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599X -- a strong, readable signal with a perfect tone, just like a crystal-controlled transmitter. This is everyone's desire! |
You can download a desktop reference of the RST system here. |
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Common Q-Signals Used in CW QSOs |
CW operators also use the same set of Q-Signals as phone and digital-mode operators. With CW, however, some of these appear more frequently during a contact. If the Q signal stands alone, it typically represents a statement. If it's followed by a question mark, it's a query. |
QRG(?) -- My exact frequency is ______. What is your exact frequency? |
QRL(?) -- Frequency is busy. |
QRM(?) -- Interference from another station |
QRN(?) -- Interference from static |
QRO(?) -- Increase power |
QRP(?) -- Decrease power |
QRQ(?) -- Send faster |
QRS(?) -- Send slower |
QRT(?) -- Stop sending |
QRU(?) -- All done - nothing more |
QRV(?) -- I am ready |
QRX(?) -- Please Wait a minute or more |
QRZ(?) -- Who is calling me |
QSK(?) -- I can hear you while I am sending |
QSL(?) -- I acknowledge receipt |
QSX(?) -- I am listening on ... |
QSY(?) -- Change frequency to ... |
QTH(?) -- My location is ... |
You can download a more-complete list of Q signals here. |
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Section 3 - A "Typical" CW QSO |
Whew !!! It seems like it took a lot of background information to get to this section. We apologize if we have provided too much information. In reality, we have tried very hard to strike a balance between providing you with enough information and overwhelming you with too much information. |
Truth be known, far too many Amateurs dive into their first on air CW experience without adequate preparation. They get frustrated from the experience and end up missing out on the joys of the original Ham communications mode. Many years ago, the ARRL and other Amateur organization provided guides for RadioTelegraph op... |
This section outlines a typical CW QSO. Although there are many variations possible to the basic QSO, most QSOs follow this format. If there is any way to do it, find an Elmer, friend, or any other experienced CW operator to help you with your first on-air CW QSO. The following "script" describes a typical CW QSO as it... |
Checking to see if the frequency is clear: |
In this example, W3ABC will check to see if the frequency is clear - this is a good, courteous practice, try to make this a habit in all your radio fun. |
The first step is to listen for several seconds or even a few minutes. A frequency may sound quiet when you first tune to it. But a QSO may be underway, but propagation allows you to hear only one of the two stations. Listening for a decent interval gives the station you can hear enough time to make itself known, savin... |
If you hear nothing, it's still useful to check with a query on the air, using QRL?. A good basic rule is to keep your inquiry as short as possible to minimize disruption to an existing QSO. |
Example 1: QRL? |
Example 2: QRL? DE W3ABC K |
Please note: If the frequency is busy, you may hear a C (for Si in Spanish), R (Roger), or QRL (Frequency IS Busy) in response. Do not respond. Simply move on and select another frequency. |
Calling CQ: |
If there is no response to your QRL? you may proceed to calling CQ. |
Please note: A 3x3 format is recommended. In other words, send CQ three times, followed by the DE (from/this is), followed by your call sign three times. That's enough -- take a break and see if anyone hears you and wants to call you. The K at the end means that you are done transmitting and invites anyone to respond. |
Receiving the Response: |
In this example, W2XYZ will respond to your CQ. |
Please Note: Although the use of AR at the end of the call is strictly correct procedure, many operators will end the call with a simple K. The argument for the use of AR is twofold: |
-- K should be used only after communication has been established and that, at this point in a QSO, full two-way communications has not yet been established. |
-- Many calls end with a K and depending on conditions it can be unclear if the sender has finished. AR removes any ambiguity. |
In actual practice, be prepared for either K or AR. |
The QSO is now in progress: |
W3ABC begins the QSO by responding as follows: |
Some notes: |
-- Note the use of the BT prosign to serve as a break between sections or sentences of the QSO. CW operators seldom use a period in their QSOs. |
-- Many operators will use longer pauses between thoughts and seldom use the BT. Some operators will use more BT's. Each operator will have a different style. |
-- The prosign KN denotes that only W2XYZ should answer. This is an alternate procedure, so a simple K here can also suffice. |
-- The prosign AR can also be included after the message content but before the call signs based on suggested ARRL procedure. However, the use of AR is optional and not necessary in day to day communications. |
Continuing the QSO: |
W2XYZ now transmits and returns the basic information to W3ABC: |
Additional Information: |
Both stations may continue to play catch by conversing back and forth as long as desired. For example, here is an additional exchange containing yet more typical information: |
W2XYZ can now send the same type of info. This is the point that the QSO becomes fairly free form with suggested topics such as age, other hobbies, discussion of further topics in ham radio etc. |
If you want to engage in a longer QSO, often called a Rag Chew, to get to know the operator on the other key, we have provided some tips for engaging in a conversational QSO. You can download a PDF of these hints here:Hints for RagChew QSOs |
Please note: For US operators, the FCC requires that you send your call at the end of a QSO and once every 10 minutes durng a QSO. It is not necessary to exchange call signs every time you hand the QSO over to the other station or as you pick up the other station's hand-off. When you take advantage of the 10-minute rul... |
Completing the QSO: |
And soon it is time to sign off. |
W2XYZ would now also sign. Goodbyes are best done quickly. Like everything else in Morse operation, brevity is best. As your experience grows you will find what works best for you. Keep in mind that the prosigns and abbreviations are designed to help the conversation move along smoothly as well as help others who might... |
Over time, it has become somewhat traditional for one station to send shave-and-a-hair-cut (dit di-di-dit dit) to which the other station can respond with two bits (dit dit). Often, both stations will simply send a dit dit as a final GoodBye. |
Please note: Strictly speaking, this exchange could be considered as an illegal unidentified transmission since it comes AFTER the final transmission of your callsign. It is not presented here as a best practice, but rather as information to let you know what to expect. |
Additional suggestions for those first low-stress QSOs: |
-- As mentioned above, prepare a script containing the basic information you might transmit for each exchange. This allows the beginner to concentrate completely on clean and steady keying without worrying about composing the message on the fly. |
-- Call CQ and transmit your initial information at the same speed you can comfortably copy. If you transmit faster than you can copy, the other station may assume you are comfortable receiving at that same speed. |
-- It is often helpful to listen carefully for traffic on frequency for a minute or two before asking if the frequency is in use. |
-- Don't be afraid to say QRS if you are having difficulty copying the other station. A good, courteous operator will slow down for you. |
-- Feel free to tape record your QSOs so you can review missed information. This can be helpful for the beginner who wishes to confirm the content if curious or if he wants to be sure he has the information right before sending a QSL card. |
-- If the other operator transmits 599 or states that he is receiving you with solid copy it is unnecessary to repeat message content. |
-- If you have a mentor (elmer) who is a CW operator, invite him/her to join you for your first QSO. An elmer can copy along and assist you in case you get nervous. |
-- Don't worry about making mistakes. Remember! This is Amateur Radio, not Professional Radio. While everyone's goal should be to improve and eventually become a first-class operator, mistakes are part of the learning process. Enjoy yourself, don't worry about errors and have fun. |
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Section 4 - Conversational CW QSO's and Basic Etiquette |
Include some variations and some DO's and DON'Ts. |
This section remains a work in progress. If you would like to contribute to this section, please contact Ron Bower, AC2C, via email at |
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Section 5 - More Resources |
Include a variety of web links to valuable information and other user guides. |
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Banner photos courtesy of Ron Bower, AC2C, and Pete Spotts, WB5BUP. |
Paul's Greatest Treasure: Knowing Christ (Philippians Sermon 14 of 24) |
Previous Page |
February 01, 2004 | Andrew Davis |
This transcript has not yet been edited or verified for accuracy. |
Well, I'm very excited to preach on this section of scripture, Philippians 3:7-11. We began this message last week, this is really kind of a two-part message. There's a negative aspect to what Paul's doing in Philippians 3:1-11 and a positive aspect. We looked at the negative one last week, how Paul came to reject as t... |
And so, he bought is for $4. When he got home and tried to get the picture out of the frame, the frame disintegrated into many pieces. And he immediately felt that he had wasted his $4, until a folded-up piece of paper in the back fell out onto the table, and he opened it up and there was the Declaration of Independenc... |
There were only three left available and this is what he bought for $4. It was auctioned later that year for $2.4 million, that's what he got for his $4. And so, one man's trash can become immense treasure at that moment. Now, that's not likely to happen to you. Don't get any ideas about flea markets and all that kind ... |
They tracked down eventually one of the forgers, Alfredo Fioravanti in Italy, and he proved that he had made them because he had a missing thumb from one of the warriors, and they had made it and foisted it off as a fake. How embarrassing for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, that something they thought was a priceless t... |
The world offers actually many counterfeit treasures, things that you can build your whole world upon, things that you can cherish, human esteem and praise, academic or professional achievement, material prosperity, all of these things can be as, ultimately, a life goal are worthless trash. Nothing on which to base you... |
And so, it would've been with the Apostle Paul, Saul of Tarsus, as he was on the road to Damascus, so filled with himself, so filled with his spiritual resume, so filled with his accomplishments in Judaism, top of his class, rising, he was on the fast track to leadership in the Sanhedrin. He was a ladder climber, an am... |
"Who are you, Lord?" he said, "I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting." And at that moment his world fell apart. His self-righteousness was shredded by the purity, the glory of Christ and he came to realize that he was undone, just like Isaiah. "Woe is me, I'm ruined. For I'm a man of unclean lips and I live among a peop... |
And he was led into a life of assessing at that moment, as we do all the time, putting a price on something. If you're going to have a yard sale or something, you've gotta put price tag on everything, weigh its value and you're gonna decide what it's worth. Paul went through everything in his life and put a price tag o... |
Actually, it was worse than worthless, because it was positively keeping him from faith in Christ. It was dragging him the wrong way, it was actually the enemy of his soul, all of this righteousness, the self-achievement, and so he thought differently. The proprietor of his soul, that's what he was, and he was going th... |
He trashed his reputation as a Roman citizen. In the end it would be Rome that would execute him. He trashed all the things he cherished, he burned his bridges. There was no turning back. Jesus said, the Kingdom of Heaven is like treasure hidden in a field. When a man found it, he hid it again. And then in his joy, in ... |
Now, we look at the positive side in which Paul names what his new treasure is. He actually names it in great detail. He goes through it in great detail and explains what it is that drove out his self-righteousness. What was his new treasure? And he says it very plainly. It was number one, and we're gonna look at it li... |
But the center of it all. If you could boil it down, I want to know Christ. I wanna know Him. And just pause before we look at these five facets of this beautiful diamond. What an incredible thing it is that this man, the author to the Philippians, is saying, I wanna know Christ. This is a man who saw the resurrected C... |
No saved person would ever speak like that. We have tasted and it's good and we're not satisfied yet, we want more. And that's the way Paul was, the more he knew, the more he wanted to know. I wonder if it's gonna be infinitely accelerating in Heaven. We'll get there and just the more we know, the more we'll wanna know... |
First, I wanna start with knowing about Christ. Now, this is just the start, but it's essential, it's vital. How can you call on someone you've never heard of? How can you trust in somebody that you know nothing about? How can you love somebody that you're ignorant of? We must know things about Christ, and Paul wanted ... |
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