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The city of Orleans itself was on the north side of the Loire, but its suburbs extended far on the southern side, and a strong bridge connected them with the town. A fortification which in modern military phrase would be termed a tete-du-pont, defended the bridge-head on the southern side, and two towers, called the To... |
It has been observed by Hume, that this is the first siege in which any important use appears to have been made of artillery. And even at Orleans both besiegers and besieged seem to have employed their cannons more as instruments of destruction against their enemy's men, than as engines of demolition against their enem... |
The Orleannais now in their distress offered to surrender the city into the hands of the Duke of Burgundy, who, though the ally of the English, was yet one of their native princes. The Regent Bedford refused these terms, and the speedy submission of the city to the English seemed inevitable. The Dauphin Charles, who wa... |
The district where she dwelt had escaped comparatively free from the ravages of war, but the approach of roving bands of Burgundian or English troops frequently spread terror through Domremy. Once the village had been plundered by some of these marauders, and Joan and her family had been driven from their home, and for... |
Thus from infancy to girlhood Joan had heard continually of the woes of the war, and she had herself witnessed some of the wretchedness that it caused. A feeling of intense patriotism grew in her with her growth. The deliverance of France from the English was the subject of her reveries by day and her dreams by night. ... |
According to her own narrative, delivered by her to her merciless inquisitors in the time of her captivity and approaching death, she was about thirteen years old when her revelations commenced. Her own words describe them best:[5] "At the age of thirteen, a voice from God came near to her to help her in ruling herself... |
The inhabitants of Vaucouleurs were completely won over to her side, by the piety and devoutness which she displayed and by her firm assurance in the truth of her mission. She told them that it was God's will that she should go to the King, and that no one but her could save the kingdom of France. She said that she her... |
The state of public feeling in France was not favourable to an enthusiastic belief in Divine interposition in favour of the party that had hitherto been unsuccessful and oppressed. The humiliations which had befallen the French royal family and nobility were looked on as the just judgments of God upon them for their vi... |
Thus all things favoured the influence which Joan obtained both over friends and foes. The French nation, as well as the English and the Burgundians, readily admitted that superhuman beings inspired her: the only question was, whether these beings were good or evil angels; whether she brought with her "airs from heaven... |
Joan appeared at the camp at Blois, clad in a new suit of brilliant white armour, mounted on a stately black war-horse, and with a lance in her right hand, which she had learned to wield with skill and grace.[8] Her head was unhelmeted; so that all could behold her fair and expressive features, her deep-set and earnest... |
Thus accoutred, she came to lead the troops of France, who looked with soldierly admiration on her well-proportioned and upright figure, the skill with which she managed her war-horse, and the easy grace with which she handled her weapons. Her military education had been short, but she had availed herself of it well. S... |
Joan marched from Blois on the 26th of April with a convoy of provisions for Orleans, accompanied by Dunois, La Hire, and the other chief captains of the French; and on the evening of the 28th they approached the town. In the words of the old chronicler Hall:[11] "The Englishmen, perceiving that they within could not l... |
Thus far she had prevailed without striking a blow; but the time was now come to test her courage amid the horrors of actual slaughter. On the afternoon of the day on which she had escorted the reinforcements into the city, while she was resting fatigued at home, Dunois had seized an advantageous opportunity of attacki... |
In the meanwhile, the English in the bulwark of the Tourelles, had repulsed the oft-renewed efforts of the French to scale the wall. Dunois, who commanded the assailants, was at first discouraged, and gave orders for a retreat to be sounded, Joan sent for him and the other generals, and implored them not to despair. "B... |
Within three months from the time of her first interview with the Dauphin, Joan had fulfilled the first part of her promise, the raising of the siege of Orleans. Within three months more she fulfilled the second part also; and she stood with her banner in her hand by the high altar at Rheims while he was anointed and c... |
"And alle thing there prospered for you til the tyme of the siege of Orleans, taken in hand, God knoweth by what advis. |
When Charles had been anointed King of France, Joan believed that her mission was accomplished. And in truth the deliverance of France from the English, though not completed for many years afterwards, was then insured. The ceremony of a royal coronation and anointment was not in those days regarded as a mere costly for... |
Joan knelt before the new-crowned king in the cathedral of Rheims, and shed tears of joy. She said that she had then fulfilled the work which the Lord had commanded her. The young girl now asked for her dismissal. She wished to return to her peasant home, to tend her parent's flocks again, and to live at her own will i... |
As in the case of Arminius, the interest attached to individual heroism and virtue makes us trace the fate of Joan of Arc after she had saved her country. She served well with Charles's army in the capture of Laon, Soissons, Compeigne, Beauvais, and other strong places; but in a premature attack on Paris, in September ... |
She was taken prisoner in a sally from Compeigne, on the 24th of May, and was imprisoned by the Burgundians first at Arras, and then at a place called Crotoy, on the Flemish coast, until November, when for payment of a large sum of money, she was given up to the English, and taken to Rouen, which was then their main st... |
"Sorrow it were, and shame to tell, |
The butchery that there befell:" |
And the revolting details of the cruelties practised upon this young girl may be left to those, whose duty as avowed biographers, it is to describe them.[16] She was tried before an ecclesiastical tribunal on the charge of witchcraft, and on the 30th of May, 1431, she was burnt alive in the market-place at Rouen. |
If any person can be found in the present age who would join in the scoffs of Voltaire against the Maid of Orleans and the Heavenly Voices by which she believed herself inspired, let him read the life of the wisest and best man that the heathen nations ever produced. Let him read of the Heavenly Voice, by which Socrate... |
Synopsis of Events Between Joan of Arc's Victory at Orleans, A.D. 1429, and the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, A.D. 1588. |
A.D. 1452. Final expulsion of the English from France. |
1453. Constantinople taken, and the Roman empire of the East destroyed by the Turkish Sultan Mahomet II. |
1455. Commencement of the civil wars in England between the Houses of York and Lancaster. |
1492. Columbus discovers the New World. |
1494. Charles VIII. of France invades Italy. |
1508. League of Cambray, by the Pope, the Emperor, and the King of France, against Venice. |
1516. Death of Ferdinand of Spain; he is succeeded by his grandson Charles, afterwards the Emperor Charles V. |
1517. Dispute between Luther and Tetzel respecting the sale of indulgences, which is the immediate cause of the Reformation. |
1519. Charles V. is elected Emperor of Germany. |
1520. Cortez conquers Mexico. |
1525. Francis I. of France defeated and taken prisoner by the imperial army at Pavia. |
1533. Henry VIII. renounces the Papal supremacy. |
1533. Pizarro conquers Peru. |
1556. Abdication of the Emperor Charles V. Philip II. becomes King of Spain, and Ferdinand I. Emperor of Germany. |
1557.[18] Elizabeth becomes Queen of England. |
1572. Massacre of the Protestants in France on St. Bartholomew's day. |
1579. The Netherlands revolt against Spain. |
1580. Philip II. conquers Portugal. |
1. Plutarch, Vit. Them. 17. |
2. De Serres, quoted in the notes to Southey's Joan of Arc. |
3. "Respondit quod in partibus suis vocabatur Johanneta, et postquam venit in Franciam vocata est Johanna."--Proces de Jeanne d'Arc, vol i. p. 46. |
"Here in solitude and peace |
My soul was nurst, amid the loveliest scenes |
Of-unpolluted nature. Sweet it was, |
As the white mists of morning roll'd away, |
To see the mountain's wooded heights appear |
Dark in the early dawn, and mark its slope |
With gorse-flowers glowing, as the rising sun |
On the golden ripeness pour'd a deepening light. |
Pleasant at noon beside the vocal brook |
To lay me down, and watch the the floating clouds, |
And shape to Fancy's wild similitudes |
Their ever-varying forms; and oh, how sweet, |
To drive my flock at evening to the fold, |
And hasten to our little hut, and hear |
The voice of kindness bid me welcome home!" |
The only foundation for the story told by the Burgundian partisan Monstrelet, and adopted by Hume, of Joan having been brought up as servant at an inn, is the circumstance of her having been once, with the rest of her family, obliged to take refuge in an auberge in Neufchateau for fifteen days, when a party of Burg... |
5. Proces de Jeanne d'Arc, vol. i. p. 52. |
6. Proces de Jeanne d'Arc, vol. i. p. 56. |
7. See, Sismondi vol. xiii. p. 114; Michelet, vol. v. Livre x. |
8. See the description of her by Gui de Laval, quoted in the note to Michelet, p. 69; and see the account of the banner at Orleans, which is believed to bear an authentic portrait of the Maid, in Murray's Handbook for France, p. 175. |
9. Proces de Jeanne d'Arc, vol. i. p. 238. |
10. Ibid. |
11. Hall, f. 127. |
12. Journal du Siege d'Orleans, p. 87. |
13. Vol. x. p. 403. |
14. "Je voudrais bien qu'il voulut me faire ramener aupres mes pere et mere, et garder leurs brebis et betail, et faire ce que je voudrois faire." |
15. "Des le commencement elle avait dit, 'Il me faut employer: je ne durerai qu'un an, ou guere plus."-- Michelait v. p. 101. |
16. The whole of the "Proces de Condamnation at de Rehabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc" has been published in five volumes, by the Societe de l'Histoire de France. All the passages from contemporary chroniclers and poets are added; and the most ample materials are thus given for acquiring full information on a subject whi... |
17. See Cicero, de Divinatione, lib. i. sec. 41; and see the words of Socrates himself, in Plato, Apol. Soc. |
18. sic. |
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Volunteers come to us from a variety of backgrounds, ages and life experiences, and include lawyers, educators, mediators, social workers, mental health professionals, community elders, administrators and students. What they all have in common is a strong commitment to social justice and youth empowerment. |
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Top News |
Interview with Russell Stern, Solarflare |
Russell Stern is the President and CEO of Solarflare Communications (, a venture backed firm developing 10G Ethernet network interface cards and silicon. The firm is one of the only firms with 10GBASE-T PHY technology--which allows 10G Ethernet over standard, twisted pair copper, instead of optical connections--and Ste... |
Tell us a little bit about Solarflare? |
Russell Stern: We started as a PHY company, and developed the first, 10GBASE-T PHY, and still the only one that works, despite what you might read. In April of 2006, we purchased Level 5 Communications, which gave us an extremely strategic piece of silicon and software. Level 5 was developing a 10G, Ethernet controller... |
You were in the business of PHY chips, why did you buy Level 5, in the controller business? |
Russell Stern: What may help to explain that is to talk about JNI. When I got to JNI, we had three divisions -- Fibre Channel, iSCSI, and Infiniband divisions. We were actually doing reasonably well in Infiniband. However, in that business, we were buying IBM and Mellanox chips, and putting them on a board, and selling... |
At that time, there was only Alacritech which had 1G iSCSI technology--which everyone believed at that time required a TCP/IP offload engine in hardware. There was a ton of venture capital money going into companies to do 1G TCP/IP offload hardware. However, those boards cost $1400, and I didn't understand why a custom... |
So, we started building 10G at Solarflare, and we knew that we needed to get NICs into market. We started calling on the NIC players, and they were all building very, heavy powered NICs, near the limit for PCI-E--without a PHY on it yet. Then, we came across the Level 5 guys, talked about what they were doing, and it w... |
We went out to raise money in late 2004 and 2005, and we met with Bandel Carano, of Oak Investment Partners, which also had an investment in Level 5. When he decided to fund us, he told us it would really make sense to put the companies together and integrate the technology. I told him--I have my own issues, let me wor... |
Is your business now both Ethernet controllers and PHYs--are you still in the PHY business? |
Russell Stern: PHYs are huge. It's a combination of the two. The 1G Ethernet market is owned by Broadcom and Marvell. In server land, in the motherboard space, Broadcom has 100% of the market. Intel has 0% of it. Intel gets some LAN on Motherboard for desktops and notebooks, but they have 0% of the server. Intel doesn'... |
So Broadcom and Intel are your major competitors? |
Russell Stern: Yes, but at the same time, there's a level of co-opetition as well. Our PHY works with Broadcom and Marvell. In the controller market there are lots of players. However, there's no way for the controller companies to develop a PHY, which is a $100M proposition. Who's going to raise that and go develop on... |
The 10G Ethernet market has had some issues getting some traction, what's your view on the industry and where adoption is now? |
Russell Stern: Solarflare has always had the view that people have wanted 10G, but the lack of copper has inhibited the market. I've heard stories--that there's no killer app yet, that people are not using 1G pipes--but frankly, that's not the case. Anyone coming in with multiple 1G NICs obviously needs more than 1G. T... |
Playing back to JNI -- servers, guess what--they are now 4-core, 8-core, and have plenty of bandwidth. We've got lots of gigahertz processors to do the work for me, and can handle 10G with no sweat. Add one more thing on top of that--the killer app, which is virtualization. You can take a hundred different applications... |
In addition, there's all sorts of rich content -- for example, we've got an office in Cambridge, England, and in the last two years Internet traffic has increased 100 times. 70% of that is video. We're pushing lots more content, much richer content, there's virtualization, and storage convergence. 10G is here, it's sim... |
You mention virtualization -- it sounds from a lot of players that this is really having an effect on the market. Have you seen this? |
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