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An area is so designated if the following three criteria are met: 1. The area is a rational area for the delivery of dental services. 2. One of the following conditions prevails in the area:(a) The area has a population to full-time-equivalent dentist ratio of at least 5,000:1, or(b) The area has a population to full-t... |
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) |
In Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN), equipment that provides full-duplex service on a single twisted metallic pair at a rate sufficient to support ISDN basic access and additional framing, timing recovery, and operational functions. Note: The physical termination of the DSL at the network end is the line ter... |
Digital telecommunications channels (DS) |
These channels are capable of transmitting high volume voice, data or compressed video signals. DS1 and DS3 are also known as T1 and T3 carriers. Transmission rates are 64 Kbps for DS0, 1.544 Mbps for DS1, and 45 Mbps for DS3. |
A device that converts an analog signal into a digital representation of the analog signal. A digitizer usually samples the analog signal at a constant sampling rate and encodes each sample into a numeric representation of the amplitude value of the sample. |
Direct Digital Imaging |
Involves the capture of digital images so that they can be electronically transmitted. |
DS1 (T1) |
A digital carrier capable of transmitting 1.544 Mbps of electronic information; the general term for a digital carrier available for high-value voice, data, or compressed video traffic. |
DS3 (T3 |
A carrier of 45 Mbps bandwidth. One DS3 channel can carry 28 DS1 channels. |
A transmission system allowing data to be transmitted in both directions simultaneously. |
A system of encoding data on a Web page or email where the information can only be retrieved and decoded by the person or computer system authorized to access it. Often used on the web to protect financial data. |
A communications protocol that utilizes various types of cable at a rate of 10 Mbps. |
Fiber optics |
Film Digitizer |
A device that allows scanning of existing static images so that the images can be stored, manipulated, or transmitted in digital form. |
Fractional T1 |
A portion of the 1.544 Mbps (T1-aggregate) bit stream; the available fractions being determined by the type of multiplexer used to achieve the T1 aggregate bit stream. |
Frame relay |
Created to improve the rate of data transfer compared to previous transmission protocols, frame relay is a streamlined process of sending and acknowledging transmitted packets of data. |
Full Duplex |
A communication channel over which both transmission and reception are possible at the same time. |
Full T1 |
See T1. |
Gigabits per second (Gbps) |
A measure of bandwidth and rate of data flow in digital transmission. |
Health Professional(s) Shortage Area (HPSA) |
Means any of the following which the Secretary determines has a shortage of health professional(s): (1) An urban or rural area (which need not conform to the geographic boundaries of a political subdivision and which is a rational area for the delivery of health services); (2) a population group; or (3) a public or non... |
A communication channel over which both transmission and reception are possible, but only in one direction at a time. |
H channel |
The ISDN packet switched channel on Basic Rate Interface, designed to carry user information streams at different speeds, depending on type: H11=1536Kbit/s, H0=384Kbit/s and H12= 1920Kbit/s. |
A measure of radio frequency. One Hz = one cycle per second. |
High frequency (HF) |
Frequencies from 3 MHz to 30 MHz. |
Image Processing |
The deployment of systems that collect, organize, and report health data to improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care, public health, and providers and consumers decision-making about health care management (e.g., electronic medical record, integrated health care management systems, disease tracking sys... |
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) |
A completely digital telephone system that is slowly enjoying more popularity throughout the United States which permits the integrated transmission of voice, video, and data to users at a higher speed than would be possible over typical telephone lines. It also provides connections to a universal network. It currently... |
Internet (1) |
Internet (2) |
A collection of networks and gateways, including the Milnet and NSFNET, all using the TCP/IP protocol suite. It functions as a single, cooperative virtual network. The Internet provides universal connectivity and three levels of network services: connectionless packet delivery; full duplex stream delivery, and applicat... |
Internet Protocol (IP) |
The messenger protocol of the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), describing software that tracks the Internet address of nodes, routes outgoing messages, and recognizes incoming messages. It facilitates the identification of the Internet Protocol Address (IP Address) of a computer or other device... |
The condition achieved among communications and electronics systems or equipment when information or services can be exchanged directly between them, their users, or both. |
1,000 = 103 |
Kilobits per second (Kbps) |
A measure of bandwidth and rate of data flow in digital transmission. One Kbps is 1,024 kilobits per second. |
Local Area Network (LAN) |
A network of computers, generally small in number, whose reach is limited, typically within a building or campus, linked to allow access and sharing of data and computer resources by users. Differentiated from MAN and WAN by the size of the area, LAN is the smallest. |
Medically Underserved Areas (MUA) |
Megabits per second (Mbps) |
A measure of bandwidth and rate of data flow in digital transmission. One Mbps is equivalent to one million bits per second. |
Mental Health Professional(s) Shortage Area (MHPSA) |
An area is so designated if the following criteria are met: |
The area is a rational area for delivery of mental health services; |
One of the following conditions exists within the area: |
• population-to-core mental health professional ratio greater than or equal to 6,000:1 and a population-to-psychiatrist ratio greater than or equal to 20,000:1, |
• a population-to-core-professional ratio greater than or equal to 9,000:1, or |
• a population-to-psychiatrist ratio greater than or equal to 30,000:1; |
The area has unusually high needs for mental health services, and has: |
• a population-to-core mental health professional ratio greater than or equal to 4,500:1, and a population-to-psychiatrist ratio greater than or equal to 15,000:1, |
• a population-to-core professional ratio greater than or equal to 6,000:1, or |
• a population-to-psychiatrist ratio greater than or equal to 20,000:1; |
An area will be considered to have unusually high needs for mental health services if one of the following criteria is met: |
• 2gree of substance abuse in the area, as indicated by prevalence data showing the area's substance abuse to be in the worst quartile of the Nation, region, or State |
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) |
A network of computers whose reach extends to a metropolitan area. MANs may be used to link telemedicine applications at a data rate similar to DS1. In some cases, MANs may be used by cable companies to offer links to off-network services such as the Internet, airline reservation systems, and commercial information ser... |
Megabyte (Mb) |
A measure of computer storage and memory capacity. One Mb is equivalent to 1.024 million bytes, 1,024 thousand bytes, or 1.024 Kbs. However, this term is also applied to the more rounded term of 1 million bytes. |
Megahertz (Mhz) |
A measure of bandwidth and rate of information flow for analog transmission. One Mhz equals 10 to the sixth power cycles per second. |
Microwave (MW) |
Loosely, an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength from 300 mm to 10 mm (1 GHz to 30 GHz). Note: Microwaves exhibit many of the properties usually associated with waves in the optical regime, e.g., they are easily concentrated into a beam. |
Modem (Modulator/De-modulator) |
AA device that translates digital signals to pulse tone (analog) signals to enable transmission over telephone lines and reconverts them to digital form at the point of reception, thus permitting a computer to communicate with another computer over a regular telephone line. These devices are usually identified by the s... |
Multipoint Control Unit (MCU) |
A multiport device, by means of which two or more audiovisual terminals may intercommunicate in a conference call. Note: A "principal MCU" has been assigned a superior controlling function in a call where two or more MCUs in that call are termed "satellite MCUs". The physical realization of an MCU may be such that two ... |
A set of nodes, points or locations which are connected via data, voice, and video communications for the purpose of exchanging information. Interconnected telecommunications equipment used for data and information exchange. Consists of different types, LAN, MAN, and, WAN being examples. |
Open Systems Architecture |
A design that permits the interconnection of system elements provided by many vendors. The system elements must conform to interface standards. |
Optical Carrier (OC) |
The nomenclature for the line rate of the optical transmission signal. |
Optical Ring (Disk) |
A computer storage disk used solely for large quantities (Gbs) of data. |
Any device that is attached to a computer externally. Scanners, mouse pointers, printers, keyboards, and monitors are all examples of peripherals. Scales, blood pressure cuffs, spyrometers, and glucometers are also examples. |
Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS) |
A system capable of acquiring, transmitting, storing, retrieving, and displaying digital images and relevant patient data from various imaging sources, and communicating the information over a network. |
The type of computer on which a given operating system or application runs; the operating system in use on a given computer; or the application program in use on a given computer and operating system. The term cross-platform may be used to characterize an application program or operating system that may be run on more ... |
Primary Rate Interface (PRI) |
An integrated services digital network (ISDN) interface standard that is designated in North America as having a 23B+D channels, in which all circuit-switched B channels operate at 64 kb/s, and in which the D channel also operates at 64 kb/s. Note: The PRI combination of channels results in a digital signal 1 (T1) inte... |
In networking, to send data from a server to a client in compliance with a previous request from (via) the client, as soon as the data are available. |
Real Time |
The capture, processing, and presentation of data, audio, and/or video signals at the time the data is originated on one end and received at the other end. When signals are received at rates of 30 frames per second, real time is achieved. |
Redundant or Redundancy |
Known as fault-tolerance, in data transmission, refers to characters and bits that can be removed from a transmission without affecting the message. In data processing and data communications, it means providing backup for components: should one of them fail, the system continues to run without operation. Total redunda... |
In data communications, a functional unit used to interconnect two or more networks. Routers operate at the network layer (layer 3) of the ISO Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model. The router reads the network layer address of all packets transmitted by a network, and forwards only those addressed to another ne... |
An electronic retransmission instrument serving as a repeater, which is a bi-directional device used to amplify or regenerate signals, placed in orbit around the earth in geostationary orbit for the purpose of receiving and retransmitting electromagnetic signals. It typically receives signals from a single source and r... |
A network device that provides service to the network users by managing shared resources. The term is often used in the context of a client-server architecture for a local area network (LAN). |
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