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Bread proofing, or proving, is the final step in making leavened bread before the actual baking and during which shaped dough is allowed to rise one final time. After mixing ingredients and allowing the dough to rise, the baker will punch, knead and shape the dough before letting it rest during bread proofing. Some rec... |
Fermentation is responsible for causing bread to rise. When yeast is mixed with the flour and water, it begins to convert carbohydrates into simple sugars that it can use. As the yeast feeds on these sugars, it produces alcohol and carbon dioxide. Warm temperatures speed this process along, but temperatures of more tha... |
Mixing the flour and water also makes gluten, the substance responsible for giving dough its strength and elasticity. This elasticity causes the dough to trap the carbon dioxide in tiny air bubbles. As more of these bubbles become trapped, the dough takes up more space and begins to inflate, or rise. Gluten stretches a... |
For the first rise, the yeast becomes active as it mixes with flour and water. This mix initially is uneven, and during the mixing and kneading process, some of the yeast is completely dry, and some is fully activated and producing carbon dioxide. As a result, the first rise might not grow evenly. Portions of the dough... |
After the first rise, the baker will punch down the dough and squeeze out most of the carbon dioxide. With all yeast in the dough now fully active, the dough will rise evenly. Even, predictable rising allows the baker to shape the loaf as desired without the risk of one side inflating more than another. Stretching the ... |
The length of time required for bread proofing will depend on the recipe that is being used. Dough made with rye flour, for instance, rises especially quickly. On the other hand, sourdough bread might need to ferment for days. Of course, the desired density also will have an impact on the proofing time as well, and rec... |
Discuss this Article |
Post 4 |
It's really good to read this and understand why people make bread the way that they do. I have always followed the recipes but some part of me wondered if there was actually a purpose to letting the dough rise multiple times, or if it was just tradition or something. |
I guess all the different shapes of bread actually add something to the texture and the flavor, rather than just looking nice. You learn something new every day. |
Post 3 |
The time used for making sourdough bread is going to depend on what starter you are using and what recipe you're following as well. If you're making your own starter from scratch that's probably going to take a few days, because you need to basically catch wild yeast and make sure that it's growing properly and there i... |
The proofing itself probably won't take that much longer than a normal loaf, but the first rise might take quite a bit longer. |
It is completely worth it though, since a good bread loaf of sourdough is absolutely delicious. |
Post 2 |
My mother used to joke that this was the final proof that you've followed the recipe properly and that was why it was called proofing. |
It did seem to be the step that went wrong the most often when I was learning to make bread, but I don't know if that's true for everyone. Even talking about making bread makes me want to have fresh bread! I think I might go and make some pumpernickel bread for breakfast tomorrow. |
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Re: [TowerTalk] Mixing a 20m yagi with a 40m yagi on the sameboom..... |
To: Robert Thain <>, |
From: Jim Lux <> |
Date: Wed, 30 Aug 2006 06:19:37 -0700 |
List-post: <> |
At 04:46 AM 8/30/2006, Robert Thain wrote: |
>I have a question from my radio club, |
>We have a Hygain 4 element 20m monoband yagi (204) and a Cushcraft 40-2cd. |
>We would like to put them on the same boom. |
>Something like a EF-420/240 from force12. |
>Ideally we want to keep as much of the existing hardware as possible (Ie |
>keep the hygain boom) |
>Have you done this (or similar)? Can it be done ? If so what changes need |
>to made ? |
>Where should the 40m beam be placed on the '20m' boom. ie how should it be |
>interlaced ? |
>Your input is greatly appreciated. |
>We do not have any body who is familiar with antenna software, I "think" |
>it should be easier with that. |
You need to spend half an hour getting familiar with antenna modeling |
software, and then spend half a day trying the models. |
While there's not a "lot" of interaction in such a design, there's enough |
that you need to figure it out, so you don't inadvertently do it "really wrong" |
Unless you have a proven way to do the interlace from someone who's done it |
before, you have a fair to middling chance of spending all the time putting |
it together, hauling it to the top of the tower, and then finding out it |
doesn't work like you expected. |
By the way, the forward gain is pretty insensitive to these things, what |
you'll screw up will be the F/B or the bandwidth. |
personally, I use the (free) 4nec2 engine, but others are fans of |
EZNEC. Both of them would work fine for this kind of thing. |
You're not necessarily looking for gnat's eyelash accuracy modeling here, |
but more putting the model together and making a "sensitivity analysis"... |
if I move the elements an inch forward or back, is there a huge difference |
in pattern. If there isn't, then you can slap it together and be |
confident. OTOH, if you put a quick model (no tapers, just straight |
elements) together, and moving the 40m elements relative to the 20m |
elements by 1/2 inch changes the F/B by 10dB, then you KNOW you've got some |
work on your hands. |
>Please reply direct and I'll summarise. |
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April 3, 2010 |
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Garden jargon: 15 common gardening words |
It's almost time to hit seed catalogues, garden websites, and nurseries to plan for this year's garden. As you research and read, you'll come across lots of words that are familiar and some that are not. Gardeners use a lot of jargon-words that are specific to the world of gardening. Knowing the definitions of these wo... |
Annual: An annual is a plant that completes its life cycle - growth, seeds for next year's plants, and death-all in one season. Good annuals for Summit County include poppies and cosmos. |
Biennial: A biennial takes up to two years to complete its lifecycle. Pansies are biennials that are often grown as annuals. Parsley, stock, and hollyhocks are also biennials. |
Bulbs: Often, "bulb" is a term used for any plant that has a large, underground storage space for nutrients. All bulbs produce plants, and all of them have underground storage space for nutrients. When a plant grown from a bulb fades, it's important to let the leaves stay so that they can collect sun and nutrients to r... |
Deadhead: We can extend the blooming time of an annual by "deadheading" the faded flowers. We pluck or snip them off after they fade but before they go to seed. |
Foliage: "Foliage" is a fancy name for leaves. We use the term for plants that have especially attractive or dramatic leaves, like dusty miller and hostas. |
Hardy: In Summit County, knowing a plant's hardiness is imperative. Hardiness is connected to growing zones, and seeds, plants, trees, and shrubs are labeled by zone. Our climate is special and often extreme. In addition to checking for hardiness according to zones, it's important to contact a local gardening center to... |
Loam: "Loam" is pretty much an equal mix of silt, sand, and clay, and it is essential to healthy gardens. We can have "sandy loam" which has more sand, and "clay loam" that has more clay, but the idea is to have a mix that holds moisture but is loose enough for roots to penetrate easily. |
N-P-K: This is a term that you'll find in fertilizer formulas. These are letters from the periodic table of elements that stand for nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. Fertilizer N-P-K appears as a ratio, like 12-8-10. This means that there are 12 parts nitrogen, 8 parts phosphorous, and 10 parts potassium. Different... |
Perennial: A plant is considered a perennial if it lives for two or more seasons. Plants that are perennial in a warm climate may not be in a harsher climate and vice versa. Some perennials, like peonies, can live for decades under the right conditions, even though they "look" dead over the winter. |
Sucker: Some trees and plants grow "suckers" that can cause crowding of the plant's original branch. Suckers are buds that grow in between the "V" of a branch and the main stem. Removing suckers prevents crowding and ensures that the plant doesn't spread to unwanted places in the landscape. |
With these definitions, you begin planning your springtime garden and landscape. |
This article put together by Peter Alexander of Neils Lunceford Landscape Design/Build ( Peter can be reached at (970) 468-0340, or at |
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Original URL: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/16/sun_mysql_open_source/ |
Meet the world's premier open source vendor - Sun |
Red Hat, Dell, IBM and HP get SAMPed |
By Ashlee Vance |
Posted in Servers, 16th January 2008 23:43 GMT |
Rather prophetic on the open source part, no? |
Extra, Extra! |
Beef service |
But business is boring. Let's get to war. |
The LAMP stack is all the rage, and Sun appears to have found the cheapest way into buying a letter - maybe two. |
Sun could well have applied its billions in cash toward grabbing Red Hat. (Let's say $5bn.) Buy why bother? |
First off, Sun would need to spend far more to acquire Red Hat. Then, it's battling away with rivals IBM, HP and Dell over the whole proposition, warring with open source zealots afraid of Sun's stewardship and in fighting over Solaris vs. Linux. |
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