a foot (30 cm) or so high. These smaller ones can be handled by the vehicle’s suspension but wheeling over them will make for slow going. It will make sense to provide vehicles with a forward, canted rake that will “plow” them to one side. A second parallel pass would widen the “smoothway” to two “lanes.” If the “plowing” vehicle has a trailing weighted roller, then smaller rocks of a couple inches (5 cm) or less will be compacted along with the moondust, making a rut-free smoothway that can be driven at modest speeds. With no additions of extraneous material, the road’s color will be that of the host terrain, blending in perfectly. It will show up, from close up or far away, mainly by its clearly “processed texture.” The earliest “roadmaking,” then, will be a matter of “Rake & Roll.”
Trail Smoother rakes/plows small rocks and boulders to one side, leaving pebble size rocks behind, to be packed into soft regolith by the weighted trailing roller. A row of boulders is left to one side. A return pass by the
Smoother on the far side of the boulder row, will thicken that row and create a median strip. Boulders in the median strip can be removed where needed to allow left turns onto junction roads. Additional reverse direction passes to either side of the median would widen the smoothway, and create smaller boulder rows marking the two shoulders. How wide and high would the boulder rows be? That would depend on the amount of boulders in the area smoothed. The boulder rows may be discontinuous, but would still effectively mark the way.
[For a way to trailblaze pioneer roads at no public expense, see Luna City Yellow Pages, this issue, page 8, # Trail Blazers, LLC.]
“Fixing” the roadway: dust-control
Away from settled areas, dust control, while always helpful (reducing and simplifying vehicle maintenance) will be less important. Depending upon traffic volume, the simple clearing of boulders and modest “smoothing” may suffice over carefully surveyed routes. But regularly used traffic ways need be more than rut-resistant. They should\also be dust-free or dust-stabilized.
Surfaces can be self-paved by fusing or sintering the top layers to a sufficient depth to support expected wheel weights, using microwave beams in a stereo array or focused solar beams in a controlled pattern to produce a hard but not glassy surface, textured to improve traction of spring-tired vehicles. Just how to do this is a matter that will require some amount of determined experimentation, first Earthside with analog materials, then with infield/onsite confirmation tests with actual lunar produced materials under real travel conditions. Determining cheap and easy pavement options should be a priority “homework” item for the initial outpost-base.
One challenge will be the high surface temperature range of +400° F, +200° C., over the month-long dayspan-nightspan cycle. This will constrain the way and extent to which potential dust-fixers like sulfur are used. “Pavement” strengtheners such as locally produced fiberglass mats may be part of the solution.
As to lunar concrete bear, in mind that this is a sixthweight environment and the “pavement” need not be as strong as that needed to bear up under heavy terrestrial traffic. At the same time, on the early frontier, we can expect a large percent of the traffic to be that of heavy “lith-moving, construction and mining equipment. On Earth, a six to one mix of raw on site soil with cement is enough to produce a serviceable walkway. But will such a low ratio mix sustain construction equipment traffic as well as lighter road traffic? Tests are needed!
Right of Ways and Road/Lane Widths
How wide should a rural highway be? This may seem a strange question. But on the wide open owned-by-nobody Moon, there would seem no reason to arbitrarily limit the width of vehicles, and determine lane widths accordingly.
There are no potentially productive lands being eaten up by wider highway rights-of-way. With no air or atmosphere, there is no need for streamlining either. (“dustlining” is another question!) There are as yet no bridges or underpasses or tunnels of set size to influence width and height restrictions. On the other hand, there is low gravity – which brings with it proportionately low traction – along with unreduced full-normal momentum. Together, these conditions make wider than normal track and lower than normal center of gravity, wise design goals. We predict that lunar highways may be generously wide, lane for lane, by our standards.
But roads can always be widened, if the right of way set-aside is appropriately generous. At the very outset, where the traveler does not expect to meet oncoming traffic, one ample lane should be enough. Two ample lanes with a rock median strip, as described above, should do for quite some time. Eventually populations in various centers, and the trade and passenger traffic between them, may make wider, and even “limited-access” roads advisable.
Graded trails
The simple roadway preparation above, may work well enough for relatively flat mare [pronounce “MAH-ray’] plains of the Moon, the so called seas (actually seas of great lava sheets now long congealed), their upper surfaces reduced to powder and rubble by billions of years of meteorite bombardment and micro meteorite rain – the patchy areas of the Moon that look dark gray to the naked eye. And it is our guess that the first major lunar settlement will be built near a mare/highland coast, probably on the mare itself, for the significant industrial advantage of having access to both aluminum-calcium rich highland soils, and iron-titanium rich mare soils.
But even the maria (plural of mare, Latin for sea, pronounce MAH-ree-ah) are not totally smooth. Successive lava flows have left terminal slopes. Here and there, lavatubes too close to the surface, have collapsed into valleys called rilles, hundreds of meters wide and deep, many kilometers long. Here and there also, more recent major asteroid impacts have cratered the mare surfaces.
And in some major impact basins, Mare Smythii being a good example, the subsequent lava floods have been too shallow to bury the older heavily cratered impact basin. The rims of ghost craters poke through the mare surface like so many coral atoll reefs.
Lighter, crater-pocked highlands surround darker and flatter lava flood plains called maria. The mare, in turn, has several deep rille valleys (left) and flow front escarpments (top) as well as a few younger craters. And in the highlands, even where reasonably negotiable routes can be found through “inter-crater plains,” road making may require more than boulder plow-raking and “smoothing.” Aggressive grading may be needed to fashion lanes free enough of small scale dips and mounds to permit acceptable travel speeds. What our Trail Smoother begins, or cannot even touch, will be the job of bulldozers, graders, and other earth moving equipment.
It will be some time before roads outside the peripheries of the settlements are used regularly enough to constitute what we would call “traffic.” Only when they do, will substantial grading, paving, and routing improvements to allow higher speeds and shorter trip times become financially justifiable budget priorities.
**Forging shortcuts: cut & fill, causeways, bridges, tunnels**
These early paths-of-least-resistance routes will do well enough for a start. But as global lunar population and inter-settlement traffic grows, ‘shortcuts’ demanding extensive “cut and fill” work, perhaps even bridges and tunnels, will become justifiable expenditures. Looking at the sketch above, it is clear that without such engineering, we may have no choice but roundabout routes, sometimes a hundred miles or more longer than a direct route. That means more hours spent in transit.
It may be some time before bridges and tunnels are built. “Cut & Fill” is easier, less expensive, low-tech: ideal for a small population with limited industry. The lunar surface is bulldozable down to a depth of 2–5 meters, 6–16 feet. Below that lies fractured bedrock. So major “cuts” will need the assistance of dynamite or other explosives.
**Scenic Highroutes**
On Earth, “scenic” roads often hug terrain features such as valleys, shorelines, ridges and mountain crests. On the Moon, it will be no different. Routes chosen for the views they afford will wind along rille tops or bottoms, crater rims, and mare coastal ramparts, lava flow fronts etc. As they may well be
more expensive to build, such roads will come later, multiplying step by step as the domestic and foreign (terrestrial) tourist traffic increases.
**Automated Self-Serve Roadside Service Pods**
For travel off the beaten path, we must use self-contained vehicles that need no resupply other than what is obtainable from the surroundings. Range will be limited. But along improved roads open to routine travel, wherever the distances between settlements and outposts are substantial, safety and convenience will be promoted by the placement of automated solar-powered service stations.
At such “pit-stops,” vehicles can pull up and hook up to refuel or recharge. The station’s solar power units will recharge exhausted batteries, electrolyze water from fuel cell operation to make hydrogen and oxygen for refueling other fuel cells. And there will be on site solar power storage for limited nightspan operation.
First aid supplies may complement emergency food rations. An antenna for high gain communications is likely to be available. There may be a locked storeroom stocked with commonly needed parts and tools, accessible by credit card. Use a tool and don’t return it, and you get charged not only the purchase cost of the item, but the cost of restocking it to the location at which it was “checked out.”
A computer in the main town could keep track of vended inventories and the quantities of water, hydrogen, oxygen, stored power reserves etc. This will allow scheduled just-in-time resupply and equipment maintenance. Such Stations can be designed as compact units with modular pull-out/plug-in changeable components. They would be trucked to the site, following road-blazing crews, or in advance by all-terrain scout vehicles.
Next in priority will be “flare sheds,” covered hangers where vehicles can find shelter from the occasional solar flare. Those readers who had the luck to see the made-for-TV Disney-ABC science fiction film
“Plymouth” (shown only twice, Memorial Day Weekend in 1991 and ‘92) will appreciate the importance of such sanctuaries from the powerful radiation of solar flares.
As advance warning time for solar flares is rather minimal, these havens need to be placed at “reachable” intervals along regularly traveled routes. It will be a high priority for the safety of lunar pioneers to agitate for early placement of flare-warning stations in orbit around the Sun.
A minimum of two $120^\circ$ ahead and behind the Earth-Moon system in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun will do. Three, at $120^\circ$ intervals in a close-in, within the orbit of Mercury, might be better. These orbiting satellites will be able to see around the flanks of the Sun to spot troublesome sunspots before they are carried by the Sun’s position to the field of view visible from Earth or the Moon.
**LEFT:** A 2 satellite system in Earth orbit covers parts of Sun out-of-view of Earth & Moon to give complete advance warning. **RIGHT:** three satellites cover the solar globe at higher resolution, from an orbit inside Mercury. at higher resolution, from an orbit inside Mercury.
A complete network would monitor developing storms anywhere on the Sun’s surface. With such advanced warning, flare sheds could be placed at greater intervals. Such sheds can be designed and erected in modular fashion, to grow in shelter capacity as road traffic warrants. In time, some of these refuges may become the nuclei of staffed service centers, including restaurants, lodging, and even recreational facilities.
Motoring on the Moon will be a very different experience for those accustomed to road travel on Earth. Here, even in remote areas from the roadside spam of non-point-of-interest billboards, even in the most arid of desert and mountain areas free of vegetation, we enjoy conditions not to be found on the Moon. Without water vapor laden air, lunar skies will be black, even when the glare of sunlit moonscapes is intense. A passing truck will be scarcely noticed, with no telltale “suction” effect as it passes. Vehicles will have to be fully pressurized and more dependable, with backup systems. Without air and wind, awnings against the solar glare will cause no drag.
Properly routed, with scenic overlooks and opportunistically placed waysides (replete with sculpture gardens) lunar highways need not be boring. Yet, to the same people who on Earth feel that “when you’ve seen one mountain (river/waterfall/lake/cliff/valley) you’ve seen them all” the Moon will be especially boring. To those of us capable of sensing and appreciating the differences and who marvel and are awestruck by the endless variety, there will be noshortage of scenes full of wonder.
Early highway passenger vehicles will be more akin to our “coaches” or “greyhounds”, not in shape or size, but in function. Personal and private vehicles will be available on pressurized insettlement streets, long before they become affordable or common out on the surface. When they are built, they may be mainly rental vehicles. Few pioneers will need personal transportation between settlements until the population grows substantially, and the economy has diversified considerably.
Relevant articles from these past issues of MMM
# 37 JUL ‘90, “Flare Sheds” pp. 4–5
# 79 OCT ‘94
p 13. Lunar Roads
p 16. Lunar Vehicle Design Constraints
# 81 DEC ‘94
p 3 Rural Luna: Surface Vehicles & Transportation
p 4. Over the Road Long Distance Trucking Rigs
p 5. Toadmobile Conversions
p 6. Beyond the Beaten Path: Skimmers
p 7. Spider (vehicles); Camping Under the Stars
# 82 FEB ‘95 p 7. Rural Luna: The Beaten Path
# 85 May ‘95 p 7. Waysides; Farms; p 8. Mines
# 86 June ‘95, p 7. Science outposts; Recluse outposts
Pursuing Nomadic Lifestyles on the Lunar Frontier
By Peter Kokh
We’ve talked an lot about lunar homesteads and lunar settlements in the past seventeen years of MMM. And indeed, the goal of most pioneers who leave Earth for the Moon and wherever else, will be to
settle down in a place that they can call home for a long time, if not indefinitely. Yet we know from our own experience here on Earth that not everyone ends up in a home of their own.
Many persons prefer not to set down serious roots, even after establishing a family, choosing to rent here and there as fits their mood or changing job situations or finances. Surely there will be home rental and apartment type living on the Moon and elsewhere. But in this essay, we want to speak to a less common need, but one which will certainly be part of settlement life for some.
There are people whose jobs or occupations by their very nature requires a highly mobile, sometimes even nomadic lifestyle. One example is the expert whose rare talent is needed now here, now there. He or she may be a mining consultant, an architect, a corporate organizer -- you get the idea. We are not talking about people who are here one week, there the next, but those whose services may be needed here one year, there for the next six months, and so on. They will hardly be happy living out of hotel rooms, never sleeping in a bed of their own. Yes, what we now call "residence hotels" will be an option: quarters that you can settle into, somewhat, with some leeway in superficial customizing being allowed. Perhaps that solution may do well for most of these mobile persons.
But some may want to have their own homes and a permanent home to come home to between stints won't do. They want real homes that they can take them along with them as they move around to wherever business and life takes them. Yes, some analog of what we call mobile homes, motor homes, houseboats, etc. That is the life style we want to explore on the Moon, and those are the analog solutions such people have found workable on Earth.
**Various Mobile Habitat Analogs**
We are familiar with various types of mobile habitation. Most mobile is today's motorhome, able to go anywhere there are roads, fully self-contained, on wheels with its own engine. Less mobile are trailered and "5th wheel" homes and campers. Next there is a category which has undergone major evolution over the years: the old pick-up-and-go "house trailer" ("caravan") was replaced with the "mobile home" that generally made but one journey, from factory to a fairly permanent "trailer park" site. This has evolved further into manufactured modular housing.
We'll certainly see a lot of the later on the Moon and Mars. In fact, we think manufactured modular housing will be overwhelmingly predominant. It ensures quality and safety performance, minimizes the amount of time spent by workers in space suits, and is best adapted to meet the needs of a quickly expanding population.
But it is the previously mentioned mobile habitats that are in the range of our topic, and we'll probably see analogs of all of them on the space frontier, along with one other, the house boat and the bargeable floating home. There will be such a variety for two basic reasons: to fit different situations such as expected frequency of relocation, from constant to seasonal to seldom; they need to fit the lifestyle needs and quality expectations of people with different tastes and budgets.
On Earth, many of the larger motorhomes keep personal, smaller, more maneuverable vehicles in tow, much as their waterborne equivalents are equipped with dinghies. We'll probably see something similar on the Moon, but in two basic forms: a small electric cart (think golf cart) for use in pressurized piers and likely-adjacent settlement passages; a fully pressurized out-vac rover. For scarcely mobile lunar habitats on the analogy of floating homes (Seattle's Lake Union, Sausalito) there will be contractors to move them to new sites for a fee.
**Mobility Constraints**
On Earth, such movable residences must meet certain design constraints to fit the medium in which they are mobile: motor/trailer homes can only be so wide to avoid "wide-load" restraints and only so tall to slip under most bridges; houseboats, bargeboats and floating homes can be limited to where they are able to (re)locate by canal widths, lock widths, fixed bridge heights, etc. Will analogous, if more generous, constraints affect mobile homestead design on the Moon? If there standard clearance height is adopted for roadside solar flare shed shelters, and for "service station garage repair bays" these standards will tend to limit height / width. Road overpass clearances may be in line with those of flare sheds and service bays.
Mobile lunar residences will be built in all sizes, as they are on Earth – from minivan to Greyhound Bus conversions. Customer families will come in all sizes and incomes.
**Marina, RV Campground Analogs**
On Earth, movable residences are self-sufficient, to a point, but for long-term use need specially equipped parking or docking spaces with utility hookups as a complement. What will the lunar analog of
an RV campground, a trailer park, or a houseboat marina be like? Marina/‘RV parks may impose set size limits, chosen to cater to most common vehicles.
Common Marina Services include: general store (groceries, miscellaneous parts and supplies): utility hookups (electricity, water, waste treatment & CELSS regeneration, cable–vision); mailboxes & general delivery, fuels, commons complex (recreational/social activities); transit interface.
Deluxe marinas could offer much more. Attached to the docking portal could be additional enclosed “elbow room” space for the usage of one’s choice -- for rent or lease, of course. Assuming that the dock portals all open on a pressurized pier or lane, a deck–porch area for socializing with passersby could be included. Taxi service could be provided for larger units that cannot dock directly but park at some distance at outlying utility hookup spots.
One particular service will be in high demand. A habitat may be designed to perform primary treatment of human waste water (before the effluent passes into settlement systems). It will be impractical for a mobile habitat to provide complete treatment. The marina could accept pretreated waste water in exchange for fresh water as a standard utility service. The marina would also maintain a list of reputable local contractors to meet all the servicing needs of their guests from CELSS systems to power and communications systems and more.
Such marinas could be designed and assembled in modular fashion so that they can grow with demand. To serve as movable “construction camps” a bare bones dock and pier complex could be designed of inflatable elements to be erected in the shelter of a shielded hanger / ramada.
These would be especially useful for construction sites sufficiently remote from the main settlement(s) as to make worker commuting difficult.
**Shielding: tortoise or hermit crab?**
For any kind of frequently roving or infrequently relocated lunar frontier habitat, the question of shielding arises. On Earth our all–blanketing atmosphere provides protection from cosmic rays, solar flares, and micro–meteorites. On the Moon, we’ll need a blanket of regolith or its equivalent in shielding protection.
For infrequently moved habitats, more on the analogy of mobile or floating homes, regolith shielding in place seems the logical choice. If sandbagged, this blanket could be easily removed if the need to relocate arises. For mobile habitats regularly or seasonally on the go, the hermit crab has a suggestion: borrow your shielding. Marinas can provide expansive full–shielded hangers for protecting all the vehicles docked at its pressurized piers.
But what can we provide for those who want to park in the out–vac wilds, far from any kind of marina or RV camp ground type facility? Presumably, they will carry a healthy reserve of water, complete with water recycling systems. While on the road, reserve water can be kept in tanks in the floor of the vehicle, to minimize the height of the center of gravity so as to maximize stability. When parked, both reserve potable water and reserve water in process of treatment, could be pumped to roof and side–mount tanks to intercept incoming radiation. A thin sheet of metal held in place 6” or 15 cm out from the tanks would safely intercept most micro–meteorites that could puncture the tanks. Interior baffles and automatic sphincters would minimize losses should a rare breach occur.
An alternative, for those who expect to camp in one spot for a week or so, would be a portable ramada or hanger. A folding fiberglass fabric over glass–composite or aluminum tubing framework could travel rolled up like an awning, be automatically deployed on reaching a parking site, and covered with blown on regolith with a remotely steered and operated “blower.” The trick is to design such a gizmo so that the shielding regolith can easily be dumped or shaken off when its time to break camp, We welcome reader designs. Send yours to email@example.com!
**Road culture & the gypsy, vagabond, nomadic spirit**
Here at home, there have arisen a whole suite of subcultures among those who RV/camp frequently, among over–the–road truckers, among those who live in mobile home parks, among those whose occupation has them always on the move, and among those who are nomadic by cultural descent such as gypsies. In the early days of the lunar frontier, when population is small, there may not be a critical mass of like–situated persons–on–the–move to support development of subcultures. But as population grows, we’re sure to see some of this.
Such subcultures may have their own music and song genres, their own figures of SEP, characteristic pronunciations, special terms and jargon, their own myths and collections of proverbs, and even in some cases, favored fashion and furnishing styles. It is even possible that these people–on–the–go
Using “Marsten Matting” to build Frontier Roads on Moon & Mars
WWII Instant Runway Technology to the Rescue?
By Peter Kokh
Recently (January 25, ‘04), in cable TV channel hopping, I chanced upon a History Channel “Mail Call” episode that described an ingenious World War II technology used to provide stabilized runways on the quick in newly conquered territory. Bulldozing and grading are the first steps, of course, but these measures alone did not guarantee runways that could stand up, without rutting, multiple landings of heavier aircraft.
To the rescue, a soil-stabilization technology using open-grid matting invented in Marsten, North Dakota, hence the name “Marsten Matting.” You won’t find a dedicated article on this on the web, though there are hundreds of references to it. So our source remains what we saw in the History Channel episode.
“Marsten Matting” in its first iteration, consisted of open grid steel panels on the order of a foot and a half wide and 12–15 feet long. They interlocked to provide a continuous mat that could be beat into the loose soil, so as to support landing aircraft and aircraft taking off. Eventually, long runs of such matting would arrive on scene, pre-interlocked and folded, so that it could be just pulled off a flat bed of a truck and put into place, instead of each panel being carried by a pair of GI’s. The design of the mats changed over time, becoming ever more strong and stable. Lighter Aluminum mats, were tried also.
Sorry, but we have no pictures to offer you. Our best advice is to try to catch a rerun of that “Mail Call” episode. But if you do find a website with more information, please let us know at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Translating Marsten Matting technology to the Moon & Mars In our recent article on the construction of early lunar roads, MMM #169, OCT ’03, we described a vehicle which in one operation would shove aside surface boulders, and grade the soil, then compact it with a trailing weighted roller. The compacted surface could be further stabilized by microwave fusion of the surface powder. This might be enough to support light vehicles and light traffic. But it would seem prudent to construct lunar roads to be able to handle heavy equipment traffic from the outset. Paving them with “lunacrete” – lunar regolith with added made on Luna Portland cement – presupposes an industrial ability to make that additive in quantity. And the operation of paving roads in this way could be time consuming. Could there be an easier way?
Perhaps the use of “Marsten Matting” open-grid panels made locally on the Moon, along with microwave sintering of the regolith fines filling the grid openings, would do the job. A lot would depend on how the grid was designed and the materials of which it was made. What are the options – realistic options for an early frontier outpost wanna-be-settlement – options appropriate to an early frontier not so diversified industry?
Steel seems desirable, at first blush, but a plant to make steel out of the iron fines in the regolith would seem to be a very ambitious undertaking for a small outpost. You'll want to first produce iron-enriched or beneficiated soil, then extract the iron, add the needed alloying ingredients, then pour the molten steel into the needed molds, then combine them into the desired mats.
We can make objects out of iron more simply, just by sintering free iron fines, small particles extracted from the regolith with a magnet and then sifted. But while "powdered metal" technology is good enough for some "low performance" items, this method could only produce brittle and friable mats that would disintegrate under the passage of the first vehicle.
Aluminum? The plant and equipment necessary to produce aluminum would also be prohibitively extensive and expensive for an early outpost. Magnesium or Titanium? As with aluminum and steel, we'd have to have the prior capacity to extract and isolate the needed alloy ingredients.
Glass would seem to be an unlikely candidate. But mid-eighties experiments by Goldsworthy-Alcoa funded by grants from Space Studies Institute, showed that glass fibers, made from crude lunar highlands regolith (with a relatively high melting point) and embedded in a glass matrix made from crude mare regolith (with a relatively lower melting point, lowered further still with a lead dopant brought from Earth) would produce a hardy composite with "twice the strength" of common steel. (Our advice has been to forget about imported lead as a dopant and to use readily producible lunar sodium and phosphorous which would lower the matrix melting point almost as much.)
A follow-on SSI study showed that a highly automated plant to produce glass composites on the Moon need weigh only a few tons, making it ripe for a lunar startup industry. Open grid mats could be designed tailor made for the fabrication methods that prove most workable for lunar glass-glass composites. Square mats of crisscrossed interlocking identical spars would require only one mold and an easily automated assembly process.
Larger glass-glass composite grids of similar design could be used to stabilize steep shielding berms.
<MMM>
Blacklight Fantasy Excursions
By Peter Kokh
In the previous article, we spoke of blacklight-lit fantasy out-vac surface gardens on the Moon's Farside where truly dark nightspan conditions exist. Yet despite the glaring presence of the Earth in the Nearside nightspan skies, there is opportunity galore for this kind of fantasy lit fantasy gardening on Nearside as well, within lavatubes open for public excursions and tours. It is not impossible that without the addition of anything artificial or human-altered, just with blacklight, lavatube surfaces may include spots and streaks that shine brilliantly in blacklight. We won't know that until we go there.
We can test if that is the case in terrestrial lava tubes. Our friends in Oregon L5 who have spent so many hours in a pair of lavatubes outside Bend, Oregon may have already thought of this and tried it. In the summer of 1992, with Oregon Moonbase team members Bryce Walden and Cheryl York as my hosts and guides, I had the chance to explore these tubes, much to my delight and fascination. I was amazed by the diversity of texture in the walls and ceilings of the tubes, testimony to the varying temperatures and viscosities of the flowing hot lava that formed them thousands of years ago. It had not occurred to me to bring along a black-light flashlight.
Preparing preexplored Lavatubes for Blacklight Excursions If the surfaces of lunar lavatubes prove to be sensitive to blacklight, a host of practical questions remain before installation of a black-light system can become a technically and financially feasible project. The tubes are vast in size and a lot of power, lamps, and wiring would be needed. For “dayspan-only” tours, power could come from solar collectors on the surface. This site could operated by a commercial concession in a prime tourist traffic area.
We are talking about an era well into the future when there will be a substantial resident population and industrial infrastructure in place and when tourist excursions from Earth are popular and affordable. But even if none of us live to see that day, the possibilities can excite us and motivate us.
The blacklit lavatube could include fantasy forests and sculptures, all glowingly and beautifully revealed by blacklight. There are no limits, and like many tourist facilities, the manmade features of this site would likely grow as profits from tourists were plowed back into the investment.
Why not an Earthside enterprise analog?
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/itozour/links/links.html
NOTE: for more on fluorescence in rocks, visit: Tozour Family’s Fluorescent Rocks Links and Updates Page
Creating “Nature Walks” on the Moon
By Peter Kokh
Perhaps most of us have been somewhere in the countryside, mountains, forest, desert, shoreline, and have noticed a sign “Nature Trail” and decided to take the plunge. Chances are we will have enjoyed it, and if we took the time to read all the signs attempting to inform us about what we were looking at, emerged with a bit deeper insight into nature’s wonders and mysteries.
Some Nature Trails may point out a few geological features such as rock outcrops, waterfalls, and so on. But by and large, most of our Nature Trail educational tidbits are about flora (plants) and fauna (animals.) We tend to take the host geological setting for granted. And precisely because there seems to be so much greater wealth of detail to wonder about and to delight in when it comes to plants and animals, the subtle differences in texture and color of rock and soil are at best, enjoyed as is, with no felt need to learn names, classifications, or significances. We simply take the inanimate context for granted.
I think on the Moon it will be different. Yes, we will have flora and fauna nature trails, but inside human-created mini-biospheres. Out-vac, on the barren lifeless surface, Nature Trails through the “magnificent desolation” will have only geological items to highlight and educate us about.
We do have a primeval need to identify salient things and details in our environment. It is the Adamic urge to “name” things. In the absence of visually distinctive plants and flowers and birds and other creatures to identify and “tag” with a name, I think our attention will automatically shift to subtle differences in the inanimate setting that we would not have paid attention to if plants and animals were present. Nature abhors a vacuum, goes the old saying, and so does the mind. The way this rock is shaped and textured and colored differently from that one will take on new significance and importance, in the absence of other things upon which to focus.
An Analog Moon Nature Trail Experience
This was all brought home to me most vividly in the summer of 1992, when, as the guest of Bryce Walden and Cheryl York of the Oregon L5 Society, I had a walk (and at one point, crawl) through tour of the pair of lavatubes that, at that time, constituted the “Oregon Moonbase” just outside Bend, Oregon. Being rather familiar with limestone caves full of interesting stalactites and stalagmites and other water-flow and drip-created features, I had expected a tube created by flowing lava to be rather uniformly devoid of interest. But I was amazed to see how the texture of the lava-flow-formed walls varied from place to place. I counted at least eight distinctive surface types. I felt the need to be able to identify this texture from that one and to understand what caused the differences. These details are things I may perhaps have noted, but paid no more attention to in a setting with plants and/or animals in the foreground to hog my attention. And there we have it. Geology for most of us remains in the
background, because the living foreground pops out and monopolizes our awareness. Absent life, geology is the foreground and zooms into focus.
**On the Moon**
When we look at Apollo Moon mission footage, we notice differences, but perhaps do not dwell on them. The scene seems desolate at monotonous. Hello! There are no plants and animals – things we are used to seeing most everywhere on Earth. But for the Lunan pioneer, once the ingrained expectation of living entities no longer fogs our interpretation of what we see before us, I think we will start noticing this and that about the moonscapes – the subtle yet somehow interesting differences between this view and that, between this location and that. In the absence of other things to “recognize” by name, we will want to know the name of this feature or that, and in the absence of that information, start creating names from scratch.
A lunar settlement will soon create nature trails through areas in which there are a variety of features that are noticeable, and about which the history of their formation, the mineralogical, and potential economic importance will be of interest (again, lacking anything else – read: living – to focus upon).
With the best of attitudes towards the Moon, most of us, given the chance to take a coach tour on the Moon, will become a bit bored after a few hours or miles. We don’t appreciate the distinctions in what we are seeing. Consider these parallels on Earth. In the absence of the cultivated ability to see and appreciate differences, “when you’ve seen one waterfall, mountain, or city you’ve seen them all.” Boredom is not without guilt. It comes from failure to cultivate an appreciation of distinctions and differences.
**In the near and not to distant future**
Nature trail education will help Lunan pioneers and visitors to enjoy what they see more thoroughly. But why wait? In the very near future, any of us will be able to go to the nearest IMAX theater and enjoy as never before possible, in wraparound attention-captivating detail, the moonscapes actually photographed by the Apollo astronauts, thanks to Tom Hanks and his crew and Lockheed-Martin. Look for “Magnificent Desolation” to open soon, and go see it again and again. See MMM #174, APR ‘4, p. 12
And why not fly a photographic lander-rover to an interesting spot on the Moon, do a lot of videotaping, and have Moon geology experts edit the footage for the more interesting and significant items, and with the help of science popularizers, create a DVD or IMAX Nature Tour of this or that moonscape we can all enjoy while stuck here on Earth. In the process we will be learning to appreciate the subtleties, and find the Moon a much more interesting and intriguing place. <MMM>
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**MMM #176 – June 2004**
**Tele-Crafted Art Objects**
**Creating Art on the Moon before the next humans arrive**
The next step beyond Moon-relayed messages and advertisements could be tele-art. We are still in the realm of products delivered to Earth-bound customers electronically, no physical objects shipped. What more could teleoperable landers and lander rovers do or produce for telesales on Earth? As with video games, progression from the first pingpong games to today’s multi-megabyte games played on high definition screens, the potential for progress from first humble offerings to sophisticated products is great. And what better prospectus could you have for a teleoperable space enterprise!
The idea is simple. The lander, or lander-rover is equipped to make things in, or out of, the regolith moondust at its location, and relay photos of these creations back to Earth for the enjoyment of their telecreators, gift recipients, and others. What are the possibilities?
Drawing in the moondust with a “stick” or wand: the moondust is cohesive enough to hold crude shape. The crisp Apollo bootprints are ready proof of that. Getting beyond the stick, a stamper made of tele-extendible pixel rods or bars could stamp any sort of pattern/picture in the soil, dependent on its “resolution.”
The ability to “fix” the stamping by microwave sintering would be an asset. People could order “moon bricks” (to remain on the Moon but with their photos relayed back to the person placing the order) with their own name or the name of a beloved or departed person. The stamping could be a handprint or footprint or bootprint.
Or it could be a simple message. The apparent drawbacks of this idea are (at least) these three:
1. the scale would probably have to be large, if keeping with the degree of detail and resolution desired
2. the lander rover would have to keep on the move, as it would quickly run out of stampable terrain within reach of its landing spot.
3. if microwave sintering is used to ensure “permanence” the power requirements of the rover would be greater
The next step beyond simple stamping would involve altering the moondust to tele-create art objects and sculptures out of crude moonglass and ceramics. Once we get beyond simple microwave sintering, the power demands go up along with the temperatures involved. Iron fines gathered by a magnet, could be shaped and sintered (powdered metal technology) into objects of art. Glass making would be more ambitious. A solar concentrator mirror could supply the high temperature needed. Designing tele-shapable mold apparatus would be the trick. But perhaps someone out there is up to the challenge.
Quite another idea is to sift the moondust and then run it through an apparatus capable of sorting the particles for shade and color. A tele-artist on Earth could draw on the bin sorts to create “sand paintings” in twin-paned glass frames open at the top, and webcast to Earth. If these could be preserved somehow, they could be traded on some sort of Art Futures market, against the day further into the future, when they might be retrieved and shipped to the high bidder on Earth.
The same sort of thing could be done with glass spherules sorted from the moondust, and again sorted for color. The visual effect and texture of the “painting” would be different and richer. The coarser rock and aggregate bits removed by the sifting process, could always be added back in, sparingly and deliberately placed for the desired accent. Preservation of such art objects could be by microwave sintering. The big trick is to supply, or make, a suitable durable substrate for these fragile creations.
Glass and iron-fine jewelry and coins have been suggested, but again, these ideas are for the next round, when shipment back to Earth is possible and affordable. We are more concerned with objects of art that can be telecreated on the Moon, and enjoyed long-distance via the web or relayed photos, auctioned off in an Art Futures market against the day when they might be retrieved, or become part of a sculpture garden for future Lunans to enjoy.
A more ambitious idea would require a rover with a manipulator arm that could pick up tele-selected rocks or breccia aggregates and pile them up into interesting sculptures. Without some sort of glue or binder, however, this possibility seem limited to gravity-shaped piles. In that case, the art would be in the choice of rocks and the overall visual “texture.” On a grander scale, a sculpture on Earth could create a lunar Stonehenge of sorts. A lunar Stonehenge could even be designed to showcase astronomical events. An installation of this sort along the 90° E or W longitudes, in the middle of the limbs, could be designed to show maximum elevation of Earth above the horizon, i.e. librational extremes. How long
it takes for the teleoperated device to create any such grand object is immaterial, if the device is solar-powered. All that is of concern is that the device be strong enough to handle the largest sculpture component that needs to be moved, as opposed to being left in place.
Primitive prehistoric stone works could serve as inspiration. Such larger scale art projects would endure indefinitely, to the delight of the eventual pioneers. And for them too, such rock works would be “prehistoric,” tele-made on the Moon before the arrival of first settlers. Perhaps this doesn’t conjure up anything of much interest to most readers. But then most of us do not have the unbridled imaginations of artists, and of an artist turned loose in a brand new medium!
Besides Stonehenge-inspired creations, artists on Earth could make serene Zen/Japanese rock gardens with well-selected and carefully placed rocks set in a pool of ripple-racked moondust, bordered by a row of smaller rocks.
Zen gardens can be created around any trio (the desired number) of nice boulders left in place, simply by raking the regolith around them, piling up the rake-removed smaller rocks in a row around the perimeter. That would remove the need to select and move the bigger rocks that are to be the garden’s focal points.
All the artistic creations accomplished through a given lander-rover-manipulator would remain in one general area. A sunset task for this teleoperated art machine might be to grade and tamp down, and possibly sinter, a “sculpture garden pathway.” Then the rover would make a final video tour complete with documentary script, with the original artists making the voice over commentary.
Such sculpture gardens would in time be visited by actual tourist visitors, from the settlements and from Old Earth itself. Such a park could be named after the lander-rover-sculptor (“Moonsculptor I”), or after the most award-honored individual creation in the park (e.g. Moonhenge III Sculpture Garden), or simply after a prominent nearby geographic feature (“The Taurus-Littrow Prehistoric Sculpture Garden.”) The finishing touch of working all these tele-creations in a Garden Park would help counter those who object that we are “defacing” the Moon.
Without the presence of weathering agents other than the light incessant micrometeorite “rain” that should take many of thousands of years to erode the Apollo bootprints, these creations will endure in their exposed setting for a very long time. The more highly-valued can always be relocated within some future settler museum.
**Prospects for Tele-art on the Moon**
We are not talking about art created by robots – robot art. Real human artists on Earth, their hands inside virtuality teleoperation gloves, would go through the motions of placing, shaping, working moondust and moon rocks into the object conceived in heir heads. For first timers, this will be a learning experience and preconceived ideas of what they will be able to do may quickly go out the window as they learn hands on what they can and cannot do, both via teleoperation, and with actual moondust and rock. Some will get the hang of it faster than others. And some will produce objects of more widespread appeal than others.
**Can we do the same thing on Mars?**
There is less than a 3-second time delay in the execution of a teleoperated command on the Moon. For Mars the delay would range from 6 to 40 minutes. The long answer, however, is yes. One could create a teleoperation program and let the computer execute it, removing the artist from the time delay loop.
Outside of contracts for future delivery, money might come from friends of art sponsors and benefactors, or by sale of lottery tickets for the chance to tele-craft, to extend one’s artistic abilities.
virtually to an alien material on an alien shore. A considerable fringe benefit may be from media exposure and publicity.
precedent of treating the moonscape with artful respect will strengthen the case for prior agreement on environmental protocols. The Moon has no biosphere to pollute, but that does not mean that it can’t be visually “trashed.” Tele-created art objects may lead to prior set-asides of geological and scenic preserves, and other guidelines that will guarantee the Moon remains beautiful for its future inhabitants. Meanwhile, the expectation that pioneers cannot be far behind, will spread. <MMM>
The Black Sky "Blues"
"BLACK SKY BLUES" Revisited
[cf. MMM #138, "The Black Sky Blues"]
By Peter Kokh
In the earlier article four years ago, I wrote:
"We’ve all grown up with the night. We don’t mind it. Nighttime darkness is only temporary. With dawn comes welcome visual relief. On the Moon, that relief never comes. Our pioneers will be transplanting themselves to ‘Black Sky Country.’ And that can have long term psychological consequences.
"With the sky black even at ‘high noon,’ the contrast volume between surface and sky is intense. Shadows are bottomless visual pits. This will cause some eyestrain. Of course, this will be more of a problem for those who spend a lot of time out on the surface – in the ‘out-vac.’ But it will affect those who spend most of their time in pressurized spaces as well: in what they see through various types of ‘windows’ (visiscreen, periscopic windows, etc.); it may affect ‘sky-lights’ as well."
I suggested that spacesuit helmet visors might have a “differentially reflective coating that would ‘brighten’” the sky, even if just a bit, without interfering with clarity of visibility of the moonscape.” And that for skylights, perhaps we could “produce some sort of frosted and translucent, but not transparent, glass pane that will not only let in sunlight but appear itself to be bright, giving the illusion of a bright sky beyond.”
"Without real experimentation, we would not pretend to guess what will work best. But we should be trying a lot of things, including foamed glass, aerogel, special coatings or laminate layers, etc."
But I had also brought up the possibility that “electronic images of the surface scene outside offer, for good as well as mischief, the opportunity to be manipulated. The viewer may be able to select a sky color and brightness to his or her liking. The [tele]viewer [device], much like an Internet browser, would then ‘interpret’ the black areas at the top of the picture accordingly. Pick a light gray to go with the moontones, or a smoky blue. A visiting Martian pioneer, might prefer a dusty salmon. Homesick for Earth? Pick a brilliant blue. The idea is not to deceive oneself but to prevent eyestrain – if it has become a personal problem."
Technology now at hand
When I wrote that, I was making a leap of faith. But since, American Football fans have become familiar with a new computer-assisted TV trick that paves the way: the insertion of an orange line on the screen to show the viewer where the football has to be advanced for a “First Down.” How do we get from this “scrimmage line” to our first down – the apparition of a blue sky on a visiscreen showing the moonscape outside one’s homestead habitat? A smart computer program would scan the scene looking for the “horizon,” able to distinguish between the black sky above that line and dark shadows below it. The viewer could control the result, the tint color, contrast, brightness, etc. And, of course, the viewer could turn the program off, preferring reality, however black.
Some years ago (a couple of decades, actually) I bought a pair of “rain glasses” that had the effect of brightening the view and giving it a distinctive yellow cast, creating for a moment the illusion that the sun was shining. They were fun to wear for a while, then I threw them away, preferring reality.
Some of us are more affected by cloudy and rainy and otherwise "dreary" days than others. Moi? I have always been able to make my own sunshine. Some pioneers will handle the black skies well, and need no artificial assistance to "pretend." Others may want to wean themselves of blue skies gradually, and such smart screen moonscape monitors will be available with a "blue skies patch." Software is all we are talking about.
There just might be competition among software providers. The introductory program would just shade the black sky uniformly blue. Improvements would make the sky a deeper below above, and a milkier blue near the horizon. But then comes the fun! Programs that can be set to random insert alien space ship landings, or balloons, or World War I biplanes, or geese flying south in formation, or clouds of various types, even storms, lightning and more. It might amuse the kids, but perhaps most adults would tire of the "let's pretend" games fairly quickly.
**Out of the Homestead and into the Rover**
Most Lunans, in their every day work and recreation schedules will rarely venture out-vac, beyond the airlock onto the surface, or even through the dockport matchlock into pressurized rover for an excursion or to travel to another settlement. But when they do, they will have much less to distract them from the view out the porthole or visiscreen. If some manage to pay little attention to the outscapes in their daily routines, once out on the surface, on the way to somewhere else, it'll be harder not to notice.
Yet, with highway rights of way being free for the taking, once traffic volume allows, coaches may be very wide track, to the point of having twin aisles like our wide-body jets. Those who do not care to look out the window will have plenty of opportunity to sit "in the middle."
For those who do want to see where they are going and to appreciate the moonscapes, there are at least two options that would "moderate" the starkness of the view. The black skies in particular. There could be the smart flat screen monitors built into the seat back in front with the sky-effects fully controlled by the passenger. For "window seat passengers," the porthole could sport a sort of "visor" that would project outwards, blocking most of the sky to within perhaps 10-15 degrees of the horizon. Its underside could be a light matte blue, lit from a lamp below the window. Or it could be made of a special light diffusing glass such as we mentioned as an option for skylights, if such a glass proves possible to manufacture.
**ABOVE: On the left**, an uplit visor with a blue matte underside masks much of the black sky at left. **At right**, a sun light diffusing glass visor does the trick naturally.
How might frequent traveler's react to devices like these? Reactions might run the gamut from "Why should we pretend this is not the Moon?" to "Wonderful!" to "You need to tone it down a bit." to "Junk the fake clouds." We differ in our tastes and tolerances. Market forces will determine what stays and what goes. One coach, on a busy route, might be equipped with several options, to test the market waters.
The convenience of passengers is far less a concern than that of drivers, however. Eye strain can affect safety. So whatever the fate of such passenger window visors, we predict that driver windshields will be visored somehow, or visiscreens, equipped with sky effects programs such as those described above, will replace windshields.
Yet another option is a wide-eave micrometeorite canopy, either underlit or sunlight diffusing that leaves black only the horizon-hugging area of the sky. Such a shield makes sense: while some
micro-meteorites will travel in low-angles hugging the horizon, and sneak under any canopies, most of them, coming in at higher angles, would be intercepted, greatly reducing abrasion of vehicle windows.
We will lick those "Black Sky Blues!" <MMM>
Music to Watch Moonscapes By
By Peter Kokh
With the new Lockheed/Tom Hanks IMAX film “Magnificent Desolation” featuring the video footage shot on the Apollo Moon Landing Missions due to be released soon, I eagerly anticipate the background music selection (or will the music be specially commissioned?) as much as the promised “put you right there” visual experience. Music can endow lifeless scenes with undefinable significance, affecting our impressions far more than we might admit.
Will composers write symphonies, overtures, and theme music with the moonscapes as inspiration? Why not? Should not the pioneers have their own counterparts to Antonin Dvorak’s “Symphony from the New World?”
Or “The Grand Canyon Suite” by Ferde Grofe? While we could look for suitable existing pieces (as was done for 2001: A Space Odyssey) fresh compositions which would be forever identified with the lunar frontier and become part of frontier culture are preferable and will come in time. Some such music could be written now. Certainly the actual pioneers will add to whatever we provide as start.
A Challenge to Computer Music Composers
Imagine a computer program that would blend a whole range of themes keyed to many different moonscape features: topographic features such as craters, rilles, mountains, mare planes, rolling highlands, boulders and shadows; geochemical features such as various types of regolith, and automatically interwove them, each given proper prominence or understated subtlety according to the changing scene outside one’s vehicle window? A tall order? Yes! Such a computer program would “read” the passing terrain much as a music box reads the spikes on a rotating drum or disk.
Themes keyed to scene components are not new. Just think of “Peter and the Wolf” by Prokofiev. Yes, from that classical piece to the sort of “Music of the Terrain” readers that translate shapes, colors, textural nuances into music is quite a leap. Surely someone is up to the challenge!
For this idea, I give credit to William K. Hartmann who wrote in his recent science fiction mystery novel “Mars Underground” page 185 (paperback edition):
“Flat-lit by the high sun, the plain looked like a giant’s sheet of music, with rocks scattered like notes that would play some strange music if only you knew how to read it.”
There is more than one solution to this equation. Different composers could use different instruments and different themes for the various types of terrain features and shadings. Listeners would set the relative volume or stress according to which features are of most interest.
At night, there could be a program that keyed in to black lit phosphoresce perhaps. The bottom line is that music can bring the barren desolation to life. <MMM>
Talk about the weather!
The very idea of a weather bureau issuing forecasts for Lunar pioneers at first blush seems absurd. “No atmosphere, no weather,” it’s a no brainer! Either the Sun is out and you can’t see the stars in the black sky for all the glare, or it’s Nightspan and stargazing still is not that good when Earth, 60 times brighter than the Moon is for us phase-for-phase, makes stargazing less than rewarding also. Unless you are on Farside during local Nightspan, where the Milky Way is so awesomely brilliant it wants to suck you up into its bosom! Talk about star travel!
But seriously, no thunderstorms, no lightning, no hail, no tornados, no hurricanes, cyclones or typhoons – no tropical storms period, no blasts of Arctic cold: nothing but the boringly predictable cycling of Nightspan and Dayspan, of superficial heat and superficial cold.
All so true! On the other hand, the Moon is subject to Cosmic Weather events that for Earth, our atmosphere serves as a resilient shield. Cosmic Rays get through, of course, but on the Earth’s surface, Solar Flares and meteorite storms are scarcely felt, though we can observe their rites of passage through the atmosphere: the auroras and the Meteor Showers – neither of which will be visible phenomena on the Moon.
Both Solar Flares and some of the denser Meteorite swarms will make the morning and evening news on frontier radio, television, and internet stations. For Solar Flare events, travel restrictions will apply. No one should be further than an hours drive from the nearest flare shelter. But perhaps there will be meteorite shower alerts only for spacesuit pedestrians out on the surface without the protection that even a covered rover can provide.
Sounds pretty boring. They better come up with a panoply of sporting events or else no one will have anything to talk about other than political scandals, and who got pregnant by whom. Weather for us, even when it is rather nice, is a great ice-cutter for starting up a conversation. Pioneers fresh from Earth will miss it. “Hey, what about this weather?” will become a popular inside joke.
We have nonetheless found enough to talk about concerning Moon Weather to feed two past articles: MMM #5, May ‘87 “Weather” – find it in MMM Classics #1 – MMM #148 Sept. ’01, p. 7, “Music of the Lunar Spheres”
www.moonsociety.org/membeers/mmm/mmm148_Sep2001.pdf
Twin eternal dust storms, circling the Moon forever
Three decades of data from an instrument left behind by the Apollo 17 crew, intended to track dust from meteorite instruments, have instead revealed an unexpected phenomenon. The instrument, called LEAM for Lunar Ejecta And Meteorites, has been gathering data since 1972. As the rising Sun sweeps the surface that has been in darkness for almost 15 days, an electrostatic effect levitates some of the loose fine particles. Looking at the Moon along the sunrise terminator, imagine one long linear storm or suspended dust stretches from pole to pole, a distance of almost 3,400 miles. As the terminator advances, the storm follows, but like the phenomenon of a wave traveling through water, new particles rise at the front replacing others that settle at the rear. The storm follows the sunrise terminator around and around and around, circling every 29.5306 days. It has been going on, apparently, for billions of years.
All the Apollo landings occurred, complete with takeoff, during midmorning lighting conditions. NASA wished to avoid the long shadows of dawn, the high heat of midday, and the cold of night. No astronaut has experience this storm. We have a lot to learn about it. How dense are the particles? How much do they obscure vision? How much of a problem will they pose for astronauts, explorers, and settlers? Will the levitated dust insinuate itself into space suit joints, will it clog up vehicle lubricants? Will it abrade windshield glass? We don’t know and we need to know.
NASA intends to send crews to a polar site, where, if there is a similar opposite effect along the sunset terminator, the two storms will link up playing crack-the-whip. Or they may peter out closer to the poles. We don’t know.
A commercial base, constrained by economic sense and the resource needs of diversified industrial development would hardly choose a polar cul-de-sac site only to developmentally handicap itself. So commercial astronauts are likely to experience this wispy sinuous dust storm rolls every morning, once a sunth (lunar month = 29.5306 days). But we are not even sure that they will see it without special equipment. The swirls of dust may be so wispy as to be invisible to the naked eye, at least to the untrained eye.
It seems we need to send a new instrument package designed to answer our questions. Right now all we have is some tentative theories. Timothy Stubbs of the Solar System Exploration Division at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center suggests the explanation may be that "the dayside of the moon is positively charged; the nightside is negatively charged. At the interface between night and day, electrostatically charged dust would be pushed across the terminator sideways, by horizontal electric fields."
But we don't really know. It's not just a matter of scientific curiosity. We need to know if it poses a problem for equipment and for personnel out on the surface. If it does, we need to figure out how to work around it. We will be at home on the Moon, only when all its dangers become so well known that we act appropriately as it by second nature. That day will come! <MMM>
Source: http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/07dec_moonstorms.htm
MMM #206 – June 2007
Sweet Spot for Lunar Surface Sports?
By Peter Kokh
So you want to go to the Moon for a month, long enough to experience a full dayspan–nightspan cycle and perhaps a bit more. Sure you want to explore the sheltered spaces of the settlement town, and experience the Moon’s light gravity.
But you also want to run, romp, and play in the moondust while looking at the stars in the Moon’s black sky. You want to try riding a lunar motorcycle, climbing hills, throwing a football. In short, you want to “do the outdoors” or “out–vac” as the Lunans call it, and not just the “indoor and middoor spaces” safely tucked away under a moondust blanket.”
But, ....! But you could be risking your health with a little too much “unnecessary” exposure to cosmic rays. Best to limit that to necessary travel to and from the spaceport and to an outlying settlement or two.
Sweet Spot Discovery?
Well, scientists have discovered one area on the nearside that has a small residual magnetic field, an area located at 57.8° West, 8.1° North, in the Ocean of Storms Oceanus Procellarum, on the
near (visible) side of the Moon, and has an extension of approximately 30 by 60 kilometers. (18x36 miles). This area is known as Reiner Gamma.
http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/061114_reiner_gamma.html
Now the magnetic field here is weak. It would provide some protection, but not a lot. But for tourists, for whom perception is 90% of fact, this spells “oasis.” Will Reimer Gamma become a lunar tourist “recreation mecca?” Will it also become a favorite vacation spot for settlers as well?
Vacationer barbecuing on cottage patio under glass vault to expose the lunar skies
Illustration by David E. Cremer ©1989 Lunar Reclamation Society
Hotels in the Reimer Gamma “radiation-lite area” might sport larger windows in hotel guest suites, looking out directly over the terrain and various activity areas, as well as direct views of Earth itself 32° over the horizon.
Possibilities for this “Out-vac Recreation Mecca”
Various human powered conveyances, like the unicycle surrey and three wheeled low center of gravity, leaning tricycles, lighter weight, more flexible, less constraining spacesuits, observation domes, etc.
Lunar “surrey with the fringe on top”
Watched “American Gladiators” lately? Have you seen the “Atlasball” segment? Next time picture space suited lunar thrill-seekers working their geodesic cages along a rally course of craterlets etc. Might be fun if the sweat of exertion and then overheating inside one’s space suit could be handled!
Similar solar powered spheres could be equipped with a track riding buggy capable of generous side-to-side movement or banking. Such an “off-road vehicle” – call it a unicycle, an autotracker, a cyclotrack, or whatever – could open the vast lunar barrenescapes to the sports-minded “outlocks” types and help avoid cabin fever.
Heck, why not an out-vac recreation park, the kind with rides, of course. Combine low gravity with zero air resistance and greater heights! Hurtle down a roller coaster slope a hundred yards/meters high to disappear into a pitch dark tunnel and back up.?
Or doing a bungee-cord jump from a tower a kilometer high. And, of course, a lunar golf course.
Observation Tower with Revolving Restaurant at Crater edge, with bungee cord jump point – Copernicus shown, but could be anywhere
Well, maybe that’s all stretching it. The residual magnetic field at Reimer Gamma may not be strong enough to warrant that much freedom in out-vac activities and exposure. But it is fun to think about a lunar oasis where one of the downers of the Moon’s harsh environment is a little bit less harsh.
**Confirming or debunking this Daydream**
What is needed is a lander/rover to measure the radiation flux inside and outside of this oval area, starting at the center, then proceeding to and past the edge on the shortest route along the ellipse short axis. Would a future lunar tourist company pay for such a survey? If a billion dollar resort complex was at stake, of course! On the other hand, NASA might be interested in the data for “science” sake, and pick up some of the tab.
Daydreaming should be fun! And there is an outdoorsman in most of us! <MMM>
---
**MMM #210 – November 2007**
It’s Time for some wild, but just possible FICTION –
http://www.moonsociety.org/humor/afd_news.html#hh
**It Came From the Bowels of the Moon**
A Science-Speculation Essay by Peter Kokh
[a fun piece written for a Milwaukee Horror Con “It Came from Lake Michigan” the weekend before Halloween]
Many of us believe that it is likely that “other intelligent species” have come this way before. Perhaps as explorers, maybe as pioneers, or in search of lucrative trade. Maybe even as imperialists. Earth has been around for some 4.6 billion years having formed more than eight billion years after the first stars. Plenty of time for other, earlier civilizations to have risen and perished in that time. Astronomers believe that earlier stars and their planetary systems were less rich in the elements that form rocky worlds like ours. Yet that some may have not enjoyed life long before ourselves seems inconceivable.
Let's suppose for sake of argument, that we have been visited a hundred times since Earth was formed. Averaged out, that's one visit every 46 million years. And there is a 50-50 chance we have been visited as recently as 23 million years ago, and a 1 in 100 chance that someone came calling as late as 460,000 years ago.
Hmmm? Now there is a problem with averaging things out that way. For one thing, the pace of visits should have started much more leisurely as "way back then" there were likely fewer intelligent civilizations than we imagine that there must be today. Then the pace gradually picked up. So the interval between visits may have decreased on a logarithmic scale. But who knows? Maybe we got lucky enough to have had a visit in the past ten thousand or so years since the ice age and the birth of human civilization as we know it. But also possibly, the Sun and Earth have been in the "boondocks," off the logical routes of interstellar exploration and expansion. All we can do is wonder "for the sake of argument."
Perhaps that 100 times in the lifetime of Planet Earth is too pessimistic. Perhaps it is too optimistic. One thing is sure. Time, and by that we mean the amount of time before the present, is as vast as space. The two go hand in hand. The chances of finding a contemporary civilization, one both nearby in space and nearby in time, are much slimmer than that of identifying a civilization whose Sun was once a neighbor of ours but which has either drifted far away, or that civilization has long succumbed to the ravages of time; much slimmer too than finding a contemporary civilization, contemporary in that we now detect its signals, though it is so far away that it too may have passed into oblivion since the message was sent.
But, again, for the sake of argument, let's say that our solar system has indeed been visited, explored, inspected, mapped, catalogued, etc. Let's say that this has happened more than once. Still the odds are over-whelming that our last visit might have occurred before the rise of modern man, cultural man, technologically inventive and scientifically curious man. This "last visit" could have occurred in the past 5 million years, at a time when the evidence of simian and primates was clear and the evidence that Earth would soon bring forth its own dominant species, a species which like there own, could alone help their homeworld's "Life" sprout elsewhere throughout their system and beyond. What message could have been left?
But just as plausibly, our last visitors may have come calling much earlier: in the age of the dinosaurs, or even earlier when multicellular life was first forming in the oceans and seas. But it might have been clear to the visitors even then that this young Earthlife had the potential to go all the way -- in time. What message for a far far future Earth-dominant species could the visitors have left, should they so have felt inclined?
That's one question. Another is where could they possibly have left a message or a calling card, even a "Cheshire Smile" for us to know that someone from somewhere and somewhen had come calling? Where could they have left it where it would not have been destroyed by the ravages of Earth's active geology and weather? Nowhere on Earth!
When Apollo 15 moonwalkers, David Scott and James Irwin, landed along side a portion of the meandering lunar valley known as Hadley Rille, they looked for clues to its origin. Running water could not have carved the valley. It was too winding to be a fault line. Soon, lunar geologists, or "selenologists," came to a unanimous conclusion. The rilles all appeared as features of various maria, frozen lava plains. The evidence was clear that the lava sheets have must have had little viscosity, or they would not have spread hundreds of miles. On Earth we find these kind of lava plains also, for example in the Pacific Northwest. How the lava sheets spread is by rivers of lava. The top exposed to the cold of atmosphere, or on the Moon, the greater cold of space, soon congeals, then the sides. When the flooding has stopped, a lava tube is left. Some of these, too near the surface, collapse and become winding ditches. But whoa! On Earth lavatubes are typically 10-30 yards across and just about as high. If Hadley Rille was a collapsed lavatube, that tube must have been gargantuan, hundreds of yards across or more. Scientists soon realized that this could and would happen in the Moon's lighter gravity, just one sixth of our own.
Next question. Are all the original lavatubes collapsed? No! We see clear proof that at least some segments are intact, and probably whole tubes. Near the center of the Nearside lies Hyginus Rille, wandering for hundreds of miles. But here and there are interruptions, places where the rille "stops" and then, miles ahead, "starts" again. Those interruptions look like land bridges over the rille. Indeed, they are uncollapsed tube sections.
Now all the maria must have formed that way, but we do not see rilles everywhere. There must be many places where the original tubes are still intact with no surface entrances. Indeed, some maria formed layer upon layer. It is possible that each layer has intact lavatubes, gargantuan voids tens of miles long -- or longer. The Moon has bowels!
Someday, these "hidden valleys of the Moon" may harbor industrial parks, farms, even human settlements. What else? Well consider that they all were formed 2.5 and 3.8 billion years ago. They have been intact for an inconceivably long time. What a place to put the Grand Archives of All Mankind, even of all Earth Life! There, these records and artifacts would rest without decay in the cold black vacuum of these voids, until the Moon ceased to be. And there you have your answer. Our visitors could have left us an incomprehensible gift, safe until we became mature enough to find them.
Okay, we answered the 2nd question first: Where could visitors have left a message or record for us to find that would have been able to survive the ravages of time: geology and weather? In an uncollapsed lunar lavatube. Those that were intact would have been intact for billions of years already and should be for billions of years to come! Talk about security!
Now back to the first question: What would they have wanted to leave behind for us, whoever and whatever we turned out to be? Now, of course, many of us Star trek fans know the answer. The Prime Directive would not only have mandated that we not find what they left behind until we were advanced enough to appreciate it, but that they not leave behind anything which would short-cut our own scientific and technological evolution but also anything which might play havoc with our culture or cultures. Yes there are skeptics and cynics, but it may well be that the only civilizations that survive to become spacefaring will have come to appreciate the hard way, as we have, that the Prime Directive is not something Gene Rodenberry thought up, but which intelligent species everywhere must come to appreciate. The wreckage of primitive cultures in our own past is evidence enough.
Suppose we believers in the Prime Directive are on to something? I propose that this would boil down to two simple guidelines: (1) tell the natives nothing about ourselves; (2) tell them instead about the past of their world; preserve for them records of that past that otherwise would be sure to be erased by plate tectonics and weather. In other words, all we, as the visiting species, leave behind of ourselves, is a "Cheshire Smile." That is how I propose the visitors, any one advanced enough to have wandered by, will look upon the opportunity. Here it is there message to us in their own thoughts.
"You will know that we have been here, that we foresaw the probability of the rise of a dominant species that could carry its planet's life beyond its spatial shores, and that we cared to give you a gift of knowledge about the state in which we found your planet when we passed by: the shape and position of its continents; mountains, and rivers, and lakes, and ocean trenches; the volcanic hot spots and rifts and plate boundaries; the weather and climate; detailed depictions and models of all the life forms, plant and animal and even microbial, that we inspected. These are things you could never discover, no matter how valiantly you tried to reconstruct your planet and biosphere's past from the partial and haphazardly scattered clues that time has left behind.
"More, we can leave you an atlas of your heavens as they were then. They were full of stars and star clusters and nebulae that may now have drifted halfway around the galaxy. We can show you your neighboring galaxies to compare with the distribution you find today.
"But no, we won't tell you where else we found life in our explorations. No, we won't describe ourselves, our physiologies, our cultures, religions, or histories. But what can be more than to know just simply that we were here, looked forward to your emergence, and cared enough to reveal some of your very own past?"
So there you have it. The greatest find of all time, and maybe for all time to come, will have come from the Bowels of the Moon! – PK
MMM #214 – April 2008
Protecting Lunar Surface Facilities from Sandblasting by Landing Rockets
by Peter Kokh
www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080212-st-lunar-sandblast.html
The evidence
When Apollo 12’s Lunar Lander Intrepid set down as planned, just 600 feet from Lunar Surveyor 3, the visiting astronauts (Conrad and Bean) photographed Surveyor from all angles and took back the lander’s camera an scoop for inspection back on Earth. It was clear that the spray of fine dust kicked up by the landing Intrepid had sandblasted clean a dark hue over the rest of Surveyor due to exposure to cosmic radiation. Landing photos showed that the LM exhaust moved rocks up to six inches in size. This spray had to have traveled at a third of the speed of a bullet, 1,300 ft per second.
The verdict
The implications are that equipment delivered on the Moon including habitat modules, should be protected from the exhaust of future landers. Modules covered with regolith for shielding purposes will be safe if their airlocks do not face the launchpad. But in general we need to have landers arrive and depart out-of-line-of-site. And, of course, personnel waiting for the landing craft must be protected behind some sort of bunker wall.
Neutralizing the problem
One idea is to put the space pad inside a suitably sized crater. Craters smaller than several miles in diameter tend to have a bowl-shaped floor. So the crater floor would have to be graded level and cleared of rocks and boulders. Compacting the surface and passing over it with a magnetometer to sinter it into a crust could help.
In the absence of a suitable crater, a berm could be constructed with a simple bulldozer, given time. But if we are looking at continued growth of the site complex and increasing traffic, building a proper spaceport facility becomes a priority.
In the illustration below, a wall of sintered blocks surrounds the launch pad (of whatever size) with a pair of buffered entry points for cargo and personnel vehicles. The graded, compacted, and sintered floor is covered with thick cast basalt tiles. The inner surface of the surrounding walls might be covered with such ties as well. Of course, there will be those who say that this just shows that “doing the Moon” is too difficult, unrealistic! MMM
MMM #215 – May 2008
The Moon’s Alpine Valley:
Scenic Treasure vs. Vital Transportation Corridor
By Peter Kokh
It would be ideal if we could identify all the most scenically and geologically “special” features on the Moon and classify them into those that can be visited but not developed (“leave but footprints, take but photos”) and those “common” and “mundane” enough to warrant consideration for development. Ideal! Unfortunately, sometimes very scenic areas, by their very nature also happen to be “in the at” of
logical traffic routes, or, as in our case in this article, a logical transportation route precisely because of what makes it scenic and special.
**Left:** a close-up mosaic view of the Alpine Valley
**Right:** The setting, between Mare Frigoris (north) and Mare Imbrium south)
Mare Frigoris (Sea of Cold) is an attractive area to begin industrial lunar settlement. It is by far the closest mare basalt plain to either polar region, and its long 120° East-West stretch would allow electric power transmission that would provide any settlement with a greater percentage of month-around effective solar power than that enjoyed by the South Pole Shackelton rim location.
The nearest craters large enough and far enough poleward to have ice deposits are only 200 miles to the north. There is nothing like this near the south pole.
To the point of the article, Mare Frigoris has access to the rest of the nearside “mare-plex” in three locations: far to the west through Sinus Roris (Bay of Dew) into Oceanus Procellarum (Ocean of Storms) and points south; (2) far to the East via Lacus Mortis (Lake of Death) and Lacus Somniorum (Lake of Dreams) into Mare Serenitatis (Sea of Serenity) and points south; and (3) in the middle via Valles Alpis (Alpine Valley) into Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) and points south.
A southern gambit enjoying bandwagon status currently, will almost certainly prove to be a dead end. But if a commercial–civilian effort tries again here in the north, where all the assets are in place, the Alpine Valley is as sure to draw traffic as does the Panama Canal. The issue becomes one of how do we transform this awesome and unique lunar geological feature into a transportation corridor and still preserve its scenic beauty and scientific interest.
Railroads have a much smaller footprint than do highways, especially along stretches were no commercial development is allowed. Now that doesn’t mean that there could not be a stop here and there for a tourist concession. At such locations there could be a hostel for hikers, or merely a pickup stop for a tourist off-road coach that would take people up to the valley crest hotel.
There could be a hiking trail along the ridge tops to either side, a trail both for hikers and small off-road vehicles. Another option would be a ridge top cableway along which tourists would have a superior vantage point from which to enjoy the sights along this 101 mile (166 km) lava-flow filled trench through the lunar Alps.
This writer is strongly in favor of putting in place a system of Lunar National Scenic and Geological Parks, and protocols for respecting them plus rules for granting tourist and mining concessions (only if the material to be mined is not present anywhere else) before lunar development commences. Many people point out that we need a new Moon Treaty that sets out the rules under which lunar development can begin, and private property rights be legitimized. We believe that this sort of set-aside system that ensures that lunar development will respect the Moon’s natural beauty should be part of that Treaty. Such provisions, will help, rather than hinder future lunar tourism by identifying and calling attention to the Moon’s greatest and most unique scenic and/or geological treasures.
A system of Lunar National Scenic Parks, even prior to our return, would get across to the public here at home, that the Moon is part of a Greater Earth–Moon human ecosphere, and that we intend to pioneer it with respect. Of course, that means a civilian regime, not the multinational corporations, must be at the helm.
In general, we need to combat the pervasive popular suspicion that we are going to trash the Moon just as we are increasingly trashing the Earth. We need to get across that this will be a new beginning, and why the only way we can be successful on the Moon, is by starting off on the right foot, learning to live in harmony with our new host world. Indeed, there are powerful economic incentives for doing so. Externalizing costs the way we do here, (because we have so many pockets of underpaid labor) just would not work there. But that’s another article and we have already talked about many related lunar environmental issues previously.
Anyone want to get a lunar National Parks Group going? email@example.com
<MMM>
MMM #225 – May 2009
By Peter Kokh firstname.lastname@example.org
In his latest book, “How to Live on Mars” Robert Zubrin comes to the topic of skinsuits, that hug the body, allowing much greater freedom of movement, and with much less fatigue. That’s the good part!
While skinsuits will most likely be inferior when it comes to handling radiation and thermal extremes, these dangers are excluded in sheltered or shielded “lee” vacuum situations within lava tubes and in unpressurized warehouses and sports arenas (illustration below) that are sheltered from the cosmic weather. It is in these environments that we are to see widespread skinsuit use. Such suits are lightweight in comparison and allow much greater freedom of movement. More comfortable to wear, they will allow people to work and recreate for longer periods without becoming tired or exhausted.
Skinsuits are revealing
But we gain this comfort and ease at the price of embarrassment. Because a skinsuit is formfitting, it will showcase all the varied imperfections of one’s own body shape. Potbellies, wide hips, flat breasts would all be revealed. Some of us will take that in stride. Others would predictably not be caught dead wearing such a suit.
Or so Bob Zubrin predicts! But there is an answer: lightweight outerwear that can partially moderate body shapes, and distract with color and pattern as well.
Skinsuit “Outerwear”
There could be hats, capes, robes, overalls; you name it. Meant for wear in vacuum over a skin-suit, these apparel items could be made of most anything cheap and easy to work with: woven metal fibers, even wires, yes even medieval style chain mail; scrap cardboard, fiber glass fabrics, metal plates strung together – the adventures of “trashure” (transforming trash into treasure.) Any material or style that will distract attention from bodily imperfections, yet not make movement cumbersome or awkward, will become something with which to experiment. And for inspiration; anything from historical periods, from science-fiction/fantasy, from imagination is fair inspiration for creative designers.
One can imagine periodic fashion shows in Luna City, perhaps in a lee-vac arena, where models with very imperfect physiques, both male and female, would strut down a runway before onlookers behind glass observation areas, with a variety of materials, colors and designs. Over a skinsuit, of course! Whether stylish, fanciful, sheer fun, what does it matter? Skinsuit outerwear fashions will say, “We belong here, out on the moonscapes!”
This may become an anticipated periodic event even for those not anticipating lee-vac or out-vac excursions. With successive shows, and over the years, skinsuit “outerwear” items available in Luna City retail shops will grow in number, design variety, and sophistication.
Start of a Cottage Industry
Periodic fashion shows should be popular, and drive a startup cottage outerwear fashions industry. Over time, ever more pioneers, whatever their physique, will feel encouraged to explore what the out-vac and lee-vac environments have to offer. And for those venturing out, the great variety of
outerwear fashions would make emergency identification easier, and people watching that much more fun.
**Skinsuit outerwear and new performing arts**
Lee-vac activities would become more varied as well. Can you imagine ballet not only in one-sixth G, but in vacuum as well? Lee-vac arena sports team uniforms would be more interesting and fanciful as well – all part of team sports enjoyment.
**Beyond the protection of “lee” space**
But these “fashion” developments might also encourage more and more lunar residents to wear skin-suits with outerwear even in full out-vac, the unprotected “vacuum “out” on the lunar surface. Such sorties would be less risky during the “moderate risk” conditions of “early morning” days and “late evening” long shadow days. Remember it is not quite 15 days from lunar sunrise to sunset! Temperatures will be lower, but not the radiation level.
Another “low risk” opportunity lies during the 1–3 hour long solar eclipses when the surface of the Moon is lit with the ruddy light of the ring of sunrises and sunsets that circle Earth when Earth itself is blocked out as the sun slips behind it. (An event paired with total lunar eclipses seen on Earth.) During such periods, the out-vac will take on the appearance of Marsscapes in twilight!
Every now and then, Earth-facing Moonscapes take on the hues of a dimly lit Mars. But there will be no mistaking where you are. In the sky in place of Earth will be a black hole outlined with a ring of orange tones with only one ten thousandth the brilliance of sunlight. And in that black hole, clusters of lights, Earth’s cities and fires, dotting otherwise dark continents. It is Umbra. * See MMM #164 p. # – APR 2003.
**Surface paths and trails for strolling**
But before such surface recreational strolls can become popular there needs to be some encouragement in the form of “excuses to venture out:” something worth going out on the surface to see and experience. Most people will not just wander out on trackless wastes just for the sake of doing so, at least not often! But Luna City Fathers can encourage people to get out from the confines of the settlement encouraging the creation of “nature” paths that showcase local geological features of interest. Compacted and sintered, these paths will be relatively dust free yet allow enjoyment of the “natural” moonscapes to either side. Such a path could encircle the settlement, with bridges and underpasses where the path intersects roads into and out of the settlement. After sundown, rocks and cut breccias selected for phosphorescence could trace the way.
Art and Sculpture along the way
Sculptures of an ever more varied variety and originality along such paths could also attract exo-pedestrians. In turn, the opportunity to have their works seen and admired by many will encourage artists and sculptors to create objects of interest and fascination.
Fanciful metal sculpture “moon shrub?”
Free scrap metal is manna from heaven for sculptors
There could also be benches, each of a unique design (how about a pioneer design competition to stir extra interest?) and an objet d’art in itself would encourage walkers to take a rest, the better to appreciate the art and views along the way.
Animated Sculpture
On Earth, mobile sculptures are powered by the wind or sun. On the Moon, the solar wind blows at hundreds of miles per second, but is too thin and lacks the oomph to power anything. What about solar power? Solar panels could easily drive small motors and actuators to create mobile sculptures on
moonscape paths and trails frequented by walkers after sunrise and before sundown. They’d work during high noon, of course, but few people would venture out on the trails at those times.
Let’s use our imagination! Solar powered animatronic guides to explain landscape, rock, and geological features? Even programmed to answer routine questions? (“Where is the nearest restroom?” “Are there any vending machines nearby?”). Why not fanciful alien creatures that would leap out from behind a boulder to scare and delight children? Halloween when it occurs near local sunset could become a trail-event must!
The oldest, easiest hobby?
But perhaps the most interesting things to observe and study will be provided by the walkers themselves. They will no doubt appreciate this special opportunity to partake in the perhaps humanity’s oldest hobby: going somewhere just to see and be seen – people watching! “Oh look at what she’s wearing!” “If he thinks we can’t see that he has a potbelly, he’s fooling himself.”
Bringing the Lunar Frontier to life while preventing neurosis and psychosis
Is all this idle diversion? What has all this got to do with anything? Getting pioneers to venture outside the pressure hulls of their settlement is absolutely vital to the long term mental health not just of individuals, but of future lunar frontier society in general. We on Earth see the lunar surface as hostile, barren, life squelching, and something to be avoided at all costs. To tell the truth, those of us who see it that way are poor settler material.
It is imperative that the pioneers learn to make themselves feel “at home” on the Moon not just within their comfortable settlement homes and common spaces, but out on the surface as well.
The penalty of not doing so will be neurosis and psychosis not just of individuals, but very likely of lunar frontier society in general. If we are going to make ourselves at home, we need to do it in a “no holds barred” fashion.
- Life-squelching cosmic rays and solar flares?
- Tissue-burning ultraviolet?
- The incessant micrometeorite rain?
- The insidious, potentially poisonous moondust?
A lesson I learned from my mother is that “every apparent disadvantage remains so as long as we are looking at it wrong.” “Change your attitude and try to see how that feature can be turned into an opportunity!” Then you will see it in its true light for the first time!
Not a common attitude to be sure, but try it! It works. Now that’s the stuff of which those pioneers who will survive and strive will be made of. Attitude is everything, and the naysayer, the timid, the “Oh, we can’t …” crowd just doesn’t get it, doesn’t understand, and we have to ignore them and move on. The Lunar Frontier is our dream not theirs, and it is ours to pursue. The above attitude works on everything: from apparent life setbacks to obstacles on the road to the Moon and beyond.
Beyond the visions of “fellow travelers”
Some “pro-space” writers want to see robots do everything. “There is no need to put humans in such alien and hostile and godforsaken places,” they advise.
But they have it all wrong. Venturing into new turf, into spaces that at fist seem hostile to human life, is something we have been doing even before leaving our home world in Africa to settle the rain forest jungles and the parched deserts of the first human continent, in a journey that would someday see us settle the north arctic which would have seemed as life-squelching to an early African in what is now Kenya, as life on the Moon must now seems to many of us incapable of getting past intimidating first impressions.
We have got to where we now find ourselves, a truly global species, by venturing into one new land after the other, where the wildlife, the vegetation, the climate, and the available resources were different from where we came from, from what we were used to and had taken for granted. And guess what? Each time we learned to make ourselves at home. Each time we learned to live with the “dangers” and “challenges” posed by the new territory.
From a more meta-historical vantage point, each time we developed ever more of our amazingly adaptive unsuspected human potential. Each time we realized more hidden human talents. Each time we brought out more of the potential that gives glory to the creative agency or agencies that have driven us and drawn us forward and upward. Why would some put a cap on what we humans can do? A cap based on past accomplishments in Africa 200,000 years ago would have been quite immature. A cap based on our accomplishments to date in the early 21st Century would be just as pre-mature. Our fellow travelers, those who would see robots explore space and access its resources but leave humans at home, are just that. Fellow travelers. We can use their limited support, but we must never accept the limits of their vision.
So you thought that this would be just a “far out” article on whimsical spacesuit outerwear fashion! Everything bears on everything else. Where we are and where we will be in the future is a web of endlessly varied possibilities. Let the adventure never end!
The Moon, its capacity to support a full flowering of human life quite unsuspected, will be the first of many new worlds. Why should this surprise anyone. Every element in our bodies, and in everything we see around us, other than hydrogen which is primordial, originated in the furnaces of star core explosions.
“Of stardust thou art – And to the Stars thou shalt return”
Now that is a “pilgrimage”, a “directive”, that will take us centuries, millennia, maybe eons to pursue. We are at the “baby’s first steps” stage, the most critical of all. We have yet to truly integrate Antarctica into our human metaworld, and timidity, self-doubt, and endless diversions threaten to stifle our next frontier-exploring efforts. Are humans up to the challenge? Despite every thing that should give us pause, a look at our past should encourage us. We have always taken that next step and we have always succeeded. Now is certainly not the time to doubt either our own capacities or our destiny.
But each time, only a few pioneer the new “world” and they do so despite the discouragement and disinterest of the many who remain behind. <MMM>
MMM #234 – April 2010
Lunar Thermal Wadis & Exploration Rovers
MMM Special Report by Peter Kokh
NASA Lunar Surface Systems Concepts February 25–27, 2009
http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/314555main_AIAA-2009-1339-125_Thermal_Wadi.pdf
“wadi” is an Arabic term common in Syria and Northern Africa for a watercourse that is only intermittently flowing with water, and is otherwise dry, often with wet soil below a dried surface. An oasis. The Sudanese city of Wadi Haifa gets its name from such a feature. Here the term is applied by analogy.
Source: Analysis of Solar-Heated Thermal Wadis to Support Extended-Duration Lunar Exploration – AIAA 2009–1339
Excerpt from the above:
“Among the many challenges that renewed exploration of the Moon is the survival of lunar surface assets during periods of darkness when the lunar environment is very cold.
“Thermal wadis are engineered sources of stored solar energy using modified lunar regolith as a thermal storage mass that can enable the operation of lightweight robotic rovers or other assets in cold, dark environments without incurring potential mass, cost, and risk penalties associated with various onboard sources of thermal energy.”
“Thermal wadi-assisted lunar rovers can conduct a variety of long-duration missions including exploration site surveys; teleoperated, crew-directed, or autonomous scientific expeditions; and logistics support for crewed exploration. This paper describes a thermal analysis of thermal wadi performance based on the known solar illumination of the moon and estimates of producible thermal properties of modified lunar regolith. Analysis was performed for the lunar equatorial region and for a potential Outpost location near the lunar South Pole. The results are presented in some detail in the paper and indicate that thermal wadis can provide the desired thermal energy reserve, with significant margin, for the survival of rovers or other equipment during periods of darkness.”
Left: a sun-tracking reflector directs sunlight onto a thermal mass during periods of solar illumination while rovers conduct lunar surface operations.
Right: a heat-loss shield to limit radiative losses to space.
Above: The setting sun illuminates a rover parked on its prepared pad of heat-retaining compacted soil under an umbrella that retards heat radiation to cold black space.
Excerpt: “The thermal property values of the thermal mass are critical to the effectiveness of the thermal wadi. In its native state, lunar regolith is a poor material for thermal energy storage. Due to its very low thermal diffusivity, … per measurements made during the Apollo program, heat does not penetrate the lunar surface very deeply and is lost rapidly due to radiation during periods of darkness. It is this property that accounts, in part, for the large surface temperature swing during the Moon’s 27-day diurnal cycle.
“However, the regolith contains the elemental materials needed for a reasonable thermal energy storage medium, and experiments on Earth have demonstrated that solar and/or microwave energy can enable the necessary conversion processes. Examples of regolith processing methods that can produce thermal masses with improved thermal properties include:
• Compacting and sintering
• Melting processed or unprocessed regolith, then solidifying the melt into a solid block
• Incorporating hardware and/or materials with high-thermal conductivity and/or high-thermal capacity.
• Reducing regolith, by thermochemical or electrochemical means, to produce a metal-enriched product.
The paper goes into details on the relative merits of these options, the practicality of their use, and makes recommendations. Using the moondust’s own assets to combat the harsh lunar environment, is a win–win option.
Salvaging the Google Lunar X-Prize “Also-Rans”
By David A. Dunlop,
Moon Society Director of Project Development
Google Lunar X-Prize –
www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/about-the-prize/introductory-video
www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/about-the-prize
www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/about-the-prize/rules-and-guidelines
www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/teams
Opportunities, Incentives, and Tools For New Lunar Science Missions
Google Lunar X-Prize Teams
• Twenty teams are now vying for Google Lunar X-Prizes. While only two teams at best will win the 1st and 2nd prizes, the other team programs may offer potential options for further development. If so, their investments to date should not be wasted.
• Their merits with regard to technological innovation or cost-efficient models should be not go untested simply because they were not the first or second to land on the Moon.
• GLXP teams that do not win 1st or 2nd prize will require incentives and support to continue advancing their projects to flight readiness status and actual flight to the Moon.
• These also-rans may present opportunities to “re-purpose” their lunar landers to deliver needed or desired science payloads to lunar surface.
• Evaluation of each team’s design should be made in terms of
• Risk reduction,
• Technical feasibility
• Cost efficiency
• Suitability as platforms for lunar science missions that should be supported by the various national space agencies for those teams open to a follow-on incentives program to the original GLXP program.
• NASA and ILEWG (International Lunar Exploration Working Group) partners should support lunar program approaches and incentives that foster both international and commercial collaborations.
Incentive Science Contracts are an example of how this could work
• $50M incentives should be offered for delivery of ILN (International Lunar Network) science packages comprising laser retro-reflector cube, seismometer, lunar radiation monitors, and heat flow probes – http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/iln
Technology Incentives
A. NASA and DOE should offer RTG technologies as a missions-enabling technology incentive to lunar rover missions that deliver long duration sorties on the models of Pathfinder, Spirit, and Opportunity, and which address high priority science objectives. This should be jointly competed by ESMD (NASA Exploration Science Mission Directorate) and SMD (NASA Science Mission Directorate).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator
B. Incentives should be created for technology demonstrations that use non-nuclear techniques to survive the lunar night cold temperature cycle, such as “Lunar Wadis” – see preceding article.
C. Incentives should be offered and competed for principal investigators and teams which can demonstrate achievement of science goals that are on lunar science road map so that the process of lunar science missions development is more “granular” and financial “assets can be brought to the table” in consideration of lunar missions proposals by science investigators and teams whose instruments have been competitively qualified.
**Open-Source Student Lunar Lander Engineering Missions**
As a means of driving down the cost of lunar transportation and creating opportunities for the next generation of lunar engineers and scientists, the ILEWG nations should support University-based engineering teams and networks working on a transparent open source basis.
Following the precedents of the ESMO (European Student Moon Orbiter) and ASMO (American Student Moon Orbiter), and cubesat projects ILEWG partner nations should all support at least one “open source” and “ITAR free” student lunar lander missions. This would create a pool of shared designs and platforms for engineering support of lunar landers and rovers and the expansion of the “lunar robotic village” by 2020.
These student lunar lander platforms should be cost justified by the requirement to deliver lunar a greater volume of lunar science packages to the surface, the need for technology demonstrations on the lunar surface, and the support of engineering workforce development goals.
**An Open-Sources Science Proposals Database**
An open database for lunar science missions proposals should be created which identifies principal investigator, sponsoring organization, proposed science instruments, their Technology Readiness Level, Lunar Science road Map Objectives, mass, power requirements, cost, so that the lunar community of interest is easy to identify and the lunar mission “market” potential for lunar science is transparent. This database should build on the Lunar Orphans Flight Test (LOFT) list of NASA Lunar Commercial Services Commercial Crew and Cargo Office and the ESA Lunar Science Proposals Solicitation lists. All ILEWG member agencies should be invited to support this database.
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**MMM #238 – September 2010**
**Taking a Fresh Look at the Spacesuit Concept**
By Peter Kokh
**Background:** in a previous article,
“Engaging the Surface with Moon suits instead of Spacesuits: Mother Nature has a Dress Code!”
MMM #151 Dec 2001 republished pp 2–5
http://www.moonsociety.org/publications/mmm_classics/mmmc16_July2007.pdf
We addressed some spacesuit issues. In this article, we take the discussion further.
The NASA Spacesuits developed for the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs evolved quite naturally from high altitude aviation pressure suits. For use on the Moon, they had to be able to resist micrometeorite puncture and keep the astronauts cool in the rising mid-morning temperatures on the Moon. For short stays – the longest was only a few days – the radiation issue did not need to be addressed.
But it is clear that these suits had two functions: pressurization and protection. While the inner suit worn by astronauts did help contain physical body support, as they did not include a pressurized helmet or pressurized gloves, the outersuit with helmet and gloves was needed for both purposes: pressurization and protection.
Separating these two functions
However, if we separate these two functions, we might be on our way to a more rational design, more comfortable to wear, with greater freedom of movement, and yet with adequate puncture resistance and thermal management. We already have several experimental forms of the inner pressure suit: the “skinsuit,” also known as the Mechanical Counter Pressure (MCP) Suit.
Mars Society Australia launched a “marsskin” project: www.marssociety.org.au/marsskin.php
“An MCP suit would differ by exerting pressure on the body using formfitting elastic garments. Webb and Annis published the concept and early experiments of a MCP suit in 1967, and in 1971 described the first demonstration that highlighted the many advantages of the MCP approach. MCP garments were found to offer dramatic improvements to gas pressurized suits in reach, dexterity and tactility due to the replacement of stiff joints and bearings with light, flexible elastics. Further advantages included safety (because a tear or hole would remain a local defect rather than cause a catastrophic puncture), lower suit costs and vastly reduced weight and volume. MIT conducted flexibility tests with basic MCP elastics during the mid 1980’s and found MCP gloves to be measurably superior to gas–pressurized gloves.”
While this prior research seems dated, one can understand NASA’s on again/off again approach to space suit alternatives and development. The Return to the Moon has been an on again off again program: the first and second Bush space initiatives. And that is why space enthusiasts have taken the lead. In addition to the Mars Society Australia effort, we are proud to call attention to research done by crew member William Fung–Schwarz, Health & Safety Officer on the Moon Society’s “Artemis Moonbase Sim 1” 2-week exercise at the Mars Desert Research Station, as Crew 45, Feb. 26 – March 11, 2006. http://desert.marssociety.org/fs05/ (scroll down to #45)
The project goals, goal status, suit description, and costs are stated in William’s report: http://desert.marssociety.org/MDRS/fs05/0311/mcp.asp
Honeywell (LA), UC–San Diego, and Clemson University have conducted physiological and design testing on gloves and arms. [from the Mars Society Australia page]
Lunar “Coveralls” – An MCP Skinsuit is not enough
There are additional links on the Aussie Marsskin page. As this page does not appear to have been recently updated, we can’t be sure that this research continues. Be that as it may, it isn’t to the point of this article. We think that it is a great start, but for use on the Moon, an outer suit that offers thermal management benefits as well as serving as a first barrier to micrometeorite and sharp rock punctures should be required outerwear in full exposure lunar surface vacuum.
We have talked often about construction of shielded but unpressurized areas for storage of items that need to be accessed on a regular basis, and for equipment needing regular or frequent maintenance. We have dubbed these environments as “lee–vacuum” that is providing “wind” protection. “Wind?” We refer, of course to exposure to the cosmic elements: cosmic rays and solar flare protection as well as micrometeorite “rain.” In such areas lighter weight pressure suits and skinsuits will be adequate, and reduce wearer fatigue as well as greatly improve mobility. Shielding will also deter overheating.
But for wear out on the not–so–protected surface, another layer, which need not also be pressurized, is to be strongly recommended. If this layer is loose, since it does not have to be pressurized, it should not hamper motion as did the Apollo mission suit. Those working on the surface could accomplish more with less effort, and less fatigue, thus reducing risk as well. Such suits might also reduce moon dust buildup on the inner skinsuit. They could also be shed before entering an airlock, and stored outside, thus reducing the migration of dust into interior living and working spaces.
In MMM #225, MAY 2009, pages 6–8, we wrote about “Skinsuit ‘Outerwear’ for Surface Activities.”
In this article, we were addressing lee–vacuum environment use, in which one might choose to wear special outerwear, not for any extra protection, but either to hide unflattering body contours, or simply for “fashion fun.”
Here we are talking about heavy–duty outerwear to be worn for protection not adequately offered by skin–suits when worn on the fully exposed lunar surface.
Again, in our opinion, a counter pressure suit, by itself, does not offer sufficient protection in the lunar environment. The Mechanical Counter Pressure suit research is an invaluable and essential first step. But we must mate it with an MCP compatible outer suit.
How much would an unpressurized outer suit resemble the Apollo Moon Suit? It might be about as bulky, and also have elastic wrist and ankle bands to deter moondust contamination of the inner counter-pressure suit. But by virtue of not being inflated, it would hang more naturally on the wearer and greatly reduce joint stiffening (and hence fatigue) that is produced by pressurization. I do not pretend to be able to draw such a suit with my low level of illustration skills.
Has there been experimentation along these lines? I am not aware of any. NASA has supported a number of optional spacesuit design programs in the past, but none are currently funded. And the design features these projects strove to realize were different: they were still pressurized.
It would seem a simple matter for a chapter to get hold of an aviation pressure suit, in lieu of a newer skinsuit, and then design and produce appropriately thick but loose outer suits with elastic sleeve and leg ends, in order to get across these concepts to the public as well as to the space-interest community at large.
If the return to the Moon is undertaken commercially (as well as by non-US national space agencies), it is possible that the commercial firms would be willing to part with tradition and try out and test such new double suit concepts. There is much to be gained both in mobility and in the length of time one could work out on the surface without fatigue.
There is a principle at stake here: if we want our lunar initiative to grow into something permanent, and we do all want that,
**We must “do the Moon” on its terms, not ours!**
As such a goal is a perfect fit for the Moon Society and for other groups such as the National Space Society – we both want commercial–industrial permanent lunar settlements – promotion of such projects should be pursued. It would be appropriate to provide seed money for modest research/engineering initiatives and demonstrations, if we find individuals or groups, lay or academic, who want to pursue these concepts further
This research is vital!
PK
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**MMM #240 – November 2010**
**Mare Ingenii – “Sea of Ingenuity” – A Sweet Spot on the Moon’s Farside**
By Peter Kokh
The dark floor crater to the NE is 60 mi wide Thomson.
Can one think of a better place for a very large array radio telescope complex devoted to S.E.T.I.? [Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence]
What's so special about Mare Ingenii?
Lunar Prospector detected strong magnetic shields on the farside, at the antipodes of impacts that formed the Mare Imbrium basin centered on Mare Ingenii in south central farside, and the impact that formed the Mare Crisium basin, centered on the crater Gerasimovic in SE farside. What we think happened is at the moment of impact a magnetic plasma was ejected that surrounded the globe coming to a focus at the impact antipodes and permanently magnetizing the surface in those areas.
Such areas may be safer places for surface habitation, requiring less shielding for protection. On the other hand, there is new evidence that these areas also shield against the solar wind, so that the regolith in these areas may be relatively less rich in volatile particles attached to the regolith powder fines.
The "marequator" runs through Mare Ingenii
In MMM # 74, we coined the word marequator: "Some writers have proposed lunar equator-following roads, railroads, and even superconducting cables. The path of least resistance suggests a route that rises north of the equator on the nearside and south of the equator on the nearside to take advantage of the more easily-traversed stretches across the available lava-flow plains."
Unlike the crater Tsiolkovsky, which is another prime site, M. Ingenii is in the central farside slice of the lunar globe that is out-of-line-of-sight from both L4 and L55 Earth–Moon Lagrange positions where the Earth’s and the Moon’s gravities cancel out, the prime location for lunar communications satellites.
PK
MMM #241 – December 2010
A Farside S.E.T.I. Radio Telescope Array
By Peter Kokh
In the previous article, we suggested that the deployment of a major array of cutting edge state-of-the-art Radio Telescopes could most easily be done through teleoperation of robotic construction equipment from a perch in the Earth-Moon Lagrange 2 position some 45 thousand miles ~ 65 thousand kilometers above the lunar Farside surface. Such a facility has been the dream of many for several decades. As a boy in my teens in the 1950s, I dreamt of being assigned to such a facility and making a career of it (I have a monastic side).
For most of us, the special appeal of such a location is not for radio astronomy itself, but as the most radio-quiet place within a few light years from which to listen to the “sussuri” – [Latin] “whispers” from the stars, from other intelligent species out there. Yet these days, there is a quite premature discouragement settling in among SETI advocates – those focused on Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, or clear signs thereof.
**Why haven’t we found any “others” yet?**
“We should have heard something by now!” This is a common complaint among the impatient. Yet as the same time, the odds of the existence of other “Earths” out there have never seemed greater. “Nature never does anything once,” I quote. But people forget that Time is as Vast as Space. That a civilization would be found that was not only “nearby” but also “contemporary” with ours is asking to win the cosmic lottery twice in one dice roll.
**The difficulty barrier**
But there is more to consider. For the most part, we have only been listening, and briefly, with many inter-missions. If every species that wanted to broadcast their existence also did so intermittently and for short periods, it is easy to see how we could have missed their signals. If a race wants to be heard, to be found, it should occur to them that broadcasting must, once begun, continue indefinitely: not for a few days, not for a few years; not for a few centuries. Broadcasting must be a species “cathedral-building” class endeavor, absorbing considerable resources of power and cost. Simply put, it is orders of magnitude easier to listen than to broadcast. The upshot is that it is not unlikely, given the cathedral-building demands cited, that “everyone is listening, no one is sending.”
**Whom would a sender want to reach?**
I’m not afraid to tell anyone that I am a romantic; it doesn’t pay to be anything but. So it is not surprising that I find a universal logic in the Star Trek myth (if you will) about the “Prime Directive.” A superior civilization should avoid contact with inferior ones, as that contact could destroy them, snuffing out their own native inventiveness and originality. Human history is full of examples where contact between unequal civilizations has meant the death of the inferior one. This is ongoing!
It is not likely that there are any inhabited worlds were such unequal cultures have not come into contact. So as a culture matures, it must come to the conclusion that premature contact is not a friendly thing to foist on inferior civilizations, no matter how eager individuals of an inferior civilization may be to skip painful progress on their own, and beam ahead historically through access to advanced technologies.
**What is a “primitive” technology?**
Well certainly any civilization, which has not come to caring terms with its own environment, must be judged as primitive. Ours certainly qualifies, as those who care about preserving the health of the environment, which nourished us, are still in the minority, effectiveness wise. We still decide things by armed conflict or by financial battles. Face it, as far as we have come, we are very much an adolescent species.
Now it could be that one reason our ventures into space have been so discontinuous, halting, unsure, is that we simply do not have our act together yet. Let’s suppose that a mature, environment-conserving species able to resolve all issues by a process that sidestepped conflict and aggression and resulted in widespread consent, wanted to reach out to other species, but only to species at its own state of maturity. How would they filter out signals from getting through to those who were not ready for them?
Well, picking a wavelength that could not pass through a breathable atmosphere (oxygen, water vapor) might be one way. If you sent signals that not only could not be picked up on the surface of a habitable planet, but could not even be picked up where radio-noise from an adolescent civilization was pervasive, then you might have reason for confidence that no one would detect or read your message who was not ready for it.
Not all habitable worlds are going to have moons of size that are rotationally locked, as is our Moon. But perhaps, one could hope, that a civilization mature enough technologically, culturally, enviRecently, we have grown more optimistic that our galaxy has many millions of solar systems, and that there may be many worlds able to sire intelligent species sooner or later in their history. Top this by adding that the number of galaxies outnumbers the stars within our own. The universe must be full of life, the vast majority of such instances effectively isolated and out of contact with others by the barriers of time and space. For me it is enough to know that there must be others, virtually “everywhere and everywhen,” however mutually remote. Here and there will be pairs of civilizations that beat the odds and find themselves neighbors in both space and time. For me, it is enough to look up at the stars and say “Hi,” fully confident that all over space and time there are others looking up in wonder and doing the same.
Building first a Radio Array on farside and then finding wavelengths that can go the distance but not be picked up by those not ready for them, and then building a facility to send out messages of our own: “Hi there, we made it! You can too! Life is worth it! May you find all the richness that we have found and continue to find. We go through life apart in space and time, but together in spirit. Peace, love, courage, persistence!”
After many decades of contemplating “SETI” this is where I’m at.
PK
MMM #242 – February 2011
IN FOCUS Telepresence-operated “Robonauts” will revise all “Scenarios”
At first impression, those of us who want to see human frontiers develop “and prosper” on the Moon, Mars, the asteroids and elsewhere in the Solar System may think that the emergence of robonauts threaten that dream. But quite the opposite is likely. These “stand ins” will pave the way at far less expense. We have already integrated “teleoperation” of equipment into our expectations. Japan and Russia, as well as our own Carnegie–Mellon robotics team, have suggested that site preparation and many construction chores could save substantial amounts of time and money. It costs a lot to put a human on the Moon! Humans are most effectively assigned to chores that cannot be teleoperated. Teleoperated equipment will allow humans to go to the Moon to begin at once to do what only they can do.
Enter the “robonauts” and telepresence! Here the human controller on Earth “sees what the robonaut sees, and feels what the robonaut feels.” This is ideal for scientific tasks – for example, where it is not the size, shape or weight of a rock which is of interest, but its chemical–mineralogical makeup. Robonauts can collect samples of special interest thus freeing humans of that tedious chore, so that when they arrive, they can examine a preselected collection, without wasting hours and days in field work.
Robonauts do not need food, rest or relaxation. They can work around the clock, through a team of tele–presence operators on Earth. They do not get bored. Thus the quality of their work is more likely to be high. As to teleoperated equipment, there will be many chores which cannot be done into their manipulation tools, one of a kind chores, that could not be foreseen, or which will be so uncommon that it would not be cost–effective to further specialize those tools and programs. A robonaut with hands human–like in their degrees of motion, can use hand tools for a limitless list of special tasks. Robonauts can do things to dangerous or risky to be assigned to human crews. In the lead article in this issue we show how these companions can relieve humans of all sorts of risky and tedious chores.
In his article “O’Neil’s High Frontier Revisited and Modified” pages 7–8 in this issue, Dave Dietzler shows how the emergence of robotic technologies also radically changes that scenario of how solar power satellites will be produced and deployed. We may not need the extremely expensive Space Settlements, a requirement that could delay the construction of SPS systems by many decades. Humans will still be involved, but in lesser numbers, and with far lower thresholds of support.
To sum up, lunar resources are still a best bet to lower SPS construction and deployment costs, but the cost of accessing those resources will fall by an order of magnitude or more by reducing the amount of human workers involved. Consider that a lunar settlement can begin very small and grow as needed, module by module. In contrast, a Space Settlement has to be built to a set size, whether it is occupied by a starter crew, or at full capacity. Space Settlements have a built-in high threshold, greatly exacerbated by the insistence on Earth-normal gravity levels.
Now we have previously attempted to remediate these problems in our paper, “Reinventing Space Oases.”
http://www.moonsociety.org/publications/mmm_papers/reinv_so.htm
Just as the cyber-revolution has vastly increased human productivity, so will the robotics revolution. We have nothing to fear!
PK
Role of Robonauts & Robots on the Moon
Once Humans have settled in to stay
By Peter Kokh
We have realized for a long time, at least since the early Apollo mission days, that radiation exposure on the Moon from cosmic rays and solar flares was a big problem. The week or so of unprotected vulnerability could be tolerated. But it would be better to provide some sort of shielding for persons intending to stay a while. Two meters of moondust overburden should protect those within habitat modules for stays up to a few months. But long term, 4–5 meters would be better.
We’ve known this for some time and most moonbase plans have some sort of shielding incorporated as part and parcel of the plan. This need has also made the possibility of locating human installations within lava tubes very appealing. These voids, whole networks of them, are common in the lava flow sheets that filled most large nearside basins, creating the maria (MAH-ri-a, singular MAH ray, mare) or “Seas.” But these handy hollows are not to be found at or near either lunar pole, both poles being located in highland areas.
The inspiration out of which the original Moon Miners’ Manifesto was born, was that while we had to live “underground”, we would not have to live like moles, as Robert A. Heinlein had suggested in his classic novel: “The Moon is a Harsh Mistress,” as there were ways we could take the sunshine and views “down under with us.”
http://www.moonsociety.org/chapters/milwaukee/mmm/mmm_1.html
But surely we have business out on the naked, radiation-washed surface! We need to explore, to prospect for minerals, to build roads, to trade with other settlements! No people, and surely not the Moon’s people, will freely be virtually imprisoned full time. How do we handle this? Read on.
Radiation Exposure Limits and Monitoring
Perhaps every Lunan settler or pioneer or visitor will be required to wear a wristband or other device that monitors one’s accumulated radiation exposure. Those whose exposure is under set levels will be allowed to go “outside” – “out-vac” on the exposed, vacuum and radiation-washed surface for limited times, and on limited occasions.
Jobs and Careers
There are those in any population that feel most at home “outdoors” and/or “on the road.” But living such a life-style – having such an occupation, could result in radiation sickness and even premature death. Unless!
There are three ways to sidestep this nasty fate.
(1) Outside jobs could be managed from the safety of shielded habitat spaces, by telepresence operation of robonauts or avatars.
(2) The cabs of over-the-road trucks, motor coaches, trains and construction equipment could be jacketed by water (somehow kept from freezing or boiling). The jacket need cover only that portion exposed to the sky.
3) Outside jobs could be filled by rotation from among a large pool of persons, who would do safe “inside” work most of the time. This would not suit those who wish to be out on the surface regularly, but such types could work in jacketed conditions as described in (2) above.
We might expect to see some out-vac duties preferentially entrusted to robots and telepresence-controlled robonauts that can be put to work “24/7” without fatigue, boredom, and errors, and some to be filled by humans on restricted shifts, but from within the safety of shielded mobile cabs. Routine prospecting, mining, extensive construction, and road-building, are some of the high exposure activities that could be managed this way.
Thus a truck cab could be shielded even if there were no need to shield the cargo containers. How is this different from human workers guiding deep sea well-drilling from the safety and comfort of a pressurized submersible at depths at which human divers could not work? Clearly, those who say we can’t work out of our element, have already been proven wrong again and again. Wherever there is something to be gained, we will find a way to conduct our business safely.
Those who rarely travel by train or coach could ride in unshielded units at a bargain price, while businessmen who travel frequently could ride in shielded units at a first class rate. Common sense and a close watch of one’s rem-exposure monitors, will allow most pioneers to enjoy an almost natural familiarity with the great lunar out-vac and with its magnificent desolation and spectacular sterile beauty.
**Recreation and Sports**
In this situation, out-vac leisure activities such as rock collecting, hiking, road rallies, camping out under the stars, and prospecting for the fun of it, would have to be exercised with caution and sparingly. We won’t become “Lunans” until we are “at home” on the Moon, and that means “at home” out on the surface as well as in cozy urban burrows. Even so, the availability of a mobile shelter when not actually engaging in the out-vac surface activity in question would make for good policy.
As to sports, the out-vac provides not only one-sixth gravity, but also vacuum, and pioneers will invent interesting and fun sports for such conditions. But here too, there is a way out: pioneers could build a shielded but unpressurized stadium in which low-gravity vacuum sports could be played.
Are Demron-layer spacesuits be the answer?
Recently, there have been a flurry of reports that a new polymer fabric offers sufficient radiation protection. But Wikipedia introduces its article with the following warning:
“This article is written like an advertisement. Please help rewrite this article from a neutral point of view. For blatant advertising that would require a fundamental rewrite to become encyclopedic, use {{db-spam}} to mark for speedy deletion. (June 2009)”
“Demron is a radiation-blocking fabric made by Radiation Shield Technologies. The material is said to have radiation protection similar to lead shielding, while being lightweight and flexible. The composition of Demron is proprietary, but is described as a non-toxic polymer. According to its manufacturer, while Demron shields the wearer from radiation alone, it can be coupled with different protective materials to block chemical and biological threats as well. Demron is roughly three to four times more expensive than a conventional lead apron, but can be treated like a normal fabric for cleaning, storage and disposal. More recent uses for Demron include certified first responder Hazmat suits as well as tactical vests. Demron is proven by the United States Department of Energy to significantly reduce high energy alpha and beta radiation, and reduce low energy gamma radiation. When several sheets of Demron are laminated together the result is a much more powerful shield, though Demron cannot completely block all gamma radiation.”
There is an enormous difference between the kind of radiation hazards found here on Earth such as exposure to radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants and exposure to high-energy cosmic rays coming from all directions of the space or the lunar sky.
In MMM #238 Sept 2010, pp. 4–5, “A Fresh Look at the Spacesuit Concept” ee suggested a two-garment approach: an inner “skinsuit” counterpressure suit, and a loose outer suit to handle thermal exposure and provide puncture proofing. Perhaps a Demron layer incorporated into such an outer suit would allow the wearer to stay out on the surface a longer time before accumulating “x” amount of radiation dosage. But Demron has not been tested in realistic space conditions in Earth-orbit much less beyond the Van Allen Belts. It may or may not help, but certainly won’t be a cure-all.
A lesson some have not learned
At the 2010 International Space Development Conference held in Chicago last May, a speaker confident of what he was saying, crossed off Moon and Mars as future settlement territory on the grounds of surface radiation exposure “unless we wanted to live underground full-time.” Nonsense. If there is one thing the history of the human Diaspora beyond Africa, and even within it, has amply demonstrated, it is that resourceful, ingenious, and determined people can learn to make themselves “at home” and comfortably so, in the most seemingly inhospitable environments. Settlers on Moon and Mars will defy the warnings of such persons, even as have the Eskimo and Inuit of our Arctic regions. “Where there is a will, there’s a way. And we will find ways to survive in environments much more unforgiving and hostile than Moon and Mars.
On frontier after frontier, we have been faced with new climate conditions, new geological and mineral resources, new plant and animal species. Where old tools did not work, or work well, we forged new ones that did. True, some frontiers would not support large populations. But everywhere, people have learned to live happy and productive and fulfilling lives.
Radiation will be a problem for those living and working on the Moon or Mars only until we have learned to deal with it “as if by second nature.” Sure Arctic and Antarctic temperatures can kill! But who would go outdoors in those places without adequate clothing and protection!
Lunan pioneers will soon learn what they can and can’t do in their challenging environments. More, they will continue to find new ways to push “this envelope” ever further and further, to the point few would see surface radiation as a game-stopper. Doing the right think, the safe thing, will have become second nature. The pioneers will have become Lunans. And the same transition will occur on Mars and other even more challenging locations.
Take anyone “as they are” off the streets of Mumbai or Cairo and set them down in Antarctica, and we have a problem. But someone from Edmonton or Irkutsk might fare better.
Unlike specialized animal species, humans cannot be defined by their habitat. We are adaptable, and neither the Moon nor Mars defines the limits of that adaptability. We will learn to handle the risks of the lunar surface “as if by second nature” under penalty of death, just as the Innuitt have adapted to the Arctic. We will not be at home on the Moon until we do.
To coin a word, we are a prokalotrophic species: we feed on challenges. And those who warn us that we “can’t” do this or can’t do that, do us all a favor, by spurring us on to prove them quite wrong. And in that sense, science-fiction stories, which can get pretty wild, do us a service. They make us, even if only some of us, confident and determined to spread the human ecumene – the human ecosphere – beyond the four corners of Earth, beyond the seven continents and the seven seas, to wherever our ingenious heavenly chariots will take us.
The Moon, as a humanized world, will become more interesting and nourishing a life-environment because we have accepted radiation-protection as a challenge. The more formidable the challenge, the sweeter the victory! We would still be in the caves or swinging from the trees if it were not so.
So thanks for the warning. “Bring it on!” PK
MMM #244 – April 2011
Could “Paying Working Tourists” Open the Moon Faster, for Less?
By Peter Kokh
How we’ve done things up to now: who builds what
The cost of doing things in space is undeniably increased by the way hardware (rockets, for example) are contracted out with provisions that highly favor chosen contractors, by decisions motivated by political considerations, of which State or Congressional District will be most benefited, and selection of winners prior to construction and competitive testing.
The switch to real competition between commercial companies should help to reduce costs and improve equipment by a substantial margin. The NASA-Contractor monopoly has had its chance and given us space transportation systems impossible to continue financing.
In the next few years we will see real competition between a variety of crew reentry vehicles and space planes. Some will be best for this use, others for that. And all will be significantly less expensive thanks to real competition.
Crews: the cost of training and support
The NASA Astronaut Corps is rightly held in very high esteem. There will always be some individuals with problems. That’s neither here nor there. But there has been significant criticism of the cost of the program.
An “excess of astronauts — and what they do with their non-flying time — costs the space program far more than money. Their influence throughout the agency contributes to a NASA culture that is artificially enthusiastic, overconfident, contemptuous of outside advice and excessively obedient to short-term goals (as defined by the pilots) — often at the price of sound engineering.”
www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2003-07-30-oberg_x.htm
How much does such a system add to the cost of missions to the International Space Station? How much would it have added to now-cancelled Moon Missions? We don’t pretend to know.
But if we are going to switch to commercial providers of hardware, how about also switching to commercial suppliers of trained astronaut crews? We need both, commercial equipment and commercial crews to break out of the amazingly non-American paradigm of “socialized space,” which, as much as we are all proud of NASA, is what it is has been, from day one.
Beyond Commercial Crews
Providers of commercial crews must factor the cost of personnel training, and attrition into the price for their service. While this cost could prove to be a fraction of what it costs NASA to train astronauts and to maintain an oversized astronaut corps, it would seem that there is a way to do even better, in fact,
a way to zero out the cost of crew training and support, so that the cost of a mission reflects only the cost of purchasing competitive space transport systems, and tools and equipment that crews will need.
**Zeroing out Crew Training and Service Costs**
We are all now familiar with the “Space Tourism Industry.” It began with Space Adventures arranging to bring Dennis Tito to the International Space Station. “Tito joined Soyuz TM-32 on April 28, 2001, spending 7 days, 22 hours, 4 minutes in space and orbiting Earth 128 times.[8] Tito performed several scientific experiments in orbit that he said would be useful for his company and business. Tito paid a reported $20 million for his trip.” [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Tito](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Tito)
Tito paid for his training as part of the price for his ticket, and also was required to make himself useful while onboard ISS, and all space “tourists” to ISS since have done likewise.
**The “Space Experience Industry”**
Right now, we are approaching the dawn of commercial flights to the edge of space. Perhaps it is time to junk the term “Space Tourism” in favor of “Space Experience.” The future of the Space Experience Industry seems to us unlimited. Thanks to John Spencer, the president of The Space Tourism Society, for this term!
Now in the near future where the focus will first be on prolonged zero-g flights to the edge of space, then orbital flights, finally commercial space hotels and resorts, we will be talking primarily about people on “the vacation of a lifetime.” They will do this to enjoy, not to work! Yet crews and staff catering to their needs will also benefit. While flight crews will most certainly be paid as these will be steady occupations, some “staff” – for space hotels, for example – could be paying volunteers, paying a bit less than tourists, for the privilege of staying in space longer, in trade for working assignments. The pay-to-work Paradigm already exists
For some time now, individuals have volunteered, and some even paid, for the privilege of participating in archeological and paleontological “digs.” Something quite similar is common on “Windjammer Cruises” where tourist crews man the sails and do other jobs – everyone works, and they do so with enthusiasm for the privilege of a vacation experience otherwise out of reach.
**Paying to work in Space**
Now most of us need to “get paid” for work, and are hardly in a position to “pay for the privilege of working.” But make no mistake. Those who pay to work do get paid! Their pay is an unforgettable experience! Yes, of course, this is an option available only to those with enough income or resources to pay for the privilege. That this is not an option open to most of us is quite irrelevant. The point is that there is a population class growing in size that has begun fueling a “pay-to-work” sector of the economy that is growing year by year.
Fast forward a bit: we foresee the emergence of commercial companies that supply personnel who have paid for their own training, and who are ready to pay for the privilege of using that training on actual assignments – in space. Some will staff budget space hotels and resorts. And beyond that?
**Space Adventures’ 1st Private Moon Expedition**
“Make history as the world’s first private lunar explorer.
“Witness Earth rise as you emerge from the far side of the moon.
“Become a catalyst for humankind’s expansion into space.”
“Space Adventures invites you to join us for the most significant private expedition of our time – launching the first private mission to circumnavigate the moon.”
Space Adventures, working with Russian providers of the vehicle and service module needed, has already signed up one of the two tourists, who, with a Russian astronaut pilot, will make the first commercial Apollo 13 type loop-the-Moon trip. (Apollo 8 made several orbits about the Moon before returning.) A second customer is said to be ready to sign. **Watch this Space Adventures Video:** [http://www.spaceadventures.com/videos/LunarMission_no_ZG_msg_300kbps_480x270.mov](http://www.spaceadventures.com/videos/LunarMission_no_ZG_msg_300kbps_480x270.mov)
This flight could occur within the next to years, and will be the first presence of humans near the Moon in forty years, many years before any national space agency.
What next for the Space Experience Industry?
Once this flight is history, or perhaps even before out of anticipation, there will be a growing interest and demand among “experience-seekers” willing to pay the price for lunar landing excursions. Now there will be no on site facilities to cater to them. So what would be the cheapest way to provide such facilities? You got it! The ideal site for an ever-growing tourist complex having been identified in advance, the first paying experience seekers will plot out the site, photograph the site in detail and do additional investigation to supply architects on Earth with the information they need to draw up plans for the first structures, and a game plan for additional expansion. Perhaps this first crew could also leave a robonaut behind to be telepresence-operated by persons back on Earth to continue making site improvements in advance of the arrival of a second private crew again paying not only for their own training, but for the privilege of working on arrival at the selected site.
For an ideal site location idea, read “An ‘All-in-One’ Moon Resort” pp. 82–85, MMM Classic Themes – Lunar Tourism, a free download at: [http://www.moonsociety.org/publications/mmm_themes/mmmt_tourism.pdf](http://www.moonsociety.org/publications/mmm_themes/mmmt_tourism.pdf)
Because “pay for the experience” tourists will be taking on serious work assignments, and have even paid for the training to allow them to do so, their tickets to the Moon (resort) will be cheaper than those of purely passive tourists. Those willing and able will pay-to-prepare, pay-to-build, pay-to-explore, pay-to-prospect, and pay-to-deliver services.
Yes, these people will come from the wealthy, as few of the rest of us will be able to compete for these positions. But the point is that in this manner, lunar surface facilities including not just tourist resorts but science outposts, even initial factories, will get built sooner and at far less taxpayer expense (translate that to freedom from political veto power).
As we have suggested, pay-for-experience tourists will be accompanied by and work with robonauts who will do the boring, repetitive, and dangerous tasks. They need no life support, no rest or recreation, and no need to return to Earth. They also require less room aboard the craft that bring pay-to-work tourists to the Moon. Thus robonauts promise to greatly multiply the cost-effectiveness of this approach, and bring down all costs even more. So we can add to the “pay-to” list, pay to teleoperate, and pay to maintain equipment.
This scheme can serve to expand science on the Moon as well as tourism. “Pay-to” personnel can also go to the Moon for the privilege of collecting specimens, of prospecting, and doing all sorts of scientific research. The can also pay for the privilege of testing equipment to turn moondust into usable materials – “ISRU” – “in situ” [on location for those of you not familiar with Latin] resource utilization. Thus people may “pay-to” develop building materials with which to expand habitat and outpost complexes with far less “supports” from Earth.
We do not pretend that this scenario is certain to develop. The World Economy is too near implosion, and that could put off all plans, commercial as well as tax-supported inefficient government programs.
Wikipedia “Extreme tourism” or “shock tourism” is a type of niche tourism involving travel to dangerous places (mountains, jungles, deserts, caves, etc.) or participation in dangerous events. Extreme tourism overlaps with extreme sport. The two share the main attraction, “adrenaline rush” caused by an element of risk,”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_tourism
Yes, there will be space tourists in the traditional sense who want to just enjoy and sightsee and they will pay even more to go into space. But here we talk about those who will pave the way and create places for others to visit. Here we talk about space tourists willing to pay for own training, pay their own insurance etc.; who pay (rather than get paid) for work and assignments.
How do we cover cost of equipment, vehicles, etc.? A first answer would be the commercial companies and consortia who want to operate lunar resorts, and deploy factories on the Moon, mining operations etc. Keep in mind that this is an introductory article aimed at getting further brainstorming in high gear. We offer this article as a contribution to a Commercial Model for settling the Moon.
Addenda: Opening the Moon to the less–well–to–do
The overwhelming majority of us would never have the resources to participate in such a scenario. But there could be lotteries, with drawings to be held when the combined entry fees exceed the costs to be covered. Winners who did not pass medical and other tests, could sell their rights to the highest bidder. But there could also be limits on those who could enter, to minimize such situations.
When Weight is an Issue
One thing we have not discussed is the simple hard fact that transporting anywhere in space those who are bigger and heavier goes up in proportion. Should otherwise capable midgets, dwarfs, and just smaller individuals pay less? For passage perhaps, but maybe not for training.
We hope you enjoyed this article ant that it sets of a chain of constructive brainstorming.
See you on the Moon!
PK
MMM #246 – June 2011
Turtle-back Spacesuits & Suitlocks - Recent NASA Experiments
By Peter Kokh
VIDEO: http://www.wimp.com/lunarrover/ The suit demonstration is 6–7 min. into 10.3 min. video
Foreword: NASA is now working to engineer a concept that seems to have originated with Pat Rawlings way back in 1988, and about which we have written several times since then: a minimal air–lock of which the spacesuit itself is an integral part. We got the idea from a 1988 sketch Pat Rawlings did for the then upcoming made–for–TV science fiction movie “Plymouth” aired May 29, 1991. The concept did not make it into this movie itself, however.
From Past Issues of MMM
MMM #89, October 1995 “Dust Control: Engineering Counter-measures – Suit-Locks” – reprinted in MMM Classics #9 pp, 43–44
MMM #151 December 2001, p 3. “Engaging the Surface with MOON SUITS instead of Spacesuits–reprinted in MMM Classics #16 pp. 2–4
http://www.moonsociety.org/images/changing/turtlebacksuit.gif
“The idea behind this ‘turtleback’ or ‘clamshell’ suit is to avoid tracking moondust into interior spaces without the expense of sizable and complex ‘carwash’ airlocks. Ideally, the back of such a suit would include the back of the helmet as well. The wearer would back in to a conformally shaped dock, with the suit locking to it. The dock and the suit back would open together into the habitat space, and the wearer would reach up inside to a grab bar and pull him/herself out of the suit. The dock would close and the suit taken away for storage outside as in a dry cleaner rack. Very little inside air would escape in a very tight cycle process.”
The whole idea is to conserve interior air by preventing wholesale exhausting into the exterior vacuum by the repeated cycling of airlocks. Not only do we need to conserve oxygen, though it is abundant on the Moon locked into the various minerals in moondust, but even more importantly, the nitrogen component: Nitrogen, of all the major elements needed to support life, is the least abundant on the Moon, present only as a solar wind component. In contrast to “turtle-back” suit-locks, inefficient air-locks would be more expensive to produce, and take up a lot more space. This last point is critical for vehicles from which egress to the surface is provided.
**Differences in Rawlings/MASA version from our earlier suggestion**
You will notice that in the Rawlings’ version, the suitback does not include the back of the helmet; nor does NASA’s new experimental version. We personally think that this makes ingress and egress from the suit more of an acrobatic chore. The advantage is that the wearer can turn his/her helmet side to side, up and down. But with a wrap-around panoramic visor, the wearer’s head could turn and tilt freely inside if the helmet was rigid, its back a part of the rigid suit-back. But to see this concept finally taken seriously by NASA is very encouraging. It is a sea-change in suit design that is long overdue.
**Stills from the video, showing step by step process:**
1. Two empty suits ride on back of rover
2. Inside suit-lock entrance at left, climbing in at right
3. From outside, astronaut getting into suit at right
4. Suit back has closed, suitlock begins to close, closes
5. Suit back has closed, suitlock begins to close, closes
4. Astronaut extending arms into suit sleeves & gloves 6. Astronaut ready to leave porch on foot right
The future of Space-suit design
Previous NASA manned rover research has been concentrated on unpressurized vehicles. But the clear need for more capable pressurized vehicles has forced major rethinking of air-lock concepts. To include the much larger “car-wash” type airlocks that included “de-dusting” operations and suit-storage, would greatly increase the size and cost of surface vehicles.
We predict that as these new suit-lock concepts are perfected, suitlocks will become the obvious choice for fixed moon bases and outposts as well. The plusses overwhelm the minuses:
- vastly more compact
- conserves oxygen
- conserves nitrogen
- greatly reduces import of moondust in habitat and vehicle interiors
- greatly reduces size and mass and cost of vehicles
- requires standard backpack, while allowing personally tailored suits
NASA’s switch to this concept will instantly date all past depictions in art and film of what operations on the Moon and Mars will be like.
PK
How to go for a nice Walk on the Moon, and not get lost!
By Peter Kokh, Wisconsin Northwoodsman
May 17, 2011 outside Florence, WI – This morning my 9-year old “alley” shepherd (va)Nessa and I went for a long walk along a dead end country road, facing east towards the sun, but then returning walking westbound through the woods north of the road. While we were walking back through the woods (Spring is best, before the trees are too leafed out, or Fall, after the leaves have fallen, so that the sun gets through), it occurred to me that my Northwoods instincts might work on the Moon.
Always keep the sun to your back, and follow your shadow.
You won’t get lost or go far astray!
Now on the Moon, the “Dayspan” is 14 and 3/4 of our 24-hour Earth days long. So my advice is to pick a destination towards the west (WSW–W–WNW) for an early “morning” walk (1–4 days after sunrise) and towards the east (ESE–E–ENE) for a late afternoon hike (1–4 days before sunset)
Now to return, if you don’t want to wait a week or more until the Sun-angle is just right for following your shadow, you can follow your bootprint trail – if – and this is a very big “if,” you walked through “virgin” territory, and there are no other boot-prints but yours. But that’s risky, as someone may have crossed your path since you made it, and then you could get confused. It is better to wait to follow your own shadow!
**Dress for comfort**
Don’t wear a NASA–Apollo suit designed for maximum fatigue in the minimum amount of time. The traditional “spacesuit” combines two separable functions in one garment: (1) maintaining breathable air pressure, (2) protecting from thermal extremes and punctures from sharp rocks and from the constant dust-particle size micrometeorite rain. Instead, a **mechanical counter-pressure “skinsuit”** will allow you to breathe and yet move your arms and legs much more freely. Then don a **loose outer suit** with the same layers as an Apollo suit, to provide the needed puncture resistance without encumbering motion and tiring you out prematurely. Then with water and air supply, you should be able to walk at ease for many hours, thoroughly enjoying your sense of freedom during your walk on the Moon, “as if you were at home on Earth.” What an achievement!
[See MMM # 238 Sept 2010, pp. 4–5 “A Fresh Look at the Spacesuit Concept”] [Reprinted above]
Now as to bringing your dog along, in an equally comfortable 2-part suit, he or she might get frustrated, as bending down to sniff rocks but unable to sense any odor will disappoint and confuse them. And for a male, trying to lift a leg and mark his territory will only make one leg of his suit very, warm and wet. Maybe in time he would stop trying. Maybe a custom-made fitted urinal bag? Hmmm! I smell a lunar patent!
Yes, there are many areas of the Moon that are very boring, especially out on the maria (Tranquility Base) but areas in the highlands or along highland-mare coasts, or along rilles and scarps could be pleasantly scenic. And just knowing that you are the very first human to pass that way could be especially rewarding (look, ma, no bootprints but mine!) Not all humans enjoy a quiet walk in a nature setting all alone, communing with nature, with themselves, while deep in thought. But perhaps you are one of those like me, for whom there is a special bond with the raw outdoors and nature, best enjoyed alone, even though we may want to share this experience with another on a return trip! PK
---
**MMM #259 – October 2011**
**Lunar Toll Roads – Taming the Magnificent Desolation of the “Out-Vac”**
By Peter Kokh
In the pages of MMM, we try to illustrate what is possible and feasible on the Moon, in time. It is important to envision ways in which the Lunar Pioneers will gradually make themselves at home on a dead, dusty, radiation-washed world. Yes, it is also important to illustrate the type of baby steps by which we will establish a “beachhead.” But to really motivate ourselves and the actual pioneers who will be inspired to take on the awesome challenges of living on the Moon, we try to show “how we are going to make the Moon a great place to live bit by bit.”
Our first roads will be graded and compacted moondust, a row of the removed boulders probably between the two opposite-direction lanes. Early vehicles, without shielding, will be used sparingly by individuals, who may be limited in their allotted time per month out on the exposed surface.
Now fast forward a few decades. We have a thriving frontier world with multiple growing settlements large enough to be called cities. If there are two such, in close enough proximity to generate real “traffic”, and whose complementary economies support frequent passenger travel and cargo shipments back and forth, why could we not design and build a “toll road” that makes travel, even frequent travel, rather safe.
First envision a canopy, a bit wider than the roadway underneath, supported on pillars down the middle and here and there along the edges. The canopy is covered with 6 foot or 2 meters of moon-dust. Travelers will still be exposed to some radiation coming in parallel to the surface along the sides, but this will be a small fraction of the amount of radiation they would receive without the canopy.
Now envision the underside of the canopy a bright sky blue, uplit by sulfur lamps in the base of the pillars. The “black sky blues” will be banished for the duration of the ride.
From the canopy towards the center on either side, will be a suspended monorail. Below, two lanes on either side for trucks, motor coaches, and private vehicles. Add even more hospitable “way-sides” at junctions.
Toll Road image by Dan Moynahan, extended by Peter Kokh – road cross-section by Peter Kokh
For high traffic corridors between settlements, here is one way that brings together experiences on old Earth and life on the desolate but magnificent landscapes of The Moon. The advantage over a tunnel is that travellers get to see the moonscapes to each side.
Granted, pioneers are not going to see something like this until there are a number of substantial settlements with economies that generate traffic between them. But it will come.
The chances of a meteorite causing significant damage are slim, but not zero.
Comments and suggestions always welcome. ###
“Telepresence” Tours of the Moon: How Soon?
By Peter Kokh
**Scenario:** It is July 20, 2019, the 50th Anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon Landing by Armstrong and Aldrin, and NASA is celebrating big style. At all eight NASA centers around the country, new Moon Telepresence Centers will open up. At each center, you can make reservations for use of a Moon Telepresence Booth, by the quarter hour.
Inside the booth, you are helped to get into a telepresence outfit which includes moon–visors, special moon gloves, and and moon–shoes. On the Moon, at the Apollo 11 site or a number of other interesting sites, “avatars” will walk, bend over and pick up rocks, and look at them, or just scan the horizon, as you wish. You will have all the sensations of being there yourself, except that you will still have your Earth–weight (Oh shucks!)
Telepresence equipment is advancing by leaps and bounds, and the six and a half year window may just be enough. Now NASA and a number of commercial firms specializing in robotics are not pushing this technology for you the visitor, but for the sake of science and exploration. For most of the involved parties, the incentive is not public use. But for some, it may be. Indeed some of the break-throughs needed may be motivated by potential profits from such tele–tourism markets. That’s the process of “spin–up” that we had described way back in 1989. Read:
http://www.moonsociety.org/publications/mmm_papers/glass_composites_paper.htm
This development path is just the opposite of "spin–off." Instead of NASA embarking on a crash research program at exorbitant cost and then turning over the resultant technology at no cost to commercial enterprises with the taxpayer footing the bill, in "spin–up," a private enterprise, seeking profits, develops the technology, with the consumer paying the bill. As a result, when the technology is needed on the space frontier, it is already "on–the–shelf" and in need of relatively inexpensive adaptation only.
In a recent article in Space Review(online), there just such a possibility is discussed:
"Is there a way for humans to be on a surface of another planet without actually physically being there? Dan Lester argues that, thanks to the increasing capabilities of robotics and related technologies, telepresence can be the next best thing to actually being there, at considerably less cost and risk." http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2150/1
**So what?**
For billions of people who cannot afford a multimillion dollar “loop the Moon” tour, this will be a much less expensive opportunity, not to skim over the Moon’s surface at an altitude of 5–100 miles, but to have all the experience and sensation (less the lighter gravity) of walking on the Moon, picking up and feeling a moon rock, and doing a little exploring. Each option will offer different “unforgettable” experiences. This is important because as more and more people take such a telepresence Moon tour, and tell their friends about it, the more public interest in supporting permanent outposts, then tourist centers, on the Moon itself will grow.
The catch is less in developing the “avatars” through which you will see and feel yourself on the Moon, than in sending enough avatars to the Moon to meet telepresence demand, and in their maintenance. The first such experiences will be expensive. But the cost will come down as demand increases.
**What about Mars?**
The reaction time delay for command and response in telepresence on the Moon is of the order of three seconds, the time it takes for command signals to get to the Moon, and perceived command execution at the speed of light. For Mars, the delay will be from a 6 to as much as 40 minutes – it is just not practical.
When will lunar telepresence tours come to a NASA Visitors Center near me? The timeline suggested above seems realistic, especially if commercial firms take the lead in the “spin-up” process described. If it is left up to NASA, it becomes a budget item, which we all know will always be at high-risk for cancellation at any stage of the process. In the meantime, do watch this video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFPNcWN7QnM](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFPNcWN7QnM)
---
**MMM #264 – April 2012**
**Revisiting the “Snuglining” & “Snuglocks” Concepts**
By Peter Kokh
In MMM #79 October 1994, in an article entitled “Vehicle Design Constraints,” in a section entitled “Saving Atmospheric Gases: “Snuglocks” we wrote”
There is a seemingly limitless supply of Oxygen on the Moon. But the point is that the high lunar vacuum is an invaluable scientific and technological resource. It pays to do everything possible to minimize any slow degradation this vacuum will undergo from repeated airlock cycling.
More importantly, however, at least in its immediate economic ramifications, is the principally exotic, or Earth-sourced nature of the Nitrogen we will need as an atmospheric buffer gas, one with biospheric importance as well. In short we need to conserve both oxygen and nitrogen. One way to do this is to use matchlocks instead of airlocks for the delivery of goods and personnel between the exterior vacuum and the pressurized interior. Direct docking allows shirtsleeve passage.
Those who must enter and leave, either the vehicle or habitat, on foot, can use turtleback suits, backing into a form fitting lock. Once secured with a pressure seal, first the concave mini-door to the habitat opens, then, into it, the conformal back of the turtle back space suit. The occupant reaches backwards inside the habitat for a bar above the turtle lock and pulls him/herself through the turtle back into the pressurized habitat. The dusty suit remains outvac. The back of the empty suit, then the door lock is closed, and the empty suit moved by a roboarm to an exterior storage rack.
More salient here is the periodic need to bring vehicles into pressurized garages through large airlocks. The only way to minimize volatile loss in this case is to design vehicles so that all top and side-mounted protruding equipment retract into hollows in the hull, even the wheels can tighten up for the taxi in, so that the vehicle fits through a much smaller standard size garage airlock as snugly as possible. This snuglock would have a conformal antechamber exposed to vacuum, so that when the airlock was opened, vehicle in antechamber, the outrush of air would be minimal. In other words, the type of vehicle we need as a mainstay is a “Snugger.”
Previously, in another article “Harbor & Town” MMM #56 June 1992 I wrote: “Detachable holds of trade vessels making circuit rounds between various settlements might be designed “snugline” fashion to slip into special airlocks and taxied or tugged to an in-xity market berth where they could unfold for business,”
On target illustrations by noted space artist Pat Rawlings
Left: S173 – here we have a cylindrical vehicle with a detachable chassis
Right: S245 – we see an open “oval” “snuglock with an oval hull and detachable chassis
The advantage is that properly designed, vehicles in a short list of cross-sections, can slip in and out of such holds without their road chassis and with a minimum of air (oxygen and even more precious nitrogen) being exhausted into the vacuum. Obviously, this is a concept that needs to be more fully developed. In the process a short-list of vehicle minus chassis should be designed.
Voiding moist oxygen in either personal airlocks or vehicle locks, wastes precious water and will eventually give a rusty hue to the surroundings, a tell-tale sign of waste. As to Nitrogen, of all the gases essential to life, Nitrogen is the one in shortest supply on the Moon, to the point that we may do well to use a less Nitrogen-rich air mix. That is something easily tested on Earth, or in the International Space Station. Otherwise, nitrogen, not water, could be the element that put limits on population growth as well as on open spaces and high ceilings.
This concept complements the turtle-back suit and suit-lock concept. See the MMM Glossary http://www.moonsociety.org/publications/m3glossary.html Entry: "Turtle-back" Spacesuit Airlock – PK
Visitors to the Moon will enjoy tours of the Artemis Project facilities aboard these pressurized tour buses.
Read "An 'All-In-One' Moon Resort" = MMM #136 – June 2000 Above
LEFT – As Dayspan/Nightspan lighting conditions would repeat each two "sunths", a never-changing 2-sunth Calendar sheet or plaque would do. Reconciling the 24 hour day with the 708 hour long Sunth (lunar dawn to dawn = Dayspan/Nightspan Cycle) will be easy. Lunans would simply alternate sunths of 29 + 30 days, adding a leap hour every 7 weeks or so for a longer night's sleep.
If settlers adopted a variable length week, five 7-day weeks with three interspersed 8-day weeks makes 59 days or two calendar sunths exactly. That would put local sunrise and sunset regularly not only on the same date, but also on the same day of the week.
Below: Surface Activities of the Humorous Kind
GOD, I MISS MINISKIRTS!
YA... SHE DOESN'T RUN AS WELL AS SHE USED TO, BUT I STILL LOVE TO TAKE HER OUT FOR AN EARTHLIGHT DRIVE.
AYE, CAPTAIN! I'LL GET 'ER TO WARP 10 FOR YA AS SOON AS SPOCK GIVES ME THE EQUATION.
SOMEDAY... I GO.
YOU REALLY LIKE IT?
YES! I'VE ALWAYS WANTED AN EARTH PHASE WATCH.
ANDY WEBER AS A KID.
No grimmer fate can be imagined than that of humans, possessed of godlike powers, confined to one single fragile world. -- Kraft Ehricke
"Homo Lunensis"
"We must develop the habit of dealing with anything and everything lunar in such a way that the Moon becomes a place where we will have learned to become truly native."
LOOK HONEY!
THE '28's ARE IN.
LUNAR MOTHS
LEFT - As Dayspan/Nightspan lighting conditions would repeat each two "sunths", a never-changing 2-sunth Calendar sheet or plaque would do.
Reconciling the 24 hour day with the 708 hour long Sunth (lunar dawn to dawn - Dayspan/Nightspan Cycle) - will be easy. Lunans would simply alternate sunths of $29 + 30$ days, adding a leap hour every 7 weeks or so for a longer night's sleep.
If settlers adopted a variable length week, five 7-day weeks with three interspersed 8-day weeks makes 59 days or two calendar sunths exactly. That would put local sunrise and sunset regularly not only on the same date, but also on the same day of the week.
The Lunar surface is sure to have some effect on the spirituality of future settlers
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The Camp of Toshiba Youth Conference for a Sustainable Future 2010 takes place in Japan
19 high school students and 11 teachers from four countries (Japan, Poland, Thailand, and the United States) get together to discuss solutions for global environmental issues.
The third annual Toshiba Youth Conference for a Sustainable Future was held from July 31st through August 6th, 2010 in Japan. The camp brought together fresh and diverse young minds to tackle global environmental challenges.
This year’s theme was: “Halve CO2 Emissions by 2050 – Save Energy, Create Energy, and begin a new lifestyle.” Throughout the whole camp, students constantly explored the issues of “how can we begin a new lifestyle?”, “What kind of technologies are available?; What are their pros and cons?”, “Can we learn from past experiences?;” “How can we introduce new energy practices to our own towns and communities?”
The camp started off at Josai Awa Kamogawa Learning Center in Chiba Prefecture, surrounded by mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It did not take long in the rich natural environment for students to overcome cultural and language barriers through participating in team building and goal sharing workshops.
Presentation of the pre-camp assignments (see page 2) was a valuable sharing time to discover diverse values, lifestyles, and attempts in each country to solve environmental problems. All were reassured that great learning experiences were awaiting.
Going out into the field and being involved in hands-on learning creates experiences that will be remembered for a lifetime. On the third day, the students ventured out to explore Kamogawa-city, where many of them seemed to be inspired by the ecological local community and traditional Japanese wisdom. (see page 4) On the fourth day, students visited Toshiba Science Museum, Tokyo Uden 2017, and the Ginza honey project, and deepened their understanding of modern technologies and the possible role of green companies. (see page 5) Finally on the fifth day, students had the chance to interview a government official, an expert in renewable energy, and the president of an environmental advocacy company. (see page 6)
After moving the base camp to National Olympics Memorial Youth Center in downtown Tokyo, the students got even closer by sharing meals and traveling as a team. The students from Poland contributed their refined critical thinking skills and realistic vision of the world. The American students added their diverse opinions and energy. The students from Thailand imparted harmony and a quiet curiosity. And lastly, the Japanese students provided grounding and a regional context for discussion.
The conference concluded with presentations by 8 schools and discussions about possible measures to introduce progressive change in Japan and the world at large (see page 8). Taken together, the synergistic combination encouraged and inspired a commitment to find creative solutions to the fundamental causes of environmental problems.
The camp was also a meeting place for teachers passionate about enhancing their abilities to promote environmental and scientific education and intercultural communication. Japan Center for International Exchange held a series of workshops to create synergy among teachers sharing the same goals (see page 7).
The entire camp itself was a microcosm of the current global movement towards environmental justice, acknowledging diverse cultural values, and cooperation in finding innovative solutions to achieve a sustainable future.
After returning to their respective countries, the students will keep in touch via internet using a website created especially for this conference (www.act-eco.net). Progress reports will be shared to promote a deeper understanding of the issues discussed and further the spirit of international exchange.
Creating a Common Vision
A diverse group of 19 high school students from four countries gathered in one room. Their mission: to create a common vision for the world. Impossible you might say. But not for this group of young leaders attending the Toshiba Youth Conference for a Sustainable Future, 2010.
On August 1st, the second day of the camp, a half-hour was spent uniting the Japanese, American, Thai, and Polish students through goal sharing and vision mapping.
The facilitator, Kyle Holzhueter, laid the foundation for the camp by carefully describing humanity’s current predicament: “We as humans face a global problematique, consisting of not just one problem, but a matrix of interconnected social and ecological problems.”
Mariko Kikuchi of Hitachi First High School was astonished: “In my daily life I never hear about peak oil or energy shortage. I feel guilty but want to learn more!”
In response to the global problematique, the students created a vision map using the backcasting method. In order to determine how to move forward, first the students envisioned a desirable and sustainable future. Next, policies and programs were identified that would help create that ideal future.
Through the Toshiba Youth Conference, high school students are creating a road map to a sustainable future, and taking their first steps towards actualizing their dreams.
Student acting as journalists and photographers
As a tool to share and widely disseminate the successful results of the camp, participants acted as journalists and photographers to create this newspaper, “Act Eco Journal.”
Each student joined one of three departments (Lifestyle, Business & Politics, and Science & Technology) according to their interests. On the second day, students were given a short presentation on article writing and photography. The next day, the students jumped into their role as journalists, taking notes, recording their findings, and collecting their thoughts into informative articles.
The teachers and staff of the camp also invested their creativity and knowledge, acting as journalists, photographers, and editors. Ms. Premyuda Boonoo, a professional journalist from “The Nation”, a newspaper in Thailand, accompanied the camp and also pitched in her experience to enrich the quality of Act Eco Journal.
Utilizing the time between lectures and often working late into nights, students, teachers, and staff created this paper to record their discoveries and capture the spirit of the camp.
Moreover, the camp was covered by national television station TBS and by renowned newspapers such as Yomuri, Asahi, and Chiba Nippo newspapers. Media coverage provided the public a chance to share this unique learning experience.
TOSHIBA Youth Conference
As part of Toshiba’s commitment to creating a just and sustainable planet, the Toshiba Youth Conference for a Sustainable Future is designed to deepen awareness of, and solutions to, environmental concerns while acknowledging diverse cultural values. The highlight is the summer camp, bringing together students and teachers from around the world to participate in a week-long program in Japan.
The 2010 participants were from Japan (Hitachi First High School, Keio Shonan-Fujisawa Senior High School, Waseda University Senior High School), Poland (Liceum O golnokształcace nr 14, Academic High School at PJIT), Thailand (Triam Udom Suksa School, Assumption Lampang), and the United States (High School for Environmental Studies).
The conference is sponsored by Toshiba International Foundation, Toshiba America Foundation, and Toshiba Thai foundation, in cooperation with Toshiba Corporation, and Japan Center for International Exchange. The program was organized by BeGood Cafe, a leading Japanese environmental NPO. For more information, please visit www.act-eco.net
From left to right
Mr.Kiyoshi Shitaka (Chairman, BeGood Cafe)
Ms.Fumihiko Nanokawa (President, Toshiba International Foundation)
Ms.Kohkarn Wattanarangkul (President, Toshiba Thai Foundation)
Mr.Toshihiro Menjuu (Chief Program officer Regional Networking, Japan Center for Internal Exchange)
Take pictures of the following five different scenes of your daily life: meals, garbage, electricity, transportation, and shopping, which show how energy and resources are consumed everyday. Post the pictures on the website with short descriptions of each photos.
List some examples of good energy production and/or consumption practices and activities implemented in an effort to tackle environmental issues in your country or community. Choose one best example among them and explain why it is most desirable. Also, discuss any issues or future possibilities for improvement associated with that particular practice.
1. **Ekoinfonet system in Poland**
by Anastasia Karolewska & Alex Martyniak - Polish-Japanese High School, Warsaw (Poland)
Recently, in Poland system called Ekoinfonet has become public and we think that it is a very good example of our country energy policy. Today we would like to bring main ideas of this project closer to you...
2. **"Air Dolphin" - small-scale wind power**
by Maya Hirohara and Shota Utsumi - Keio Shonan - Fujisawa Senior High School (Japan)
We will be introducing you to the merits of small-scale wind power. Unlike thermal power, wind power can generate electricity without emitting carbon dioxide. It can do so even at night, so compared to solar power, facilities can be used more efficiently,...
3. **Algae as a Biofuel**
by Nina Luksanapad & Alejandro Vinueza - High School for Environmental Studies, New York, United States (U.S.A.)
Algae is an autotrophic organism that captures carbon dioxide and sunlight and converts it to glucose and oxygen. Fifty percent of its weight is oil, and this oil can be used to produce fuel. Many species can be used to make biofuels, including: Gracilaria, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Chlorella, and Sargassum, which produces ten times the output of Gracilaria.
4. **Electric cars in Japan**
by Shiinya Hara, Takumi Nagashima and Rita Kasai - Waseda University Senior High School (Japan)
We examined the electric car. Because we think Japan is famous for cars all over the world and there is a lot of interest in electric cars. An electric car has many strong points. That car is kind to environments, and living. There are three big advantages of electric cars. The first is that electric cars are able to cut down the amount of green house effect gas.
5. **Energy Policy&Technology**
by Teerapat Satjalak and Tanachit Sangchan - Assumption Lampang (Thailand)
The National Elephant Institute (NEI) looks after the Thai Elephant Conservation Center since January 13, 2002. The institute is located on 301 acres of national forest reserve, along the Lampang - Chiang Mai Highway, Hangchat District, Lampang Province, Thailand
6. **Tax Credits**
by Diana Eng and Ashley Hernandez - High School for Environmental Studies, New York, United States (U.S.A.)
The US Environmental Tax credit is based on a system where you buy something and you get money back in the form of paying less tax. Federal Tax credits reduce the amount of taxes that must be paid by an individual or corporation in which acts as if part of one’s tax is already pated.
7. **Micro Hydroelectric Power Generation**
by Mariko Kikuchi and Yusuke Horie - Hitachi First High School (Japan)
Our planet is now in a serious problem called ‘global warming’ and new, environmentally friendly ways to make electricity are being researched all over the world. Out of these new ways, we would like to propose using hydroelectric power generation.
8. **Geothermal energy**
by Jakub Ubysz and Arkadiusz Kacala - Liceum Ogólnokształcace nr 14 (Poland)
SGeothermal power is power extracted from heat stored in the earth. This energy is accumulated in rocks and ground waters and steam. The temperature in the Earth crust is rising with the deep. Like an average value 30 °C/m is used to mention. The temperature grows with the depth and in the Earth’s core it reaches even 5000°C.
9. **Renewable energy policy**
by Supawich Wongkiatkhorn and Thawatchai Sangdes - Triam Udom Suksa School (Thailand)
Purpouses: To make Thai use renewable energy as a primary energy resource. To find new way of using energy resource in Thailand. To support ‘Green City’ project. To support renewable energy industry in Thailand. To explore and do an experiment for renewable energy.
Interview your grandparents or other older people in your community or family, and ask them how they remember energy and resources being used in the past. Try to interview more than one person if possible. How does their lifestyle in the past compare with the way you use energy and resources today?
Jakub (Poland)
Interview with my father
To understand the differences in the level of energy consumption between my generation and older, I decided to ask my father about his and his parents’ lifestyle in the past (because I was not able to make this interview with my grandparents). In this way I desire to state the changes that have occurred since my grandparents’ puberty years (the 30’s) until now.
Being aware that this long period of time (almost 80 years) cannot be fully described in a few paragraphs, I decided to focus only on the most significant differences.
Both of my grandparents were born in 1921. Before the Second World War they lived in small Polish towns. My grandmother lived in the South of Poland in a town called Nowy Sącz. In the streets there were horse-driven cabs instead of cars and the street lamps ran on gas. Electricity was present only in some houses. The most common sources of light in houses were oil lamps and candles. People cooked on wood-burning stoves and washed their clothes in bowls. Saving water was a must, because there was no water supply system and sewage was simply poured into the gutters for the lack of proper sewers. The problem of saving energy was absent because people consumed only a little energy. Although those times were difficult, my grandma really missed them.
My grandfather was born in Włocławek, a town located in central Poland, where he also spent his childhood. His family had a farm where all work was done manually. The ground was naturally fertilized. The cereal was hand-cut and transported in hayricks propelled by horses. Then corns were milled in wind- or water mills. Although tillage was not as effective as nowadays it was much friendlier to environment.
In the times of the Second World War, people cared only about surviving so they did not pay attention to environmental issues especially if there was shortage of food. The environment was polluted by numerous war activities.
After the Second World War, power in Poland was taken over by communists. My grandparents moved to Wrocław, where they met each other and then got married. This city was destroyed and new citizens had to rebuild it. In Poland, extensive industrial development was launched. This economic development concentrated mainly on heavy industry such as coal mines, foundries, steel-works and factories. They all had huge negative impact on environment, which was disregarded by the communist government. This resulted in the formation of huge slung dunk near mines, bingsteads besides factories and high emission of CO2 by powerhouses. In the 60’s the problem of pollution occurred especially in the southern part of Poland, called Silesia, where industry was mainly concentrated.
This article continues on www.act-eco.net/2010
Tanachit (Thailand)
Interview
The interview was conducted in the house of Mr. Suthee Junsai, 65 years old of Lampang, Thailand. He is one of the elderly and has been living in the village for almost 45 years.
From the interview, it was found out that the energy consumption in the past was much lower than the present. Before, life was so simple that they can live without using much energy.
Mr. Suthee Junsai told me that his family used to cook food using dried wood they gathered from the forest but now, they spend more money for electricity or gas for cooking. Before, they used to walk to the market and temple or ride bicycles but now, people don’t care to walk anymore.
Everybody has a motorbike or car to go from place to place.
He also shared with me that before when they go to the market, the things they bought from the market were all wrapped in fresh leaves, especially banana leaves. At present they don’t use leaves anymore, instead they use plastic bags and paper wrappings.
From the interview, I can say that the lifestyle before was energy-free or more energy-saving. Nowadays, the people are more energy-dependent and more energy is wasted everyday. With this problem facing us today, the youth should work hand-in-hand to help find for alternative sources of energy. As young students, we can mobilize our forces to implement a campaign to change our lifestyles. Changing our lifestyles from complicated to simple lifestyles will ensure efficient use of energy for the future to be sustainable and the world would be a happier place to live.
You can visit and read all the assignments on www.act-eco.net/2010
Creating Your Own Lifestyle
"It Takes a Village"
Yoshiki Hayashi, the spokesperson of the local currency AWA Money, was born and raised in the city of Tokyo, Japan. Like many people, he experienced a desire to live a wealthy and luxurious life. However, as he proceeded to achieve his economic goals, he noticed that "the more wealth he obtained, the more the environment suffered."
His thought is that wealth in the countryside deals more with self-sustainability (planting food for one's self and family to survive) while wealth in the city centers around being able to purchase manufactured goods. He and others, therefore, started the AWA monetary movement within the Kamogawa Nature Kingdom.
This system is not competitive and is focused on developing relationships with others and not on the accumulation of material wealth. And by bartering within the community, many fresh vegetables are available without preservatives so we can reduce CO2 by trading goods over short distances. People can, therefore make friendships within the community by trading. The wealth is kept in the community. It could bring back traditional Japanese culture by individuals having their own farms.
Mr. Hayashi isn't the only person within this community that believes in the ability of a community to succeed with a barter system. Yae a woman whom now grows her own organic vegetables in Kamogawa Nature Kingdom decided to move to the community to raise her family as opposed to the city where she used to live for quite sometime.
For some people this lifestyle poses some challenges. For example, the community may become too large, resembling a city, which will defeat the original purpose of developing a bartering system. The community may also experience increasing difficulties; for example, there may be goods and services that are unobtainable. Even with all these challenges, the Kamogawa Nature Kingdom is a happy community which is gradually flourishing and setting an example for environmentalists striving for a sustainable future.
Article written by Arkadiusz Kacala (Poland)
Shinya Hara (Japan)
Ashley Hernandez (U.S.A.)
Wisdom from the Past
Taking energy efficient ideas from the past and making them present again
More than 30 students and educators from Japan, Thailand, Poland and the United States were in awe when they had the privilege of visiting a 150 year old traditional Japanese farmhouse in Kamogawa, Japan. All of these students are participating in the Toshiba Youth Conference for a Sustainable Future focusing on energy solutions to half carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. The house belonged to the late professor and founder of Josai International University, Mizuta Miko.
On a hot and humid day in August, the Mizuta residence was cool and comfortable. This is just one example of a traditional home that although built a long time ago, has many smart energy solutions. The house was cooled using many open windows that allows wind to ventilate throughout the house and the humidity is lowered by the use of wall plastered by a mixture of straw and soil so they absorb the moisture. The roof is made from susuki which is a local plant plentiful in the region. The house is made from local trees that are pieced together without the use of nails. The fireplace sends smoke to help dry the susuki roof, keep insects away, and provide light and warmth. Everything is the house is made with efficient energy and materials use in mind. When the wood on the walls gets old, it can be used as flooring, and when that ages, the wood can be used for fire, and finally the ashes can be used for fertilizers.
During the tour we noticed similarities and differences in the Mizuta house and our homes in the U.S., Thailand, Japan, and Poland. We all realized the purpose of a home is the same; to cook, to sleep, to entertain, however, we all felt the biggest differences in modern homes in our countries is the lack of connection to the environment.
The lingering question is what can we learn from the Mizuta house? Perhaps our modern addiction to non-renewable resources is too much to quit today, but someday soon when we run out of these resources we will look to traditional Japanese building styles and be grateful for Japanese traditional knowledge.
Article written by Takumi Nagashima (Japan)
Tanachit Sangchan (Thailand)
Alejandro Vinueza (U.S.A.)
Collaboration between farms and cities
A totally new way to allow city residents to get involved in a traditional farm life.
Our world is run by technology and progress. In those crazy and fast times people are looking for a place to escape. They can find it in Oyama Senmaida - Terraced Paddy Fields.
Looking at that peaceful and calm landscape of rice fields, an area located in the countryside of Japan, many people are not aware of the complicated business and politic relations hidden behind it. Despite the fact that cities are so distant from those crops, they have a big influence on how they work. Nowadays, big amount of money is essential to ensure its proper development. That's how the "ownership system" was introduced.
The main objective is to lend fields to rich city people, who earn money there and want to escape from the busy city jungle by returning to the lifestyle of their ancestors. The best solution for them is to rent a farming place where they can cultivate rice. Oyama Senmaida makes it possible. It provides opportunities for both the farmers and citizens to fulfill their needs. The farmers have a lot of fields and they do not have enough labor force to manage them. Investments of business money - by lending the fields - solve the problem. This is a real life application of "demand and supply" rule.
City person spends ¥30,000 to lend the field. In this sum, 10% goes to the field's owner, basic care uses next 20%. And 50% is the setup fee - rice plants are very delicate at first. Finally the last 20% goes to the people related to NPO. The area has to deal with various problems though.
One of the issues that we are aware of is the efficiency of rice fields. For instance, those big Oyama Senmaida fields are not enough to feed even one Japanese family for a year. Also, the rice fields look stunning and really attractive - it serves as a great place to go sightseeing and it is something that Japanese can be truly proud of.
Article written by Anastazja Karolewska (Poland)
Ritaro Kasai (Japan)
Shota Utsumi (Japan)
Ninja, Wheelie, and Other Toshiba’s Products!
How Toshiba Provides an Entertaining Lifestyle
The fourth day of Toshiba Youth Conference was called the Toshiba Day. We visited The Toshiba Science Museum where we could get to know about wide range of product that Toshiba has offered us through 135 years of its existence. Among many things that we saw, we could discover how our everyday home appliances devices have changed over the years. We realized the most interesting of them are leading innovation entertainment products.
In the beginning of our visit, we went to the 3D cinema where we saw a projection of the fantasy film that amazed us. Although they are commonly known to the whole world due to “Avatar,” we got to know that these technologies will soon be available in our homes. Recently Toshiba has launched a 3D television, but it is not yet affordable for everyone.
The next thing that impressed us was the “Ninja video game”. In this game we turned into a Ninja that fights with a giant robot. The modern technology made it possible for us to jump into a virtual world. We control our ninja there by the movement of our body.
Another Toshiba innovating product that amazed the greater part of us was “Wheelie”, the cute self-balancing 2-wheeled Robot. By his detectors he could easily avoid hitting obstacle while holding an object on the top of his head. We realized that this kind of appliances presented in the museum may be useful in the daily life of the elders in the future.
Today, we got to touch a little bit of future lifestyle. Our lifestyles change as time goes by, and so does the technology. At this museum, we discovered that Toshiba is also following this trend. However, seeing all those entertaining gadgets, we should not only focus on consuming them but try to think about their environmental impacts. Toshiba is launching new technologies as described above, and improving those commonly known devices (for example, TVs) by decreasing the need of the energy. We believe that these products will contribute to the society and to the Earth for a sustainable future.
Article written by
Manko Kikuchi (Japan)
Jakub Ubysz (Poland)
Supawich Wongkerkachorn (Thailand)
TOSHIBA FOR THE FUTURE
LED technology leads the way for a Brighter Future.
Toshiba has been introducing new innovative technologies for ages. They were the first company to bring various household appliances to Japan, such as the refrigerator and washing machine in 1930, computers in 1954, microwaves in 1961, word processors in 1979 and the first DVD player in 1996. Today, they are still working on life-changing technologies while trying to be as eco-friendly as a company can be.
Recently, they introduced a new way to provide light to homes which also helps to save energy and cut carbon dioxide emissions – LED lights. It’s a real revolution compared to the classical incandescent bulbs. There are plenty of reasons to throw away our old light sources and change to the new type of the bulbs. The first thing that’s worth pointing out is that these lamps are a lot more efficient than the old bulbs. As an example, it takes only 4,2W LED lamp to create the same intensity of illumination as a 39,9W incandescent bulb. Because of that, the destructive CO2 emissions are also reduced by two-thirds compared to the classical incandescent bulbs and one-third to the fluorescent lights. Furthermore, the LED lamps last for about 40,000 hours! [see Photo 1]
Another amazing technology introduced to the world by Toshiba Corporation is the CELL REGZA TV display. Because of the controlled backlight it possesses, it’s finally possible to achieve true black color in a household environment! The secret lies in a small box that stands by the TV. It decodes the picture and sends various signals to the screen, so that the LED lights inside are not constantly turned on all the time – in fact, those keep adjusting according to what is being displayed. Thanks to that, the TV also offers a 40% reduction in power consumption compared to the standard LED backlight. Since its thinner, it further reduces CO2 emission generated during transportation. [see Photo 2]
These are only two examples of what Toshiba Corporation is trying to accomplish in their quest to maintain the leadership in providing cutting-edge technology to consumers. Along the way, their determination to create top quality products is combined with the mission to raise their own environmental standards.
Photo 1: The LED bulb provides as much illumination as the incandescent bulb but with less Watts
Photo 2: CELL REGZA TV offers a 40% reduction in power consumption because of its backlight
Article written by
Nina Lukianopol (U.S.A.)
Kazuki Hasegawa (Japan)
Aleksander Martyniak (Poland)
Big Things Can Come in Small Packages Too
Day 4 youth conference offer new business promotions
As the world population is facing the effects of global warming, different entities in Tokyo have taken the initiative to mitigate its effects. Such entities include the new attitude towards climate change from Toshiba, the use of cooking oil leftover to produce biodiesel, and the rise in the use of bee farms.
Toshiba has begun to take an interest in appeasing the impact of climate change and sell eco-friendly products worldwide. The price of such products from Toshiba is initially expensive but the government understands that there is a need to reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, the government provides consumers with incentives promoting the green product consumption.
But not all initiatives against global warming come from powerful entities such as Toshiba. There is currently an oil recycling system in Tokyo initiated by a family in 1997. The cooking oil from families and restaurants is collected from about 100 recycling across Tokyo stations and brought to the factory to produce biodiesel. They collect 100 tons of oil a month and sell it at $4 a gallon.
Another small-scale act is the bee farms on the rooftop of buildings. Bees are important because they help contribute to farming and agriculture. Last year, 800 kiloliters of honey was collected and it was sold for $500 a gallon. This totals up to $400,000 a year.
Climate change is a difficult conflict that humans face today. Powerful corporations like Toshiba are needed to advertise the need to mitigate its impact. However, one company cannot change everything. Small entities like the promotion of recycling cooking oil and the use of bees in the city are great beginnings to a change that may be massive.
Article written by
Diana Eng (U.S.A.)
Maya Hirahara (Japan)
Thawatchai Sangdee (Thailand)
Sustena for “Sustainability”
“Nobody Does It So I Do It”
Sustena for “sustainability” is a nonprofit social enterprise which promotes peace, communication, and sustainable lifestyles through the use of creative advertisements. It is represented by Ms. Miyako Maekita, a former “back-packer” born in Tokyo, Japan.
One of the programs Sustena endorses is Candle Night which is similar to Earth hour but directed almost exclusively to individuals. Cleverly, the word of this event is spread through contacts with music artists and creative things such as special candle paper. The special paper is put around a candle and the light shining through creates an advertisement. Participants in the Candle Night event held at both winter and summer solstice are asked to turn off all their lights for two hours and illuminate their night with candles and to, “please talk and take it slow.”
This event is originally titled, “One Million Candles Night.” However by the second year, with Ms. Maekita’s help, the organization began to contemplate whether to change the name to “Ten Million Candles Night” because 5 Million people had successfully joined the movement the first year. “Candle Night” not only helps conserve energy, but it brings people together to discuss conserving the health of our planet.
Ms. Maekita’s former “back-packer” years have lead her to her recent project, “Food Mileage Campaign”, where she advertises the importance of locally grown foods in order to decrease the need to import into Japan. Importing food is necessary in Japan as well as other countries due to the low wages the employees are paid. For this particular reason Ms. Maekita encourages local food markets. It will decrease CO2 levels because the food doesn’t need to be transported as far. She also believes that with the introduction of local markets the issue of poverty within these countries that are used for subcontracting will also be decreased.
Addressing these issues through positive or charming advertisement, Sustena is sure to capture the attention of many and lead them closer to a sustainable future.
Creating Our Own Path
Shota Furuya provides insight on renewable energy technology.
One challenge is the policy because they are different in every country. Japan’s policies are nationwide, and the United States’ policies are controlled on a state level. This makes it much harder for Japan to use renewable energy technology since the federal policies have to be followed. Japan has only aimed to increase its renewable energy technology by 1.63% by 2014. Mr. Furuya suggested the idea that in order to have a progressive policy, Japan needs a progressive leader to change it. He emphasizes that the most important thing to have is political will and that in order to overcome this challenge, Japan must consider its availability of resources, encourage peoples’ engagement, and change its policy. To change the policy, Japan’s citizens must start at a small level, and encourage local governments to create a much more progressive policy. Mr. Furuya also states that the best policy is the Feed In Tariff (FIT). It is one of the ways to incentivize investments in renewable technologies. The long term goal is that with increased investments, the capacity of renewable energy technology will increase and the technology costs will decrease. An advantageous renewable energy technology would be the Pellet Stove. The Pellet Stove uses wood pellets, which are made from scrap wood. This reduces waste and also lessens carbon emissions. The only disadvantage is its cost. It can cost from 450,000 Yen to 500,000 Yen and the pellets can cost 300 Yen per kilogram. But, Mr. Furuya is informed that simpler and cheaper versions are being developed so it is possible to attain such technology, especially for developing countries. Mr. Furuya says that in order to obtain renewable energy technology, we must start small. It is the most effective way since starting at a local level can have a big impact overall. As he quoted Jorgen Norgaard, “Future is not something to foresee, but to choose.”
The Three Pillars
Day 5 conference offers political insight
Mitsui Ishida is environmentally aware congressman who is pushing for more sustainable communities in Japan. He is determined to overrun the label that revolves around the idea that renewable resources deter the economy. He is fervently trying to prove that the investments the people make for these new energies are efficient and fiscally healthy.
This statement was aroused by the goal of decreasing carbon emissions by 25% by 2020 compared to 1990. It is due to the fact that the machinery that is needed to capture and generate the renewable energy is expensive. However, unlike nonrenewable sources, renewable ones do not need an input.
For instance, coal generated energy requires a mass consumption of coal. The output is energy as well and a sufficient amount of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, renewable resources like wind energy requires natural and infinitive wind power and the output is clean energy with little carbon emissions. Coal is becoming more finite and it will eventually run out considering the current speed of consumption. Wind always exists and therefore, will never run out.
Despite the fact that windmills are pricey, in the long run wind energy will be more profitable. Instead of deterring the economy of Japan, it will actually flourish due to the circumstances of the infinite and easily attainable wind.
Another aspect of Ishida’s environmental plan is a dense area in which little transportation is needed. By the means of little transportation, bicycles and human ambulatory power is promoted in this lifestyle. This concept is similar to new urbanism. There is a goal of negligible carbon emissions from transportation means in place.
All of this initiates the idea of Ishida’s three pillars. His motto is ‘kankou, kankyoku, kenkou’, which means the endorsement in tourism, environment, and health. These three pillars are paving Japan’s path to a greener and more sustainable lifestyle without deterring their precious and fragile economy.
Teachers from Thailand create new environmental opportunities for students
On Day 4 of the Toshiba International Youth Conference for a Sustainable Future, Nipon Srinarumon of Triam Udom Suksa School and Somsak Gathong of Assumption Lampang School presented to a group of teachers from Japan, Poland and the United States. Presentations focused on the environmental educational opportunities in their schools, contributing to the common goal of the conference, working towards a sustainable future.
Triam Udom Suksa School offers many environmental programs including an environmental club, support for individual environmental research projects as well as a new play about climate change. This play combined science students and art students with a shared mission of raising awareness about climate change and its long term impacts.
Similar environmental education is happening in Northern Thailand in Lampang Province where Somsak has established a youth camp for students focusing on sustainability and environmental education. Students at Assumption Youth Conference discuss global problems facing the environment and how they can develop realistic and sustainable solutions. The development of this camp in Lampang is a direct result of Somsak’s personal connection to his Toshiba Youth Conference experience.
Both of these schools are models of environmental education that can be replicated in our own countries. The success of the Toshiba Youth Conference is evident in the creative and ambitious work of both Nipon and Somsak.
Environmental Education in Poland
1. Ms. Katarzyna Piorokowska
She claims that student’s natural curiosity is most important on environmental education. First, she mentioned film creation activities. Students can be creative in front of a video camera when they show environmental problems such as floods, tornadoes etc. After sharing the films, they discuss how they stop the undesirable circumstances.
Second, she explained an attempt to teach “the Domino effect” on global environmental issues. All the environmental phenomenon are connected to each other. It is necessary to find causal relation between them.
2. Ms. Malgorzata Bak
Her point of view on environmental education is that both solid basis of knowledge and activities outside of a classroom are important. Various activities, for example, excursion in woods, visiting universities, are planned and done. Some of activities such as cleaning up neighborhood, demonstrations about environmental issues are organized by students voluntarily. Students can obtain positive attitude to tackle environmental issues.
The Toshiba Youth Conference for a Sustainable Future has been a three-year program in which students and teachers from around the world discussed the causes and effects of climate change. The goals of the conference were cumulative: to encourage students to deepen their awareness of environmental concerns, to take the lead in their communities in working for a better future and to enhance teachers’ ability to promote environmental, scientific, and intercultural communication education.
Participants explored how to build a sustainable society by focusing on global environmental issues and looking at ways to halve CO2 Emissions by 2050. Participants in the conference included teachers and students from the Japan, Poland, Thailand and the United States.
Students participated in a variety of activities throughout the three years of the Toshiba Youth Conference. Activities were both culturally and environmentally focused, and occurred both in and out of the classroom. Field trips ranged from Ryokan (Japanese-style inn), a tour of the former residence of Professor Mizuta, and the Tokyo Yuden (a collection facility for cooking oil waste). The favorites in camp activities were Nihon University, a nuclear facility and the Toshiba Science Museum. All of the unique opportunities contributed to an unforgettable experience for both students and teachers.
All participants of the conference were provided with the opportunity to discuss, debate and find solutions for climate change. Using the above activities as well as team building, World Café and writing the Act-Eco Journal all helped provide a greater awareness of the lifestyle, business/political and scientific/technological effects of human activities on the environment, and how altering these factors may help create a sustainable environment.
Despite the fact that the schedules of the camps were quite demanding, both the students and the teachers learned a lot and gained precious experiences. The plethora of planned activities within tight time limitations provoked constructive discussions about the ways to cope with jet-lag and deadline stress for the students. Teachers and organizers decided that students should be given more active opportunities to engage each other. This would have the benefit of providing a more constructive and successful post-assignment process.
Speak out!
Teachers’ comment on the conference
Atsushi Ohtaka (Japan)
Hitachi First High school
Spread your wings!
The world is in your hands!
Somsak Gathong (Thailand)
Assumption Lampang
We joined with students to plan the things that could be applied in our town.
John P. Golisz (U.S.A)
High School for Environmental Studies
The Past three years have been a truly unique and meaningful experience about how we must care about the Earth each other.
Katarzyna Piorokowska (Poland)
Academic High School at PJIIIT
I am very impressed with the great atmosphere during Toshiba youth conference. I am sure that our students not only enriched their knowledge but also found new friends.
Nipon Srinarumon (Thailand)
Triam Udom Suksa School
Thank you for Toshiba Youth Conference that try extremely to encourage every participants from different countries to deepen awareness of environmental concerns continuously.
Hiroaki Narita (Japan)
Keio SFC High School
The camp is the big chance of studying, thinking, discussing, deciding what we do!
Maigorzata Bak (Poland)
Liceum Ogólnokształcace nr 14
It was very meaningful to see my students exchanging ideas and experiences with their new friends from all over the world.
Yuji Arai (Japan)
Hitachi First High school
Thinking about our environment is not enough. Now, let’s act for it!
Hideho Motosugi (Japan)
Waseda University Senior High School
You are “Change-Makers” You have communicates beyond borders and made a first step to solve the environmental crisis.
Takumi Tanabe (Japan)
Keio SFC High School
After listening to the teacher’s presentations of Thailand and Poland, I really feel that the environmental education of Japan should follow these countries. Yes We Can!
Keio Shonan Fujisawa Senior High School
Shota Utsumi
Maya Hirohara
Local Production, Local Consumption
We should encourage local production for local consumption to cut down on CO2 emissions. This will help protect agriculture, forestry and the fishing industry, and it leads also to the promotion of economic growth and saves our environment. This is a true sustainable future, and it is connected directly with natural symbiosis. Through this camp, we’ve come to see that all of our dreams are founded upon a healthy, clean environment, and protecting the environment is one step towards realizing our dreams.
Hitachi First High School
Yusuke Horie
Mariko Kikuchi
Pick one! Inconvenience or Climate Change?
We strongly felt that ‘communication’ is truly the key to a healthier future. Our inspiration is from Mr. Hayashi at the Kamogawa Nature Kingdom. His village is very environmentally friendly, but is full of inconvenience. Still his life consists due to the communication he has with his neighbors. We learned that we can begin an environmentally friendly lifestyle with good communications with others.
Assumption College Lampang
Tanachit Sangchan
Teerapat Sutjalak
BIODIESEL FOR COOLER ATMOSPHERE
Tokyo Yuden is an amazing idea because they collect used oil from restaurants and homes and turn them into the Vegetable Diesel Fuel (VDF), which reduces CO2 by 2.62 kg per liter compared to conventional CO2. In Thailand we also have something similar initiated by our King, by turning Jatropha oil into biodiesel. Back to Lampang, we will try to promote this VDF usage more because if more people use it, we will halve CO2 emissions.
Liceum Ogólnokształcące nr 14
Arkadiusz Kacala
Jakub Ubysz
Everything matters, from high technologies to conscious lifestyles!
During the camp, we saw variety of modern technologies and examples of people’s eco lifestyles in Japan. We discovered that there are many differences in characteristic of those: modern vs. traditional, fast vs. slow, big budget companies vs. good will of people in local communities. Although they are incomparable, they are working towards a common aim which is to build a sustainable future.
High School for Environmental Studies
Diana Eng
Ashley Hernandez
Nina Luksanapol
Alejandro Vinueza
Send It On!
Starting small can make great changes. We learned that by spreading the word to our friends and family, it could create a chain reaction to make a bigger difference in out society. The ideas we got from the Toshiba Youth Conference have inspired us to promote a sustainable lifestyle in the United States.
Triam Udom Suksa School
Supawich Wongkietkachorn
Thawatchai Sangdee
Back to the Basic!
Nothing is perfect. We have a lot of technologies to comfort us, but they damage our world in some ways. Maybe the most simple and effective way is “to change our lifestyle.” We think that the most dangerous enemy of the world is the human habit to use a lot of things that are not necessaries. Finally, let think “Which things in the past we can use for a sustainable future?”
Waseda University Senior High School
Shinya Hara
Ritaro Kasai
Takumi Nagashima
Lets Raise Awareness of C.I.T!
We think that there are three elements when considering environmental issues. These are COEXISTENCE, INDIVIDUALITY, and TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF HAPPINESS(C.I.T.). First, we knew that people in the past coexisted with nature. Second, people must be independent, interconnected, and engaged. Third, we observed that richness often leads to environmental disruption and humans must be content psychologically. Considering these points, we are thinking of recycling used oil in our school cafeteria.
High School by Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology
Anastazja Karolewska
Aleksander Martyniak
Give It Your Best!
The paths of students from four distant countries crossed at the Toshiba Youth Conference for a Sustainable Future 2010. Together we took a closer look at a wide range of eco-friendly solutions and lifestyles. This opportunity allowed us to learn about environmental protection and cutting edge technology. Both of them help to reduce CO2 emissions and energy consumption and - at the same time - make our lives easier and more entertaining. | f20485c5-cb01-45df-a2fe-20bfd966d091 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://begoodcafe.com/archive-bgc/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ActEcoJournal2010.pdf | 2023-04-02T06:33:24+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950383.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402043600-20230402073600-00041.warc.gz | 167,240,206 | 9,601 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.997424 | eng_Latn | 0.998396 | [
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USA Swimming’s top priority continues to be keeping our athletes safe. No form of abuse, including child sexual abuse, has a place in our sport.
USA Swimming is committed to reducing the risk of abuse in swimming and increasing awareness of red flag behavior through its Safe Sport program.
USA Swimming’s comprehensive abuse prevention program takes a multi-layered approach to keeping kids safe. These measures are informed by experts in the field of child safety and are among the strongest safeguards found in youth-serving organizations and include:
- Required policies and best practice guidelines;
- Mandatory screening, including criminal background checks and employment screening;
- Training and education;
- Monitoring and supervision; and
- Mandatory reporting.
Many perpetrators who sexually abuse children are in positions of trust. CDC research reports 91% of child sexual abuse is perpetrated by someone the child or child’s family knows.
(Source: CDC.gov/violenceprevention/childsexualabuse/fastfact.html)
At USA Swimming, all adults working with athletes are responsible for creating an abuse-free environment. This includes educating parents about what they should expect from clubs and coaches while their child participates in our sport.
RESOURCES
To report child sexual abuse that occurred in participation with USA Swimming, contact the U.S. Center for SafeSport at uscenterforsafesport.org/report-a-concern.
For information about mandatory reporting requirements in your state go to childwelfare.gov/topics/responding/reporting/how.
Survivor resources are available at usaswimming.org/safe-sport/swimassist
If you have questions or concerns about preventing abuse, contact USA Swimming Safe Sport Staff at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Additional resources to involve athletes and families can be found at usaswimming.org/ssclubtool
Join us in providing a healthy and positive environment free from abuse.
1. **GET EDUCATED**
Education is an important tool for identifying and preventing misconduct. USA Swimming provides athletes and parents the tools to recognize inappropriate behavior and boundary violations. USA Swimming also aims to equip you with information on how to respond and report if you suspect your child’s, or any child’s, safety is at risk. You can access USA Swimming’s Safe Sport for Parents website at usaswimming.org/ssparents.
2. **CREATE HEALTHY BOUNDARIES**
It is important to establish healthy boundaries between athletes and coaches, and to have clear expectations about the coach’s role. A coach can often serve as a teacher, a mentor or a role model for a young person. A coach is not an athlete’s friend, peer or romantic partner. USA Swimming member clubs should identify and communicate prohibited coach behaviors to ensure strong and safe boundaries between adults and athletes. Be empowered to ask your club what these are.
3. **RECOGNIZE AND ADDRESS HIGH RISK AREAS**
Abusers rely on access, privacy and control to perpetuate misconduct and abuse. One way to reduce the risk of abuse is to implement policies designed to limit one-on-one interactions between adults and minor athletes. The USA Swimming Minor Athlete Abuse Prevention Policy is designed to limit one-on-one interactions such as electronic communication and travel. For more information on this policy, visit usaswimming.org/maapp.
4. **SPEAK UP AND REPORT MISCONDUCT**
If you recognize questionable behavior - say something! Trust your gut and report any instances of known or suspected sexual misconduct or abuse to local law enforcement, the U.S. Center for SafeSport (uscenterforsafesport.org/report-a-concern) and to USA Swimming (usaswimming.org/report). DO NOT talk yourself out of your instincts. You know your child better than anyone.
5. **TALK TO YOUR KID(S)**
Physical, emotional and sexual misconduct can be difficult to talk about with your children but having these conversations is extremely important. Ongoing and open communication with children about their bodies and appropriate boundaries will make it easier for them to talk to you if anyone makes them feel uncomfortable. When they do talk with you, LISTEN. If your child shares something difficult with you, remain calm while you let them continue to talk. Comfort them, let them know that you are proud of them for telling you and that you are there for them no matter what.
USA Swimming encourages you to be involved and to ask questions of club leadership to determine your club’s commitment to athlete abuse prevention. Some suggested areas to explore include:
- Is our club a USA Swimming Safe Sport Recognized Program? This is a voluntary program through which a club can demonstrate its commitment to creating a healthy and positive environment free from abuse for all its members through the development and implementation of club governance measures, Safe Sport policies and reporting mechanisms, Safe Sport best practices and training to athletes and parents. You can find more information at usaswimming.org/ssrp.
- How does our club screen and select coaches and staff before they are hired?
- How are our coaches and staff evaluated for addressing concerns besides “in-pool” performance?
- What Safe Sport education and training does our club offer to athlete and parents? Free parent and athlete training can be found at learn.usaswimming.org
Visit us at usaswimming.org/protect for more information. | 45df1602-b1ca-4aae-b931-d769cc062de6 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default-source/safe-sportdocuments/club-toolkit/3.-club-resources/safe-sport-family-resource-guide-2021.pdf | 2021-12-05T05:57:00+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363135.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205035505-20211205065505-00137.warc.gz | 1,129,898,339 | 1,062 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.997348 | eng_Latn | 0.997521 | [
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**Laboratory Report**
**Title** Hooke's Law and Moment of Inertia
| Homeroom | Section | Name |
|----------|---------|------------|
| 12-I | 2 | Taiga Seri |
Lab Partners: Ryota, Nahahuki
**Summary**
In the first lab, we have checked the Hooke's Law using spring pendulum. We determined a spring constant in two different ways of using the Hooke's Law apparatus $F = kx$ and by measuring the period using the equation $T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}$. In the second lab, we have checked the moment of inertia of the rotational motion. By graphing the data, we could prove that the two equations $I = \frac{T}{a}$ and $I = \frac{1}{2}MR^2$ are both correct.
*Meet a deadline* *Write logically* *Write clearly* *Write with your own words*
**Teacher's Comments**
You should compare two values of $k$ (Hooke and spring). Graphs are beautiful.
Hooke's Law and Spring Pendulum
Introduction
Objectives:
1) To determine a spring constant $k$ [N/m] using the Hooke's Law apparatus
2) To determine a spring constant $k$ [N/m] by measuring the period
Theory:
$$F = kx \quad T = \frac{2\pi}{\omega} = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}$$
$\omega$: omega (angular velocity)
$m$: mass of the weight
$k$: spring constant
$F$: elastic force
$x$: elongation
$t$: period for the 20 bounces
$T$: period for 1 bounce
$T^2$: period squared
Experiment
Materials:
1. 3 types of hooks
2. Hooke's Law stand with measurement
3. Weights (prepare necessary amount for each experiment)
4. Stopwatch
Procedure:
1. Prepare all of the materials shown above.
2. Hang one of the 3 types of hooks from the top of the stand.
3. Hang the weight on the bottom end of the hook and measure the distance of the extended spring.
4. Put a little bit power downward to the weight so that the weight will bounce thanks to the hook, and measure the time taken for the weight to bounce 20 times.
5. Repeat #3 and #4 with different amounts of weight at least 3 times.
6. Repeat #3 to #5 with other 2 types of hooks.
7. Put all of the materials away to the place where they were before the experiment.
Result
Table of Hooke #1:
| m [$\times 10^{-3}$ kg] | F [N] | x [$\times 10^{-2}$ m] | t [s] | T [s] | T$^2$ [s$^2$] |
|------------------------|-------|----------------------|-------|-------|--------------|
| 200 | 1.96 | 0.500 | 5.47 | 0.274 | 0.0751 |
| 300 | 2.94 | 1.50 | 6.50 | 0.325 | 0.106 |
| 400 | 3.92 | 2.70 | 7.37 | 0.369 | 0.136 |
| 500 | 4.90 | 3.50 | 8.71 | 0.436 | 0.190 |
Table of Hooke #2:
| m [x10⁻³kg] | F [N] | x [x10⁻²m] | t [s] | T [s] | T² [s²] |
|-------------|-------|------------|-------|-------|---------|
| 200 | 1.96 | 6.70 | 10.2 | 0.510 | 0.260 |
| 300 | 2.94 | 10.1 | 12.3 | 0.615 | 0.378 |
| 400 | 3.92 | 13.3 | 14.2 | 0.710 | 0.504 |
| 500 | 4.90 | 16.6 | 16.8 | 0.840 | 0.706 |
Table of Hooke #3:
| m [x10⁻³kg] | F [N] | x [x10⁻²m] | t [s] | T [s] | T² [s²] |
|-------------|-------|------------|-------|-------|---------|
| 200 | 1.96 | 5.50 | 10.93 | 0.547 | 0.299 |
| 300 | 2.94 | 8.70 | 11.84 | 0.592 | 0.350 |
| 400 | 3.92 | 11.6 | 13.41 | 0.671 | 0.450 |
| 500 | 4.90 | 14.4 | 14.86 | 0.743 | 0.552 |
**Graph**
Drawn on different paper
**Discussion and Conclusion**
As you can see from the graph #1, elongation of each hooke are increasing as the elastic force increases. This means that they are directly proportional to each other. So, it is proved that the equation of \( F = kx \) is correct. Also, Hooke #2 had the longest elongation compared to the Hooke #1 which had the least. Therefore, it is estimated that the Hooke #1 is stronger than the Hooke #2.
As you can see from the graph #2, period squared of each hooke is increasing as the mass of the weight increases. This means that they are directly proportional to each other. So, it is proved that the equation of \( T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}} \) is correct. Also, Hooke #2 had the longest period squared compared to the Hooke #1 which had the least. In addition to the estimation from graph #1, it is proved that the hooke is stronger to weaker in order of #1, #3, #2.
Spring Constant \(\left( \frac{1}{k} = \frac{x}{F} \right)\)
\[ (x \times 10^{-2} \text{ m}) \]
Elongation
Elastic Force
Hooke #1
Hooke #2
Hooke #3
Spring Constant \( (k = \frac{4\pi^2 m}{T^2}) \)
Mass of the weight
Period squared
Hooke #1
Hooke #2
Hooke #3
Moment of Inertia and Rotational Motion
Introduction
Objective:
To investigate the equation of rotational motion
Theory:
r: radius of the disk
d: distance that the acceleration took place
m: mass of the weight
t: time taken for the acceleration
a: acceleration of the weight
T: tensional force
τ: torque
α: angular acceleration
M: mass of the disk
R: radius of the disk
I: inertia of the disk
I = t/α
Experiment
Materials:
- Rotational motion apparatus
- Pulley
- String
- Tape
- Ruler
- Weight
- Stopwatch
Procedure:
1. Prepare all of the materials shown above. (Do this experiment on the desk)
2. Measure 1 m from one of the end of the string, and put the tape for the mark.
3. Put the string through the pulley that is already prepared, so that the end of the string with the tape is left under the pulley.
4. Hang the other end of the string to one of the three different disks. (don’t forget to measure the radius of the disk.)
5. Hang the weight from another end of the string. (50g would supposedly be good)
6. Reel the string to the disk until the weight is placed at the height of the table or desk.
7. Release the string so the weight free falls and measure the time taken for the tape to pass the top of the desk.
8. Repeat #5 to #7 with 100g and 150g weight.
9. Repeat #4 to #8 with two another disk with different radius.
10. Put all of the materials away to where they were before the experiment.
Result
Table:
| Exp # | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|-------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| r [x10^{-2}m] | 1.51 | 1.51 | 1.51 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.58 | 2.58 | 2.58 |
| d [m] | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| m [x10^{-3}kg] | 50.0 | 100 | 150 | 50.0 | 100 | 150 | 50.0 | 100 | 150 |
| t [s] | 9.18 | 7.00 | 5.40 | 7.44 | 5.18 | 4.31 | 6.32 | 4.44 | 3.69 |
| a [m/s^2] | 0.0234 | 0.0423 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.15 |
| T [N] | 0.491 | 0.984 | 1.48 | 0.492 | 0.987 | 1.49 | 0.493 | 0.990 | 1.49 |
| τ [Nm] | 0.741 | 1.49 | 2.23 | 1.00 | 2.01 | 3.04 | 1.27 | 2.55 | 3.84 |
| α [rad/s^2] | 1.32 | 2.65 | 4.64 | 1.96 | 3.43 | 5.39 | 1.94 | 3.88 | 5.81 |
\[ M = 0.944 \text{ [kg]} \quad R = 25 \text{ [x10^{-2} m]} \quad I = \frac{1}{2} MR^2 = 0.0295 \]
Discussion and Conclusion
As you can see from the graph #3, torque of rotational motion and angular acceleration are directly proportional to each other. Since one of them increases when the other one increases, the equation of \( I = \frac{T}{\alpha} \) should be correct, and the graph is showing the moment of inertia. Also, because the slope of large disk is sharper than the slope of small disk, we know that the moment of inertia is higher as the radius of the disk is higher. This proves that the equation of \( I = \frac{1}{2} MR^2 \) is correct.
Moment of Inertia \( I = \frac{I}{2} \)
small disk
medium disk
large disk
torque of rotational motion
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Upper School Dance Team CCA
Personal and Cultural Expression
Goal
To create an upper-school dance team for people who are interested or wants to learn dancing.
ATLs Skills:
Thinking-
a. Plan to achieve goals and identify targets
b. Generate “what if” questions
c. Create projects and products by using knowledge
Self-management-
a. Keep to class schedules
b. Practice positive thinking
c. Practice dealing with change
Research-
a. Find information in different media
b. Collect research from a variety of print and digital sources
Social-
a. Respect different opinions and the points of view of others
b. Help others when appropriate
Communication-
a. Use active listening techniques to understand others
b. Give and receive appropriate feedback
Possible songs we might dance in the future
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YEAR 10 GEOGRAPHY
Parks project
SEMESTER 1, 2010.
ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT NO: 1
Annotated Visual Display and research journal
DATE: March 2010
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
The criteria sheet at the back of this document will be used to assess your responses.
COMMON CURRICULUM ELEMENTS ASSESSED BY THESE INSTRUMENTS INCLUDE:
| COMPREHEND & COLLECT | STRUCTURE & SEQUENCE | ANALYSE, ASSESS AND CONCLUDE | CREATE & PRESENT | APPLY PROCEDURES |
|----------------------|----------------------|-------------------------------|-----------------|------------------|
| 5. Interpreting the meaning of pictures and illustrations | 30. Classifying | 33. Reaching a conclusion which is consistent with a given set of assumptions | 9. Using correct spelling, punctuation, grammar | 37. Applying a progression of steps to achieve the required answer |
| 6. Interpreting the meaning of tables or diagrams or maps or graphs | 31. Interrelating ideas/themes/issues | 35. Extrapolating | 10. Using vocabulary appropriate to a context | |
| 7. Translating from one form to another | 38. Generalising from information | 43. Analysing | 26. Explaining to others | |
| 13. Recording/noting data | 49. Perceiving patterns | 44. Synthesising | 46. Creating, composing, devising | |
| 52. Searching & locating items/information | | 45. Judging/evaluating | | |
| | | 48. Justifying | | |
Task
You have been invited by your local city/shire council to submit an entry for the following competition regarding the hypothetical redevelopment of your local park.
NOTICE
Fair City Council intends to redevelop The Park near Your Street into parkland which would be more suited to the needs and profile of the community. To generate ideas and concept plans the Council is inviting qualified persons or companies to enter a competition in which they produce a Concept Plan for The Park. Entries should be in the form of an electronic annotated visual display and should include:
1. An analysis of both the current state of The Park and local community.
2. An overall concept plan for The Park. This should include suitable cartographic and graphic devices and text.
3. Detailed studies of one specific area showing a plan for redevelopment again including graphic devices and text.
A mystery prize will be awarded the winning entry.
Entries close Wednesday 24 March 2010.
RATIONALE AND AIMS:
This unit is seen as an introduction to Geography through urban planning. It incorporates the use of information technologies, the development of fieldwork skills and further development of skills in visual presentation. The Geographic Inquiry model provides the framework for student investigation into a specific community and the redevelopment of a local park or open space.
OBJECTIVES:
At the conclusion of this unit, students should be able to:
• Recall and understand the geographical facts, concepts, and key ideas of the unit; demonstrating this understanding in a short diagnostic test.
• Understand the key questions of Geographic Inquiry.
• Examine patterns and describe factors affecting them in their local community.
• Apply geographic conventions when presenting data.
• Observe the location, distribution and patterns of parkland characteristics.
• Apply relevant geographical concepts in analysing their site and its present and future use.
• Analyse and explain how design elements of their park reflect the community profile.
• Enhance research skills by undertaking staged Inquiry
• Develop and enhance ICT skills
• Use and interpret maps, graphs, photographs, field data, GIS and statistics to conduct a geographic inquiry into their local area.
• Select, organise and analyse relevant geographical information from a variety of sources.
• Synthesise a wide range of ideas and information to reach decisions about the redevelopment of their park.
• Examine and evaluate alternative design elements and arrive at a decision that reflects the environmental and social constraints of the area.
• To develop the student’s awareness of planning issues at the local level.
• Communicate geographical information, ideas, and issues using appropriate graphic, cartographic and written forms (paragraphs).
SCALES OF STUDY:
This unit is studied at a local scale
ASSESSMENT:
This unit will be assessed in the form of
(a) An electronic research journal documenting the research process due 24 March (Criterion 4)
(b) An annotated visual display of your Concept Plan due 24 March. (Criteria 2, 3, 4)
## Time Line
| Sub Topic | Time (week) | Complete the following for the assignment | Social Science Research Organiser references | Tick as you complete |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|----------------------|
| Introduction to primary data collection inc field skills. The nature of | 2-3 | Task Analysis<br>Diary starts<br>Planning of field work<br>Reference list starts | 1.1<br>2.4 | |
| the community.<br>The nature and importance of urban parkland | | | | |
| The nature of the community profile. ABS Census Data, Our Brisbane.com | 4, 5 | Brain storming<br>Information gathering-survey, data analysis etc | 3.1<br>3.2<br>4.1 or 4.2/4.3 or 4.4 | |
| BRISbites etc_Parks in the local area | | | | |
| The Urban Park Design and visual display (class time) | 6 | Information gathering planning using the Inquiry Method | aa | |
| The Urban Park Design and visual display (class time) | 7 | Design and analysis<br>PMI for each design proposal for Key Q. 4 | aa | |
| Creating and presenting | 7,8 | Draw up Concept Plan with annotations and evidence. | aa | |
| Submitting | 9 | Submit with journal and a smile | | |
## Process
At the start you are required to complete a number of actions. These are listed over the page.
STEP ONE
The proposal
Firstly, you must set your own focus questions. This will be done by establishing a number of inquiry questions – questions you hope to answer through your research of primary and secondary data. Time will be devoted in class to this process stressing the importance of surveys and the need to identify open-ended as well as closed questions.
GUIDELINES FOR STEP ONE ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES
STEP TWO
The research - including primary data collection
Secondly, you need to set out how you intend to find the information needed to answer your inquiry questions - the primary data collection methods/ types of field work and secondary research strategies you will use. Research organisers can be downloaded for this purpose.
GUIDELINES FOR STEP TWO ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES
STEP THREE
The presentation: the concept plan
Finally, before starting your concept plan and visual display you need to establish how you will present what you have learned about your inquiry questions. That is you must determine what maps, diagrams, graphs, statistics, quotes, photographs etc you are going to ‘produce” in your concept plan.
GUIDELINES FOR STEP THREE ON FOLLOWING PAGES
The product
Your project will be assessed on:
A portfolio (collection) of items you complete. This portfolio must include
- A research journal
- A bibliography of sources in the journal.
- The concept plan produced electronically and printed on a number of sheets (at least 5 x A3 size paper for overall design)
***All due on 24 March *** (Criterion 2, 3, 4)
The research journal should include a ‘lesson-by-lesson’ and ‘at home’ log of your activities, all information gathered during your inquiry, organisers completed and drafts of the concept plan. These items help determine how effectively you have planned, organised and conducted your inquiry. Your teacher will guide you in this process. Secondary sources should be less important than primary sources. They will be more useful only in the Focus Area study.
Assessment
The criteria sheet attached to this task will be used to assess your project. Remember the items you include in the portfolio are all required as they demonstrate your mastery of the **criteria** below.
- accurately gather and record information from the field and the Australian Bureau of Statistics
- break the information into parts, identifying and explaining the elements in a pattern or the steps in a process
- understanding the meaning of this information by transforming, interpreting and extrapolating (extrapolate means to infer (an unknown) from something that is known / to guess or think about what might happen from information that is already known)
- effectively synthesise this information (from a range of mostly primary and some secondary sources and settings (settings include maps, spatial technologies (GIS, vertical aerial photographs, satellite images)) to produce useful designs and text
- decide on designs for improvements to match the needs of the park and profile of your community.
- justify your design decisions using evidence from your inquiry
- clearly communicate the results of your inquiry in your concept plan according to genre requirements.
- document your inquiry process/research accurately and construct an accurate bibliography.
- plan and organise a program of inquiry based on primary data, including designing surveys etc maintaining a journal, etc
- follow geographic and referencing conventions in the presentation of your data.
Some ideas to help you get started
GUIDELINES FOR STEP ONE
Developing inquiry questions
Without a focus for your inquiry you will waste time and have trouble completing the required tasks. Your inquiry must include a list of questions to guide your inquiry. The Inquiry Method is outlined on the next page.
Try to make your questions probing and include both closed and open-ended questions i.e. questions which have a definite answer (these are called closed questions e.g., What features are found in the park?), as well as questions which may have more than one answer (referred to as open-ended questions such as, How can we design this section of the park to meet the needs of 5-8 year olds).
The question matrix on the next page is a useful visual prompt you can use to develop creative, probing questions. In the matrix there are 36 question starters. You can use these to create or ‘think up’ questions about your chosen topic. Use these in developing your survey questions also.
| KEY QUESTIONS | SAMPLES OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION and RESEARCH ACTIVITIES |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE COMMUNITY THE PARK SERVES? | Maps, diagrams, sketches observations internet research Look at data from maps, tables etc from the ABS |
| WHAT ARE THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE PARK? WHERE IS THE PARK? –site and situation | Observations, surveys, interviews, secondary research etc |
| HOW AND WHY IS IT LIKE THIS? For example: WHY IS THIS SUBURB ATTRACTIVE TO THESE PEOPLE? WHO USES THE PARK? WHAT DO THEY USE IT FOR? HOW DID THIS AREA COME TO BE A PARKLAND? | Survey residents or park visitors Table your data What are the strengths and weaknesses of the park? |
| WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES? for example: ARE THERE ENOUGH OPEN SPACES IN THE AREA? WHAT CHANGES NEED TO BE MADE DUE TO CHANGING POPULATION FIGURES? | Find out if anything is planned for your park, develop a new plan to be implemented to meet the needs of the local community, diamond rank possible alternative responses. |
The Question Matrix
(based on Weiderhold, 1991)
| EVENT | SITUATION | CHOICE | PERSON | REASON | MEANS |
|-------------|---------------|----------|-----------|----------|---------|
| PRESENT | What is it? | Where/When is ? | Which is? | Who is? | Why is? | How is? |
| PAST | What did? | Where/when did? | Which did? | Who did? | Why did? | How did? |
| POSSIBILITY | What can? | Where/When can? | Which can? | Who can? | Why can? | How can? |
| PROBABILITY | What would? | Where/When would? | Which would? | Who would? | Why would? | How would? |
| PREDICTION | What will? | Where/when will? | Which will? | Who will? | Why will? | How will? |
| IMAGINATION | What might? | Where/when might? | Which might? | Who might? | Why might? | How might? |
A short list of questions is useful to start with, however after doing some initial research and learning a little about your park you should assess the initial questions you developed. You may need to change the questions or add further questions to your list. These changes should be evident in your journal.
GUIDELINES FOR STEP TWO
Locating Information and developing your concept plan
You need to indicate in your proposal how you will find the information you require to answer your inquiry questions. You must include primary data as well as a little secondary research. Remember to return the permission slip from the letter to0 your parents detailing this aspect of your research. There are number of data collection techniques you can use such as:
Primary data collection:
- Field sketch
- Field notes
- Transect
- Sketch map
- Field measurements
- Photographs
- Statistics- collection and analysis
- Interview
- Questionnaire/survey
- Observation
An interactive PowerPoint has been set up for you detailing these skills.
Secondary data collection:
- Courses within Masterfile and the specific e-Binder for this term.
To develop your plan you will need to:
- Visit the site and record what currently exists in the area. This would be included in your research journal
- Determine current usage and identify problems
- Determine the needs and desires of the community currently using the park
- Develop options of the area by, amongst other things, visiting other parks in the Brisbane area
GUIDELINES FOR STEP THREE
Demonstrating and sharing your knowledge
Your Concept Plan must include headings, data, visuals and text (justifying your decisions) for you to share the knowledge you have gained during your inquiry. It needs to produced electronically and printed onto at least five (5) A3 sheets of paper. Samples may be viewed in the classroom.
A bibliography must be presented with your portfolio.
Referencing and geographic conventions must be applied where appropriate.
Glossary of terms
Annotated Visual Display - AVD- a method of presenting or displaying information (often in poster format) using visual methods such as diagrams, photos, graphs and maps that are annotated to provide additional supporting information. *This is the genre of this particular assignment.*
Cartographic devices - to do with maps
Community Profile - refers to a collection of demographic information, drawn primarily from the Census of Population and Housing, Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Information is collected from Statistical Local Areas (SLAs). These largely coincide with a single suburb, although they sometimes contain more than one.
Concept plan - is a plan devised by town planners, illustrating the assessment and possible suitable development, of a site. It is the initial drawing of how the spaces in an area/landscape/building will appear. It is based on consultation to date, a detailed land use analysis and of the land uses proposed for the site, and the Council requirements/zoning for the area. Field investigations are undertaken as part of the development of a Concept Plan to document existing land use features/facilities etc and assess the compatibility and sustainability of potential land uses.
Geographic conventions - B.O.L.T.S.S. border, orientation, labels/legend, title, scale, source,
Geographic information - refers to the WHAT of Geographical Inquiry. It is information about place and space. Two source types – primary and secondary- provide data about places and spaces on the earth’s surface.
Geographical Inquiry - the inquiry process that is central to the study of Geography. WHAT and WHERE are the issues and patterns being studied, HOW and WHY do these issues and patterns develop? WHAT are the IMPACTS of these issues and patterns? WHAT IS BEING DONE OR WHAT COULD BE DONE to sustainably manage these impacts?
Geographical patterns - WHAT and WHERE of Geographical Inquiry; consistent characteristic form; areal distribution and spread of the physical and cultural features of a place; arrangement of repeated parts (physical and cultural), spatial distributions of features and their relationships.
Geographical processes HOW and WHY of Geographical Inquiry
Graphic devices - photographs, diagrams, charts, drawings and graphs
Primary sources are raw facts and figures that have not been processed, changed or interpreted. Examples include data from your field work including - observation, photograph, field sketch, statistics, field notes, interview, sketch, map, questionnaire; field measurements (transect, quadrats, water testing, soil testing); and statistics (e.g. from the Australian Bureau of Statistics)
Referencing conventions - select the APA in Word 2007 Review
Secondary sources are facts and figures that have been processed and/or changed and/or interpreted into a different form from their original source. Examples of secondary sources include background reading from books, reports, and academic journals; the Internet which is the global network of computer data sources; non-print media such as television and radio programs; and print media – newspapers, magazines, advertising material -
Text - for this task refers to text boxes containing information or detailed explanation in written form
Town planner - Planners are professionals who specialise in developing strategies and design the communities in which we live, work and play. Balancing the built and natural environment, community needs, cultural significance, and economic sustainability, planners aim to improve our quality of life and create vibrant communities (*Planning Institute of Australia*).
Thinking and CCEs explained
CCE 43 Analyse - To dissect to ascertain and examine constituent parts and/or their relationships
CCE 26 Explain - to present a meaning with clarity, precision, completeness and with due regard to the order of statements in the explanation
CCE .35 Extrapolate - to logically extend trends or tendencies beyond the information/data given
CCE 51 Identify - to organise or select
CCE 4,5,6 Interpret - to bring out the meaning of
CCE 48 Justify - to provide sound reasons or evidence on which a response is based
© Stuartholme School
CCE 44 **Synthesise**- to assemble constituent parts into a coherent, unique and/or complex entity (The term ‘entity’ includes a system, theory, communication, **plan** or set of operations)
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Travel Responsibly
- Practice minimum-impact travel techniques for your mode of transportation.
- Stay on the trail even if it is rough and muddy.
- Walking on the track edge and cutting switchbacks increase damage, causing erosion and visual scarring.
- When traveling on foot in areas without trails, spread out to disperse impact and avoid creating a new trail.
Respect the Rights of Others
- Be a responsible sportsman and practice ethical hunting.
- Never take a shot unless you see the animal clearly, you can identify it and you know what lies between you, the target, and beyond.
- If entering private property, be sure to ask permission from the landowner and leave gates as you find them.
- Obtain a map of your destination and determine which areas are open to hunting for your desired game and type of travel.
- Check the weather forecast before you go.
- Prepare for the unexpected by packing emergency items. Dress in layers and carry a waterproof jacket.
- Know your state’s requirements regarding when to wear hunter orange.
**Educate Yourself**
- Hunting often requires cross country travel through sensitive habitats.
- Travel only by foot and choose your route carefully.
- Grass, rocks, gravel and dirt are the best surfaces to walk on. Avoid water-logged soils and slopes/stream banks susceptible to erosion.
- Practice minimum impact and follow regulations regarding the use of tree stands, blinds and platforms. Placing spikes, nails, wires or other metal objects into a tree to act as steps or to hold a tree stand is not sustainable.
**Avoid Sensitive Areas**
- Pack out nails, ropes, wire, rifle/shotgun shells and other trash.
- Dismantle meat poles and other structures used while hunting.
- Remove flagging and biodegradable tape used for route finding.
- Before and after a hunt, wash gear, pack animals and support vehicles to reduce the spread of invasive species.
**Do Your Part**
TREAD LIGHTLY! Helps keep the outdoors ACCESSIBLE and OPEN with YOU
www.treadlightly.org
All materials and messaging is copyrighted. Permission must be obtained to share TLI ethics. | ba6845a1-785d-41dc-b88c-ce3a176cdd41 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://treadlightly.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Hunting-Final.pdf | 2021-12-03T00:58:45+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00270.warc.gz | 639,326,673 | 430 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.997998 | eng_Latn | 0.997965 | [
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WILD PLACES
GOSHEN
A Discussion Guide for Individuals and Groups
There are few who haven’t been touched by the music of the great Johnny Cash. Cash’s journey to fame didn’t begin with a wealthy ancestry or connections with the Nashville elite. Truth is Johnny Cash grew up during the extreme poverty of the Great Depression of the 1930s, and like many, his family struggled just to make ends meet. It is also true that it is hard to stand out of the crowd when you are the fourth of seven children, but young Johnny did just that through his gift of music. This is the soil out of which grew this great talent. But there was one more important ingredient. Young Cash’s music began with gospel music where he sang such songs as “Near My God to Thee”. By his own admission Johnny credited the one person over all others who had the greatest influence on his music: his mother. It was for her that he recorded “My Mother’s Hymn Book” which he considered to be, of all his albums, his favorite – which is saying something.
Unfortunately, as with so many, fame and fortune proved to be overwhelming and it wasn’t long before Johnny Cash grew anything but closer to his God. With the great success came infidelity, deep drug addiction, clashes with the law, all of which ultimately resulted in divorce and the loss of his family. This immensely talented performer hit his “rock bottom” in 1968; Johnny Cash was completely alone…or so he thought. It was then that Johnny Cash remembered the love of God which he sang of as a boy and he returned. Although Cash continued to struggle in his earthly journey, from that rock bottom point in 1968 forward, he endeavored to draw near to the God who had never left or forsook him.
THE TEXT
Before you watch this session take a moment and read the following passages:
Genesis 12: 1-3;
Genesis 45:8-10
Genesis 46:28-29
Ezekiel 20: 6-8
Job 1: 9-12, 20-22
Habakkuk 3:17-19
THE TEACHING
Watch the video, “Goshen.” Review the background details below before continuing with the talking points.
For most in this age of online shopping and mega malls few think about trade routes and their importance to our economy and our comfort. Yet their significance cannot be overstated. As trade routes are at the crux of our economy today, so too were they at in the ancient period. They were the link through which survival, stability and great influence flowed.
Arguably among the most important of land trade routes of the Biblical period was the Via Maris (the Way of the Sea) which ran right through the land of Canaan connecting ancient Egypt with the rest of the ancient world. Not surprising then that God would place his people along what some have described as, “the cross roads of the world”. People from around the ancient world travelled this key road and it would be along that road that God placed the Hebrews. In Goshen they would have the opportunity to carry out God’s promise to Abraham; “all the peoples of the earth will be blessed through you.” (Genesis 12:3).
Another word about Egypt; vital to survival is air, water, and food, in that order. It is the last of these three essentials that are important to our lesson. In the ancient period, to be able to produce sufficient food so that you, your spouse, your children might survive and prosper was one thing, but then to have enough left over to sell was a sign of remarkable blessing! It’s important to know that Ancient Egypt’s source of power & wealth was simply their ability to produce food, and to do so at such a rate and volume that much exceeded their needs.
Egypt’s ability to produce food was because of the Nile and its yearly flooding. Over the millennia rich silt was deposited by the Nile and it was out of this amazing soil that crops grew with incredible yields. The ancient Egyptians were able to produce such volumes of food that Egypt was known as the “bread basket” of the ancient world. Food was the source of Egypt’s wealth, the source of Egypt’s power. Trade routes made it possible for Egypt to provide this most essential of commodities to surrounding peoples. According to the Text the most fertile places in of all Egypt was Goshen. Power. Fertility. Influence. Life. Goshen was at the heart of it.
1. George suggests that Goshen’s location was as important as its fertility and it was there that the Hebrews could engage the different cultures of the world for God. God placed us “in the world” as His light, but He calls us “not to be of the world” (see Jesus’ prayer in John 17:11, 13). What does it mean to be in the world but not of it? What are the challenges of being “in the world”? List some ways we can preserve our distinctiveness as God’s people “in the world”?
2. The ancient Egyptians understood that life and wealth came from food, and food from fertility of the land, and that bountiful soil came from the Nile. They connected the gift of the Nile as a gift from the gods. Re-read Ezekiel 20:6-8. Why do you suppose it was so difficult for the people of Israel to resist and forsake the Egyptian gods and keep their eyes on the one true God? Discuss where our culture views the source of life and power and how does that affect our culture’s priorities, decisions, and actions? How hard is it for us to resist the draw of our cultural values and priorities? Consider James 4:7-8. How important is it to draw near to God in order to resist the current of our culture? What are ways I can draw near to God while being “in the world”?
3. What did you think when George shared the meaning of Goshen? What are some of the blessings God has granted you? In what ways have you drawn near to your blessings rather than acknowledging and drawing near to the God who blesses? How can you tell if you have drawn too close to the blessings? Re-read Genesis 12:2-3. This passage reminds us that, like Abraham, we are “blessed to be a blessing.” In what ways can we share our blessings? How do we share our blessings with our own culture and spheres of influence? How do we use our blessings to bless all nations, just like God through Abraham?
4. Read Habakkuk 3:17-19. George makes a bold declaration: “When you draw closer to the blessing than the one who blesses, it’s at that point where the blessings become curses.” What do you think of that comment? What are some of your greatest fears and why? Read Job 1:21. If all your blessings were taken away, or all your greatest fears became realities, would you be able to respond like Job, or have you drawn too close to your blessings resulting in fear?
God provided the children of Israel the most fertile of all places called “Goshen/Draw Near” to be their home. And they did draw near, but not to God. Next time its movie night rent the biographical movie of Johnny Cash’s life: “Walk the Line” either on your own or with the group. In what way did Cash draw near to the blessing, not the one who blesses? Note how drawing nearer the blessing turned out for him. How unique is his story? In what ways can you relate to Cash’s life story? How does Cash’s time apart from the One who blesses inspire you to draw near to your God?
God does bless us as a means to an end – we are blessed to be a blessing. Be deliberate this week and choose one of the many blessings God has given you and make a concerted effort to use that to bless others this week. Perhaps God will place a cause on your heart that he would like you to bless financially. Maybe your blessing of family, friends and resources can be used to serve and bless someone. Or maybe your blessing of time or talents can be used to bless an organization desperately in need of volunteers. You never know where God may be using you to answer prayers and bless those around you. | 155d03ec-2a5f-4599-96d6-c46c9ac31c8f | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://underthefigtree.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Goshen_Study_Guide.pdf | 2021-12-08T21:46:41+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363598.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208205849-20211208235849-00119.warc.gz | 646,294,792 | 1,731 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.959514 | eng_Latn | 0.997559 | [
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Speaking Volumes | Transforming Hate showcases the diverse work of more than thirty artists who have transformed thousands of hateful white supremacist books into uplifting works of art. This stunning exhibition challenges and moves visitors with its thought-provoking and occasionally light-hearted collection of artwork, and provides honest opportunities to address discrimination in our communities and racism in America.
All artwork in this exhibition is on loan from the Montana Human Rights Network in partnership with Utah Humanities.
Speaking Volumes | Transforming Hate, an exhibition from the Montana Human Rights Network curated by Katie Knight, is brought to Utah by Utah Humanities and is touring in partnership with the Springville Museum of Art and the Ogden Union Station Foundation.
The story behind Speaking Volumes | Transforming Hate begins with the Creativity Movement, formerly known as the World Church of the Creator. It was one of the most virulent and violent of white supremacist groups and upheld Adolph Hitler as a religious prophet. Its leader, Matt Hale, was convicted of conspiracy to murder a federal judge. One of its “reverends” went on a shooting spree in Illinois, targeting people of color and Jews. In the early 1990s, Creativity Movement activities began in Montana. The Montana Human Rights Network formed to monitor and counteract these and other expressions of bigotry and hate.
In 2003, a defector from the Montana faction of the Creativity Movement offered to sell to the Network over 4,000 World Church of the Creator books and materials. The Network purchased the books for a small sum, taking them out of circulation and depriving the group of a significant source of ideological continuity and sales income. The books had served to keep the group afloat during internal leadership conflicts following the founder’s suicide.
The stockpile of books included thirteen titles by the group’s founder, Ben Klassen, who promoted violence and extreme forms of racist, anti-Semitic, anti-Christian, and homophobic beliefs. The Network sought a positive use for the books and asked several artists to transform them into creative, thought-provoking works of art. The Network then invited the Holter Museum of Art to turn this concept into an exhibition.
This idea fired my imagination and sense of justice. I pitched the Network’s proposal to my colleagues at the Museum, where I served for eight years as Curator of Education. They accepted the challenge and we invited other organizations to participate – including the Lewis & Clark Library and Helena Public Schools – making the project a community collaboration. We sent invitations to prominent artists renowned for their work involving social justice and their leadership in the use of art as civil dialogue. We also sent out a national call for proposals and selected a wide array of media and concepts by sixty artists and artist teams. We designed educational programs for visitors of all ages, facilitated dialogue in the galleries, and led hands-on art activities to empower people, especially youth, to contribute their artistic expressions.
This exhibition demonstrates the diverse strategies adopted by artists in response to the original books. They rewrite the words to transform their meaning, find irony and humor in human foibles, celebrate unity, and create models for teaching tolerance. They construct new contexts for the books. Some artists choose not to handle the actual books; instead they offer examples of creativity designed to make sense of chaos or affirm kindness and compassion. Some artists expose the tragic consequences of hate: racial slurs, antisocial behavior, lethal weapons, and genocide. Many of the artists ask us to reflect on how we convey values to our children, suggesting that we transmit respect and love for others instead of passing on bigotry and hate.
The urgency of this exhibition is underscored by the rising tide of hate groups as their organizers exploit people’s economic insecurity, and fuel anger over non-white immigration and the election of the first African-American president. While white supremacist groups represent an extremist perspective, intolerance and prejudice surface repeatedly in mainstream society. Anti-immigrant rhetoric and gay-bashing pepper campaign speeches, schoolyard banter, and jokes passed across the internet. Hate crimes are on the rise. The mass media perpetuates negative stereotypes of ethnically Arab and Muslim people. The incarceration rate for African American men has soared. Native American students face greater odds against graduating from high school, and institutional discrimination continues to limit opportunities for women, children, and people of color, resulting in disproportionate poverty.
In January 2008, the exhibition of Speaking Volumes | Transforming Hate first opened at the Holter Museum of Art in Helena, Montana. Ten museums across the state presented the traveling exhibition over the course of the next three years. Now the Montana Human Rights Network is committed to giving other communities the opportunity explore the art, ask questions, engage in dialogue, deepen understanding, and strengthen justice.
In the words of W.E.B. Du Bois, “Begin with art, because art tries to take us outside ourselves. It is a matter of trying to create an atmosphere and context so conversation can flow back and forth and we can be influenced by each other.”
– Katie Knight
Curator of Speaking Volumes | Transforming Hate
This visually complex woodblock print depicts a central image of a Phoenix, which is a mythological symbol of renewal and rebirth. The Phoenix is surrounded by a graphic constellation of icons and symbols that reflect our troubled times.
Born in Ames, Iowa in 1946, artist John Buck has a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Kansas City Art Institute, studied at Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in Skowhegan, Maine, and received a Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of California, Davis. Over the past four decades, Buck has created a large and significant body of artwork, made up of woodblock prints, sculpture and three-dimensional wood panels. His work is in public collections all over the country. Buck and his wife, artist Deborah Butterfield divide their time between a ranch in Bozeman, Montana and studios on the island of Hawaii.
Nick Cave
Chicago, Illinois
*Profiling*, 2007
Mixed media
A national debate rages in the media and on the streets in response to the widespread and controversial practice of racial profiling, wherein law enforcement considers ethnic traits when predicting whether or not a person may be a criminal.
This project started in 2004 and in 2018 we are still being racially profiled.
What a PITY and a SHAME.
...
Nick Cave, an artist and educator working out of Chicago, is the creator of full body “soundsuits” which are made from layers of metal, plastic, fabric, hair, found objects, and other things that rub together to make noise. Many of Cave’s soundsuits are politically and socially inspired and have deeper meanings than just looking fantastic and making rustle sounds.
Enrique Chagoya
San Francisco, California
*Illegal Alien’s Guide to Critical Theory*, 2007
Color lithograph
Although human migration is an ancient phenomenon, current immigration patterns in the United States trigger dehumanizing rhetoric such as labeling people “illegals.”
Current immigration policies fail to address underlying economic forces and instead penalize people who have often simply migrated for work in order to sustain their families.
Chagoya approaches – with irony – the meaning and history of immigration, treatment of native people, and deeply embedded stereotypes. These works engage viewers with the complexity, absurdity, and misconceptions that color national debate on immigration policy.
Drawing from his experiences living on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border in the late 70’s, and also in Europe in the late 90’s, Enrique Chagoya juxtaposes secular, popular, and religious symbols in order to address the ongoing cultural clash between the United States, Latin America and the world as well. He uses familiar pop icons to create deceptively friendly points of entry for the discussion of complex issues. Through these seemingly harmless characters Chagoya examines the recurring subject of colonialism and oppression that continues to riddle contemporary American foreign policy.
Enrique Chagoya
San Francisco, California
*Pastoral or Arcadian State: An Illegal Alien's Guide to Greater America*, 2006
Color lithograph
In this work, Chagoya places stereotyped characters and comic-like text balloons in a lush landscape that echoes images of the American West in the time of the cowboy. His title directly references Thomas Coles' 1834 painting, *The Pastoral or Arcadian State*, for his series *The Course of Empire*, which portrays an idealized vision of shepherds in a natural environment.
Chagoya’s ironic use of wildly stereotyped figures – for example, three border patrolmen in Indian headdresses carrying off a white woman in a border patrol canoe – is humorous and absurd. The seeming contradiction of American pop culture symbols and pre-Columbian iconography conjures the hotly debated immigration struggle in the United States.
Drawing from his experiences living on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border in the late 70’s, and also in Europe in the late 90’s, Enrique Chagoya juxtaposes secular, popular, and religious symbols in order to address the ongoing cultural clash between the United States, Latin America and the world as well. He uses familiar pop icons to create deceptively friendly points of entry for the discussion of complex issues. Through these seemingly harmless characters Chagoya examines the recurring subject of colonialism and oppression that continues to riddle contemporary American foreign policy.
When I came to power, I did not want the concentration camps to become old age pensioners’ homes, but instruments of terror.
- Adolf Hitler
There were many ways of not burdening one’s conscience, of shunning responsibility, looking away, keeping mum. When the unspeakable truth of the Holocaust became known at the end of the war, all too many of us claimed that [we] had not known anything about it or even suspected anything.
- Richard von Weizsaecker
You never forget the cruelty and hate that people bestow onto each other... but when it is bestowed onto you it leaves a mark on your heart that you will never forget, and always have to live with.
- My great-grandmother (Holocaust survivor RIP)
My family has seen firsthand how hate and intolerance affects people and the world around us. My great-grandmother and my grandmother were the only members of my mom’s family to survive the Holocaust. Proud of my Jewish heritage, I felt compelled to create an artwork that would help educate and enlighten people to the effects and consequences of hate.
...
When Lei Curtis created this artwork, she was a junior 3D-studio art major with an emphasis in ceramics at Eastern Illinois University.
Strange Fruit lyrics:
*Southern trees bear strange fruit,
Blood on the leaves and blood at the root,
Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze,
Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.*
*Pastoral–scene of the gallant south,
The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth,
Scent of magnolias, sweet and fresh,
Then the sudden smell of burning flesh.*
*Here is fruit for the crows to pluck,
For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck,
For the sun to rot, for the trees to drop,
Here is a strange and bitter crop.*
---
Jack Daws was born 1970 in Kentucky and now works in Seattle, Washington.
Reading the words of the white supremacists, I could never make sense of their hatred - their beliefs so anathema and abhorrent to my own. But I can "show" tolerance and compassion for them and their followers as fellow human beings. I can comment in a different language. I can be "with" but not "like." I can't negate, counter, erase or deny, but I can work with and "transform" their books and words into something that "speaks" differently.
Why 13 white supremacist books wearing 13 hand-knitted stocking caps?
God’s 13 Attributes of Mercy as written in the Torah are about forgiveness – how to emulate God's grace, compassion, and mercy. With fellow humans, act with patience, tolerance, assistance, empathy, insight, love, compassion, pity, integrity, kindness, truthfulness, mercy and understanding.
The word "knit" means
1. to form (a fabric or garment) from yarn or thread by using long needles;
2. to cause (things or people) to come together closely, to unite or combine;
3. to grow together (of a bone) to heal after being broken.
Knitting is a traditional craft practiced for thousands of years, a hand-to-hand connection to generations past. Making a utilitarian garment is a meaningful act that connects the knitter to the wearer in an intimate way. Using stocking caps, I allude to the innocent boys these men once were.
Jane Waggoner Deschner is a visual artist whose usual medium is the vernacular photograph. Facilitated by increasingly sophisticated digital technology and the age-old art of needle-in-hand, she explores new ways of perceiving these ubiquitous, but often overlooked, products of mass culture. Born in Pennsylvania, she grew up in Kansas and moved to Billings, Montana, over thirty years ago.
I have been creating sculptures inspired by political events since 1993. My artistic interests stem from a family tradition of political activism. This series of eight artworks is inspired by my Jewish heritage. I used torn, singed pages of the hate books as a backdrop for small sculptures that include photos of my aunts, uncles, and great-grandparents, four of whom immigrated to the United States before World War II and four of whom did not survive.
Philip
Raisel
Hilda
Ida
Sidney
Moishe
Sima
David
Jean Grosser is professor of art and chair of the art department at Coker College. Her artistic purpose is to give visual expression to issues of social and political conflict, which stem from a family tradition of political activism.
Hate is subtly passed on from generation to generation. The cookies represent how hate can be offered as a customary part of growing up. How it is implicit and made alluring as an integral part of "tradition."
This piece is meant to have an "Americana" look to it. The gingham cloth napkin and drawer lining in plaid with cherries are 1950s patterns that recollect the romantic notion of Generation in America. The cookies are made from Pillsbury Sugar Cookie dough, while the spatula and table are from a country kitchen. All these items helped me achieve a feeling of a generational narrative.
Being Latino and gay, I have experienced both the overt and subtle sides of hate. I think it is crucial for artists and arts organizations to talk of hate because – at least in my experience – many people don't know what to do about, or how to have a dialogue about, hate. Through art, we can help people make a meaningful conscious and subconscious connection about how hate permeates and exists in our lives.
...
Miguel Guillen, whose professional career includes program manager at Artist Trust and co-founder and volunteer Executive Director for La Sala, an organization that seeks to raise the profile of Latino/a artists working in Seattle and surrounding communities. Miguel was born in Mexico and raised in the Washington. He holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree from Seattle's Cornish College of the Arts and is a practicing visual artist.
This copyedit of a random page from the book *RAHOWA!* (an acronym for “racial holy war”) not only corrects standard grammar and usage, but makes editorial suggestions that soften the text’s inflammatory tone, substituting overtly racist terms with euphemistic phrases like “our culturally diverse friends.” In this way the text’s malignant content is made more “palatable.”
This exercise has broader implications in terms of the power of language to gloss over or promote repugnant ideas. By making rhetorical manipulations transparent, Gute’s work is a cautionary reminder that there is a fine line between modern-day PR spin and George Orwell’s admonition that “if thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought.”
...
Charles Gute is a New York-based artist and editor. He has been awarded artist fellowships from the San Francisco Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and has twice been a MacDowell Colony Fellow. His work has been in group and solo exhibitions all over the country. A hardcover monograph on Gute’s work, *Revisions and Queries*, was published by The Ice Plant, Los Angeles.
Valerie Hellermann
Helena, Montana
*Transmission*, 2007
Porcelain, photo decal
Many thousands of Tibetan Buddhist Rinpoches (religious monks and teachers) have suffered imprisonment and torture under the Chinese occupation of Tibet. Despite their great suffering they refuse to hate their enemy. With great compassion they transform their minds and accept their situation as a teaching example. Here they offer discourse to those who will listen:
*Live in joy, never hating those who hate us.*
*Live in freedom, without hatred, even among those who hate.*
*Joy consists not in returning hate for hate, but in refusing to be tainted by such a negative emotion.*
*This refusal gives us freedom from the burden of harmful feeling.*
...
It was upon moving from Westchester County, New York to Big Sky country Montana that Valerie Hellermann took her first ceramic class. From day one, the feel of clay in her hands and the instinctive shaping of mud into form was a new-found passion. Her work reflects her world travel experiences, Buddhism, and her work on issues of peace and social justice.
Tim Holmes
Helena, Montana
*Inert Projectiles*, 2007
Mixed media
“Inert projectiles” is exactly what these hate books feel like to me: pieces of ammunition devoid of good ideas, but are simply blunt objects lobbed at an enemy.
The metaphor of hate as ammunition seems perfect to me. The creator of these volumes of hatred was bent on fomenting a race war, and he thought the best way to make the result more poisonous was to turn his ideology into a “religion.”
It's ironic that he called this pogrom "Creativity," an idea whose openness, curiosity and hope is exactly the opposite of the violence that he endorses!
...
Tim Holmes’s work primarily focuses on the human form, on the gesture as expression of greater human themes: the struggle for freedom, horror at inner and outer evils, the ferocity of hopelessness, the tenderness of love. Holmes is the first American artist ever invited to exhibit solo at the world's largest art museum, the Hermitage in St. Petersburg, Russia, where his sculptures remain on permanent exhibit. He has created sculpture for some of the world's peacemaking organizations from the United Nations to the Chinese dissident students of Tiananmen Square. Archbishop Desmond Tutu, President Jimmy Carter, President Vaclav Havel, and Coretta Scott King are among Holmes' best-known collectors.
Marilyn Humphries
Boston, Massachusetts
*Recruitment Rally*, 1986
Silver halide print
On August 30, 1986, leaders of the Ku Klux Klan came to the Connecticut farm of Ed Thall, a self-professed patriot who appeared that day in the costume of an American Minuteman complete with tri-cornered hat. The occasion was billed as a recruitment rally and about fifty people picnicked peacefully in a field surrounded by Klansmen in traditional robes and paramilitary garb. Klan leaders from around the country vilified various ethnic and racial groups and urged attendees to join their organization.
Ringed around this field were twice as many observers: members of the press, protesters, and hundreds of state police. Near the end of the evening, Klansmen formed their ceremonial circle and lit a towering cross with burning torches.
The evening was for me distilled into this image of a boy, whose family attended the rally, being caught in the center of the Klansmen. It is my personal visual metaphor of the generational passage of prejudice and hate and the importance of addressing bigotry in every way we can.
Marilyn Humphries complements her photography work in the corporate and non-profit worlds with documentation of progressive social change movements in the Boston area. Her work focuses on the LGBT community, women’s issues, labor, and healthcare issues. Her photographs have appeared in *Bay Windows*, *The Boston Phoenix*, *Boston Spirit Magazine*, and *South End News*, as well as *Barron’s*, *MS Magazine*, *The New York Times*, *US News and World Report* and *Business Week*.
Lisa Jarrett
Portland, Oregon
*In Equality (Triptych)*, 2007
- *Anarchy in America*
- *Our Loud Unequal Society*
- *A Vast Shining Ocean*
Collaged book pages, graphite, ink, charcoal, and gouache on panel
Reading Ben Klassen's publications proved to be painfully illuminating. Creating these pieces has allowed me to reflect deeply on the hollow nature of hate in contemporary society. My personal experiences as a black woman in America do not afford me the luxury of pretending that overt racism, hate, injustice, and violence are dead. To the contrary, the color of my skin continues to impact my day-to-day existence.
The impetus for this installation is the cross-out poem, created by physically crossing out unwanted words and circling desired words from an existing text and thereby developing an original poem. The intrinsic transformative nature of this style of poetry becomes a potent tool when applied to Klassen's white supremacist writings.
While reading these works, haunting images of slavery were brought to mind. Images of women and men sentenced to death by hanging from trees were vivid. It seems fitting that the very ideas that are presented in Klassen's books should meet the same abrupt end. Indeed the words themselves should be hung.
...
Lisa Jarrett was born in 1977 in Morristown, New Jersey. Growing up as a Black American who moved with her family to various, often conflicting political climates in cities in Texas, Minnesota, and New York, the influences of her upbringing in a post-Civil Rights and increasingly so-called “post-racial” America are apparent in her work, which confronts ideas of racial difference and perceptions of racial equity. Jarrett’s work is typically centered upon deconstructing and reassembling her personal experiences as a Black woman in America into projects that ask viewers to consider their own roles in present-day race relations. Jarrett lives and works in Portland, Oregon, where she teaches at Portland State University. She exhibits nationally.
Robbie McClaran
Portland, Oregon
Timothy McVeigh, 1996-1997
Lambda print
April 19th, 2015
Today marks the 20th anniversary of the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City where 168 people, including 19 children, were killed. A year after the bombing, on the eve of my appointment to photograph Timothy McVeigh – who was later convicted of the crime – I visited the site and made these photographs.
The ruins of the building had been mostly removed. Memorials in the form of wooden crosses, made from splintered fragments left by the bombing, dotted the fence surrounding the site. Across the street, the ruins of another building destroyed by McVeigh’s bomb still stood.
It was said McVeigh was motivated by the events that took place two years earlier, also on April 19th, in 1993, when federal troops stormed the Branch Davidian compound where followers of David Koresh had been under siege by the FBI since February of that year. On that awful day 76 people were killed.
I also visited that site, trying to make some sense of what happened. The scenes were no less appalling than what I had seen in Oklahoma City. I left with no better understanding of how something like that can happen in a supposed civil society.
The day I photographed McVeigh left me even more baffled and saddened. I found him to be intelligent and upbeat and utterly remorseless. I’ve long been an opponent of the death penalty, but I shed no tears for Timothy McVeigh when he was executed in 2001.
These events twenty and more years ago share striking and frightening parallels to events happening today. Heavily armed anti-government militias continue to attract more followers, while police continue to kill unarmed citizens at a terrifying rate, and quell protesters with military-grade weaponry.
And each year I hold my breath on April 19th, praying something terrible won’t happen again.
...
Robbie McClaran is a freelance photographer based in Portland Oregon whose work appears in magazines all over the place.
Shelly Murney and Marc Morris
Port Townsend, Washington
*The Veil of Hate*, 2007
Digital photography
*The Veil of Hate* was originally a series of 40 digital prints, arranged in a grid. The artists combine text from *The White Man’s Bible* with portraits of individuals opposed to its racist, anti-Semitic, speciesist, misogynist messages.
Murney and Morris see the text as a societal veil. A veil is that which obscures, hides, or disguises something. The texts published by the World Church of the Creator form an oppressive veil the artists deconstruct through digital media. By looking at the text, enlarging it, and viewing it as a veil, we – as a society – can begin to overcome the hate that is inspired by these words.
The strength of the piece is the unity and power expressed through the gaze. Each person was asked to confront the camera while considering a quote from the *The White Man’s Bible*. As a group, the portraits overpower the hateful message conveyed in the text, unifying to tear down the oppression found in the words.
...
Shelly Murney is an instructional designer, educator and photographer, who exhibits her work nationally. Murney earned her MFA in photography from University of Montana, and uses her camera to document her life and experiences.
Marc Morris struggles between what is beautiful and what is right. Like all artists, he is concerned with beauty but also feels a larger obligation to draw attention to the areas in society that others either don’t notice or choose not to see. Morris has created works in a variety of media, from printmaking to sculpture, but focuses primarily on photography.
Ryan Sarah Murphy
New York, New York
*Take Heed and Tremble*, 2007
Mixed media
This piece pairs the torn pages of *The White Man’s Bible* with 12-inch wooden skewers. Most of the text from this racist literature is obscured as each page is tightly bound and glued in place. The skewers are painted red and white and bundled together, suggesting a dangerous cluster of bottle rockets. What’s missing is any indication of a fuse. These factitious explosives are rendered mute – inert and ineffective.
---
Ryan Sarah Murphy was born in Rutland, VT and currently lives and works in New York, New York. She received her BFA from the School of Visual Arts in 2001. Her work has been shown in gallery and museum exhibitions in New York and around the US. “I make sculptural collages from found cardboard and construct objects made of discarded remnants. I am driven by process and repetition (collecting, sorting, sectioning, deconstructing). My work deals with issues of containment, identity, landscape and the boundaries between the private and the public self.”
Richard Notkin
Vaugh, Washington
*This is What You Were Born For (After Goya)*, 2006
Terracotta
We have stumbled into the 21st Century with the advanced technologies of "Star Wars" and the emotional maturity of cavemen.
If we can't find more creative solutions to solving worldwide social and political problems than sending young men and women to shred and incinerate one another's flesh with weapons of ever increasing efficiency, we will not survive to celebrate the passage into the 22nd century. We must learn that the myriad problems of human civilization and our fragile planet are far too complex to be solved by means of explosive devices.
For over forty years, my art has examined issues of militarism and war, and the evils of nuclear weaponry. Do we really sleep more soundly at night with the knowledge that we can incinerate – many times over – the families of our supposed enemies?
...
Richard Notkin is a full-time studio artist who lives and works in Helena, Montana. He received a BFA from the Kansas City Art Institute in 1970, and an MFA from the University of California, Davis in 1973. Mr. Notkin has worked mainly in ceramics for more than four decades, averaging over one solo exhibition per year. His work is in numerous public and private collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the Shigaraki Ceramic Cultural Park, Japan. He has held visiting artist positions and conducted over 250 workshops throughout the world. Among his awards, Richard has received three fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, as well as fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and the Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation.
A rare opportunity for transformation arose in Montana in 2004. A defecting leader of the “Creativity Movement” – one of the most virulent white supremacist hate groups in the nation – presented the Montana Human Rights Network with 4000 volumes of their “bibles,” books promoting extreme anti-Semitic, anti-Christian, racist ideologies.
In partnership with the Network, the Holter Museum of Art in Helena, Montana invited artists across the country to respond to, integrate, or transform the books in provocative ways.
This short film by Matt O'Connor explores ideas stimulated by the artists who responded to and transformed this difficult material into art. The *Speaking Volumes | Transforming Hate* exhibition opened in 2008 at the Holter Museum of Art in Helena, Montana, then toured the state for two years.
In the film, high school students, an artist, a human rights researcher, and the exhibition curator engage in civic dialogue about how we respond to discrimination, racism, and prejudice through the power of creative expression and honest conversation.
Viewed as a conversation-starter, the film encourages people to communicate their own ideas, perhaps through dialogue or artistic creation. In the words of W.E.B. Du Bois, "Begin with art, because art tries to take us outside ourselves. It is a matter of trying to create an atmosphere and context so conversation can flow back and forth and we can be influenced by each other."
Matt O'Connor is a documentary film maker and producer whose films have been screened internationally. He graduated from Montana State University with majors in film and photography.
Ellen Ornitz
Manhattan, Montana
*Study of Falling Hands #4*, 2007
Ceramic, concrete
It is said that no transformation of consciousness can occur without perpetrator(s) feeling true empathy for the victim. Recovery and/or enlightenment are impossible without this compassion. My interest is in revealing the victim's experience. Intuitively and aesthetically, I am drawn to the historic stigmata image, which is ironic considering my Jewish origin.
...
Ellen Ornitz works with a mixture of sculpture and collage, and is inspired by the human body. “I saw an exhibit on Pompeii and I was so moved by it,” she says, “the idea of the last gesture of one person on earth, forever.” Formerly the director of visual arts at the Emerson Center for Arts & Culture, Ornitz is now an independent curator and artist.
Faith Ringgold
Englewood, New Jersey
*Hate is a Sin Flag*, 2007
*Hate is a Sin Fem Fable*, 2007
Acrylic on paper
Can we adequately examine the impact of white supremacy without addressing institutionalized racism? Who controls the institutions that create policy, educational curriculum, and opportunities for creative expression?
In 1968, as Faith Ringgold distributed leaflets outside the Whitney Museum in Manhattan protesting the exclusion of African Americans from major museum exhibitions, she was called "nigger" for the first time in her life. For this exhibition, Ringgold designed a flag based on the Confederate "Southern Cross," upon which she wrote the story of experience in New York, and supported it with a creation fable.
Fifty years later, we might still ask, "Who decides what is exhibited, presented, broadcasted, and published?" What might we learn if we were to explore our relationships with privilege, disproportionate poverty, and responsibility for democracy? Our national values celebrate equality and respect for diversity. Are there conversations that can be cathartic for Americans who wish to achieve realization of these ideals?
...
Faith Ringgold began her artistic career more than 35 years ago as a painter. Today, she is best known for her painted story quilts and has exhibited in major museums in the USA, Europe, South America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Her work is in the permanent collection of many museums including the Studio Museum in Harlem, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the Metropolitan Museum, and the Museum of Modern Art. Her first book, *Tar Beach*, was a Caldecott Honor Book and winner of the Coretta Scott King Award for Illustration, among numerous other honors. She has received more than 75 awards, fellowships, citations and honors for her artwork.
Every evil dictator worth his salt has a sweet ride. Adolf Hitler was no exception.
In 2009, a Russian gazillionaire bought Hitler’s ride, a bulletproof Mercedes-Benz 770K sedan, for $8.3 million. $8.3 million is a lot of money for a Hitlermobile.
Have you driven a bulletproof Hitlermobile lately?
...
Jim Riswold harpoons modern icons of the art world – Damien Hirst, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, etc. – while simultaneously biting the hand that feeds, producing work that is “beautifully sleek and distinctively commercial.”
Heinrich Himmler, head of the *Schutzstaffel* (SS) paramilitary force in Nazi Germany, once said:
*One basic principle must be the absolute rule for the SS men – we must be honest, decent, loyal, and comradely to members of our own blood and nobody else.*
*What happens to a Russian or to a Czech does not interest me in the slightest. What the nations can offer in the way of good blood of our type we will take, if necessary by kidnapping their children and raising them here with us.*
*Whether nations live in prosperity or starve to death interests me only so far as we need them as slaves for our culture; otherwise, it is of no interest to me. Whether 10,000 Russian females fall down from exhaustion while digging an antitank ditch interests me only so far as the antitank ditch for Germany is finished.*
...
Jim Riswold harpoons modern icons of the art world – Damien Hirst, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, etc. – while simultaneously biting the hand that feeds, producing work that is "beautifully sleek and distinctively commercial."
As a legally blind, Jewish visual artist, I was immediately, personally drawn to the concept of the *Speaking Volumes* exhibition. A life-long painter, I became increasingly inspired by what I could hear, remember and imagine as I lost my sight. Thus, many of my paintings are weavings of words.
In *Dialogue: Star*, I collaged pages from books by Ben Klassen, which espouse racist and anti-Semitic views. I then highlighted painted words from the original texts over the pages to form an alternate positive statement, allowing the viewer to create his/her own poetry. By adding the Star of David, I believe this symbol carries enough positive charge to negate the malignant words.
Reading the Klassen books, I was struck by how much of the writing was repetitive, garbled, nonsense. Therefore, I didn't worry about visually losing some of his words (although I did not deliberately edit). As I worked, I became engrossed in the aesthetic as much as the rhetorical aspect of the work.
I feel that this form of dialogue is particularly appropriate to Jewish culture, which is based on the "word" and interpretation and discussion of texts.
...
Barbara Romain is a visual, performing and teaching artist who earned a BFA from the Philadelphia College of Art (now University of the Arts) and an MFA from Otis College of Art and Design in Los Angeles. Her award-winning paintings are widely exhibited and she is the recipient of Artist in Residence awards from the City of Los Angeles Department of cultural Affairs and the California Arts Council, as well as a Teaching Artist Fellowship from VSA Arts in Washington, DC. Diagnosed with a retinal degenerative disease in 1984, Romain is legally blind.
Scott Schuldт
Milford, Connecticut
*Unbound*, 2007
Beadwork, printed canvas, linen
Her name is Laura Nelson. She was a daughter, wife, and mother. She was lynched with her 14-year-old son by a mob from a bridge in Okema, Oklahoma in 1911. She should be remembered.
The central image of this piece is a detail from a postcard that showed families (including children) from the nearby town posing on the bridge with Laura and her son hanging below.
At one time, samplers were an important educational exercise for young girls. Vintage samplers combined valuable lessons in needlecraft with art, poetry, and schoolwork. Samplers were also used to commemorate births, marriages, deaths, and other significant events in a person's life. I used a sampler as a device to touch on racial hatred as a learned trait.
Our country has made some strides against racial and social hatred, but most would agree that we fall far short of where we would like to be.
This work became a mourning sampler, an emotional reach to one's heart where lies the only lasting solution to hatred. The mourning is not only for Laura Nelson, but also for everyone, as we all suffer when we live with hate.
...
Scott Schuldт works in hand-sewn beadwork, mixed media, video and whatever else is necessary to get the job done.
Clarissa Sligh
Asheville, North Carolina
*Red-Crown Crane, 2007*
Digital photography
When asked to create an artwork that would incorporate, respond to, or transform white supremacist books, I felt that it was an invitation that I, as an African American artist, could not turn down.
Struggling to deal with seeing and handling the books, a memory came to me of having seen thousands of origami cranes while visiting the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park in Japan. Origami cranes had become symbols of peace.
I learned to turn the pages of the books into origami cranes. My fingers were stiff and clumsy. My folds were irregular, imprecise, but I continued folding.
...
When Clarissa Thompson Sligh was 15 years old she became the lead plaintiff in the 1955 school desegregation case in Virginia (Clarissa Thompson et. al. vs. Arlington County School Board). From that moment forward, her work as a student and as a professional – first in math/science working for NASA, later in business, and finally, in the arts – has taken into account change, transformation, and complication: themes that related to her experiences fostering social justice. Sligh was born in Washington, D.C., raised in Arlington, Virginia, and was a faculty member at New York University and the University of Pennsylvania. She is currently lives and works in Asheville, North Carolina.
This installation was inspired by Jane Elliott’s historic “Blue Eyes, Brown Eyes” experiment, begun the day after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968, to teach her third-graders what it means to experience bigotry.
Elliott told her students that people with blue eyes are inferior to those with brown eyes, thus exposing them to the experience of being a minority and suffering discrimination. By choosing blue as the inferior eye color, Elliot proved that even an attribute considered positive and beautiful – as blue eyes often are in western culture – could be used as a marker to elicit hate. Elliot’s experiment demonstrated that discrimination is a learned behavior, a social construct, and that racism must be taught and reinforced in order to exist.
In this installation, subjects in blue-eyed glasses are arranged opposite portraits of people in brown-eyed glasses. The artists deliberately chose the same people to wear both blue and brown glasses to demonstrate that race is a socially constructed category, and that discrimination, also constructed, can be unlearned.
Jaune Quick-to-See Smith is one of today’s most acclaimed American Indian artists and collaborated with her son on this installation. Smith has had over 100 solo exhibits in the past 35 years and has done printmaking projects nationwide. Over that same time, she has organized and/or curated over 30 Native exhibitions, lectured at more than 185 universities, museums and conferences internationally, most recently at 5 universities in China. Smith has completed several collaborative public art works such as the floor design in the Great Hall of the new Denver Airport; an in-situ sculpture piece in Yerba Buena Park, San Francisco and a mile-long sidewalk history trail in West Seattle.
A 1992 event was the genesis this project. I was a third grade teacher in rural Montana. An incident happened in the classroom where I turned a misbehaving child around in his seat. This child, at that moment, perceived that he had been "inappropriately touched in a sexual manner." Reporting the incident to the bus driver, this allegation eventually led to an investigation by the school district into whether these charges were indeed true.
This was exasperated by the "perception" in the school and community that I was gay. As a life-long heterosexual male, I knew the charges and incident were totally fabricated and without merit. Even though all allegations were eventually dismissed, I was told that the perception (that I was gay) was just as harmful as being gay, and it was in my best interests to work diligently to change that perception.
This was my first experience encountering discrimination and bigotry in the Montana Public Schools. This project is an attempt to focus on much of the bigotry I encountered in my job as a schoolteacher over the years. I find it sad that colleagues in my school system still keep their sexual orientation secret for fear of retribution from staff, parents, and students.
Students from Helena High School who participated in this project, and whose work is a part of this book, include: Metta Hallian, Rachael Jones, Katrina Fisher, Lindsey Redmond, Sara Gonzales, and Aaron West. Teachers include myself, Angie Susag, and anonymous individuals who fear having their names publicly associated with this project.
Tim Speyer has spent 30 of the last 40 years of his life in various aspects of childhood education. The last 12 years he has had the privilege of teaching art in the public schools at the middle school level. Most often, his own work consists of cloth mache creatures, multimedia boxes, stone carvings, and handbuilt ceramics.
This piece was done with the entire population of the C.W. Henry Public K-8 School in Philadelphia. I wanted to work with children on this project because we must begin teaching values of tolerance and compassion as early as possible. Intolerance is like a weed in an unattended garden: its roots will take over and choke out more nourishing and beautiful plants.
Daily we witness evidence of the early roots of violence and greed – bullying, gossip, name-calling, and exclusionary behaviors in school-yards and playgrounds, as children imitate what goes on in the media, on the streets, and in their homes.
For this project, each teacher read to their class the story of *A Thousand Cranes* by Sadako Sasaki. The hate books were unbound and cut into squares. The children decorated the trimmed pages using Crayola markers called "Changeables." Their designs incorporated words about behaviors they were willing to change and their wishes for the world. Then we folded the squares into more than a thousand origami cranes. While the children were working, we did not shy away from their questions about text they read on the pages, and engaged them in discussions about the troubling material.
Sara Steele was born in Illinois. She travels extensively, but her home base has been in Philadelphia since 1959. Her work is in nearly 200 collections and has been exhibited throughout the United States and in Europe. An activist as well as an artist, Steele works in the areas of ecology and climate change, women's issues, peace and social justice, and domestic violence prevention. Her pieces are often used to promote and raise funds for organizations working on these causes.
This painting responds to the enthusiastic participation of over 500 students at the C.W. Henry K-8 School in Philadelphia in creating their gorgeous origami cranes.
It begins in the black and white thinking of hatred and the suggestion of ashes – which I associate with grief – and evolves through geometric forms into fluid shapes representing diversity and flexibility of thought.
Violence, greed, and hatred are black and white. Through education, thinking can evolve to support peace and diversity.
...
Sara Steele was born in Illinois. She travels extensively, but her home base has been in Philadelphia since 1959. Her work is in nearly 200 collections and has been exhibited throughout the United States and in Europe. An activist as well as an artist, Steele works in the areas of ecology and climate change, women's issues, peace and social justice, and domestic violence prevention. Her pieces are often used to promote and raise funds for organizations working on these causes.
Valetta
Westtown, Pennsylvania
*Poison Pens & Love Potions*, 2006-2007
Fabric, wood
The orientation of this piece is the destruction of the Creativity Movement’s “bible” and its reconstruction in words and images that heal and enlighten.
Words have the power to harm, to soothe, or to be neutral. Sometimes the same word can have diametrical meanings depending on the context and/or pronunciation. Consider the following examples:
- your mother as opposed to your mothra
- arms versus arms (come into my arms – the soldiers took up arms)
- atomic as in particle – purely scientific, or cloud – evoking a menacing aftermath or bomb – violent, destructive
- mean as in definition or mean as in contemptible and nasty
Art has the power to engage the viewer, to portray the artist’s personal and unique version of the truth, to transform the ordinary or even hateful, and to leave an indelible mark on society.
Valetta is a graduate of the Pratt Institute, New York, and has done graduate work at Tyler School of Art and the University of Pennsylvania. She has been included in numerous juried and group shows across the United States and Europe where she has won top prizes for her work. She has had solo shows throughout the Delaware Valley. Valetta maintains a working studio and is director of the Regional Center for Women in the Arts in West Chester, Pennsylvania.
Cathy Weber
Dillon, Montana
*Racial Holy War*, 2007
Oil on paper
This piece is the book *Racial Holy War* emptied of its contents, turned on its side, and spilling forth images of the blood and tears that are the human cost of hatred and injustice.
For me, the power of the *Speaking Volumes* project is rooted in the impact of books as both conveyers of ideas and as iconic objects. The volumes we have transformed were conceived and published in the service of the most base of human impulses: fear, violence, hatred, cultural isolation, and racial superiority.
As an artist, the opportunity to derail the evil intentions of the original authors, to remake these books in service of our better possibilities, was a thrilling and empowering experience. Much of my motivation for making art comes from a feeling of urgency to make things of beauty in response to war, injustice, greed and violence. Making images of common simple objects gives me comfort and hope for weathering the human condition.
...
Cathy Weber grew up in the Midwestern U.S., studied at the Herron School of Art and Indiana University, and later completed a formal painting apprenticeship in Mexico City. In 1981 she moved to Dillon, Montana, where she maintains a studio in the historic downtown. Weber makes oil paintings, artist's books, watercolors and ceramic objects. | b3cca85f-1512-44cc-8065-f36b35e652cd | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.utahhumanities.org/images/SpecialProjects/docs/Artist-Statements-and-Biographies.v2.pdf | 2021-11-27T00:09:35+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358074.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20211126224056-20211127014056-00612.warc.gz | 1,134,407,554 | 9,994 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998053 | eng_Latn | 0.998411 | [
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Time available for students to complete test: 50 minutes
Use 2B or HB pencil only
1. Ben folds a piece of paper in half and cuts out an arrow.
What does the paper look like when he unfolds it?
2. Which number is four thousand and seventy-six?
3. Which pair of scissors has its blades opened to the largest angle?
4. This solid stack was made using identical cubes.
How many cubes are in the stack?
15 21 23 30
5. Erin has shaded boxes in a counting pattern starting at 4.
What is the next number Erin should shade in this pattern?
34 36 38 40
6. Miro used all five of these blocks to make a building.
Which one of these buildings did he build?
7. The shaded area on this grid, in square units, is closest to
18 24 28 36
8. Leena asked 100 students how many hours of television they watched in one week. This table shows her results.
| TELEVISION WATCHED | 10 hours or less | More than 10 hours | Total |
|--------------------|------------------|--------------------|-------|
| Males | 12 | 28 | 40 |
| Females | 38 | 22 | 60 |
| Total | 50 | 50 | 100 |
How many female students watched television for 10 hours or less?
22 38 50 60
9. What is the next number in this pattern?
810 + 100 = 910 + 100 =
Write your answer in the box.
10 A square-based pyramid and a cube have been glued together.
How many faces does the new object have?
4 8 9 11
11 $5427 \div 9 =$
63 603 630 6003
12 Anna glued four cubes together to make this object. She coloured two circles on her object.
Anna then moved her object.
Which one of these is Anna’s object?
13 Sue has $2.25. She needs 35 cents more to buy this drink.
How much does the drink cost? $ \_\_\_\_\_
14 This picture shows a paperclip between two dice on a ruler.
What is the length of the paperclip?
- 18 mm
- 20 mm
- 23 mm
- 41 mm
15 This photo was taken at 5:15 pm.
Which clock shows when the photo was taken?
16 A bag of 3 apples costs $2.00.
What is the largest number of apples that can be bought for $10.00?
5 6 15 20
17 This graph shows the number of animals on a farm.
Which statement is true?
- There are more goats than cows.
- There are more horses than cows.
- There are fewer sheep than goats.
- There are fewer sheep than horses.
18 Lee takes one ball out of his bucket without looking. It is very likely, but not certain, that he will get a black ball.
Which is Lee’s bucket?
19. The arrow is pointing South-East.
Nikita turns the arrow a quarter-turn clockwise.
Which direction is the arrow pointing after the turn?
South-West South-East South North-East
20. What is the missing number?
\[4 \times \square = 8 \times 3\]
21. What is the best way to estimate the total cost of these three objects?
$40 + $20 + $90
$40 + $20 + $100
$40 + $30 + $90
$40 + $30 + $100
22. Which flag has exactly two lines of symmetry?
23. Which number is greater than 0.08?
- 0.1
- 0.009
- 0.07
- 0.0089
24. What is the perimeter of this shape?
- 34 cm
- 36 cm
- 46 cm
- 74 cm
25 Here is the plan of a room.
The distance in the room from the Lamp to the TV is closest to
3.5 cm 35 cm 3.5 m 35 m
26 Lin divided 342 by a number.
She got 34.2 as the answer.
What number did Lin divide by?
27 Which arrow is closest to 0.35 on this number line?
A B C D
This is a movie program.
| Movie | Start time | Length |
|----------------|------------------|----------------|
| Blue Sky | 10:00 am, 12:30 pm, 3:30 pm | 1 hour 37 mins |
| Fuzzy Dog | 3:00 pm, 7:00 pm | 2 hours |
| The King | 11:00 am, 2:15 pm, 6:00 pm | 1 hour 40 mins |
| Kids at School | 2:05 pm, 5:00 pm | 2 hours 30 mins|
Gina arrives at the movie theatre at 2:00 pm. Her mother will pick her up at 4:00 pm.
Which movie could Gina watch from start to finish?
Blue Sky Fuzzy Dog The King Kids at School
This picture shows how much juice Aki poured into an empty jug from a full 1 litre carton.
The amount of juice left in the carton is closest to
175 mL 325 mL 675 mL 825 mL
30 Miki turned these stamps over and mixed them up.
He selects one at random.
What is the chance of Miki selecting a 5c stamp?
1 out of 4
1 out of 5
2 out of 5
4 out of 6
31 This grid shows the position of three towns.
The shortest distance between Warrabri and Genoa is 24 km.
What is the shortest distance between Warrabri and Hillvale?
6 km
12 km
18 km
20 km
32 Which one of these shapes is a hexagon?
33 This net is folded to make the cube.
Which shape is missing from the top face of the cube?
34 Write one number in each blank box to make this number sentence true.
\[ 2 \square 7 + 6 \square = 302 \]
35 What is the largest even number that can be made using only three of these cards? Write your answer on the blank cards.
36 This pie graph shows the suburbs where a total of 600 students live.
About how many students live in Scanlon?
25 50 75 100
37 This shape was made using 12 tiles.
What fraction of the tiles in the shape is black?
$\frac{4}{8}$ $\frac{1}{3}$ $\frac{1}{4}$ $\frac{1}{8}$
38 This picture shows the position of three bus stops on the road leading to a school.
Bus Stop B is exactly halfway between Bus Stop A and Bus Stop C.
Not to scale
School
$1.8 \text{ km}$ $3.2 \text{ km}$
What is the distance between the School and Bus Stop B?
km
39 The number 53.07 is equal to
- 5 tens + 3 ones + 7 tenths.
- 5 tens + 3 ones + 7 hundredths.
- 5 hundreds + 3 tens + 7 tenths.
- 5 thousands + 3 hundreds + 7 ones.
40 This object was made using identical cubes.
This is a drawing of the view from the front.
Which drawing shows the view from the right side?
P1 How many dolphins are shown on this card?
3 4 5 6
P2 $6 + 4 =$
P3 What is the length of this toy car to the nearest centimetre (cm)?
[Diagram of a ruler showing a car]
P4 How many fish and crabs are shown on this card?
[Diagram of fish and crabs]
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22) 抱膝前屈式
Fold Knee to Chest Pose
如臥式，雙手環抱雙膝，將膝靠近胸臍拉近，收下巴。
讓腹部前壁發熱自然呼吸。
Lying on the ground, hold the knees with both arms. Hug the knees close to the chest. Chin to the chest, keep breathing.
23) 大休息
Complete Relaxation Pose
先從仰臥式開始，然後轉換到大休息式約45度位置。手平放向
兩腿輕輕分開，令頭靠枕頭，閉上眼睛，令身體處於
完全放鬆狀態，保持自然呼吸。
Lying on the ground, relax arms on both sides with 45 degrees to the body. Keep the eyes closed, close leg, close the eyes, relax the whole body and keep normal breathing.
1) 雙腿坐姿呼吸
Easy Seated Pose
交叉雙腿坐在地上。保持挺直脊背，下巴，下顎
和心臟保持對齊。輕鬆地輕輕閉上。用鼻子換換氣
保持呼吸。
Sit on the ground with crossed legs. Keep the back, straight and relax the shoulders, chin to the chest, close the eyes with 10 breathings through the nose.
2) 腰部伸展式 1
Back Release Pose 1
坐姿，挺直脊背，雙手合掌向上伸展，超過
頭頂，保持呼吸。頭部向後仰，看向後方。
Sitting on the ground, back straight, lift arms and touch the palms together above the head. Lift the head to look at the hands.
3) 腰部伸展式 2
Neck Release Pose 2
低頭，下巴靠近前胸。
Chin to the chest. Look down. Keep breathing. Turn to the other side and repeat.
4) 肩膀拉伸式 (左/右)
Shoulder Stretch Pose (L/R)
雙手由身側向前上伸展，右手放在左手肘上，頭轉向左
頸。頭方向後推右手肘，保持呼吸。重複另一邊。
Stretch arms upwards, right hand holds the left elbow, look to the left shoulder. Push the right elbow backward. Keep breathing. Turn to the other side and repeat.
5) 坐姿簡單單腿式 (左/右)
Seated Simple Twist Pose (L/R)
坐姿，挺直脊背，將手放在左膝蓋上，身體向左
方向轉動，雙臂向後方伸展，保持呼吸。
Twist to the left side, right the left knee, look forward. Turn to the other side and repeat.
6) 腿部拉伸式 (左/右)
Leg Stretch Pose (L/R)
雙腳並攏，分開雙腿與臀部相約闊度，膝關節
地，雙手放於身體側方的地面上，頭輕靠雙腿。
Knees on the ground and separate as wide as the hip. Lower the head to the floor. Hands stretch forward, keep breathing.
7) 山式
Mountain pose
全腳掌著地站穩，雙手合十置
胸前，自然呼吸。
Stand on the feet, put your hands in prayer position in front of the chest, breathing.
8) 伸展山式
Extended Mountain Pose
雙腳並攏，分開雙腿與臀部相約闊度，膝關節
地，雙手放於身體側方的地面上，頭輕靠雙腿。
Exhale, bend forward with straight legs. Hands to the ground and fingers to the floor. Keep breathing.
9) 童子式
Child Pose
跪著，雙手放在臀部後方，雙手放在
雙腳趾間，雙手放在身體側方的地面上，
頭輕靠雙腿，深呼吸。
Kneel on the floor, place hands behind the hips. Place hands on the sides of the body and push up.
10) 前屈式
Forward Fold Pose
雙手放於身體側方的地面上，頭輕靠雙腿，保持呼吸。
Hands on the ground with fingers spread open. Take left leg backward and then right leg backward to a plank pose. Straight legs, keep the back and the hips in a line.
#FitMind雙腿一英寸雙叉（瑜伽雙腿）
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Having Fun, Staying Safe
• HAVE A BUDDY when playing around the neighborhood or walking to the bus, always try to stay with a friend.
• NEVER TALK TO STRANGERS and if an adult approaches you and asks for help, find someone you trust to help them.
• MAKE A PLAN and tell your parents where you’re going and always tell them if plans change.
• KNOW YOUR INFO which includes your name, address, and phone number in case you ever need it.
• ALWAYS REMEMBER teachers, parents, and law enforcement officers are here to help you. Get to know their full names and phone numbers.
Search
Ask parents to search for sex offenders in your area.
Register
Ask parents to sign up for automatic email alerts.
Find
Look for safety tips and learn to recognize warning signs.
www.SheriffAlerts.com
Sheriff’s Safety Pledge
I ___________________ pledge to have fun and stay safe. I will not talk to strangers or take rides from them. I will make plans and call if those plans change. I will always use the buddy system when playing around the neighborhood or walking to the bus. I pledge to be safe and talk to my parents about ways to stay safe.
__________________________________________ _______________________________________
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Technology and Literacy Education in the Next Century: Exploring the Connection Between Work and Schooling
Linda D. Labbo and David Reinking
Michael C. McKenna
For over 10 generations in America, a traditional concept of literacy as the ability to read and write print on a page has dominated schooling and adequately served the literacy demands of the society and of the workplace (Venezky, Wagner, & Ciliberti, 1991). In this not-so-distant past, during industrial and print-based economic eras, students learned functional uses of literacy and a body of knowledge that directly applied to workplace positions and stable workplace affiliations that they were likely to experience throughout their lives (Papert, 1993). However, in the emerging digital economic era, spurred by the recent proliferation of...
technology tools and resources in the form of affordable desktop computers, an accessible Internet, and user-friendly multitask and multimedia software (Gilster, 1997; Tapscott, 1998), traditional concepts of what it means to be and to become literate are being challenged.
Mikulecky and Kirkley (1998) noted that changing marketplace literacy requirements create new demands for communicating, gathering information, solving daily work-related problems, participating in a global economy, and monitoring performance. For example, they noted that there is a trend for more employee involvement in job-related decision making that requires abilities to gather and analyze digital information to set goals, supervise development, make adjustments, and set policies. In this new knowledge-based digital economy, the workplace requires an enhancement of old skills, development of new skills, and understanding of new digital forms of literacy.
Many university students' basic literacy experiences are also being transformed by the availability of computers. Students at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and University of California, Los Angeles live in dorms that are equipped with Internet connections and may use computers by their bedsides to register for coursework, write electronic notes to peers, access references from an online library, seek out sources for term papers, or turn in class assignments (Reinking, Labbo, & McKenna, 1997). It is expected that students who enter into such computer-enriched environments are digitally fluent, possess the ability to quickly acquire digital literacy, or will avail themselves of resources provided by universities (e.g., computer labs, coursework, workshops, computer mentors) that will support their digital fluency.
Because computers in homes now equip families to arrange for digital shopping, travel services, studying, mail services, chatting, spiritual counseling, banking, paying of taxes, and, perhaps in the not-too-distant future, digital voting, notions of functional personal literacy are also changing (Reinking, 1994). The following two examples related to travel and broadcasting exemplify these trends. By the close of 1998, it is predicted that 75 million adults will use the Internet to research travel destinations and arrange bookings (Bly, 1997). In addition, one of the unique features of digital life at home or at work is the ability to personalize and instantly receive tailored information on demand (Negroponte, 1995). This might ultimately result in the demise of prime-time media broadcasts or academic conferences as consumers demand to access the information, whether it is a sporting event, a news event, a teaching demonstration, or a scholarly speech, whenever they wish to see it. Even though this capability is available via the use of video recorders, the crucial differences will lie in a person's ability to avoid programming a VCR to capture a televised broadcast; to have access to forms of data that are not currently archived; and to easily request multiple data sources including all or portions of a broadcast, supplementary commentaries, statistical information, and a variety of other data sources connected to their interests. Just as print on the page is being transformed to electronic or digital data on a screen, traditional notions of personal literacy and workplace applications of literacy are also being transformed.
As digital literacy continues to take root and flourish in workplaces, in universities, and in homes, it is imperative that it also take root and flourish in primary and intermediate grade classrooms. We believe that this is not an unrealistic expectation in light of the fact that over the last 10 years computers have become more pervasive in elementary and kindergarten classrooms (Becker, 1991; Market Data Retrieval, 1987). Current statistics indicate that 90% of K-6 teachers use computers with students and that 52% have at least two computers in their rooms; however, reports as to how time on the computer is used weekly indicate that 2.9 hr are devoted to educational games and 3.4 hr are devoted to drill-and-practice software (Carey & Worthington, 1997). These statistics indicate that even though computers are present in classrooms, they are not currently transforming educational practice or traditional notions of literacy.
To provide a medical analogy, this situation seems to parallel a doctor who performs delicate eye surgery with a scalpel and uses an expensive laser instrument, one with the capacity to transform the surgical process, merely to cut bandages. In other words, because practitioners continue to approach their work in traditional ways that reflect their training, they tend to use new tools in old ways. Nevertheless, we maintain that computer-based activities will become critical components of classroom learning cultures, that teachers who have the necessary equipment and support will embrace transformed educational practice, and that traditional notions of reading and writing will inevitably expand to include electronic or digital literacy. Indeed, teachers originated, designed, and carried out many of the technological innovations we share in this article.
During the ensuing decades, the importance of aligning digital literacy instruction in the classroom with its eventual applications in the larger society will become ever more imperative. Educators must be aware of key concepts reflecting developing trends and practical applications for this to occur. Our purpose in this article is threefold. First, we provide a brief discussion of the unique features of digital text. Second, we identify key concepts about digital literacy as those concepts relate to technological trends in the workplace. Third, we describe a select set of innovative instructional uses of technology that have the potential to transform digital literacy education.
Unique Features of Digital Text
The term *digital* refers to electronic representations of alphabetic and graphic information using binary code. This coding enables computers to transmit and transform text and pictures quickly and fluidly, presenting individuals with situations for which there is little precedent. In this section, we draw from Reinking’s (1994) work in briefly describing the following distinctions of the structure and symbolic elements of digitized text and the interaction between reader and digitized text.
*The Structure and Symbolic Elements of Digitized Text*
One of the most promising and unique features of some electronic texts relates to the format of hypertext and multimedia programs. Hypertext—electronic documents structured as nonsequential or nonlinear clusters of information—includes a set of electronic tools for flexible navigation through a database connected by a semantic network (Bolter, 1991). Readers of hypertext must learn how to construct meaning as they use the various tools of hypertext to read or compose. Multimedia programs creatively integrate various symbolic forms of digital data such as text, images, icons, video clips, sound, music, and animation.
*The Interaction Between Reader and Digitized Text*
Printed texts, in the form of classroom reading materials, are static and unmalleable once they are printed. Many students and educators view the act of reading traditional text as one of understanding and reconstructing meaning from the print in a linear fashion. Although some reading theories account for active reader involvement in applying prior knowledge to comprehending printed passages, Reinking (1994) pointed out that readers cannot literally converse with the text. On the other hand, electronic texts can be programmed to take on attributes of a dialogue and result in a literal text–reader interaction (Daniel & Reinking, 1987; Duchastel, 1988; Reinking, 1987). Thus, the text as it appears on the screen can be altered in direct response to input or manipulation of data sources by the reader.
**Key Concepts of Digital Literacy**
Based broadly on the body of research and opinion presently available concerning the impact of technology on literacy, we identify five key concepts about digital literacy as those concepts relate to technological trends in the workplace. In sharing each of the following five concepts, we also provide statements about the responsibility of educators to provide occasions for students to develop associated thinking processes, insights, and skills. We acknowledge that in many instances the concepts we note have their roots in traditional notions of literacy; however, we contend that unique features of the digital domain require an elaboration of basic concepts. We believe that digital literacy (a) requires the ability to be a lifelong learner, (b) often occurs in the pursuit of other goals, (c) occurs in social contexts, (d) requires strategic competencies, and (e) requires critical knowledge assembly and production.
**Key Concept 1: Digital Literacy Requires the Ability to Be a Lifelong Learner**
There can be little doubt that educators at the turn of the 21st century will continue to view their primary purposes as preparing students to be successful in their chosen careers, to participate in a literate culture, and to be personally empowered. Although these ideals have long been recognized by educators, they will become imperative objectives in the classrooms of tomorrow. This will be a daunting task in an information era that is already characterized by innovation—an era in which the tools of technology are reinvented to such an extent that many become obsolete in less than a decade, or even in some instances in less than a year.
Papert (1993) reminded us that in many cases people in the workplace of today are doing jobs that were not in existence when they were born. In addition, many people in the workplaces of today and tomorrow will enter into six or more career paths. Thus, an affiliation with one particular company or with expertise in one particular set of digital literacy tools will not be sufficient. Although there are many implications that might be drawn from these notions, we highlight the belief that as educators we must realize that children’s skills with using a computer must not be limited to their ease with using a particular program, but rather their ability to learn how to use any program they encounter. We believe that in an age of technological innovation, reinvention, and obsoleteness, this is a crucial ability that we must learn to foster in classrooms.
**Key Concept 2: Digital Literacy Acquisition and Development Often Occur in the Pursuit of Other Goals**
Digital literates in the workplace seldom study computer programming or devote themselves to studying the use of technology applications as an end unto itself. On the contrary, people who are digitally literate and fluent (Papert, 1996) learn about technological applications as they encounter
and solve problems related to their communicative goals. In other words, people who are digitally literate do not necessarily set out to become experts in particular software programs, but they often become experts as they use the programs. This notion is similar to on-the-job training that involves learning job-related skills in the context of using those skills to accomplish work-related tasks. New computer performance systems consisting of word processors, e-mail, databases, networked connections, and spreadsheet applications enable employees not only to perform tasks but to learn new processes and new information while they are working (Hudzina, Rowley, & Wagner, 1996).
When educators come to view the computer as a tool that can augment thought, students may be provided with increasing opportunities to engage in processes of digital composing and reading that will allow them to discover their ideas, to realize communicative goals, and to develop digital fluency. Indeed, Heim (1993), who raised many cautions about the possible negative impact of technology on thinking processes, acknowledged that computers should be viewed as thought processors because digital writing with a word-processing program allows authors to see their thoughts formulated on a malleable screen. Manipulable tools that permit fingertip recursive revising and editing promote a fluid movement among ideas, enabling authors to take new perspectives and have unique encounters with their own thoughts (Labbo, 1996). In some classrooms, use of a computer word-processing program is limited to the production of a final draft, in which previous drafts have occurred in a linear, paper-and-pencil progression (Dickinson, 1986; Miller & Olson, 1994). We believe that educators need to create opportunities for students to digitally encounter, discover, and articulate their thoughts through digital composing and problem solving.
**Key Concept 3: Digital Literacy Occurs in Social Contexts**
Stereotypical images of a scientist working alone, hunched in front of a flashing green computer screen in an isolated lab; of a lonely adult sitting alone in a bedroom surfing the Internet all night; or of a child who is alone in the family room staring mesmerized at intriguing computer game graphics have resulted in a perception that digital skills and literacies typically occur in isolation and result in the isolation of individuals. Although we do not mean to deny the existence, or even the utility, of solitary computer use, we argue that workplace digital literacy necessitates various kinds of social interaction.
In his book *Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation*, Tapscott (1998) suggested that digital work-related communication occurs ideally in a collaborative and flexible environment in which participants are viewed as molecular components that can be combined in countless ways to execute projects. In this ideal social context, a person with particular digital literacy skills might be assigned to one team for the duration of a project and then be assigned to an entirely different project team made up of 1 or 12 new colleagues. The assumption is that flexible and collaborative social grouping taps the finest contributions of individuals as they work in a dynamic culture that is goal oriented, synergistic, and mutually supportive. In addition, virtual or online social interactions occur through a variety of symbol systems when people interact in chat rooms or through e-mail exchanges. In these instances, digital literates know how to initiate communication, represent their point of view, participate in an exchange of information by providing relevant contextual details (Garner & Gillingham, 1998), and pose questions that are understood across geographic or economic distances. We believe that schooling for digital literacy must provide consistent opportunities for similar flexible, collaborative, and digital social interactions.
**Key Concept 4: Digital Literacy Requires Strategic Competencies**
Digital literates possess metacognitive and strategic competencies that reflect an understanding of the underlying assumptions of technology use related to accessing and managing digital information in multiple symbolic formats. Gilster (1997) indicated that digital literacy involves proficiency in the use and understanding of multiple forms of information organized in nonlinear ways and displayed in various formats on a computer. For example, when using hypertextual forms of literacy, students who are digitally literate understand that reading is not a linear event, and teachers understand that students will take idiosyncratic paths through materials that will doubtless result in unique constructions of meaning. A sense of community and a shared knowledge base may be built through mutual explorations of paths taken and discussions of how knowledge was constructed by individuals within the group.
We believe that students must develop strategies that will enable them to make sense of hypertextually formatted information in ways that meet their specific purposes. Students must learn how to strategically search for and select information embedded within networked hypermedia modules. Students must also be strategic in expressing their ideas through hypertextual products and the links among data that they create.
Key Concept 5: Digital Literacy Requires Critical Knowledge Assembly and Production
The Internet, possibly the ultimate hypertext and hypermedia network, requires the ability to be a critical consumer and producer of various forms of information. Leu and Leu (1997) noted that the Internet provides a digital forum for sending e-mail, acquiring information, communicating with others who share mutual interests, acquiring new software, conducting video conferences, or publishing web pages. Digital literates who encounter an appealing or entertaining website are able to discriminate between the presentation and design of the site and the quality of the content and links contained on that site.
Knowlton (1997) reported a recent trend in the poor quality of research papers written by university students who base much of their research on information they have quickly and superficially accessed from the Internet. These students have basic search-and-find skills, but they have not learned to question the reliability or integrity of the information they can so easily access. In addition, they may not know how to access more valuable and reliable sites because many of the pages they encounter are not routinely updated or the students may not question the lack of specific types of links to other information.
Digital literates understand that the hypertextual links provided on a website may be intended to guide or even manipulate readers (Gilster, 1997) and may skillfully obscure such a hidden agenda. Critical readers have the ability to draw on relevant background knowledge to determine the type of content links they should expect to encounter. If those links are not present, the digital literate should question the intent of the site designer. This is an especially crucial skill in the Internet environment of unedited materials, vanity press websites, persuasive advertising, and propaganda. In an age of search engines and search agents—digital programs or entities that may be customized to ferret out specific categories of data—students must learn how to accomplish their goals by strategically crafting their searches and analyzing the collective results of those searches. More important, they should be prepared to continue to search for relevant information until they can establish patterns, identify reliable sources, and organize their research reports in thoughtful ways.
We believe that as either synthesizers or producers of multimedia information, students must learn how to make meaning of and with a variety of symbol systems. Students must learn to integrate multiple digital tasks for specific communicative purposes. They must learn to ask themselves questions such as, What symbol system or combination of symbol systems will best convey my message?
To briefly recap, digital workplace literacies in the 21st century will include understanding the forms and functions of digital literacy, participating in a dynamic social environment to collaborate on flexible teams to accomplish communicative goals, critically assembling and analyzing information, strategically navigating through data sources, utilizing supportive features of software to foster lifelong learning, understanding the thought processes related to digital communication, composing, accessing information, and participating effectively in a global community.
Innovative Instructional Uses of Technology That Align With Workplace Digital Literacy
In this section we highlight a few innovative instructional uses of technology that have an alignment with the key concepts of workplace digital literacy outlined previously. Due to space limitations, we are unable to present examples of every effective technological classroom innovation of which we are aware, and so we encourage readers to continue to identify additional exemplary classroom innovations. With these constraints in mind, we have also chosen not to include some uses of technology in current educational settings. For example, we do not try to forge a link between skill-and-drill software that requires a student to simply answer literal-level questions posed by a computer. In so doing, we are not implying that such programs are void of any educational value; however, we do recognize that the relation of this type of electronic worksheet to demands of the 21st century workplace is comparable to the relation between skill-and-drill paper-and-pencil worksheets and the literacy demands of the current workplace.
The classroom-based ideas we share in this article are the outgrowth of our various scholarly endeavors including individually conducted research, action research conducted by classroom teachers with whom we have worked, relevant studies conducted by our colleagues in the field, and a project of the National Reading Research Center that resulted in the publication of a co-edited book called the *Handbook of Literacy and Technology: Transformations in a Post-Typographic World* (Reinking, Labbo, McKenna, & Kieffer, 1998). This collection of chapters, written by leading scholars in the field of literacy and technology, delves into a variety of issues related to how digital forms of text are revolutionizing how literate acts occur within society, the workplace, and the schools.
We assume that a primary goal of educational uses of technology is to foster the habits of mind, the skills, and the conceptual insights required for participation in the digital workplace of the 21st century. We also assume that students’ opportunities to develop digital literacy are dependent on the teacher’s goals and instructional philosophies, as well as particular characteristics of software (Reinking et al., 1997). In other words, we recognize that the mere presence of technology in the classroom will not result in innovative classroom applications (Greenleaf, 1994; Weir, 1989). Therefore, as we describe the following instructional innovations, we note first the role of the teacher as a guide, facilitator, coach, coparticipant, unit planner, lesson writer, and evaluator. The innovations we feature include (a) instructional innovations in reading and composing with hypertext, (b) instructional innovations in accessing information on the Internet, (c) instructional innovations in computer-mediated communication, and (d) instructional innovations with sociodramatic play and CDs. Figure 1 illustrates the alignment we contend exists among grade levels, instructional innovations, and potential digital literacy concepts and skills related to workplace digital literacy.
**Instructional Innovations in Reading and Composing With Hypertext**
Teachers who understand the classroom potential of hypertext to foster collaborative interactions among students of diverse abilities are eager to include hypermedia and hypertext opportunities across a variety of content areas. Meyers, Hammet, and McKillop (1998) explored classroom computer innovations that foster students’ collaborative abilities to access information, manage and manipulate data, strategically navigate through multimedia, and critically read and write digital texts. They recommend that teachers use hypermedia software, such as *StorySpace* (1994), that consists of electronic authoring tools allowing students to create linked paths through stacks or collections of data presented digitally as text, image, video, or sound in windows on a computer screen. Highlighted portions of the screen offer multiple links to other data displayed on other computer windows. Thus, an author can communicate a complex message by juxtapositioning multiple media sources within a window or across windows. Teachers who expect students to work in collaborative groups on hypermedia projects provide unique opportunities for students to gain critical digital literacy. Critical digital literacy is the ability to recognize, interpret, and evaluate underlying ideologies in various types of hypertextually linked information as it is presented in various data sources. A case in point is provided by a group of university undergraduates studied by Meyers and his colleagues. These students created a hypermedia project on “identity.” By creating a quick-time movie of three images of Pocahantas (a Disney image, an early 17-century portrait in an Elizabethan low-cut blue dress, and an authentic photograph of a Native American girl), they discovered underlying cultural assumptions about women, historic documents, and representations of historical figures as expressed in each image.
In a similar vein, Reinking and Watkins (1996) found that when teacher introduced and supported the use of HyperCard for creating multimedia book reviews, there were positive effects on students’ social interaction or collaboration, and organization of information. In addition, lower ability students exhibited more leadership and confidence when working wit...
able peers on computer-generated reviews of books. In these instances, the teachers used a template, or format, that the students could follow in their initial attempts at creating digital book reports. They also encouraged peer tutoring as digital experts emerged in the classroom. The classroom digital literacy skills acquired in these hypertextual platforms related to workplace digital literacies such as abilities to collaborate to access information, manage and manipulate data, strategically navigate through multimedia, and critically read and write digital texts.
**Instructional Innovations in Accessing Information on the Internet**
Effective use of the Internet in the classroom depends ultimately on how teachers structure and support students’ learning experiences. Leu and Leu (1997) suggested the following considerations for teaching students to be strategic users of the Internet. First, teachers need to find out district policies related to appropriate Internet usage (e.g., appropriate and inappropriate sites, appropriate language use on the Internet, and policies regarding interactions with strangers on the Internet). Some districts require students and parents to sign statements of Internet policy agreements. Possible policy guidelines are noted on the Internet at ftp://ftp.classroom.net/wentworth/Classroom-Connect/aup-faq.txt.
Second, teachers should start early in the year to demonstrate, directly teach, or conduct Internet guided tours involving navigation strategies in the course of whole group digital experiences. Follow-up to these lessons might include teacher-designed small-group scavenger hunts so students can practice the strategies. These activities address the concern that if students are simply allowed to “surf” the Internet on every occasion they have to use the computer, they are likely to become sidetracked in superficial examinations of a series of widely unrelated topics and will not be likely to become strategic users of Internet data (Bikerts, 1995).
Leu and Leu (1997) suggested that it is also important for educators to become familiar with and target educational websites such as Dr. Seuss in Cyberspace (http://www.randomhouse.com/site/seuss2/chatcat.cgi), The Science Learning Network (http://www.sin.org), A Beginners Guide to the Internet (http://www.cs.unc.edu/~bedi/report.html), and Whales: A Thematic Web Unit (http://curry.edschool.Virginia.EDU/go/Whales/). After a whole group introduction, teacher-supported explorations, whole class workshops, and paired practice, teachers will need to design collaborative activities that enable students not only to access or download information, but to organize, synthesize, and reflect on the content—digital skills required for work in the 21st-century workplace.
**Instructional Innovations With Computer-Mediated Communication**
Beach and Lundell (1998) posited that unique opportunities to develop digital literacy occur during computer-mediated communication (CMC). CMC may be set up in two ways: either as an exchange of written messages in a synchronous, real-time chat mode or as asynchronous exchanges that do not occur in real time, such as e-mail. In studies conducted with seventh-grade students, several discourse forms became apparent within the unique social context of synchronous exchanges—namely jokes, memos, notes, bulletins, books, or formal letters. They found that students constructed shared perspectives, understood the contexts and consequences of the text as it emerged on the screen, and reflected on their roles in the online discussions (e.g., being an anonymous participant, causing divergence from tasks, communicating with a diverse audience, creating social relationships, subverting or disrupting communication). Teachers who wish to arrange CMC environments in the near future will most likely use programs such as CommonSpace (Macintosh), Conference Writer (Macintosh), or Daedalus Integrated Writing Environment (DOS). Finally, they will create contexts for learning through participation, clarifying purposes for using CMC exchanges, organizing chat groups, acting as a correspondent to messages, analyzing transcripts of exchanges, and evaluating the effectiveness of CMC exchanges.
Researchers interested in the potential of e-mail to provide unique learning experiences in elementary classrooms offer the following observations about the digital literacy insights that children gain through international, cross-country, and school district keypal experiences in which individual children or groups of children share ideas with other children across time and space (Field, Labbo, & Lu, 1996; Garner & Gillingham, 1998; Labbo & Field, 1996). Young children in third grade are able to make their ideas clear to children who reside in other cultures, geographic regions, or countries. Students exchange a variety of digital data sources (e.g., video clips, photographs, descriptions, interviews, survey data) to compare cultural life styles and to share information. Students engage in various discourse forms related to informing, narrating, inquiring, arguing, persuading, and entertaining to make their ideas understandable and even memorable.
In most instances, e-mail exchanges afford opportunities for the teacher to take an advisory role and enact what Labbo and Field (1996) referred to as a “generative curriculum”—that is, a course of study in which the topics and resources for study are generated by the questions students raise, the ideas they share, and problems they encounter during cross-cultural e-mail exchanges. In this interactive environment, it is the students who select topics, make personal connections to content, and engage in authentic communication with an audience larger than the one they encounter in their classroom (Garner & Gillingham, 1998)—all skills that are related to digital literacy requirements of the workplace. Teachers who wish to arrange for digital keypals may find information on the Internet at E-mail Classroom Exchange (http://www.iglou.com/xchange/ece/ecesearch.cgi), the Intercultural E-mail Classroom Connections (http://www.stolaf.edu/network/iecc), and other sites.
**Instructional Innovations With Sociodramatic Play and CDs**
The two instructional innovations described in this section both relate to fostering playful learning interactions with the computer that foster children’s digitally related conceptual development, collaboration, flexibility of thought, and insight into the supportive characteristics of software. Labbo (in press) found that when young children are given opportunities to design and play in sociodramatic play centers that have been enriched with computer props, they have opportunities to learn basic concepts related to digital literacy and to workplace roles of computers. In prekindergarten and kindergarten classrooms, the children studied went on fact-finding field trips to a local business to discover how computers were used in either a florist shop, a fast-food restaurant, a hospital, a travel agency, or a bookstore. With the guidance of their teachers, the children collaborated to set up and role play job-related work in their sociodramatic play centers. Some teachers placed a computer in the sociodramatic play centers; others obtained cardboard models of computers previously used as displays in local office supply stores. Children enriched their concepts about digital literacy by learning that computers are used to access information, store and retrieve data, keep track of inventory, order supplies, maintain correspondence, and achieve other communicative goals.
Young children or struggling readers who encounter interactive CDs in the form of computerized talking books and informational texts also have occasions to playfully interact with digital resources (Anderson-Inman & Horney, 1998; McKenna, Reinking, Labbo, & Keiffer, in press). Such digitized texts support readers by providing pronunciations of words; listening versions; engaging animation; video clips; vocabulary definitions; sound effects; and, in some cases, story extension activities. In these instances, children gain crucial insights into the supportive features of software, their ability to learn from software, and their ability to successfully select and navigate through a variety of supportive features and types of digital data.
**Conclusions**
In closing, we believe that teachers often feel fortunate when they find themselves presented with classroom computers; however, many feel less fortunate when they soon discover that they are not offered much training: much onsite support; or a cultural context that embraces the use of technology for educational, professional, and personal communicative purposes. In these instances, it is little wonder that available technology ends up being relegated to a corner, or exists as a machine for skill-and-drill practice, or even remains turned off for most of the day. We believe that when computer placement is accompanied by responsive onsite support, technology will transform the professional lives of teachers and even help to dispel the sense of isolation experienced by many educators who spend the majority of their professional lives behind closed classroom doors. We believe that the same habits of mind and attitudes toward technology that will prove to be effective in the marketplace and home of the 21st century will also pertain to the school workplace settings.
In technologically transformed schools, teachers will appreciate the distinctive forms and functions of digital literacy. They will participate in a dynamic social environment as they collaborate on flexible teams to accomplish communicative and professional goals. They will critically assemble, analyze, and synthesize digital information by strategically navigating through data sources and utilizing supportive features of software to foster their own lifelong learning and their educational objectives in the classroom. There can be little doubt that innovative instructional uses of technology in literacy classrooms that reflect an alignment with workplace digital literacy will occur when teachers receive the support and equipment necessary to become digitally literate. When this occurs, a concurrent transformation will take place between the teachers’ own realm of work and the opportunities for digital literacy development they create for their students.
**References**
Anderson-Inman, L., & Horney, M. (1998). Transforming text for at-risk readers. In D. R. Reinking, M. C. McKenna, L. D. Labbo, & R. D. Kieffer (Eds.), *Handbook of literacy and technology: Transformations in a post-typographic world* (pp. 15–43). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Beach, R., & Lundell, D. (1998). Early adolescents’ use of computer-mediated communication in writing and reading. In D. R. Reinking, M. C. McKenna, L. D. Labbo, & R. D. Kieffer (Eds.), *Handbook of literacy and technology: Transformations in a post-typographic world* (pp. 93–112). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Becker, H. (1991). How computers are used in the United States schools: Basic data from the I.E.A. computers in education survey. *Journal of Educational Computing Research, 7*, 385–406.
Bikerts, S. (1995). *The Gutenberg elegies*. New York: Ballantine.
Bly, L. (1997, November 14). Internet gaining on agents for making vacation plans. *USA Today*, p. 10D.
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Carey, A. R., & Worthington, K. (1997, November 6). Elementary computing. *USA Today*, p. 4D.
Daniel, D., & Reinking, D. R. (1987). The construct of legibility in electronic reading environments. In D. Reinking (Ed.), *Reading and computers: Issues for theory and practice* (pp. 24–39). New York: Teachers College Press.
Dickinson, D. K. (1986). Cooperation, collaboration, and a computer: Integrating a computer into a first-second grade writing program. *Research in the Teaching of English, 20*, 357–378.
Duchastel, P. (1988). ICAI Systems: Issues in computer tutoring. *Computer Education, 13*, 95–100.
Field, S. L., Labbo, L. D., & Lu, C. (1996). Real people and real places: A powerful social studies exchange through technology. *Social Studies and the Young Learner, 9*(2), 16–23.
Garner, R., & Gillingham, M. G. (1998). The Internet in the classroom: Is it the end of transmission-oriented pedagogy? In D. R. Reinking, M. C. McKenna, L. D. Labbo, & R. D. Kieffer (Eds.), *Handbook of literacy and technology: Transformations in a post-typographic world* (pp. 221–231). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Gilster, P. (1997). *Digital literacy*. New York: Wiley.
Greenleaf, C. (1994). Technological indeterminacy: The role of classroom writing practices and pedagogy in shaping students’ use of the computer. *Written Communication, 11*, 85–130.
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Hudzina, M., Rowley, K., & Wagner, W. (1996). Electronic performance support technology: Defining the domain. *Performance Improvement Quarterly, 9*, 36–48.
Knowlton, S. R. (1997, November 3). Web taking a toll on college term papers: Professors raising concerns over quality of research. *Atlanta Journal Constitution*, p. B5.
Labbo, L. D. (1996). A semiotic analysis of young children’s symbol making in a classroom computer center. *Reading Research Quarterly, 31*, 356–385.
Labbo, L. D. (in press). Supporting young children’s computer-related literacy development in classroom centers. In S. Neuman & K. Roskos (Eds.), *Children achieving: Instructional practices in early literacy*.
Labbo, L. D., & Field, S. L. (1996). Making the walls invisible: Electronic communications as a springboard for multiple discourses in the classroom. In J. Napier & J. Hoge (Eds.), *Georgia Council for the Social Studies Yearbook* (pp. 42–57). Athens: Georgia Council for the Social Studies.
Leu, D. J., & Leu, D. D. (1997). *Teaching with the Internet: Lessons from the classroom*. Norwood, MA: Christopher Gordon.
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McKenna, M. C., Reinking, D., Labbo, L. D., & Keiffer, R. (in press). The electronic transformation of literacy and its implications for the struggling reader. *Reading and Writing Quarterly*. | 56f29d57-7e5d-4a46-b0f3-01c2e6ee14e6 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.davidreinking.info/_files/ugd/0cf503_402e6621c0f546da9502b4cce75a0d01.pdf | 2023-09-29T13:55:36+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510516.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929122500-20230929152500-00113.warc.gz | 780,350,886 | 7,827 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.978626 | eng_Latn | 0.996127 | [
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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers
Ques. 1. 8085 की Instruction का वर्गीकरण कीजिये।
(A) Data transfer (copy) Instructions
1. MOV R1, R2 → R2 से R1 में data copy होगा
2. MVI R, #8 bit → Register R में 8 bit data load होगा
3. IN 8 bit port address → I/p port से Data Read होगा
4. OUT 8 bit port address → O/p port पर data Write होगा
(B) Arithmetic Instructions
1. ADD R → Register R के Accumulator में add होगा
Result Accumulator में Save होगा
2. ADI 8 bit data → Accumulator में 8 bit add होगा
Result Accumulator में Save होगा
3. SUB R → Acc. में से Register R में subtract करेगा
4. SUI 8 bit data → Acc. में से 8 bit data subtract करेगा
Result Acc. में Save होगा
(C) Logic Instructions
1. ANA R → Register R के Acc. के AND operation होगा
2. ANI 8-bit → 8 bit data के AND operation होगा
Result Acc. में Save होगा
3. ORA R → Logically OR (R) with A 31st Data Acc के
Result Acc. में Save होगा
4. ORI, 8-bit - 8-bit data OR with Acc for OR operation
5. XRA, R - EX-OR Register R with Acc.
6. XRI, 8-bit - EX-OR operation with Acc. 8-bit result
7. CMA - Complement (A) Acc for Data Operation
Que. 2 - Write a program to
1. Clear Accumulator
2. Add Register B and C
3. Subtract 92H
4. Store result memory location 2018H
XRA A
MVI B, 32H
MVI C, A2H
MOV B, A, B
ADD C
SUB SUI 92H
STA 2018
HLT
Que. 3 Result of following program
( Register A, B, C, D, E, H, L, memory location & status of flags )
MVI B, A9H → Register B at A9H save
MVI E, U8H → Register E at U8H save
MOV C, E → Register E to Data Register C at load
MOV A, B → Register B to Data A at load
MVI H, 56H → Register H at 56H load
ADD C → Register C (U8H) to Data Register A(A9) at load Add
STA 99AB → Result 99AB at store
XRA A → Accumulator A at A at EX-OR operation
HLT
A = 0, B = A9, C = U8H, D = XX, E = U8H, H = 56H, L = XXH
Q.1 Define Drift current and Diffusion current.
Ans: - Drift current is the flow of current in the semiconductor, constituted by the drift of free electrons available in the conduction band and holes available in the valence band, which are formed due to external energy supplied to them, is known as drift current.
Diffusion current:
Current that flows due to unequal concentration of charge carriers (electrons and holes) in semiconductor is known as diffusion current.
Q.2 Explain Hall effect using N-type semiconductor.
Answer: When a current-carrying semiconductor bar is kept in a magnetic field, the charge carriers of the semiconductor experience a force in a direction perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the current. At equilibrium, a voltage appears at the semiconductor edges; this effect is known as Hall effect.
- B = Magnetic field direction coming out of paper plane.
When electrons start to flow in -x direction, then due to magnetic field, electrons experience a force (Lorentz force) in -y direction. So bottom surface becomes negatively charged and top surface becomes positively charged. In this way a voltage is developed across these top and bottom surfaces.
Now at equilibrium, electrons flow from one end to other and two opposite surfaces of semiconductor bar is at some voltage difference called Hall voltage.
To establish at equilibrium:
\[ qvB = qE \]
\[ vB = E \]
or \( E = \frac{V_H}{d} = \frac{v_B B}{d} \)
\[ V_H = \frac{d \times I \times B}{Ane} \]
\[ V_H = \frac{IB}{Wne} \]
Hall voltage \( V_H = \frac{IB}{Wne} \)
I = Current
B = Magnetic field intensity
n = Electron density
e = 1.6 \times 10^{-19} C (electron charge)
W = Width of semiconductor bar.
Q.3 Draw the energy band diagram of PN junction.
P depletion layer N
\[ E_F \]
\[ E_{Fp} \]
\[ E_{Ep} \]
\[ E_{Fp} \]
Q.4 What is static and dynamic resistance of a diode? Explain.
Answer: Static resistance: The opposition offered by a diode to the direct current flow (dc current) is known as its d.c. or static resistance.
Static resistance is measured by taking the ratio of d.c voltage across the diode to d.c current flowing through it.
\[ \text{Static resistance } R_{dc} = \frac{OA}{OB} \]
Dynamic resistance: (A.C. resistance):-
The opposition offered by a diode to the changing current flow is known as its a.c. resistance.
It is measured by the ratio of change in the voltage across diode to the resulting change in current through it.
\[ \text{Dynamic resistance } r_{ac} = \frac{CE}{DF} = \frac{\Delta V}{\Delta I} \]
Q.5 Explain forward and reverse bias V-I characteristics of a diode (Normal PN junction) with suitable diagram.
Answer: Forward biasing:
Circuit diagram.
When supply voltage is increased by changing varying voltage controller initially for very low voltage about 0.1V or 0.2V there is negligible current (almost zero). After that current increases slightly and curve is non-linear, (OA region). However once the potential barrier is eliminated and supply voltage increased further then current rises very sharply (AB region).
Reverse biasing:
In reverse bias, potential barrier at the junction is increased so junction resistance becomes very high, a very-very small current flows through the circuit that is leakage current and this current is almost constant w.r.t. reverse voltage. If the reverse voltage exceeds a certain voltage then kinetic energy of minority carrier become so high that the knock out electrons from covalent bonds. At this stage breakdown of junction occurs and the reverse current rises abruptly to a large value.
Diagram:
- Reverse Leakage Region
- Reverse Breakdown Region
- Forward Blocking Region
- Forward Bias
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How can I keep my child safe online at home?
- Maintain an open dialogue with your child and encourage them to talk to you about their internet use: for example who they’re talking to, services they’re using, and any issues they may be experiencing. Children should ask permission before using the Internet and discuss what websites they are using.
- Create a family agreement to establish your children’s boundaries, and your expectations, when on the internet. Children should only use websites you have chosen together or through a child friendly search engine.
- Give your child strategies to deal with any online content that they are not comfortable with – such as turning off the screen, telling an adult they trust and using online reporting facilities.
- Consider using filtering software to block unwanted content. In addition to filtering, remember that discussion with your child, and involvement in their internet use, are both effective ways to educate them about the internet. Using Family setting can help to ensure safe use when on the computer and online.
- Encourage your children to ‘think before you post.’ Online actions can impact not only yourself but the lives of others. Content posted privately online can be publicly shared by others, and may remain online forever.
- If you take photographs at a school event which include children other than your own, don’t upload them onto social networking sites. Don’t post pictures of staff, or discuss school matters on social networking sites.
- Understand the law. Some online behaviour may break the law, for example when downloading or sharing content with others. Be able to recommend legal services.
- Familiarise yourself with the privacy settings and reporting features available on popular sites and services.
- If your child is being bullied online, save all available evidence and know where to report the incident, for example to the school, service provider, or the police if the law has been broken.
- Familiarise yourself with the age ratings for games and apps which can help to indicate the level and suitability of the content.
- Set up a family email address that your children can use when signing up to new websites. Children should only email people they know, ask permission before opening an email sent by someone they don’t know.
- Encourage your children to use avatars or nicknames (where possible) instead of their full name online, to protect their personal information, and create strong passwords for every
E-Safety for Parents and Carers
Please read this leaflet carefully.
You can find our full e-safety policy within our safeguarding policy on our school website.
How your child uses ICT at Wyndham Park Nursery School
ICT skills are taught in their own right at our school and are also used to support and enhance children's learning across the whole Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum. Children learn to use a wide range of ICT which may include:
- Controllable Robots to give instructions and make something happen
- Drawing Programs to create pictures and designs
- Word Processing to write stories, poems or letters
- Desktop Publishing to design posters, leaflets or cards
- Multimedia Presentation to present text, pictures, sound and video
- Internet and Programs to find information
- Simulations to explore real and imaginary situations
- Digital Cameras to record what they have done in class or on a visit
- Electronic Sensors to record changes in light, sound and temperature
- Coding – free online resources like hour of code to help children understand instructions.
How you can help your child at home
ICT is not just about using a computer. It also includes the use of controllable toys, digital cameras and everyday equipment such as a tape recorder or DVD player.
Children can be helped to develop their ICT skills at home by:
- using interactive games.
- planning a route with a controllable toy
- writing a letter to a relative
- sending an email to a friend
- drawing a picture on screen
Benefits of using ICT at home
How we know that using ICT at home can help
Many studies have looked at the benefits of having access to a computer and/or the Internet at home. Here are some of the key findings:
- used effectively, ICT can improve children’s achievement
- using ICT at home and at school develops skills for life
- children with supportive and involved parents and carers do better at school
- children enjoy using ICT
The internet – an inspiring and positive place
The internet is an amazing resource which enables children and young people to connect, communicate and be creative in a number of different ways, on a range of devices. However, the internet is always changing, and being able to keep up to date with your children’s use of technology can be a challenge. You may sometimes feel that your children have better technical skills than you do, however children and young people still need advice and protection when it comes to managing their lives online. Issues that your child may encounter on the internet will vary depending on their age and online activities. We have grouped potential online risks into these 4 categories.
Conduct:
Children need to be aware of the impact that their online activity can have on both themselves and other people, and the digital footprint that they create on the internet. It’s easy to feel anonymous online and it’s important that children are aware of who is able to view, and potentially share, the information that they may have posted. When using the internet, it’s important to keep personal information safe and not share it with strangers. Discuss with your child the importance of reporting inappropriate conversations, messages, images and behaviours and how this can be done.
Prior to children accessing the internet; or internet gaming via X-Box etc., parents should discuss with their children what they would do, if someone posted, e-mailed or verbalised (while on-line gaming) a comment they deemed inappropriate or hurtful i.e. report to parent and/or teacher and appropriate action taken; or what they would do if they were asked for personal details e.g. name, age, school, address etc. i.e. no personal details should ever be shared on-line.
Content:
Some online content is not suitable for children and may be hurtful or harmful. This is true for content accessed and viewed via social networks, online games, blogs and websites. It’s important for children to consider the reliability of online material and be aware that it might not be true or written with a bias. Children may need your help as they begin to assess content in this way. There can be legal consequences for using or downloading copyrighted content, without seeking the author’s permission.
Any internet access by a pupil of our school (3–4 years old) should be supervised by an adult; use of age appropriate chat rooms e.g. Moshi Monsters should be regularly monitored by parents. The recommended age for pupils using Facebook is 13 years old and would therefore be deemed unsuitable for younger pupils.
Contact:
It is important for children to realise that new friends made online may not be who they say they are and that once a friend is added to an online account, you may be sharing your personal information with them. Regularly reviewing friends lists and removing unwanted contacts is a useful step. Privacy settings online may also allow you to customise the information that each friend is able to access. If you have concerns that your child is, or has been, the subject of inappropriate contact or approach by another person, it’s vital that you report it to the police via the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (www.ceop.police.uk). If your child is the victim of cyber bullying, this can also be reported online and offline. Reinforce with your child the importance of telling a trusted adult straight away if someone is bullying them or making them feel uncomfortable, or if one of their friends is being bullied online.
Access to age appropriate on-line gaming and internet should be limited, to avoid excessive usage; any fireguards and/or parental controls should be enabled prior to use. The school behaviour policy can be found on the school website.
Commercialism:
Young people's privacy and enjoyment online can sometimes be affected by advertising and marketing schemes, which can also mean inadvertently spending money online, for example within applications. Encourage your children to keep their personal information private, learn how to block both pop ups and spam emails, turn off in-app purchasing on devices where possible, and use a family email address when filing in online forms.
Up to date security software/protocols should be installed and Parents/carers should inform their children that they will periodically check internet search histories and follow through e.g. monthly.
Protect never too late to tell someone.
Five SMART rules for children:
Safe: Keep safe by being careful not to give out personal information when you’re chatting or posting online. Personal information includes your email address, phone number and password. Never tell someone who you don’t know where you go to school.
Meet: Meeting someone you have only been in touch with online can be dangerous. Only do so with your parents’ or carers’ permission and even then only when they can be present. Remember online friends are still strangers even if you have been talking to them for a long time.
Accepting: Accepting emails, messages, or opening files, images or texts from people you don’t know or trust can lead to problems – they may contain viruses or nasty messages!
Reliable: Someone online might lie about who they are and information on the internet may not be true. Always check information by looking at other websites, in books, or with someone who knows. If you like chatting online it’s best to only chat to your real world friends and family.
Tell: Tell a parent, carer or a trusted adult if someone, or something, makes you feel uncomfortable or worried, or if you or someone you know is being bullied online. | <urn:uuid:1b8be567-ded6-4980-b6a7-27700d33410a> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.wyndhampark.lincs.sch.uk/attachments/download.asp?file=461&type=pdf | 2019-10-14T15:42:46Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653876.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014150930-20191014174430-00214.warc.gz | 1,151,390,242 | 1,972 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.997814 | eng_Latn | 0.997808 | [
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Rain Water Harvesting NON DRINKING
A CSR initiative by GrameenKoota
Rain Water Harvesting
Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is the process of collecting and storing rainwater in a scientific and controlled manner for future use. It is a simple low-cost technique that requires minimum specific expertise or knowledge. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common technique of rainwater harvesting for domestic consumption which can be done in rural areas at small-scale. Rainwater is of better quality than most other available water sources. Local people can be easily trained to build rain water harvesting systems thereby reducing the cost and encouraging participation and ownership.
Design & Art: Kantesh M. Badiger
www.biometrust.org
www.kanteshcreations.com
Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting for Non-drinking purposes
Rooftop rainwater can be harvested directly and stored in storage tanks built above ground. This water could be used for all domestic purposes except drinking and cooking.
Why to do Rain Water Harvesting?
Long distance to bring water
Depleting groundwater table
Irregular surface water supply
Uses of Rain Water Harvesting
Cattle Drinking
Toilet
Pottery
Bathing
Washing Clothes
Washing utensils
Components of Rain Water Harvesting for Non Drinking
The rainwater from rooftops (flat/sloping) flows through the PVC pipes/gutter as shown in the picture below. This water passes through the filter medium consisting of big and small pebbles along with netlon mesh from first rain separator pipe. The filtered water is stored in storage tank which can be accessed through the tap.
- **Dimension**: 2ft x 2ft x 2ft
- **Netlon Mesh**
- **Filter**: 0.5 ft empty space, 1 ft small pebbles and 0.5 ft big pebbles.
- **Rooftop Flat/Sloping**
- **Grating Plate**
- **Gutter**
- **Clamp**
- **Storage Tank**
- **Tap**
- **Inlet pipe**
- **First Flush**
Storage tank size recommendation
Below are the inner dimensions for different storage tank sizes with various capacities.
| Rainfall | Small Roof | Medium Roof | Big Roof |
|----------|------------|-------------|----------|
| 500 mm | 1500 Liters | 2000 Liters | 3000 Liters |
| 600 mm | 1000-1500 Liters | 1500-2000 Liters | 2000-2500 Liters |
| 700 mm | 1500-2000 Liters | 2000-2500 Liters | 2500-3000 Liters |
| 800 mm | 2000 Liters | 2500 Liters | 3000 Liters |
Precautions
Don’t use this water for drinking or cooking.
Quantity of materials needed for Rain Water Harvesting
Below are quantity of materials required for plumbing and building a filter and storage tank of 2000 liters for a house with dimension of 10 ft /20 ft.
| Sloped Roof | Plumbing |
|-------------|----------|
| Materials needed | Quantity required |
| 4 inch pipe | 50-60 feet |
| Elbow | 4 |
| T Joint | 1 |
| Y joint | 1 |
| Thread caps | 3-4 |
| Tap | 1-2 |
| Labor (No of man days) | 1-2 days |
| Filter ( 2/2/2 ft) | Sand | 1 bag |
|---------------------|------|-------|
| Bricks | 30-40 |
| Pebbles (big and small) | ½ bag each |
| Netlon mesh | 2 meter |
| Stone slab (1inch) | 2”2” feet |
| Labor (No of man days) | 1 days |
| Storage (4/4/6 feet) | Sand | 15 bags |
|----------------------|------|---------|
| Bricks | 600-800 |
| Small Pebbles | 3-4 bags |
| Cement | 5-6 bags |
| Stone slab(3-4 inch) | (3- 4x4 stone slabs) |
| Labor (No of man days) | 3-4 days |
Maintenance of Rain Water Harvesting
Cleaning roof top regularly
Keep the filter clean by washing the filter aggregates.
Cleaning the sump/tank once in six months or earlier depending upon the need.
Open the end cap of the first rain separator after the rains. Once the water is drained out, close the cap.
Note: In case of water overflowing from the stone slabs of storage tank due to heavy rainfall, open the first rain separator so that water can flow directly from there without overflowing. | 835063a0-164f-4c7d-9538-10c1370cd59f | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://urbanwaters.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Rainwater_Harvesting_for_Non_Drinking_Water.pdf | 2023-09-23T00:37:31+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506429.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922234442-20230923024442-00063.warc.gz | 660,739,721 | 1,007 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.908812 | eng_Latn | 0.992394 | [
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Rites of Passage
Read the following sections describing rites of passage in Islam. After reading all three descriptions, choose one, and write a 2-paragraph (CCP) or 3-paragraph (Honors) essay comparing and contrasting the ways that Muslims handle the rite and the way that your tradition handles it.
Birth & Childhood
The first words that a Muslim baby hears is the *shahadah*, the first pillar of Islam: “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”
Although circumcision is not mentioned in the Koran, it usually takes place – along with a celebration – shortly after birth. In some Muslim countries, it occurs either around the age of ten or when the boy can recite the Koran by memory.
It is customary to name the newborn seven days after birth. Devout Muslims observe a ceremony called the *Aqiqah*. A child’s head is shaved, and he or she is given a Muslim name. Most commonly, the child is named after a revered figure. Many boys are named Muhammad and others are given the names of the caliphs. Girls are often named Khadijah or Fatimah.
The Koran is central to the education of a Muslim. At an early age, Muslims begin reciting from scripture and memorizing common prayers. The most popular phrase translates to “in the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful.” These words are used as daily prayers, when entering structures and before meals. Each chapter of the Koran begins with this phrase.
Marriage
As in most religious communities, marriage and family are an essential part of Islam. Moreover, marriage is viewed as the union of both families as well as the individuals. Traditionally, marriages were arranged by families, although many contemporary Muslims are choose their own mates.
Though the marriage ceremony is simple, the celebrations are elaborate and joyous. Families extend themselves to provide the proper environment, often including the local Muslim community and extending through the night. It is still common, however, for men and women to celebrate separately.
Death
Passages from the Koran are recited in the final hours of a Muslim’s life. For Muslims, death is regarded as a release from the suffering of life until the Last Judgment. Thus, recitations from the Koran comfort and inspire the dying.
Following a death, the corpse is prepared for burial by a ritual washing and being wrapped in a white sheet. The funeral service consists of some prayers, and the Muslim burial takes place quickly and without extravagance. A coffin is not required, and a procession carries the deceased the grave. As expected, it is essential that the head of the deceased point in the direction of Mecca. Often, the grave has no marker or headstone. | 4bc80704-fc33-4365-aba2-01d3e6c7b4be | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | https://slevineqhs.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/6/7/23673199/rites_of_passage_assignment.pdf | 2024-07-21T05:09:22+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763517550.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20240721030106-20240721060106-00734.warc.gz | 462,966,510 | 566 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.997976 | eng_Latn | 0.997976 | [
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Lola's Story
When I was diagnosed HIV positive, I cried for days.
So I went to get some counselling.
Always take your medication.
My parents are very supportive.
We're here for you, Lola.
Now I visit schools to teach children about HIV.
I've got HIV, but my life isn't over, it's just begun...
They need to learn about HIV and how to stay healthy.
Don't take risks with your health.
Read all about how WKU is tackling HIV through football and comics workshops!
The stories in this booklet were written and drawn by 15-20 year-olds at a WKU Youth Development Workshop at the WKU Academy, Edendale, Pietermaritzburg. The workshop was part of a research collaboration between WhizzKids United, RSA and Cardiff University, UK. The pages of artwork were digitally coloured and lettered by an award-winning British cartoonist so that the comic-strips can be read clearly and look their best.
Acknowledgements: Dr Elisabeth El Refaie for her original research and the workshop materials; Upside Comics and Ian Williams for input on the materials; Marcus McGilvray, Ben Edwards and the WKU team for delivering the workshop; Meal A Day and Bic for sponsoring the workshop; Liverpool FC Foundation for sponsoring WhizzKids United; Steve Marchant for colouring and designing the booklet; Cardiff University for practical and financial help; but most of all, the WhizzKids themselves for drawing the comic strips and for sharing their feelings about HIV.
WHAT IS HIV LIKE?
"It kills the soldiers of the body"
"HIV is like an octopus"
"It's like a cobra, because it's dangerous"
LINDO
"For weeks on end, I've not been myself, especially at night. Being sick like this without any help is so hard. I should go to the clinic!"
"Oh God, I'm HIV positive and am so alone in this but I trust my sister will be there for me..."
"What? HIV?! Get the hell away from me!!"
"Mom, Dad... I'm HIV positive"
"Oh, my child! I love you and we will fight this together - right, Dad?"
"Right!"
"Thanks, Mom and Dad, for being there for me! It means a lot to me, thank you so much!!"
GOSSIP
HOW CAN I HELP YOU TODAY?
I WANT TO FIND OUT MY HIV STATUS
THE ONLY BOY...
THE COUNSELLOR WAS WRONG, I DON'T NEED AN HIV TEST!
I JUST FOUND OUT I'M HIV POSITIVE...
SORRY TO HEAR THAT, MY FRIEND
GUYS! NONDY'S GOT HIV!
HA HA WHAT? HA HA HA SERIOUSLY? HA HA HA HA
I'VE BEEN CIRCUMCISED AND I ONLY SLEEP WITH YOUNG HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS!
BUT THE COUNSELLOR DID SAY THAT CIRCUMCISION DOESN'T FULLY PROTECT ME...
HEY, DO YOU REALLY THINK IT'S FAIR TO LAUGH AT PEOPLE WHO ARE INFECTED WITH HIV?
NO, NOT REALLY...
BEING HIV POSITIVE IS NOT FUNNY, AND WE'RE VERY SORRY
HEY, MARLON! I'VE JUST BEEN FOR MY 3-MONTHLY HCT, AND I'VE TESTED HIV POSITIVE!
YOU'RE THE ONLY BOY I'VE EVER SLEPT WITH... SO I'VE CAUGHT IT FROM YOU!
THE WASTED WATER
OH NO! THERE ISN'T ANY WATER AGAIN! HOW WILL MY FAMILY WASH OR DRINK?
DON'T WASTE WATER
SAVE WATER
WHAT CAN WE DO?
NOW THERE'S PLENTY FOR EVERYONE!
MAKE IT HAPPEN WITH TEAMWORK!
CAT AND MOUSE IN THE HOUSE
I WANT THAT BOWL OF FOOD! SHOULD I RISK IT?
GOT TO GET AWAY!
DON'T TAKE RISKS - KEEP SAFE!
Young people are the major casualties of HIV infection across Africa. WhizzKids United (WKU), founded in 2005 by AfricAid, has revolutionised the way youth HIV prevention information is delivered. Instead of the formal education approach based on the ABC message (Abstain, Be faithful, Condomise), WKU has 'broken out' onto the football pitch to use football as an analogy to teach the life skills that young people need to stay safe and prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Football for Life:
Key messages from WKU
- Set goals in life and plan the right tactics to achieve them
- Know your team (friends, family, WKU staff) - they can help you overcome challenges
- Know how to tackle HIV & AIDS with the help of staff at the WKU Health Academy
WhizzKids United's Health Academy was launched in 2010 to provide a complete football-led package of prevention, care, treatment and support services. To date, 35000 young people have benefited from WKU's programmes.
Since 2012, WKU has also been running a series of comics-drawing workshops. The workshops are a safe environment for the young people to share with counsellors their feelings about HIV, opening the way for more effective support and healthcare provision. They also learn how to create stories relevant to others in their community.
WKU is keen to extend its work with young people with or at risk of HIV, but needs funding to do so. To find out more or to make a donation, please visit our website: www.whizzkidsunited.org or find us on Facebook: www.facebook.com/WhizzKidsUnited
WKU Health Academy
Selby Msimang Rd
Edendale
Pietermaritzburg 3216
South Africa
(in front of Edendale Hospital)
Tel: 033 395 4683
Open Mon-Fri 7am-6pm
(in winter 5pm) plus some Saturdays, please enquire
Everyone welcome,
no appointment needed!
The friendly staff at the Health Academy | <urn:uuid:6b29a7fe-eaa2-423e-8d5b-e4cbcf9cb44c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/149146/whizzkids-printingA5bookletshort-edge-low.pdf | 2019-03-25T08:04:36Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203842.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325072024-20190325094024-00186.warc.gz | 695,791,959 | 1,229 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.95874 | eng_Latn | 0.996247 | [
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BLACK HISTORY MONTH
Last month, we joined the country in celebrating Black History Month. BCA students participated in cross curriculum activities that provided learning opportunities about the many contributions made by persons of color, both in our country and abroad. Students read the stories of black authors, learned about black historical figures, and learned about black scientists and mathematicians. This was part of BCA's ongoing commitment to increasing awareness, education and appreciation for cultural diversity.
CLASS HIGHLIGHT
This semester our school is offering an Engineering elective. Our Education Director, Cory, is sharing his passion for bicycle technology with our students. Students in this class will be working with staff to build an electronic Bay Cove Bike. This bike will have the capability to be fully powered by a motor, as well as manually powered by pedaling. We are so excited about this opportunity for our students. It is always special when staff can share their interests with students to build relationships.
CHINESE NEW YEAR
Happy Lunar New Year! This year we celebrated the Chinese New Year at Bay Cove Academy. Students learned about their Chinese zodiac signs and types, as well as Lunar New Year customs. Students were then given a red envelope with Bay Cove Bucks, which can be used in our school store. We love having the opportunity to share information about the diverse cultures that make up our world. We hope you have a very prosperous and healthy Year of the Pig!
WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT BAY COVE AND JRI?
Facebook.com/JusticeResourceInstitute
@JRISocialJstce
@justice_resource_institute
Or visit our website at www.jri.org
SELF CARE TIP OF THE MONTH
Spread some positivity! Spreading altruistic vibes makes us feel good!
1. Write a positive online review of a local business.
2. Pay it forward - Pay for someone’s coffee in the morning.
3. Plant something nice in a shared space.
KEY DATES
- Spirit Week
TBA
- Laser Tag Field Trip
3.14.19
- Cradles to Crayons Trip
3.22.19
- Term 3 ends
3.29.19
RANDOM ACTS OF KINDNESS
We finished up our Random Acts of Kindness Challenge. Our students noticed a whopping 124 acts of kindness around our school! They earned an ice cream social, in celebration of surpassing our goal of 100 acts of kindness. Way to go Bay Cove!
Before
After
FROG POND FIELD TRIP
Last month, our Field Trip Committee planned an amazing ice skating trip to Frog Pond. Our students and staff had so much fun. We can't wait for the next one!
PARENT'S CORNER
- The next Parental Advisory Group (PAG) will be on March 26th. "This month's topic will be "How to talk to your teen".
- As a reminder, we follow the Brookline Public Schools snow day policy.
- Please keep an eye out for permission slips.
SPIRIT WEEK
This month we will have a Spirit Week. Students were able to vote on a theme for one of the days. This is a really exciting way to drum up some excitement in the middle of the school year.
Here is a list of the theme days:
Monday & Tuesday:
Student Government will vote on the themes for these days.
Wednesday: Crazy Sock Day
Throw on your wildest socks. (There are some for sale in the school store!)
Thursday: Twin Day
Pick a partner, staff or student, and dress the same!
Friday: Spirit Day
Show off your school spirit with Bay Cove colors and swag! (Blue and green) | <urn:uuid:835b4329-3087-4914-b6d4-60f4114a46f0> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://jri.org/sites/default/files/2019-03/March%20BCA%20newsletter.pdf | 2019-03-20T13:24:35Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202347.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320125919-20190320151919-00374.warc.gz | 525,089,804 | 757 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998071 | eng_Latn | 0.998228 | [
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Six Keys to Effective Listening:
- **Tune in**
Make eye contact and stay focused on the speaker. Verbally acknowledge that you are listening and understand what the speaker is saying.
- **Ask for an overview statement**
If your time is limited, clarify what you want discussed during your conversation but don’t take over the interaction, let the speaker make her point too.
- **Take notes**
Taking notes helps your brain slow down and process the information. In addition, you will be able to refer back to your notes and remember what action you need to take.
- **Notice the speaker’s delivery style**
The speaker’s body language and tone will influence how you listen. If the speaker seems like he is in a rush, ask if this is a bad time.
- **Repeat**
Repeat the message or actions to be taken in your own words to ensure you and the speaker are on the same page.
- **Take time**
Take a moment, breathe, before you respond to a question and process the information in your mind. If necessary, it is appropriate to repeat the question for clarity and then answer.
**Handle criticism without EXCUSES – the AAA Formula:**
- **Admit the mistake:** “You’re right, I was wrong”
- **Apologize:** “I am sorry.”
- **Accept Responsibility:** Tell them what you are going to do about your mistake or ask what needs to be done to correct the problem.
**GET YOUR MONEY...**
An ATM machine has been installed in the basement of the Westmoreland building.
Feedback: Have ideas, suggestions, comments or contributions for future editions of CyberBreak? Please email them to firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:9f2700b4-f060-42b8-85e4-18777eb5be35> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.swlaw.edu/faculty/pdfs/cyberbreak/file.7fYbIT47IC | 2016-04-29T12:06:32Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111324.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00111-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 845,577,946 | 349 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998796 | eng_Latn | 0.998796 | [
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The impact of urbanization on the water quality of the Colombo Lagoon
D. W. S. Dissanayake1,2
Abstract
The rapid growth of urban areas in Sri Lanka has led to an increase in the demand for water resources. The Colombo Lagoon is one such area that has been affected by urbanization. This study aimed to assess the impact of urbanization on the water quality of the Colombo Lagoon.
Introduction
The Colombo Lagoon is located in the western part of Sri Lanka and is an important source of water for the city of Colombo. However, due to the rapid growth of urban areas in the region, the lagoon has been affected by urbanization. This has led to an increase in the demand for water resources and has resulted in a decline in the quality of the water in the lagoon.
Methodology
This study was conducted using a combination of field surveys and laboratory analysis. The field surveys involved collecting data on the physical characteristics of the lagoon, while the laboratory analysis involved testing the water samples for various parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient levels.
Results
The results of the study showed that there was a significant decline in the quality of the water in the Colombo Lagoon due to urbanization. The pH level of the water decreased from 7.5 to 6.8, while the temperature increased from 25°C to 30°C. The dissolved oxygen level also decreased from 8 mg/L to 4 mg/L, indicating a decline in the oxygen content of the water. The nutrient levels, including nitrogen and phosphorus, also increased significantly, indicating a decline in the overall health of the lagoon.
Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that urbanization has had a significant impact on the water quality of the Colombo Lagoon. The decline in the quality of the water has implications for the health of the ecosystem and the people who rely on the lagoon for their water supply. Therefore, it is essential to take measures to protect the lagoon and ensure its continued health.
References
1. Dissanayake, D.W.S., 2010. The impact of urbanization on the water quality of the Colombo Lagoon. Proceedings of the First Environmental Management Undergraduate Research Symposium - Department of Environmental Management - Rajarata University of Sri Lanka – (EMURS-2017).
2. Dissanayake, D.W.S., 2010. The impact of urbanization on the water quality of the Colombo Lagoon. Proceedings of the First Environmental Management Undergraduate Research Symposium - Department of Environmental Management - Rajarata University of Sri Lanka – (EMURS-2017). | 1d47ad44-18be-460c-b2f8-810078343831 | CC-MAIN-2024-46 | http://repository.rjt.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/3649/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%20%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%20%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%20%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%20%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%20%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%20%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A%20%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y | 2024-11-12T08:42:01+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-46/segments/1730477028249.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20241112081532-20241112111532-00672.warc.gz | 28,353,388 | 558 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.995173 | eng_Latn | 0.995173 | [
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Linear Equations*
Scott Starks
This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0†
Abstract
This module is part of a collection of modules intended for students enrolled in a PreCalculus (MATH 1508) course for PreEngineers at the University of Texas at El Paso.
1 Linear Equations
1.1 Introduction
This module is intended to illustrate concepts related to the solution of engineering problems using straight lines. It has formed the basis of a Laboratory session associated with a MATH 1508 (Precalculus) course taught at the University of Texas at El Paso. The examples contained herein are drawn from the fields of fluid mechanics, mechanics, and electric circuits. Exercises are included at the end of this module.
1.2 Fluid Mechanics - Continuity Equation
Figure 2 illustrates a piping system that consists of two pipes. Pipe1 has a radius of $r_1$ while the radius of Pipe 2 is $r_2$. These two pipes are joined so that water can pass from the left to the right.
Quite some time ago, engineers observed that the velocity of a fluid in Pipe 1 ($v_1$) for such a system would be quite a bit lower in value than the velocity of the fluid in Pipe 2 ($v_2$). As a consequence, engineers sought a means for determining the relationship between the velocity of fluids in the two pipes that comprise this sort of system.
Their solution to the problem of determining the relationship between the two velocities ($v_1$ and $v_2$) is provided by a very important principle in fluid mechanics that is called the continuity equation. The continuity equation states
$$A_1 v_1 = A_2 v_2 \quad (1)$$
where $A_1$ represents the cross-sectional area of Pipe 1 and $A_2$ represents the cross-sectional area of Pipe 2. For the continuity equation to be valid it is important to recognize that the flow of water be continuous as it passes from the first to the second pipe.
*Version 1.3: Jul 19, 2011 11:56 am -0500
†http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
By rearranging terms in equation (1), we can formulate an equivalent expression that may be a bit more insightful
\[
\frac{A_1 v_1}{A_2} = \frac{A_2 v_2}{A_2}
\]
(2)
\[
\left(\frac{A_1}{A_2}\right) v_1 = v_2
\]
(3)
\[
v_2 = \left(\frac{A_1}{A_2}\right) v_1
\]
(4)
Thus we can conclude that the ratio of the area of the two pipes provides a multiplicative constant relating the velocities of the fluid in the two pipes.
We recall that the equation for a straight line takes the form
\[
y = mx + b
\]
(5)
Equation (4) indicates that there is a linear (straight line) relationship between the velocity \(v_2\) of the fluid in the second pipe and the velocity \(v_1\) of the fluid in the first pipe. If we establish \(v_1\) as the independent
variable, then the dependent variable $v_2$ is defined as a linear function of $v_1$. The slope ($m$) of the line is the ratio of the cross-sectional areas $\left(\frac{A_2}{A_1}\right)$, while the y-intercept ($b$) is zero.
Let us now apply our knowledge of the continuity equation to a problem.
**Question:** Suppose that the radius of Pipe 1 is 4.00 cm and the radius of Pipe 2 is 2.50 cm. The velocity of the water in Pipe 1 is measured to be 3.00 m/sec. Find the velocity of the water in Pipe 2.
**Solution:** We begin our solution by establishing the cross-sectional areas of each pipe. Because the cross-sectional profile of each pipe is a circle, we may compute the two cross-sectional areas using the formula for the area of a circle:
$$A_1 = \pi r_{12}^2 = \pi (4.00\text{cm})^2$$
(6)
$$A_2 = \pi r_{22}^2 = \pi (2.50\text{cm})^2$$
(7)
We can apply equation (4) to find the velocity of the fluid in Pipe 2. The steps are shown below
$$v_2 = \left(\frac{\pi (4.00\text{cm})^2}{\pi (2.50\text{cm})^2}\right)(v_1)$$
(8)
$$v_2 = \frac{16.00}{6.25}(v_1)$$
(9)
$$v_2 = 2.56v_1$$
(10)
$$v_2 = 2.56 \times 3.00\text{m/s}$$
(11)
$$v_2 = 7.68\text{m/s}$$
(12)
If we compare our result for the velocity of the fluid in Pipe 2 with the velocity of fluid in Pipe 1, we immediately see that the velocity of the fluid increases as it moves from a pipe with a larger cross-sectional area to another pipe with a smaller cross-sectional area. This result is intuitive with what we may have observed through personal experience.
**Question:** Make a plot that relates the dependent variable ($v_2$) and the independent variable ($v_1$).
Referring to equation (10), we note that a linear relationship exists between $v_2$ and $v_1$. For the straight line, the slope is 2.56 and the y-intercept is 0. We plot the line below
It is important to note that each axis is labeled and includes the units associated with each variable.
1.3 Mechanics – Velocity and Acceleration
Let us consider a car that is traveling at an unknown initial velocity ($v_0$). The driver of the car decides to enter the on-ramp of a freeway. The driver knows that he will need to increase his velocity in order blend in with the other traffic on the freeway. While situated in the on-ramp, the driver of the car applies pressure to the accelerator of the car. Let us consider that this action occurs at a specific instant of time ($t_0$). By applying constant pressure on the accelerator, the driver causes the car to accelerate at a constant acceleration (a).
This constant acceleration causes the velocity of the car to increase. During the time interval that the driver applies constant pressure to the accelerator, the velocity of the car can be expressed as a function of time
$$v(t) = at + v_0 \tag{13}$$
Inspection of this equation reveals that the velocity is a linear function of time. Here the dependent variable would be velocity and the independent variable would be time. The slope of the straight line that is associated
with the equation would equal to the acceleration (a). The y-intercept of the equation would be the initial velocity \((v_0)\).
Let us apply what we have learned about the relationship between velocity and acceleration coupled with our knowledge of linear equations to work a problem.
**Question:** At an instant of time \((t_1 = 1.00 \text{ s})\) after depressing the accelerator, the driver observes that the car is traveling at a velocity \((v_1 = 17.00 \text{ m/s})\). At an instant of time one second later (that is at \(t_2 = 2.00 \text{ s}\)), the driver observes that the velocity of the car has increased to a value \((v_2 = 22.0 \text{ m/s})\). Determine the initial velocity of the vehicle and the value for the constant acceleration \((a)\).
**Solution:** We know the values of the velocity at two instants of time, 1.00 seconds and 2.00 seconds. Because the acceleration is constant, we also know that the relationship between velocity and time is linear.
The slope of the line that relates velocity to time is equal to the acceleration \((a)\) and the y-intercept corresponds to the initial velocity \((v_0)\).
We begin by stating the two points on the line which are known. They are \((t_1, v_1)\) and \((t_2, v_2)\). The numerical values of these points are \((1.00 \text{ s}, 17.00 \text{ m/s})\) and \((2.00 \text{ s}, 22.00 \text{ m/s})\) respectively.
Our knowledge of straight lines tells us that we can calculate the slope through a differencing operation
\[
m = \frac{v_2 - v_1}{t_2 - t_1}
\]
(14)
Next we enter the numerical values of the problem
\[
m = \frac{22.00 \text{ m/s} - 17.00 \text{ m/s}}{2.00 \text{ s} - 1.00 \text{ s}}
\]
(15)
\[
m = 5.00 \text{ m/s}^2
\]
(16)
We can therefore conclude that the acceleration is 5.00 m/s\(^2\). We can incorporate this value into the linear equation that relates velocity to time
\[
v(t) = (5.00 \text{ m/s}^2) t + v_0
\]
(17)
Either of the data points can be used to solve for the initial velocity. Let us substitute the values associated with the first data point into the equation. We obtain
\[
17.00 \text{ m/s} = (5.00 \text{ m/s}^2) \times (1.00 \text{ s}) + v_0
\]
(18)
\[
17.00 \text{ m/s} = 5.00 \text{ m/s} + v_0
\]
(19)
\[
v_0 = 12.00 \text{ m/s}
\]
(20)
So we conclude that the initial velocity of the vehicle is 12.00 m/s and the constant acceleration of the car while it is situated on the on-ramp is 5.00 m/s\(^2\).
### 1.4 Electric Circuits – Variable Source Voltage
Suppose that we are presented with an electric circuit that contains a fixed voltage source \((v)\), a variable source voltage \((v_s)\) and a resistor \((R)\). This situation is shown in Figure 3. In this figure, the variable source voltage is indicated by the circle and represented by the variable \(v_s\). Its units are Volts. The current that flows through the circuit is indicated by the variable \(i\) and flows in the direction indicated by the arrow. The current has the units Amps. The fixed voltage source is represented by the constant \(v\).
One of the most important laws of Physics that govern the behavior of electric circuits is Kirchoff’s Voltage Law. This law states the algebraic sum of the voltage drops experienced as one passes through a complete path through a circuit is equal to zero.
Application of Kirchoff’s Voltage Law to this circuit yields the equation
\[-v_s + Ri + v = 0\]
(21)
The terms of this equation may be arranged to produce the following equation
\[v_s = Ri + v\]
(22)
Let us consider the source voltage (\(v_s\)) as the dependent variable and the current (i) as the independent variable. Examination of the equation reveals that there is a linear relationship between \(v_s\) and i. For this linear equation, the value of the resistor (R) is the slope and the fixed voltage (v) represents the y-intercept.
Let us apply our knowledge of linear equations to solve a problem associated with this circuit.
Question: It is observed through measurement that the when the variable source voltage is 6.00 Volts, the current takes on the value of 1.00 Amp. When the variable source voltage is raised to 12.00 Volts, the current rises to a value of 1.50 Amps. Find the values for the resistance and the fixed voltage.
Solution: We can draw some insight into the solution of this problem by applying our knowledge of straight lines.
Let us begin by finding the value of the slope or equivalently the value of the resistance. We have two ordered points to consider (1.00 A, 6.00 V) and (1.50 A, 12.00 V). The slope of the line that connects these
two points is
\[ m = \frac{v_2 - v_1}{i_2 - i_1} \] \hspace{1cm} (23)
\[ m = \frac{12.00V - 6.00V}{1.50A - 1.00A} \] \hspace{1cm} (24)
\[ m = 12.0 \, (V/A) \] \hspace{1cm} (25)
We recognize that the ratio (volts/amps) is equivalent to the unit (\(\Omega\)). We make the substitution to yield
\[ m = 12.0 \Omega \] \hspace{1cm} (26)
Earlier we stated that the slope of the line would be equal to the value of the resistance, so we have the following result
\[ R = 12.0 \Omega \] \hspace{1cm} (27)
The next step in the solution is to solve for the value of the fixed voltage. Incorporation of the slope that was just found into the equation of the line yields the equation
\[ v_e = 12.0 \, (V/A) \times i + v \] \hspace{1cm} (28)
Let us substitute the values 1.00 A and 6.00 V into this equation
\[ 6.00V = 12.00 \, (V/A) \times 1.00A + v \] \hspace{1cm} (29)
\[ 6.00V = 12.00V + v \] \hspace{1cm} (30)
\[ v = -6.00V \] \hspace{1cm} (31)
So we conclude that the value of the fixed voltage is -6.00 V and that the value for the resistance is 12.0 \(\Omega\).
### 1.5 Summary
Knowing how to apply the knowledge of linear equations and straight lines is critical for students in engineering. In this module, we have seen how knowledge of linear equations can be used to solve engineering problems. Applications from the fields of fluid mechanics, the mechanics of motion and electric circuits have been presented. Other applications in engineering abound.
### 1.6 Exercises
1. Water flows through a piping system that consists of two pipes that are joined together. The cross-sectional area of the first pipe is 10.00 cm\(^2\), while that of the second pipe is 1.25 cm\(^2\). If the velocity of the water in the first pipe is known to be 5 cm/s, then what is the velocity of the water in the second pipe. Assume that the continuity equation holds.
2. A vehicle is traveling through a neighborhood at an initial velocity \((v_0)\). The driver of the vehicle notices a child who runs out into the street in front of her car. She applies her brakes to reduce the speed of her car and eventually stops. The velocity of her car obeys the linear relationship \(v(t) = v_0 + at\). Determine the initial velocity and the acceleration (a) if the velocity is known to be 30 m/s at \(t = 0.50\) s and the velocity is 3 m/s at the time \(t = 1.25\) s. Also calculate the total time that it will take the vehicle to stop after the driver applies her brakes.
3. Consider the circuit depicted in Figure 3. The following two facts are known. When the variable voltage is set to 9 Volts, the current is 100 mA. When the variable voltage is sent to 18 Volts, the current is 1.20 A. What are the values for R and v? | <urn:uuid:86c3a1f2-769f-4457-bac9-f11f410f917f> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://cnx.org/content/m38533/1.3/?format=pdf | 2016-04-29T12:05:00Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111324.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00119-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 59,850,834 | 3,555 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.984665 | eng_Latn | 0.991471 | [
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Toyota has gone to some extreme lengths to offset the carbon dioxide emissions produced by its Tsutsumi plant in Toyota City, Japan, where it builds the Prius hybrid.
The plant conserves electricity by using solar panels on its roof and reflective solar tubes inside the plant to beam reflected sunlight into rooms. The outside walls are painted with photocatalytic paint to absorb harmful airborne gases, like nitrous oxides and sulfur oxides. Toyota has planted 50,000 trees to offset carbon dioxide emissions, and even the grass has been engineered to grow more slowly than conventional grass, so the lawn needs to be mowed only once a year.
But none of those measures can compare with Toyota’s latest creation: two new flower species that were specially developed to absorb heat and harmful gases.
The flowers are derived from cherry sage and gardenia. The gardenia’s leaves generate water vapor, thereby reducing the surface temperature at the factory and the energy needed for cooling.
While many automakers have environmentally friendly initiatives, Toyota has been especially proactive. Some people have said that the Prius loses most of its environmental cred when the hybrid’s manufacturing process is taken into account. Toyota acknowledges that Prius production is more carbon dioxide heavy than that of gas-engine cars. But the company says its changes at the Prius plant are not related to that criticism.
Last summer, as we reported, the company installed plastic solar-cell “flowers” in various cities around the United States, including Manhattan, that served as power-charging stations for portable computers and cellphones.
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Cub Scout Video Games Pin
Earn the Cub Scout Video Games belt loop, and complete five of the following requirements:
☐ 1. With your parents, create a plan to buy a video game that is right for your age group.
☐ 2. Compare two game systems (for example, Microsoft Xbox, Sony PlayStation, Nintendo Wii, and so on). Explain some of the differences between the two. List good reasons to purchase or use a game system.
☐ 3. Play a video game with family members in a family tournament.
☐ 4. Teach an adult or a friend how to play a video game.
☐ 5. List at least five tips that would help someone who was learning how to play your favorite video game.
☐ 6. Play an appropriate video game with a friend for one hour.
☐ 7. Play a video game that will help you practice your math, spelling, or another skill that helps you in your schoolwork.
☐ 8. Choose a game you might like to purchase. Compare the price for this game at three different stores. Decide which store has the best deal. In your decision, be sure to consider things like the store return policy and manufacturer’s warranty.
☐ 9. With an adult’s supervision, install a gaming system. | <urn:uuid:0c56a95c-0921-4833-a60a-3da4a20c3c54> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://c5bba2f0-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/dfpack24/advancement/academics-sports/academics---video-games/Video%20Games%20Worksheet.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cquOjKkd-wL5d4sQw7qekRFeLe8Pyh1nXmvuOKP8DfNS_bSkPGjrXxn4Rp2Z5Ok-YAvThQfETfSOx-7NwshQYcFUo2uk17jxebs8Mdzl_TXwZQh8tfKsqaFY5VYvSFCrFIvGoUC9tGBQwMrAopdCND8Sq2VqydhIeNUBeLT091mfay0um8X6YPg2yPk6-wQZan0b9_lDUkAm8RX14eLAM5KwywyOTEU14Sh7ctfD67UqCBD68DpZ-xv3tzJLUQ7443ABhiQAYQQvsTy8RIljask7LTkPtsU7vuvyCJcygrJLMirLBs%3D&attredirects=0&d=1 | 2019-09-16T10:02:19Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00495.warc.gz | 418,114,471 | 277 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998755 | eng_Latn | 0.998755 | [
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SWEAT CHLORIDE TEST
A sweat chloride test is done to find out how much chloride is in your child's sweat. Too much chloride in the sweat is one sign of some diseases. The results of the test will help your doctor find out what is causing your child's problem.
HOW TO PREPARE FOR THE TEST
- If your child is old enough, explain the test to him.
- Bring a sweatshirt, coat, or a heavy blanket to keep your child warm during the test so he will sweat.
- Bring something to keep your child entertained while the test is being done (books, toys, or games).
- Change your child's diaper, if needed, before the test so that he can stay bundled.
- Be prepared to stay about 2 hours.
HOW THE TEST IS DONE
- A lab technician will select an area on your child's arm for the test. This area will be cleaned with alcohol pads and then dried with gauze.
- Two electrodes (two small disks) with a gel are applied to the area and held in place with Velcro® straps.
- A machine that gives off a small amount of electricity is attached to the electrodes. This causes your child to sweat. There may be a slight pricking feeling at this time, which is normal. However, if it gets uncomfortable for your child, tell the technician. This part of the test takes about 5 minutes.
- The electrodes and machine are then removed and the arm is washed again with deionized water.
- A disk containing a tube to collect sweat is put exactly where one of the electrodes was and held in place by the Velcro strap. Plastic wrap or tape may be used to help hold the disk in place.
- The disk is left in place for 30 minutes.
- The tube containing the sweat is removed. The sweat is put in a small test tube.
For Outpatient Use Only
Child's name _______________________
APPOINTMENT:
Date ________ Time ____________
Please come to the Outpatient Care Center, 555 South 18th Street.
☐ Outpatient Lab Registration Desk,
Lower Level.
☐ Fifth Floor Registration Desk.
Please come 15 minutes early to allow time to register.
Picture 1 Having a sweat chloride test.
HOW THE TEST IS DONE (continued)
- The Velcro straps are undone and the disk is removed.
- If not enough sweat is collected, the test may need to be repeated that day or rescheduled for another day.
DURING THE TEST
Your child must stay covered and warm for 30 minutes while the sweat collector is on. Quiet entertainment will help keep him covered and content in bed or on your lap.
AFTER THE TEST
- The disk containing the sweat is sent to the lab. The results of the test will be sent to your doctor.
- Your doctor will explain the results of the test to you in 2 to 4 days.
If you have any questions, be sure to ask your doctor or technician. | <urn:uuid:f4cbfced-53e7-4a5d-a435-65eef4acb4fd> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://kidzdoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/sweat-chloride-test.pdf | 2019-09-16T10:05:04Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00492.warc.gz | 539,454,908 | 611 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.999564 | eng_Latn | 0.999509 | [
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Grade Three
Safe Environment Lesson
Outcomes
The learner will be able to:
- Recognize bullying behavior.
- Demonstrate skills for dealing directly with being bullied.
- Decide when to ask for help.
- Identify adults to whom they can go for help.
Part One
1. Welcome the students and introduce the lesson by explaining that the class will be talking about ways to recognize and deal with bullying.
2. Share an experience of your own of being bullied or teased. If this has never happened to you, just tell a story about bullying. Be sure to include how the experience made you feel.
3. Make sure your students know what bullying is. Give them a definition something like this: a bully is a person who teases, frightens, threatens, or harms smaller or weaker people.
4. Invite the class to share experiences of times when they have been bullied, teased, etc. and how it made them feel. Write their examples on the board. You’ll be using their examples for role playing later in the lesson.
5. Present to the class some ways to avoid or deal with being bullied:
- Avoid the bully. It might mean taking a different route to school, asking parents for a ride, etc. Ask the students for other suggestions.
- When the bully is around, walk away.
- Do your best to make sure that you are not alone when the bully is around. Steer clear of any places where you know the bully hangs around.
- Don’t hit, punch, or kick the bully. The bully may do the same to you. Fighting is never a good solution and violence brings more violence.
- Don’t call the bully names.
- Without telling the bully what you are going to do, tell an adult you trust.
Gather the following items for this lesson:
- Pencils and paper for each child
- Blank strips of paper, one for each child for prayer
- Copies of the Take Home Page (on card stock, if possible) for each child (included-page 4)
- A Children’s Bible, small table, and a basket
- A large copy, or copies for each child, of the final prayer (included-page 3)
Part Two
1. Divide the students into groups for role playing and give them paper and pencils. Assign each group one of the examples they shared and ask them to prepare a short skit based on the situation. Ask them to come up with one or more ideas about how to handle what is happening based on the previous discussion. Have them write their “scripts” on paper.
2. Give them 5-10 minutes to come up with a way to act out what they have prepared. Give each group a chance to act out their role play for the whole class.
3. When all the groups have finished, make a list of the ways the groups resolved or handled the situations. Be sure to include telling an adult as an important part of the process. Ask them to give examples of adults they could tell.
Optional Activity: Show short clips from the video *Ant Bully* and lead the class in a discussion based on the major points. If you watch the entire movie at least once, you can develop some discussion questions around the reasons people bully others, some consequences of bullying, and how we can learn by “walking in someone else’s shoes.”
Part Three
Closing Prayer: We Are a Community of Love
Preparation for Prayer
Make sure that each child has a blank strip of paper. Ask them to identify some ways we can act that are the opposite of bullying. Once they’ve generated a list of ways we can respect and care for each other, have them write one example of something they can do on the strip of paper. Explain that you will be collecting these strips of paper and they will be part of the prayer. When the children have finished writing on the strips of paper, collect them in the basket and place the basket on the table.
Prayer Experience
Read Acts 3:43-47 from the Children’s Bible or use the following text:
Many amazing things were happening through the apostles, and everyone around them was filled with wonder. All of the people who believed in Jesus stayed close to each other and shared their belongings with one another. They sold their property and their possessions. They divided the money among all the people, giving them what each one needed. Every day they went to the Temple to pray and they ate their meals together in their homes. They were very glad and they praised God, and more people chose to follow Jesus every day.
Lead the children in a reflection on being part of a community of love by asking them to think about how they take care of each other, and how their family takes care of them. Explain that what they wrote on the strips of paper are ways that we can take care of ourselves and one another and make our community safe. Invite the children to work together to make their community loving and safe by taking one of the strips of paper and then for the next week, practice what is written on the strip they took.
Conclude by praying together...
God our Father, you shared Jesus your Son with us. He taught us how to treat each other and care for each other with love. Help us to live together as your family. We ask this remembering that Jesus is our Brother and Lord. Amen.
PRAYER
God our Father,
You shared Jesus your Son with us.
He taught us how to treat each other and care for each other with love.
Help us to live together as your family.
We ask this remembering that Jesus is our Brother and Lord.
Amen.
Take Home Page
Review with your child the definition of and the tips about bullying that we discussed in class. Cut out the tent card on this page and keep it on the family table as a reminder and a review.
Definition:
A bully is a person who teases, frightens, threatens, or harms smaller or weaker people.
Ways to avoid and/or deal with a bully:
- Avoid the bully. It might mean taking a different route to school, asking parents for a ride, etc.
- Do your best to make sure that you are not alone when the bully is around. Steer clear of places where you know the bully hangs around.
- Don’t hit, punch, or kick the bully. The bully may do the same to you. Fighting is never a good solution and violence brings more violence.
- Don’t call the bully names.
- Without telling the bully what you are going to do, tell an adult you trust. | <urn:uuid:190cf5a5-6b15-4b2e-b9fd-80f9d854b44b> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://catholichawaii.org/media/646179/coc-3-gradethree.pdf | 2019-09-16T11:06:41Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00503.warc.gz | 429,066,226 | 1,340 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.985488 | eng_Latn | 0.998054 | [
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The coloured triangles on the top left corner and the embossed geometrical shapes indicate the level of each booklet.
- In each story all key characters and objects of the visuals are embossed, and selected visuals are given computerized texturing. This makes the visuals accessible to all children.
- The same texturing of visuals is maintained, both throughout a story and across stories, to reinforce tactile experiences.
- A black border on all four sides draws the focus to the text and the visual.
- In each story flashcards with key words reinforce the words through real images. These are displayed in a window on the same page.
- Arrows on the black border indicates the next page. This makes it easy for the child to navigate through the book.
- Green and red dots indicate the beginning and end of sentences. Increased space between lines in level 3 and 4 has been given to help the child move to the next line.
- A note for teachers and parents has been added (in English and Hindi) at the end of each story booklet to help them facilitate early reading process in the classroom and at home.
- The print book is of size A4 with appropriate thick sheets (220 GSM) for easy handling by all children.
- The key visuals on each page are done in high resolution. This helps the child to focus on the important events of the story.
- Page gradation makes it easy for children to turn each page.
- Safe and durable binding ('wiro' binding) is used.
5.2 Features of the Digital Version
The digital version can be accessed on computers, laptops, mobile phones and tablets. The digital formats with the following features provide greater accessibility and a rich reading experience.
- At the beginning of each story an 'introductory note' is given in video format to arouse curiosity and to make reading interesting for children. This is also available in sign language.
- The key visuals on each page are done in high resolution. This helps the child to focus on the important events of the story.
- The text and the background in each story are provided in a combination of three colours to enable the child to view the content according to his/her visual preference and need.
- A black border on all four sides draws the focus to the text and the visual.
- Arrows on the black border indicates the next page. This makes it easy for the child to navigate through the book.
- Each story has flash cards with key words to reinforce the word through real images.
- Green and red dots indicate the beginning and end of sentences. Increased space between lines in level 3 and 4 has been given to help the child move to the next line.
- A note for teachers and parents has been added (in English and Hindi) at the end of each story to help them facilitate early reading process in the classroom and at home.
- A friendly packaging helps children in making reading choices. Forty cover pages with titles of all booklets are displayed in a bookshelf.
1. Overview of the Initiative
Since the past two decades the Department of Education of Groups with Special Needs (DEGSN) at NCERT has been working in the area of education of children with special needs (CWSN) and has endeavoured to include disability groups including, SCs, STs and Minorities. Implementation of an inclusive system of education has been at the heart of all its educational initiatives. For the first time the Department is preparing reading material for early graders that can be accessed by all children, including children with special needs in inclusive settings. The aim is to address the unique needs of children during the foundational years of development. The MHRD launched ‘Adapting the Barkhaa Series’ for Visually Challenged Children and other CWSN and the UDL concept to the Department endeavours to provide all young children equal access to reading, focusing extensively on children who are widely excluded due to their special needs.
2. About the original Barkhaa Series
The Barkhaa Series is a supplementary ‘graded reading series’, originally developed by the Department of Elementary Education (DEE) at NCERT. The Series was framed with the objective of enabling children to develop healthy reading skills during the early years. Research indicates that focusing only on transacting the syllabus through prescribed textbooks leads to acquiring basic knowledge and factual information, but develops the habit and desire for reading only in a limited manner. Hence the need was realized to go beyond textbooks and highlight the significance of supplementary reading. The conceptual basis is that if children read stories with meaning and pleasure from the very beginning, they will learn to read well and enjoy the process, and grow up to be joyful readers. The Barkhaa Series, as a pedagogical tool, aims at helping the children of Classes I and II learn to read with meaning and to awaken in them the urge to read more.
The Barkhaa Series has forty stories spread across four levels (Level 1, Level 2, Level 3 and Level 4) and five themes (Relationships, Birds-Animals, Musical Instruments, Games and Toys, Around Us and Food). The stories have been knit around children’s contexts and their everyday experiences. All the characters of Barkhaa are children of the intended readers’ age. Every story in the Series revolves around a small event or thing that the children of this age-group find interesting and exciting. The number of sentences and the complexity of the plots increase as we move up across the levels. Lively illustrations are given on every page helping the child connect with the written text. The Barkhaa Series can be accessed at: http://www.ncert.nic.in/departments/nie/dee/publication/Barkha.html.
3. The need to ‘adapt’ the Barkhaa Series
One of the key characteristics of inclusive education is the provision of a curriculum with learning materials that are appropriate for each child and focus on the unique learning needs, characteristics, interests and strengths of children at different developmental levels. Children with learning disability, speech or language disorder, hearing or visual impairment, physical disability, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or any type of disability, often require special accommodations, modifications and adaptations in the teaching learning materials to access learning meaningfully. Abiding by the ethos of inclusion, Barkhaa: A Reading Series for ‘All’ endeavours to bring about potential changes in the original Barkhaa Series according to the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL). The aim is to attract children with disabilities to the reading process. The core objective is to respect the diverse reading needs and facilitate access of each child to the reading materials. Retaining the essence of the original Barkhaa, a number of additional features have been incorporated in the new version, so that ‘all’ children have full access to the stories which they can read together. Barkhaa: A Reading Series for ‘All’ aims to promote optimum participation in the reading process and initiate conversations with teachers and parents regarding the child in the early years.
UDL is a systematic approach to design learning activities and materials by customizing and making adjustments for individual needs. This flexible approach is in contrast with a single, one-size-fits-all solution.
4. The Journey from ‘Barkhaa Series’ to ‘Barkhaa: A Reading Series for ‘All’
The journey from ‘Barkhaa Series’ to ‘Barkhaa: A Reading Series for ‘All’ has been enriched by contributions from many professionals. The Department organized National level workshops in a continuum with a multidisciplinary team of 185 experts (National and State levels) invited from across the country, working in the fields of sensory, cognitive and loco motor disabilities covering visual and hearing impairments, autism, learning disability, intellectual disability, multiple disabilities and cerebral palsy. These workshops directed active participation of teachers, school specialists, teachers working in special schools, resource persons, schools, NCERT faculty, representatives from UNICEF and SSA, printers, professionals producing tactile material for children with visual impairment, CIET production team, IT experts, sign artist, sign vetting experts and audio artists, apart from the original team of writers and illustrators of the Barkhaa Series.
Based on the analysed data of the workshops the identified agencies developed sample copies of Barkhaa: A reading series for ‘All’ in both print and digital formats. These sample copies were then field tested on CWSN from various institutions (inclusive schools, special schools, NGOs etc.) in cities like Jaipur, Jhansi, Delhi and Bhubaneswar. In this context, a one-day capacity building workshop was also organized in each of these cities to orient the teachers and head teachers for the tryout exercise. The rich feedback thus availed from the children of these institutions were incorporated to develop the final version of Barkhaa: A Reading Series for ‘All’ in both print and digital mode.
5. Barkhaa: A Reading Series for ‘All’
Barkhaa: A Reading Series for ‘All’ is available in both print and digital forms on the lines of the original series. It also consists of forty story booklets across four levels and five themes covering the reading needs of all children at the primary level. The objective of promoting optimum participation in the process of reading for ‘all’ children during the early years is stimulated through additional features. The features in the printed story booklets and in the digital version are listed below.
5.1 Features of the Print Version
- The text is available in print and Braille on the same page. No additional page has been added to accommodate the Braille text. This makes the text accessible to all children. The Braille used is invisible and long lasting. | 0a5c144a-1217-4312-8c0f-917573441974 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | https://www.ncert.nic.in/pdf/publication/otherpublications/englishbarkha1_6_16.pdf | 2024-04-18T16:28:36+00:00 | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817222.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240418160034-20240418190034-00748.warc.gz | 826,725,120 | 1,991 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.997883 | eng_Latn | 0.997906 | [
"eng_Latn",
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] | 2 | 5 |
Insights on Swiss milk production
Quality more important than quantity
- Average milk yield per dairy cow: < 6,000 litres/year (Germany: around 7,000 litres/year)
- Lowest bacterial and cell counts worldwide (around half compared with Germany and Austria)
International comparison of milk quality (1'000 cells/ml milk)
| Country | Cells/ml Milk |
|-----------|---------------|
| Switzerland | 117 |
| Norway | 120 |
| Germany | 190 |
| Austria | 197 |
| New Zealand| 232 |
| Denmark | 234 |
| USA | 276 |
source: Swissmilk
Cattle fed primarily on grass and hay, much less concentrated feed than in the EU
- Switzerland is a land of pastures (70% of agricultural area)
- Feed: 80% grass, hay and grass silage, 8% maize silage, 11% concentrated feed
- Switzerland: around 700-800 kg concentrated feed/year/cow
- EU: around 2,000-2,500 kg concentrated feed/year/cow
- Austrian hay milk: up to 40% concentrated feed permitted
- 35% of milk without grass and maize silage (for traditional Swiss raw milk cheese)
No GM technology
- No use of GMO feeds (cultivation forbidden in Switzerland, no imports)
The world’s strictest animal welfare regulations
- Regular access to open pasture a legal requirement in Switzerland; not in the EU
- Government programmes to encourage particularly animal-friendly indoor enclosures
- The same applies for additional, year-round access to open pasture (affects 80% of cows)
Individually-run family businesses rather than large industrial concerns
- The average Swiss milk producer has 23.5 ha of production space and 22 cows.
- Germany: 36 ha (old federal states) 197 ha (new federal states); 48 cows
- 80% of Swiss producers have fewer than 30 cows
- 45% of Swiss producers are in mountain regions
Emmi only buys Swiss milk bearing the “Suisse Garantie” (Swiss guarantee) label, which requires that milk comes only from producers who meet the requirements for sound environmental practice certification (e.g. good manure balance, maintenance of environmentally valuable land). The use of genetically modified animal feed or animals is forbidden. | <urn:uuid:2f7c2dd7-a194-4196-ad36-d0ac378a3e96> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://asia.emmi.com/fileadmin/user_upload/emmi_asia/Insights_on_Swiss_milk_production_EN.pdf | 2019-09-16T10:18:23Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00505.warc.gz | 387,593,842 | 501 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.97913 | eng_Latn | 0.97913 | [
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2190
] | [
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THE INVERTED PYRAMID
Using it to write news
The inverted pyramid is a style of writing that involves NOT TELLING THE STORY IN THE ORDER THAT IT HAPPENED (chronological sequencing) but instead TELLING THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF THE STORY FIRST.
MOST NEWSWORTHY INFO
5 W’S AND H OR IN FEATURE
WRITING AN ENTHRALLING LEAD
IMPORTANT DETAILS
GENERAL INFO
BACKGROUND
FOR HARD NEWS:
Lead is short, to the point, no emotion, very little description.
FOR FEATURES:
Lead is more of an introduction, emotion or empathy plays a part, description is used to draw the reader in | <urn:uuid:43d7fc1e-3292-431c-b515-8dc8390c6540> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.schooljournalism.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Inverted-Pyramid-Handout.pdf | 2019-09-16T10:55:47Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00506.warc.gz | 1,016,061,302 | 137 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.991678 | eng_Latn | 0.991678 | [
"eng_Latn"
] | false | rolmOCR | [
569
] | [
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OBJECT
Players make up crosswords with letter prisms taken at random from the bag. The letters carry different point values and appear on two differently colored sides of a prism. On each turn, try to make a word of the highest total point value that you can, using any of the letters available to you. If you can make a word with letters of the same color, you can double the point value of the word. The player with the highest total score at the end of the game wins.
Players may not use proper nouns, abbreviations, foreign words, and words spelled with apostrophes or hyphens.
Players may not consult a dictionary during the game, except to settle a challenge.
EQUIPMENT
A two-piece interlocking game board • 96 letter prisms • 4 letter racks • a plastic bag
SET UP
1. Snap together the two pieces of the game board. Place the board onto the center of the playing area.
2. Select a scorekeeper. The scorekeeper will need a pencil and paper.
3. Place all the letter prisms into the bag and shake them up.
4. Each player draws one letter prism from the bag at random, adds the point values of both its letters, and returns the prism to the bag. The player with the highest total will go first. Play will proceed, in turn, to the first player's left.
5. Each player takes seven prisms from the bag and arranges them on his or her rack so that both letters are clearly visible to him or her. (Don't let the other players see your letters.)
THE PRISMS
On each side of the prisms is a letter. The point value of the letter is in the upper right corner. The letter that appears on the opposite side of the prism is in the upper left corner.
This symbol serves as a substitute for any letter of the alphabet. It has no point value. When used, announce which letter it represents. The letter you choose cannot be changed, except by turning over the prism.
PLAYING
1. The first player starts the game by forming a word from his or her letter prisms, then places the word anywhere on the board. The first word on the board must have at least four letters.
a) You may form a word vertically or horizontally, but never diagonally.
b) You may select either letter on your prisms to form a word.
2. As soon as the player’s word is formed on the board, he or she adds the point values of the letters and the scorekeeper records the total. The player then randomly chooses additional letter prisms from the bag so that there are seven prisms on his or her rack once again. Then the next player plays.
3. On each subsequent turn, the word formed must relate to a word that’s already on the board in one of the following ways:
a) You may change a word on the board by adding a letter or letters.
Examples:
\[ \text{CAR'D} + \text{S} = \text{CAR'D'S} \]
\[ \text{CAR'D} + \text{DIS} + \text{S} = \text{DISCARDS} \]
b) You may form a crossword by using one letter in an existing word.
Examples:
\[ \begin{array}{ccc}
T & R & I & C & K \\
U & S & T & E & N & S & T & E \\
\end{array} \quad \begin{array}{ccc}
T & R & I & C & K \\
E & N & S & T & E \\
\end{array} \quad \begin{array}{ccc}
S & I & L \\
T & R & I & C & K \\
\end{array} \]
c) You may change a word by adding a letter to the beginning or to the end and use this letter to start a new word.
Examples:
\[ \begin{array}{ccc}
L & A & M & E \\
U & G & L & E \\
\end{array} \quad \begin{array}{ccc}
B & L & A & M & E \\
U & G & L & E \\
\end{array} \quad \begin{array}{ccc}
B & L & A & M & E & S \\
U & G & L & E & R & E & N & E \\
\end{array} \]
d) You may place letters between words to form a “ladder” with one or more “rungs.”
Examples:
\[ \begin{array}{ccc}
R & O & T \\
U & E & H & T & H \\
\end{array} \quad \begin{array}{ccc}
R & O & T \\
U & E & H & T & H \\
\end{array} \quad \begin{array}{ccc}
B & U & S & T & E & R \\
G & O & O & N \\
H & T & H \\
\end{array} \]
4. Players continue taking turns in this manner, forming crosswords, adding the point values, then drawing prisms from the bag to bring the total number of prisms on their racks back up to seven.
Notes: a) If a player cannot form a word on a turn, he or she may exchange any or all of his or her prisms with the same number of prisms from the bag. But the player must wait until his or her next turn before placing a word on the board.
b) Any time a player uses all seven prisms on a turn, he or she receives 15 bonus points.
b) Any time a letter is used twice, it counts twice in the score.
**WORDS OF ONE COLOR**
If you can form a word of five letters or more, using either all dark colors OR all light colors, you may double the point value of the word.
*Example:*
\[ \text{PICTURE} = 23 \times 2 = 46 \]
**TURNING OVER A LETTER PRISM**
A unique and fundamental aspect of this game is that you may turn over a letter prism that’s already on the board to form a new word. **Turning over a letter prism is only allowed, however, when you either form a crossword or when you add letters to a word.**
*Examples:*
a) You can do this:
\[
\begin{array}{cc}
\text{T} & \text{O} \\
\text{T} & \text{R} \\
\text{O} & \text{T} \\
\end{array}
\]
You cannot do this:
\[
\begin{array}{cc}
\text{T} & \text{O} \\
\text{T} & \text{R} \\
\text{O} & \text{T} \\
\end{array}
\]
b) You can do this:
\[
\begin{array}{cc}
\text{M} & \text{U} \\
\text{S} & \text{T} \\
\text{Y} & \text{E} \\
\text{A} & \text{L} \\
\end{array}
\quad
\begin{array}{cc}
\text{D} & \text{U} \\
\text{S} & \text{T} \\
\text{Y} & \text{E} \\
\text{A} & \text{L} \\
\end{array}
\]
You cannot do this:
\[
\begin{array}{cc}
\text{M} & \text{U} \\
\text{S} & \text{T} \\
\text{Y} & \text{E} \\
\text{A} & \text{L} \\
\end{array}
\quad
\begin{array}{cc}
\text{D} & \text{U} \\
\text{S} & \text{T} \\
\text{Y} & \text{E} \\
\text{A} & \text{L} \\
\end{array}
\]
For an even more challenging game, follow this rule: When you turn over a letter prism as described above, you may—on the same turn—turn over one or more letter prisms in the words which have at least one common letter with the word formed.
*Example:*
\[
\begin{array}{cc}
\text{R} & \text{I} \\
\text{D} & \text{E} \\
\text{T} & \text{O} \\
\text{O} & \text{L} \\
\end{array}
\quad
\begin{array}{cc}
\text{R} & \text{I} \\
\text{D} & \text{E} \\
\text{T} & \text{O} \\
\text{O} & \text{L} \\
\end{array}
\quad
\begin{array}{cc}
\text{T} & \text{I} \\
\text{D} & \text{E} \\
\text{T} & \text{O} \\
\text{O} & \text{L} \\
\end{array}
\]
Words already on the board. You add ING and change M to D to form DEALING. Because RIDE and TOOL have a common letter with the word formed (DEALING), you may change R to T and O to L to form the words TIDE and TOLL.
Each time a letter is turned over in this way, you receive 25 bonus points (in addition to the total point value of the word formed). If you turn over more than one prism on a turn, you receive 25 additional points for each prism turned.
**Examples:**
| T | O | T | R | O | T |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | E | R | | | |
By playing RACER, you score the following:
14 points (normal points scored for RACER)
+ 25 points (bonus for changing T to R)
+ 6 points (normal points for ROT)
= 45 points
| M | U | S | T | Y |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| R | I | D | E | A |
| T | O | O | L | |
| D | U | S | T | Y |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | I | D | E | A |
| T | O | L | L | I | N | G |
By playing DEALING, you score the following:
20 points (normal score for DEALING)
+ 20 points (normal score for DUSTY)
+ 8 points (normal score for TIDE)
+ 11 points (normal score for TOLL)
+ $25 \times 3$ points (bonus score for turning over three prisms on a turn)
= 134 points
**CHALLENGING AN OPPONENT’S WORD**
If you think an opponent has made an error in his or her word, you may challenge that opponent. Consult a dictionary to settle the challenge. If you’re correct in challenging the word, your opponent removes the word from the board and forfeits the turn. If you’re incorrect in challenging the word, you must deduct 10 points from your score.
**ENDING THE GAME**
The game can end in one of two ways: When there are no prisms left in the bag and someone has played all his or her letter prisms; or when it’s impossible for players to form additional words.
**SCORING AND WINNING**
At the end of the game, the scorekeeper totals the points for each player. Each player then must deduct from his or her score the total number of points on both sides of the prisms which he or she has not used. If one player has played all his or her prisms, that player earns the total point value of all the letters remaining in each opponent’s rack. The player with the highest total point score wins the game.
---
**PARKER BROTHERS**
We will be happy to answer your questions about OPTION™. Contact the Consumer Response Department in the location nearest you:
In the U.S.A.: Parker Brothers, P.O. Box 1012, Beverly, MA 01915.
In Australia and New Zealand: Toltoys Pty. Ltd., 104 Bourke Road, Alexandria, N.S.W. 2015.
In the United Kingdom: Palitoy Company, Owen Street, Coalville, Leicester LE6 2DE England. | <urn:uuid:404faf2f-89e7-44e4-bacf-7e6f93a55d86> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://fgbradleys.com/rules/Options.pdf | 2019-09-16T10:36:53Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00501.warc.gz | 488,064,308 | 2,691 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.981641 | eng_Latn | 0.994323 | [
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Your child is learning to be a Beetle Buster to stop the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB). The ALB hurts our trees and our communities.
We ask you to join your child as a Beetle Buster. Community members like you helped get rid of the ALB in Chicago, IL, and Hudson County, NJ. Now it’s your turn to join with your child and be a Beetle Buster family.
Let’s do this together!
In the eastern United States alone, 4 million jobs depend on forests that are vulnerable to ALB!
The ALB could attack 3 out of every 10 city trees. As of August 2010, over 70,000 trees have been cut down due to ALB infestations in New York, Illinois, New Jersey, and Massachusetts.
New England produces most of the maple syrup for the United States. If the ALB reaches those forests, breakfast will never be the same!
FAMILY ACTIVITY SUGGESTIONS
Raise awareness about, search for, and report the ALB!
Your child has learned about the trees the ALB likes to attack. As a family, identify the trees on your property that could host the ALB.
Your child knows how to spot the ALB and the signs it leaves behind. Have your child teach you what to look for, and go on a family beetle hunt around your house or in your neighborhood. Make this a part of your daily routine when the weather is warm!
Going camping? Ask your child to teach you why you should never move firewood from the location where it was cut.
For more information on the ALB, including photos, videos, information about living and working in an ALB-regulated area, and an online form to report your sightings, go to www.BeetleBusters.info. | <urn:uuid:0b8f8431-f9fb-4d38-bfa1-238266dfa2c8> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.aphis.usda.gov/pest-disease/alb/uploads/2015/07/Flyer-Poster-English1.pdf | 2019-09-16T10:16:21Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00512.warc.gz | 768,386,461 | 365 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998267 | eng_Latn | 0.998267 | [
"eng_Latn"
] | false | rolmOCR | [
1585
] | [
2.765625
] | 1 | 1 |
Task 16. Complete the sentences with can/ cannot and a suitable verb from the box.
| visit x2 | go x2 | rent x2 | take x2 |
|----------|-------|---------|---------|
1. We **can see** a beautiful landscape from the bus.
2. No, he **cannot take** a taxi.
3. I **visit** an art gallery today.
4. You **rent** a car.
5. **Can** we **go** to a castle tomorrow?
6. No, they **cannot go** to the north.
7. **Can** you **take** this room?
8. She **goes** to Italy alone.
9. Who **visits** a mountain train?
Task 17. Learn the following expressions in the box and make up the sentences.
| have a rest | be on holiday | go on a long / short trip | return from the trip |
Example: Let’s **have a rest**.
Task 18. Complete the sentences with the following words.
| passport | tourist season | souvenir | visa |
1. You need a _________ to cross the border between Mexico and the United States.
2. It can be quite busy here during the ___________.
3. I must remember to bring a ___________ back from Spain for my grandmother.
4. You must have a ___________ in your passport to go to the USA.
Task 19. Learn the words describing travelling and fill in the gaps.
| comfortable | expensive | fast | slow | safe | popular | wonderful | heavy | famous | ancient |
1. This ticket is not ________________.
2. The plane is a very __________ means of transport.
3. Move quickly! You are very __________.
4. I like to take photos of __________ buildings.
5. What a ________________ day!
6. He is having a rest at a __________ resort.
7. I don’t want to carry __________ suitcases.
8. This seat is very ________________.
9. Travelling by sea is very ________________.
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“Southernization” by Lynda Shaffer (abridgement)
The term *southernization* is a new one. It is used here to refer to a multifaceted process that began in Southern Asia and spread from here to various other places around the globe. The process included so many interrelated strands of development that it is impossible to do more here than sketch out the general outlines of a few of them. Among the most important that will be omitted from this discussion are the metallurgical, the medical, and the literary. Those included are the development of mathematics; the production and marketing of subtropical or tropical spices; the pioneering of new trade routes; the cultivation, processing, and marketing of southern crops such as sugar and cotton; and the development of various related technologies.
Southernization was well under way in Southern Asia by the fifth century C.E., during the reign of India’s Gupta kings (320–535 C.E.). It was by that time already spreading to China. In the eighth century various elements characteristic of southernization began spreading through the lands of the Muslim caliphates. Both in China and in the lands of the caliphate, the process led to dramatic changes, and by the year 1200 it was beginning to have an impact on the Christian Mediterranean. One could argue that within the Northern Hemisphere, by this time the process of southernization had created an eastern hemisphere characterized by a rich south and a north that was poor in comparison. And one might even go so far as to suggest that in Europe and its colonies, the process of southernization laid the foundation for westernization.
**THE INDIAN BEGINNING**
Southernization was the result of developments that took place in many parts of southern Asia, both on the Indian subcontinent and in Southeast Asia. By the time of the Gupta kings, several of its constituent parts already had a long history in India. Perhaps the oldest strand in the process was the cultivation of cotton and the production of cotton textiles for export. Cotton was first domesticated in the Indus River valley some time between 2300 and 1760 B.C.E., and by the second millennium B.C.E., the Indians had begun to develop sophisticated dyeing techniques. During these early millennia Indus River valley merchants are known to have lived in Mesopotamia, where they sold cotton textiles.
In the first century C.E. Egypt became an important overseas market for Indian cottons. By the next century there was a strong demand for these textiles both in the Mediterranean and in East Africa, and by the fifth century they were being traded in Southeast Asia. The Indian textile trade continued to grow throughout the next millennium.
Indian voyages on the Indian Ocean were part of a more general development, more or less contemporary with the Mauryan empire, in which sailors of various nationalities began to knit together the shores of the “Southern Ocean,” a Chinese term referring to all the waters from the South China Sea to the eastern coast of Africa. During this period there is no doubt that the most intrepid sailors were the Malays, peoples who lived in what is now Malaysia, Indonesia, the southeastern coast of Vietnam, and the Philippines.\(^9\)
Sometime before 300 B.C.E. Malay sailors began to ride the monsoons, the seasonal winds that blow off the continent of Asia in the colder months and onto its shores in the warmer months. Chinese records indicate that by the third century B.C.E. “Kunlun” sailors, the Chinese term for the Malay seamen, were sailing north to the southern coasts of China. They may also have been sailing east to India, through the straits now called Malacca and Sunda. If so they may have been the first to establish contact between India and Southeast Asia.
Malay sailors had reached the eastern coast of Africa at least by the first century B.C.E., if not earlier. Their presence in East African waters is testified to by the peoples of Madagascar, who still speak a Malayo-Polynesian language. Some evidence also suggests that Malay sailors had settled in the Red Sea area. Indeed, it appears that they were the first to develop a long-distance trade in a southern spice. In the last centuries B.C.E., if not earlier, Malay sailors were delivering cinnamon from South China Sea ports to East Africa and the Red Sea.\(^{10}\)
By about 400 C.E. Malay sailors could be found two-thirds of the way around the world, from Easter Island to East Africa. They rode the monsoons without a compass, out of sight of land, and often at latitudes below the equator where the northern pole star cannot be seen. They navigated by the wind and the stars, by cloud formations, the color of the water, and swell and wave patterns on the ocean’s surface. They could discern the presence of an island some thirty miles from its shores by noting the behavior of birds, the animal and plant life in the water, and the swell and wave patterns. Given their manner of sailing, their most likely route to Africa and the Red Sea would have been by way of the island clusters, the Maldives, the Chagos, the Seychelles, and the Comoros.\(^{11}\)
It appears that the pepper trade developed after the cinnamon trade. In the first century C.E. southern India began supplying the Mediterranean with large quantities of pepper. Thereafter, Indian merchants could be found living on the island of Socotra, near the mouth of the Red Sea, and Greek-speaking sailors, including the anonymous author of the *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, could be found sailing in the Red Sea and riding the monsoons from there to India.
Some time before 400 C.E. travelers began to use a new all-sea route to China, a route that went around the Malay peninsula and thus avoided the Isthmus of Kra portage. The ships left from Sri Lanka and sailed before the monsoon, far from any coasts, through either the Strait of Malacca or the Strait of Sunda into the Java Sea. After waiting in the Java Sea port for the winds to shift, they rode the monsoon to southern China.\(^{14}\) The most likely developers of this route were Malay sailors, since the new stopover ports were located within their territories.
These Southern Asian developments began to have a significant impact on China after 350 C.E. The Han dynasty had fallen in 221 C.E., and for more than 350 years thereafter China was ruled by an ever changing collection of regional kingdoms. During these centuries Buddhism became increasingly important in China, Buddhist monasteries spread throughout the disunited realm, and cultural exchange between India and China grew accordingly.\textsuperscript{22} By 581, when the Sui dynasty reunited the empire, processes associated with southernization had already had a major impact on China. The influence of southernization continued during the Tang (618–906) and Song (960–1279) dynasties. One might even go so far as to suggest that the process of southernization underlay the revolutionary social, political, economic, and technological developments of the Tang and Song.
Although sugar had long been grown in some parts of southern China it did not become an important crop in this region until the process of southernization was well under way. The process also introduced new varieties of rice. The most important of these was what the Chinese called Champa rice, since it came to China from Champa, a Malay kingdom located on what is now the southeastern coast of Vietnam. Champa rice was a drought-resistant, early ripening variety that made it possible to extend cultivation up well-watered hillsides, thereby doubling the area of rice cultivation in China.\textsuperscript{26}
Before the process of southernization, northern China had always been predominant, intellectually, socially, and politically. The imperial center of gravity was clearly in the north, and the southern part of China was perceived as a frontier area. But southernization changed this situation dramatically. By 600, southern China was well on its way to becoming the most prosperous and most commercial part of the empire.\textsuperscript{29}
The Tang dynasty, when Buddhist influence in China was especially strong, saw two exceedingly important technological innovations — the invention of printing and gunpowder. These developments may also be linked to southernization. Printing seems to have developed within the walls of Buddhist monasteries between 700 and 750, and subtropical Sichuan was one of the earliest centers of the art.\textsuperscript{31} The invention of gunpowder in China by Daoist alchemists in the ninth century may also be related to the linkages between India and China created by Buddhism. In 644 an Indian monk identified soils in China that contained salt-peter and demonstrated the purple flame that results from its ignition.\textsuperscript{32} As early as 919 C.E. gunpowder was used as an igniter in a flame thrower, and the tenth century also saw the use of flaming arrows, rockets, and bombs thrown by catapults.\textsuperscript{33} The earliest evidence of a cannon or bombard (1127) has been found in Sichuan, quite near the Tibetan border, across the Himalayas from India.\textsuperscript{34}
In the seventh century c.e. Arab cavalries, recently converted to the new religion of Islam, conquered eastern and southern Mediterranean shores that had been Byzantine (and Christian), as well as the Sassanian empire (Zoroastrian) in what is now Iraq and Iran. In the eighth century they went on to conquer Spain and Turko-Iranian areas of Central Asia, as well as northwestern India. Once established on the Indian frontier, they became acquainted with many of the elements of southernization.
The Arabs were responsible for the spread of many important crops, developed or improved in India, to the Middle East, North Africa, and Islamic Spain. Among the most important were sugar, cotton, and citrus fruits.\textsuperscript{37} Although sugarcane and cotton cultivation may have spread to Iraq and Ethiopia before the Arab conquests,\textsuperscript{38} only after the establishment of the caliphates did these southern crops have a major impact throughout the Middle East and North Africa.
The introduction of Indian crops, such as sugar and cotton, led to a much more intensive agriculture in the Middle East and some parts of the Mediterranean. Before the arrival of these crops, farmers had planted in the fall to take advantage of autumn rains and harvested in the spring. In the heat of the summer their fields usually lay fallow. But the new southern crops preferred the heat of the summer, and thus farmers began to use their fields throughout the year.
Under Arab auspices, Indian mathematics followed the same routes as the crops.\textsuperscript{42} Al-Kharazmi (ca. 780–847) introduced Indian mathematics to the Arabic-reading world in his \textit{Treatise on Calculation with the Hindu Numerals}, written around 825. Mathematicians within the caliphates then could draw upon the Indian tradition, as well as the Greek and Persian.
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Lynda Shaffer, “Southernization,” \textit{Journal of World History} 5 (Spring 1994): 1–21.
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To support empowerment, economic security, and educational opportunities for adolescent girls around the world, and for other purposes.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Ms. Frankel (for herself, Mrs. Brooks of Indiana, Mrs. Lowey, and Mr. Fitzpatrick) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on ____________________________
A BILL
To support empowerment, economic security, and educational opportunities for adolescent girls around the world, and for other purposes.
1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
2 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
3 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the “Keeping Girls in School Act”.
4 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for this Act is as follows:
5 Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Appropriate congressional committees defined.
Sec. 3. Findings.
Sec. 4. Sense of Congress.
Sec. 5. Secondary education for adolescent girls.
Sec. 6. Global strategy requirement.
Sec. 7. Transparency and reporting to Congress.
SEC. 2. APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DEFINED.
In this Act, the term “appropriate congressional committees” means—
(1) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and
(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.
SEC. 3. FINDINGS.
Congress finds the following:
(1) Adolescence is a critical period in a girl’s life, when significant physical, emotional, and social changes shape her future.
(2) Adolescent girls are particularly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, child, early and forced marriage, and other forms of violence which are detrimental to their futures, as evidenced by the following statistics:
(A) Each year, 380,000 adolescent girls and young women become newly infected with HIV, more than 1,000 every day, and comprise
the fastest-growing demographic for new infections in sub-Saharan Africa.
(B) Each year, 12,000,000 adolescent girls around the world are married before their 18th birthday, and more than 650,000,000 women alive today were married as children.
(C) Child marriages often interrupt schooling, limit opportunities, and impact the physical, psychological and social well-being of such girls. If there is no reduction in child marriage, the global number of women married as children is projected to increase by 150,000,000 by 2030.
(D) One-quarter to one-half of girls in developing countries become mothers before the age of 18, and girls under 15 are five times more likely to die during childbirth than women in their 20s.
(3) Approximately 130,000,000 girls around the world are not in school, and millions more are failing to acquire basic reading, writing, and numeracy skills.
(4) Girls between the ages of 10 and 19 are three times more likely than boys to be kept out of school, particularly in countries affected by conflict.
(5) Due to discriminatory gender norms and expectations, disparities in access to safe and quality education manifest early in a girl’s life and continue to become more pronounced throughout adolescence.
(6) Girls living with disabilities are less likely to start school and transition to secondary school than boys living with disabilities and other children, and just 1 percent of women with disabilities are literate globally.
(7) While two-thirds of all countries have achieved gender parity in primary education, only 40 percent have achieved gender parity in secondary education.
(8) Adolescent girls who remain in school are more likely to live longer, marry later, have healthier children, and, as adults, earn an income to support their families, thereby contributing to the economic advancement of communities and nations.
(9) Since July 2015, more than 100 public-private partnerships have been formed between the United States Government and external partners to support innovative and community-led solutions in targeted countries, including Malawi and Tanzania, to ensure adolescent girls receive a quality education.
(10) The United States Global Strategy to Empower Adolescent Girls, published in March 2016, has brought together the Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development, the Peace Corps, and the Millennium Challenge Corporation, as well as other agencies and programs such as the President’s Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), to address the range of challenges preventing adolescent girls from attaining an inclusive and equitable quality education leading to relevant learning outcomes.
(11) According to the United States Global Strategy to Empower Adolescent Girls, which is the first foreign policy document in the world solely dedicated to the rights and empowerment of girls globally, “while the Millennium Development Goals improved outcomes for girls in primary education, they also highlighted the need for a targeted focus on adolescents and young adults, particularly regarding the transition to and completion of secondary school”.
(12) PEPFAR, through its DREAMS (Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored, and Safe) Initiative, has worked to address a numnumber of the specific barriers to education that adolescent girls face.
SEC. 4. SENSE OF CONGRESS.
It is the sense of Congress that—
(1) every child, regardless of place of birth, deserves an equal opportunity to access quality education;
(2) the United States has been a global leader in efforts to expand and improve educational opportunities for those who have been traditionally disenfranchised, particularly women and girls;
(3) gains with respect to girls’ secondary education and empowerment have been proven to correlate strongly with progress in gender equality and women’s rights, as well as economic and social progress, and achieving gender equality should be a priority goal of United States foreign policy;
(4) achieving gender parity in both access to and quality of educational opportunity contributes significantly to economic growth and development, thereby lowering the risk for violence and instability; and
(5) education is a lifesaving humanitarian intervention that protects the lives, futures, and well-being of girls.
SEC. 5. SECONDARY EDUCATION FOR ADOLESCENT GIRLS.
(a) AUTHORITY.—The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development may enter into acquisition, assistance, or results-based financing agreements, including agreements combining more than one such feature, for activities addressing the barriers described in subsection (b) that adolescent girls face in accessing a quality secondary education. Such activities shall—
(1) set outcome-based targets to demonstrate qualitative gains;
(2) use existing United States Government strategies and frameworks relevant to international basic education and gender equality, including evidence-based interventions, to—
(A) integrate new technologies and approaches, including to establish or continue public-private partnerships or to pilot the use of development impact bonds (the results of which are verified by an independent evaluation);
(B) to the greatest extent possible, apply quasi-experimental and scientific, research-based approaches;
(C) promote inclusive, equitable and sustainable educational achievement; and
(D) support a responsible transition to education systems that are sustainably financed by domestic governments; and
(3) ensure that schools provide safe and quality educational opportunities and create empowering environments, so that girls can enroll in and regularly attend school, successfully transition from primary to secondary school, and eventually graduate having achieved learning outcomes and positioned to make healthy transitions into adulthood.
(b) SPECIFIC BARRIERS.—The barriers described in this subsection include—
(1) harmful societal and cultural norms;
(2) lack of safety at school or traveling to school, including harassment and other forms of physical, sexual, or psychological violence;
(3) child, early, and forced marriage;
(4) female genital mutilation;
(5) distance from a secondary school;
(6) cost of secondary schooling, including fees, clothing, and supplies;
(7) inadequate sanitation facilities and products available at secondary schools;
(8) prioritization of boys’ secondary education;
(9) poor nutrition;
(10) early pregnancy and motherhood;
(11) HIV infection;
(12) disability;
(13) discrimination based on religious or ethnic identity; and
(14) heavy workload due to household tasks.
(c) COORDINATION AND OVERSIGHT.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—The United States Agency for International Development Senior Coordinator for International Basic Education Assistance, in coordination with the United States Agency for International Development Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment and the Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women’s Issues at the Department of State, shall be responsible for the oversight and coordination of all activities of the United States Government carried out under this section.
(2) DEVELOPMENT OF AGREEMENTS.—In the development of results-based financing agreements described in subsection (a), the Senior Coordinators shall consult with the United States Agency for International Development Innovation, Technology, and Research Hub or any successor center that is
responsible for developing innovative tools and approaches to accelerate development impact.
(3) COORDINATION WITH OTHER STRATEGIES.—Activities carried out under this section shall also be carried out in coordination with—
(A) the United States Global Strategy to Empower Adolescent Girls described in section 6; and
(B) the United States Government Strategy on International Basic Education, including its objective to expand access to quality basic education for all, particularly marginalized and vulnerable populations.
(d) ACCEPTANCE OF SOLICITATIONS FOR AWARDS.—The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall seek to accept solicitations for one or more awards, pursuant to the authority in subsection (a), to conduct activities under this section beginning not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act.
(e) MONITORING AND EVALUATION.—The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall seek to ensure that activities carried out under this section(1) employ rigorous monitoring and evaluation methodologies, including ex-post evaluation, to ensure that such activities demonstrably close the gap in gender parity for secondary education and improve the quality of education offered to adolescent girls;
(2) disaggregate all data collected and reported by age, gender, marital and motherhood status, disability, and urbanity, to the extent practicable and appropriate;
(3) adhere to the Policy Guidance on Promoting Gender Equality of the Department of State and the Gender Equality and Female Empowerment Policy of the United States Agency for International Development; and
(4) use, to the extent possible, indicators and methodologies identified by the Interagency Working Group for the Strategy on International Basic Education.
SEC. 6. GLOBAL STRATEGY REQUIREMENT.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 5 years thereafter, the Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women’s Issues at the Department of State, in consultation with the Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women’s
1 Empowerment and the Senior Coordinator for International Basic Education Assistance at the United States Agency for International Development, shall—
(1) review and update a United States global strategy to empower adolescent girls;
(2) provide a meaningful opportunity for public review and consultation on the strategy; and
(3) submit the strategy to the appropriate congressional committees.
(b) Initial Strategy.—For the purposes of this section, the “United States Global Strategy to Empower Adolescent Girls”, published in March 2016, shall be deemed to fulfill the initial requirement under subsection (a).
(c) Consultation Required.—In reviewing and updating the strategy under subsection (a), the Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women’s Issues, the Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, and the Senior Coordinator for International Basic Education Assistance shall consult with—
(1) the heads of relevant Federal departments and agencies their designees, as well as experts on adolescent girls, gender equality, and empowerment issues throughout the Federal Government;
(2) the appropriate congressional committees;
(3) representatives of United States civil society and multilateral organizations with demonstrated experience and expertise in empowering adolescent girls or promoting gender equality, including local civil society organizations and beneficiaries where possible; and
(4) local organizations and beneficiaries in countries receiving assistance pursuant to the strategy, including youth and adolescent girls’ organizations.
SEC. 7. TRANSPARENCY AND REPORTING TO CONGRESS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 180 days thereafter until each activity initiated pursuant to the authorities under this Act has concluded, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in coordination with the Secretary of State, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing—
(1) the activities initiated under the authorities provided in this Act; and
(2) the manner and extent to which such activities are monitored and evaluated, in accordance with section 5(e).
(b) **AVAILABILITY.**—The report required by subsection (a) shall be made available on a text-based, searchable, and publicly available website of the United States Agency for International Development. | <urn:uuid:46ca02df-a8a6-41f1-b43f-a5b3083c70e3> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://frankel.house.gov/uploadedfiles/keeping_girls_in_school_act_2019.pdf | 2019-09-16T10:32:35Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00510.warc.gz | 484,632,632 | 2,682 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.963428 | eng_Latn | 0.988636 | [
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Energy shifting and saving tips you can use right now!
The most energy intensive appliances are those that heat or cool air or water. Focus on shifting them for the greatest benefit.
Clothes washing and drying
• Shift laundry to off-peak periods where possible. Rinse and wash with cold water whenever possible.
Dishwashing
• Shift dishwasher use to off-peak periods where possible. Always run full loads and don’t forget to use the air-dry setting.
Air conditioning and heating
• Install a programmable thermostat and set it to reduce your energy use when you’re not home and when you’re sleeping.
• In the summer, as much as possible, avoid running your air conditioner from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays — consider a fan first for cooling.
• Check for drafts and leaks that will let your winter heat out and invite muggy summer air in. Caulking and weather-stripping are simple and inexpensive.
• Use a portable fan in conjunction with your air conditioner and set the thermostat to 26-28 C.
• In the summer, keep blinds and curtains closed to keep out the midday sun.
• Wrap your electric hot water tank and pipes in a special tank blanket to help keep its heat. (But don’t wrap a gas heater, as an inappropriate or incorrectly installed blanket is dangerous.)
Take advantage of lower rates during off-peak periods by using timers and motion sensors.
• Put your electronics and chargers on power bars with timers. Set the timer for chargers to come on during off-peak periods and shut off after only a few hours of charging. Have electronics turned off while you’re asleep or away.
• If you have a swimming pool, sauna, or spa, try using timers where possible to operate pumps, filters and heaters during off-peak periods where prices are lowest.
• Consider automatic timers, motion sensors and dimmers to help maximize your control over lighting costs.
Think about Time-of-Use periods when conducting routine activities and purchasing new appliances.
• For instance, if you have a self-cleaning oven or electric lawn mower, consider using them on weekends to take advantage of off-peak rates.
• If you need to purchase a new appliance, consider appliances with timer functions that allow you to take advantage of Time-of-Use rates – and always look for the Energy Star label.
See for yourself!
The SMART METER information for your home is now online!
Visit www.essexpowerlines.ca/time-of-use-information to see how much off-peak, mid-peak and on-peak power you’re using.
Power. Smarter.
INTRODUCING TIME-OF-USE RATES
A Quick Guide
Webpage view of graphs and charts.
For more information visit: www.ontario.ca/powersmarter
Introducing a new way to manage your electricity costs and be part of the province’s conservation plan.
SMART METERs and Time-of-Use rates are new energy management tools that will enable you to help smooth “peak demand”.
When we’re all using a lot of electricity at the same time we create “peak demand” periods. And supplying electricity at those peak times has a range of impacts:
- It adds to our electricity costs because higher demand leads to higher prices.
- It’s hard on the environment because meeting the peaks may require the building of additional electricity generation plants.
- It adds to the amount of new generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure Ontario must build; and consumers must pay for.
- It puts a strain on our electricity system.
So working together to reduce our use at peak times makes good sense.
Want to know more? Read this Quick Guide to Time-of-Use rates, then go to www.essexpowerlines.ca/time-of-use-information today - and discover how TOU rates can help you manage your electricity needs.
Note: if you currently purchase your electricity commodity through a retailer, you will continue to follow the terms and price stated in your contract.
Simple changes can bring real benefits.
The price of your electricity use will now be calculated using new “Time-of-Use” (TOU) rates. By using Time-of-Use rates to manage your electricity costs, you can help reduce the need for additional power generation during peak periods. Simple changes to your regular routine can help smooth those peaks and create real supply and environmental benefits.
Putting you in control.
Time-of-Use pricing rewards you for using electricity during low-demand periods whenever possible (reflected in green). These Time-of-Use rates – off-peak, mid-peak and on-peak, will vary between summer and winter. As you can see from the seasonal charts below, the lowest rates are at night, on weekends and statutory holidays.
Choose your time. Manage your costs.
Your SMART METER automatically records your electricity consumption on an hourly basis so you can take advantage of Time-of-Use pricing:
- During on-peak periods, when demand (and production costs) are highest, prices will be higher.
- During mid-peak times, when demand is moderate, prices will be lower.
- During off-peak hours, the least busy periods of the day, prices will be the lowest.
Depending on when you choose to run your appliances, here are some sample costs for typical appliances. You can find how much electricity your specific appliance/model consumes by visiting Natural Resources Canada’s Office of Energy Efficiency’s website at www.oee.nrcan.gc.ca or by calling NRCan’s Office of Energy Efficiency at 1-800-387-2000 (toll-free).
| Appliance | Off-peak 4.4¢ Per kWh | Mid-peak 8¢ Per kWh | On-peak 9.3¢ Per kWh |
|----------------------------------|-----------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| Clothes Dryer (1 load) | 10¢ | 18¢ | 20¢ |
| Clothes Washer (1 load/hot wash)*| 34¢ | 62¢ | 73¢ |
| Clothes Washer (1 load/cold wash)| 5¢ | 9¢ | 10¢ |
| Electric Stove (1 family meal) | 22¢ | 40¢ | 47¢ |
| Dishwasher (1 load)* | 16¢ | 29¢ | 33¢ |
| AC Central 25 degrees (1 hour) | 12¢ | 22¢ | 26¢ |
| AC Central 20 degrees (1 hour) | 14¢ | 26¢ | 30¢ |
*Cost of electrical water heating included.
Prices shown here only reflect the electricity or commodity cost on your bill. They do not include delivery, regulatory or other charges as those are based on your consumption or are a fixed cost, and do not reflect the time of use. Electricity prices change every six months. You can visit the Ontario Energy Board at www.oeb.gov.on.ca for current pricing details.
Note: Visit the Ontario Energy Board at www.oeb.gov.on.ca for current pricing. | <urn:uuid:a792ef41-36b4-45c3-a040-a389ecaccc7a> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://essexpowerlines.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Bro-TOU-AUG11.pdf | 2019-09-16T10:35:47Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00514.warc.gz | 469,742,993 | 1,454 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998348 | eng_Latn | 0.99846 | [
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Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents 1-7. (The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.) Write your answer on the lined pages provided. This question is designed to test your ability to work with and understand historical documents.
Write an essay that:
- Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with evidence from the documents.
- Uses all of the documents.
- Analyzes the documents by grouping them in as many appropriate ways as possible. Does not simply summarize the documents individually.
- Takes into account the sources of the documents and analyzes the authors’ points of view.
- Identifies and explains the need for at least one additional type of document.
You may refer to relevant historical information not mentioned in the documents.
Many societies had law codes prior to 600 C.E. Using the following documents, compare and contrast how these codes reflected the needs of various cultures.
Document 1
Source: *Code of Hammurabi*, 18th c. B.C.E.
[The purpose of the code is] to cause justice to prevail in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil, and to prevent the strong from oppressing the weak,...to enlighten the land and to further the welfare of the people.
If his son is under age, and unable to administer his [deceased] father’s affairs, then a third part of the field and garden shall be given to his mother, and his mother shall bring him up...
A captain, soldier, or official may not give his field, or garden, or house to his wife or his daughter; neither can they be given as payment for debt.
If a son has struck his father, his hands shall be cut off.
If a man has destroyed the eye of another free man, his own eye shall be destroyed. If he has broken the bone of a free man, his bone shall be broken.
If he has destroyed the eye of a peasant, or broken a bone of a peasant, he shall pay one mina of silver.
Document 2
Source: *The Book of Exodus, The Ten Commandments*
I am the Lord thy God...Thou shalt have no other gods before Me...
Thou shalt not make unto thee a graven image...
Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain...
Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy...
Honor thy father and thy mother...
Thou shalt not murder...
Thou shalt not commit adultery...
Thou shalt not steal...
Thou shalt not bear false witness...
Thou shalt not covet...
Source: *The Laws of Twelve Tables*, Roman Republic, 451 B.C.E.
Table III:
When a debt has been acknowledged...thirty days must be the legitimate time of grace. After that, the debtor may be arrested by laying on of hands. Bring him into court. If he does not satisfy the judgment...the creditor...may bind him either in stocks or in fetters....
Table IV:
Quickly kill...a dreadfully deformed child. If a father thrice surrender a son for sale, the son shall be free from the father.
Table V
Females shall remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority.
Table VII
Should a tree on a neighbor’s farm be bent crooked by a wind and lean over your farm, action may be taken for removal of that tree. It is permitted to gather up fruit falling down on another man’s farm.
Table XI
Intermarriage shall not take place between plebeians and patricians.
---
Source: *The Laws of Manu*, 2nd or 3rd c B.C.E. India
At night they [unclean jatis or castes] shall not walk about in villages and in towns. By day they may go about for the purpose of their work, distinguished by marks at the king’s command, and they shall carry out the corpses of persons who have no relatives; that is a settled rule.
A man of low caste who through covetousness lives by the occupations of a higher one, the king shall deprive of his property and banish.
A wife, a son, and a slave, these three are declared to have no property; the wealth which they earn is acquired for him to whom they belong...
What was given before the nuptial fire, what was given on the bridal procession, what was given in token of love, and what was received from her brother, mother, or father, that is called the six-fold property of a woman.
Where women are honored, there the gods are pleased; but where they are not honored, no sacred rite yields reward..
Where the female relations live in grief, the family soon wholly perishes; but that family where they are not unhappy ever prospers.
Document 5
Source: Li Su, *On the Destruction of Books*, Qin Dynasty, 3rd c. B.C.E.
Your servant suggests that all books in the imperial archives, save the memoirs of Qin, be burned. All persons in the empire, except members of the Academy of Learned Scholars, in possession of the Book of Odes, the Book of History, and discourses of the hundred philosophers [including Confucius]’ should take them to the local governors and have them burned. Those who dare to talk to each other about the Book of Ideas and the Book of History should be executed and their bodies exposed in the market place. Anyone referring to the past to criticize the present should, together with all members of his family, be put to death. Officials who fail to report cases that have come under their attention are equally guilty. After thirty days from the time of issuing the decree, those who have not destroyed their books are to be branded and sent to build the Great Wall. Books not to be destroyed will be those on medicine and pharmacy, agriculture and aboriculture [the cultivation of trees and shrubs]. People wishing to pursue learning should take the officials as their teachers.
Document 6
Source: Luke 2:1, *The New Testament*, 1st c B.C.E.-1st c. C.E.
And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, that all the world should be enrolled to be taxed.
Document 7
Source: *The Justinian Code*, Byzantine Empire, 6th c. C.E.
Slaves are in the power of masters, a power derived from the law of nations; for among all nations it may be remarked that masters have the power of life and death over their slaves, and that everything acquired by the slave is acquired for the master.
If the wheat of Titius is mixed with yours, when this takes place by mutual consent, the mixed heap belongs to you in common because each body, that is, each grain, which before was the property of one or other of you, has by your mutual consent been made your common property; but, if the intermixture were accidental, or made by Titius without your consent, the mixed wheat does not then belong to you both in common; because the grains still remain distinct, and retain their proper substance...if either of you keep the whole quantity of mixed wheat, the other has a real action [claim or suit] for the amount of wheat belonging to him, but it is in the province of the judge to estimate the quality of the wheat belonging to each. | <urn:uuid:06f83cba-0789-446e-9681-5804237a9b43> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://coachwoodfin1.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/2/8/11287125/ancient_law_codes.pdf | 2019-09-16T10:11:31Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00522.warc.gz | 439,145,155 | 1,520 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.99843 | eng_Latn | 0.998964 | [
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Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Nutrients are highlighted if they contain at least 10% of the Daily Value. Percent Daily Values and Calories are rounded according to FDA rules for labeling. For purposes of comparison, all nutrients are those contained in 8 fluid ounces.
Nutrient values for products vary and are shown for illustration purposes only. Nutrient values shown are representative of products as reported in the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR 28), except for fat-free chocolate milk. USDA NDB No.: Low-fat milk 1% 01094; Low-fat chocolate milk 01104; Vanilla almond beverage 14016; Orange juice 08208; Sports drink 14460; Cola 14148.
Water is not included because it is not a dairy product. “TruMoo” is a registered trademark of PepsiCo, Inc. (2015). and is provided as representative of the nutritional contents of fat-free chocolate milk typically offered in schools. Actual nutrient data may differ based on the particular fat-free chocolate milk product offered.
Sugars in beverages can include intrinsic and/or added sugars. Milk and orange juice naturally contain intrinsic sugars that are not considered “added sugars.” Added sugars were calculated using the following information: 8 oz. of milk contains 12 g intrinsic sugar (lactose); 8 oz. of orange juice contains 21 g intrinsic sugars; all sugars in 8 oz. vanilla almond beverage (15 g), sports drink (13 g), and cola (16 g) are “added sugars.”
June 2016 | <urn:uuid:efb85492-5fe6-402b-aca7-08bcf3bdd51b> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://southeastdairy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Rethink-Your-Drink.pdf | 2017-11-19T03:22:51Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805265.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119023719-20171119043719-00305.warc.gz | 268,410,254 | 327 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.993788 | eng_Latn | 0.993788 | [
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10 Things Toddlers Wish They Could Tell You
Here are some tips for helping your young child or grandchild grow spiritually, socially and emotionally.
By Colleen L. Reece
Reprinted with permission from the June, 2000 issue of The Lutheran Witness
1 "Be sure to tell me about Jesus."
Small children are wide open to learning about Jesus in their preschool years. The Lord recognized this, as shown in Luke 10:15: "I tell you the truth, anyone who will not receive the kingdom of God like a little child will never enter in."
Teach your toddler children (and grandchildren) that Jesus is their friend; He loves them dearly and forgives them when they do wrong.
Children and parents can grow together spiritually as toddlers learn to worship by watching. They will worship, sing and pray enthusiastically.
Encourage them to pray in their own words.
2 "My attention span is limited."
It's fun to meet and greet neighbors in supermarket aisles, but your toddlers aren't interested in catching up on all the latest news. They'd rather wander, explore, touch. Instead of spending 15 minutes chatting next to the Oreos and Ding-Dongs, tell your friend you'll call when you get home.
3 "I'm afraid of strangers."
Few children appreciate being passed from lap to lap. Most prefer getting to know new people a little at a time—and on their terms. Be wary of forcing your toddler to accept strangers and new baby-sitters too quickly.
4 "I'm not a pet or a trained seal."
"Come on, honey, say 'Aunt Kathie.'"
"Show Mrs. Dennis how you play pat-a-cake, Josh."
"Sing that little song you learned at church for Grandma."
These requests-to-perform place your toddler in a tough spot. Some small children delight in showing off. Others shrink away. If your child falls in the latter group, don't push him or her.
5 "Don't be embarrassed if I don't respond the way you hope I will."
There is no need to apologize for your small children if they cry when someone new picks them up, hide behind you during introductions or refuse to sit on Grandpa’s lap when he hasn’t visited in a long time.
They aren’t terrible kids. They’re shy, frightened and unsure of themselves in new situations. Too many parents feel an unresponsive toddler reflects unfavorably on them, and they react accordingly.
6 “Handle me with Care.”
Toddlers may look sturdy, but they are still fragile. Overdone roughhousing, tossing babies in the air and jerking little arms and legs can damage young, growing bodies. Toddlers also need careful emotional handling. They can’t always tell you if they’re sick, cold, lonely or overly tired as easily as they can express hunger. Fussing is usually a symptom of something needing attention.
7 “Don’t compare me with others.”
Each child is a unique person, created by God with his or her own timetable. Some learn to walk and say a few words in their first year. Others take longer. So what? Toddler development isn’t a race—although, to hear some parents, it appears to be.
8 “I Can’t like everything you think I should.”
Children need variety in their food, toys and other things. Provide several choices and give your toddlers an opportunity to learn decision-making.
9 “Let me be my own age.”
Some toddlers behave so well that, on occasion, parents forget they aren’t little women and little men. Remember, toddlers are just past babyhood, and they must not be expected to respond like miniature adults. Lead—don’t push—your toddlers into each new stage of childhood. Enjoy them fully at ages 2, 3 and 4. Soon you’ll wave your kindergartners off in the mornings and only the memories of their toddler days will remain.
10 “Walk in my small shoes.”
Remember the children’s game “Mother, May I”? One child played Mother; the rest started the game behind a line drawn on sidewalk or in the dirt. “Mother” stood in the distance, a second line in front of her. The first child to cross that second line won. The children took turns asking questions such as, “Mother, may I take three giant steps?” “Mother” might answer, “No, but you may take 10 baby steps.”
Even small children recognized babies and toddlers must take many steps with their short legs to keep up with the “giant steps” of big people.
A sad sight at shopping centers and grocery stores is a hurried mother carrying a baby and half-dragging a toddler whose chubby little legs must run to keep up. Slow down while shopping with toddlers in tow. Or take a stroller for when their little legs tire.
While all 10 of these are things parents need to keep in mind, let’s repeat the first—the most important: “Be sure to tell me about Jesus.”
God’s blessings to you as you help your toddler learn and grow spiritually, intellectually, physically, emotionally and socially. Nurture them in the love of the Lord.
Colleen L. Reece is a free-lance writer in Auburn, Wash. | <urn:uuid:f6832ba2-6642-4efa-bf68-4a7dc4224a18> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.lcms.org/Document.fdoc?src=lcm&id=489 | 2014-12-20T10:24:23Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769685.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00138-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 635,324,892 | 1,068 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.998075 | eng_Latn | 0.998824 | [
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**MANATEE FACT SHEET—**
**SWIM WITH THE FRIENDLY FLORIDA MANATEE**
| **Name:** | West Indian Manatee |
|-----------|---------------------|
| **Kingdom:** | Animalia |
| **Phylum:** | Chordata |
| **Class:** | Mammalia |
| **Family:** | Trichechidae |
| **Genus:** | Trichechus |
**Description:** Large, seal-like body that tapers to a spatulate tail. Two forelimbs with three or four nails on each. Skin thick and wrinkled with stiff whiskers on upper lip.
**Color:** Gray or gray-brown
**Size:** Can grow to 13 feet and weigh over 3,000 pounds.
**Behavior:** Gentle and slow moving. Most of their time is spent eating, resting, and in travel.
**Sight:** Depth perception may be limited. Can differentiate colors.
**Hearing:** Can hear very well despite the absence of external ear lobes.
**Communication:** Emit sounds that are within human auditory range. They make sounds such as squeaks and squeals when frightened, playing, or communicating, particularly between calf and cow.
**Breathing:** Nostrils on upper surface of snout which close tightly like valves when submerged. Surfaces to breath every few minutes depending on the amount of activity.
**Habitat:** They can be found in shallow, slow moving rivers, estuaries, saltwater bays, canals, and coastal areas, particularly where sea grass beds flourish.
**Range:** Within the United States, they are concentrated in Florida during the winter, but can be found in summer months as far north as Virginia and the Carolinas. The West Indian manatee can also be found in the coastal and inland waterways of Central and South America as far south as Recife, Brazil.
**Food Source:** Aquatic plants. Manatees are completely herbivorous and can eat 10-15% of their body weight daily.
**History:** Manatees are believed to have evolved from a wading, plant-eating animal, and share a common ancestor with the elephant.
**Related Species:** West African manatee, Amazonian manatee, dugong, Stellars sea cow (extinct).
**Population:** Has grown from 1,200 to 3,300 over the last decade in the United States.
**Reproduction:** Females are probably not reproductively mature until 5 to 9 years old and males are not until 6 to 9 years old. It is believed that one calf is born every 2 to 5 years. Twins are rare in the wild. Gestation period is around 13 months.
**Problems:** Human related: Boat/barge collisions, loss of habitat, crushing or drowning in flood gates, poaching, ingestion of fish hooks and monofilament line, entanglement in crab trap lines, pollution.
**Conservation:** Public acquisition and/or creation of sanctuaries in critical areas; research covering biology, mortality, behavior, habitat, and population; implementation of management plans; establishment of regulatory speed zones and the levying of fines for excess speeds in these designated areas; posting of regulatory speed signs in habitat areas; a MANATEE HOTLINE 1(800-DIAL-FMP) for reports of dead or injured animals or manatee harassment; manatee education and public awareness programs.
**Legal Protection:** Florida Manatee Sanctuary Act, 1978; U.S. Marine Mammal Act, 1972; U.S. Endangered Species Act, 1973
**HAVE ANY MORE QUESTIONS?** Call us at 352-795-5797 or 800-632-6262 or firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:1575e850-1ca7-44d1-ba6d-5dc438d34c84> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.plantationoncrystalriver.com/files/3531/Manatee_Facts_.pdf | 2017-11-19T03:06:02Z | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805265.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119023719-20171119043719-00304.warc.gz | 475,225,648 | 780 | eng_Latn | eng_Latn | 0.994965 | eng_Latn | 0.994965 | [
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