| --- |
| pretty_name: Reef Support Marine Data |
| license: other |
| license_name: mixed-open |
| license_link: LICENSE |
| language: |
| - en |
| task_categories: |
| - image-segmentation |
| - object-detection |
| - image-classification |
| task_ids: |
| - semantic-segmentation |
| - instance-segmentation |
| - multi-class-image-classification |
| annotations_creators: |
| - expert-generated |
| - found |
| source_datasets: |
| - original |
| - extended|NMFS-OSI/NOAA-PIFSC-ESD-CORAL-Bleaching-Dataset |
| - extended|LiamLian0727/UIIS |
| - extended|LiamLian0727/UIIS10K |
| - extended|LiamLian0727/USIS10K |
| size_categories: |
| - 10K<n<100K |
| tags: |
| - marine |
| - coral-reef |
| - underwater |
| - biology |
| - ecology |
| - conservation |
| - coral |
| - benthic |
| - fish |
| - bleaching |
| - semantic-segmentation |
| - instance-segmentation |
| - object-detection |
| - image-classification |
| - taxonomy |
| - reef-support |
| configs: |
| - config_name: coral-masks |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/coral-masks/train-*.parquet |
| - split: validation |
| path: data/coral-masks/validation-*.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: data/coral-masks/test-*.parquet |
| - config_name: scene-masks |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/scene-masks/train-*.parquet |
| - split: validation |
| path: data/scene-masks/validation-*.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: data/scene-masks/test-*.parquet |
| - config_name: instance-masks |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/instance-masks/train-*.parquet |
| - split: validation |
| path: data/instance-masks/validation-*.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: data/instance-masks/test-*.parquet |
| - config_name: fish-boxes |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/fish-boxes/train-*.parquet |
| - split: validation |
| path: data/fish-boxes/validation-*.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: data/fish-boxes/test-*.parquet |
| - config_name: images |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/images/train-*.parquet |
| - split: validation |
| path: data/images/validation-*.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: data/images/test-*.parquet |
| - config_name: metadata |
| default: true |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/metadata/train-*.parquet |
| - split: validation |
| path: data/metadata/validation-*.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: data/metadata/test-*.parquet |
| - config_name: points |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/points/train-*.parquet |
| - split: validation |
| path: data/points/validation-*.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: data/points/test-*.parquet |
| - config_name: bleaching |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/bleaching/train-*.parquet |
| - split: validation |
| path: data/bleaching/validation-*.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: data/bleaching/test-*.parquet |
| - config_name: boxes |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/boxes/train-*.parquet |
| - split: validation |
| path: data/boxes/validation-*.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: data/boxes/test-*.parquet |
| - config_name: semseg |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/semseg/train-*.parquet |
| - split: validation |
| path: data/semseg/validation-*.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: data/semseg/test-*.parquet |
| - config_name: instances |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/instances/train-*.parquet |
| - split: validation |
| path: data/instances/validation-*.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: data/instances/test-*.parquet |
| - config_name: benthic-cover |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/benthic-cover/train-*.parquet |
| - config_name: taxonomy |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/taxonomy/train-*.parquet |
| - config_name: label-map |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/label-map/train-*.parquet |
| - config_name: sources |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/sources/train-*.parquet |
| dataset_info: |
| - config_name: images |
| features: |
| - name: image_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: image |
| dtype: image |
| - name: bytes_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_ids |
| dtype: string |
| - name: split_group |
| dtype: string |
| - name: split |
| dtype: string |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 12657378303 |
| num_examples: 22193 |
| - name: validation |
| num_bytes: 2500373334 |
| num_examples: 4562 |
| - name: test |
| num_bytes: 3822054346 |
| num_examples: 5445 |
| download_size: 18979805983 |
| dataset_size: 18979805983 |
| - config_name: metadata |
| features: |
| - name: image_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_version |
| dtype: string |
| - name: license |
| dtype: string |
| - name: licence_class |
| dtype: string |
| - name: attribution |
| dtype: string |
| - name: split_group |
| dtype: string |
| - name: split |
| dtype: string |
| - name: upstream_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: upstream_url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: fetch_date |
| dtype: string |
| - name: lineage_root_digest |
| dtype: string |
| - name: capture_datetime |
| dtype: string |
| - name: lat |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: lon |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: geo_precision |
| dtype: string |
| - name: geo_source |
| dtype: string |
| - name: gps_precision_m |
| dtype: string |
| - name: depth_m |
| dtype: string |
| - name: depth_source |
| dtype: string |
| - name: platform |
| dtype: string |
| - name: camera |
| dtype: string |
| - name: meow_realm |
| dtype: string |
| - name: meow_province |
| dtype: string |
| - name: meow_ecoregion |
| dtype: string |
| - name: depth_zone |
| dtype: string |
| - name: habitat |
| dtype: string |
| - name: location_generalized |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: min_side |
| dtype: string |
| - name: q_blur |
| dtype: string |
| - name: q_clip_lo |
| dtype: string |
| - name: q_clip_hi |
| dtype: string |
| - name: q_uiqm |
| dtype: string |
| - name: q_entropy |
| dtype: string |
| - name: q_blank |
| dtype: string |
| - name: quality_flags |
| dtype: string |
| - name: privacy_flag |
| dtype: string |
| - name: face_score |
| dtype: string |
| - name: date |
| dtype: string |
| - name: date_precision |
| dtype: string |
| - name: year |
| dtype: string |
| - name: site_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: quadrat_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: survey_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: region |
| dtype: string |
| - name: coord_precision_m |
| dtype: string |
| - name: date_source |
| dtype: string |
| - name: license_url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: rights_holder |
| dtype: string |
| - name: license_verified_by |
| dtype: string |
| - name: license_verified_on |
| dtype: string |
| - name: provenance_url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: bytes_config |
| dtype: string |
| - name: bytes_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxonomy_version |
| dtype: string |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 5316069 |
| num_examples: 40183 |
| - name: validation |
| num_bytes: 1377058 |
| num_examples: 8096 |
| - name: test |
| num_bytes: 2200460 |
| num_examples: 17077 |
| download_size: 8893587 |
| dataset_size: 8893587 |
| - config_name: points |
| features: |
| - name: image_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_version |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_native |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_native_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_set |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxon_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: form_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: condition_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxon_rank |
| dtype: string |
| - name: worms_aphia_id |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: rs_benthic_code |
| dtype: string |
| - name: match_type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: annotator_type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: annotator_detail |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_license |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_attribution |
| dtype: string |
| - name: confidence |
| dtype: string |
| - name: upstream_split |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_status |
| dtype: string |
| - name: attrs |
| dtype: string |
| - name: x |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: y |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: x_px |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: y_px |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: split |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxonomy_version |
| dtype: string |
| - name: fidelity |
| dtype: string |
| - name: bytes_config |
| dtype: string |
| - name: quadrat_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_native_group |
| dtype: string |
| - name: x_norm |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: y_norm |
| dtype: float64 |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 14459389 |
| num_examples: 559490 |
| - name: validation |
| num_bytes: 3404392 |
| num_examples: 108730 |
| - name: test |
| num_bytes: 5646065 |
| num_examples: 190100 |
| download_size: 23509846 |
| dataset_size: 23509846 |
| - config_name: bleaching |
| features: |
| - name: image_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_version |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_native |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_native_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_set |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxon_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: form_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: condition_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxon_rank |
| dtype: string |
| - name: worms_aphia_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: rs_benthic_code |
| dtype: string |
| - name: match_type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: annotator_type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: annotator_detail |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_license |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_attribution |
| dtype: string |
| - name: confidence |
| dtype: string |
| - name: upstream_split |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_status |
| dtype: string |
| - name: attrs |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_key |
| dtype: string |
| - name: near_dup_group |
| dtype: string |
| - name: near_dup_images |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: split |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxonomy_version |
| dtype: string |
| - name: fidelity |
| dtype: string |
| - name: bytes_config |
| dtype: string |
| - name: sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_origin |
| dtype: string |
| - name: licence_class |
| dtype: string |
| - name: native_label |
| dtype: string |
| - name: canonical_condition |
| dtype: string |
| - name: bleaching_condition |
| dtype: string |
| - name: coral_health |
| dtype: string |
| - name: evidence |
| dtype: string |
| - name: pixel_count |
| dtype: int64 |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 2417333 |
| num_examples: 19631 |
| - name: validation |
| num_bytes: 556933 |
| num_examples: 3823 |
| - name: test |
| num_bytes: 560886 |
| num_examples: 3889 |
| download_size: 3535152 |
| dataset_size: 3535152 |
| - config_name: boxes |
| features: |
| - name: image_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_version |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_native |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_native_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_set |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxon_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: form_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: condition_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxon_rank |
| dtype: string |
| - name: worms_aphia_id |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: rs_benthic_code |
| dtype: string |
| - name: match_type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: annotator_type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: annotator_detail |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_license |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_attribution |
| dtype: string |
| - name: confidence |
| dtype: string |
| - name: upstream_split |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_status |
| dtype: string |
| - name: attrs |
| dtype: string |
| - name: x_min |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: y_min |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: x_max |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: y_max |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: x_min_px |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: y_min_px |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: x_max_px |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: y_max_px |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: is_crowd |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: img_w |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: img_h |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: modality |
| dtype: string |
| - name: split |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxonomy_version |
| dtype: string |
| - name: fidelity |
| dtype: string |
| - name: bytes_config |
| dtype: string |
| - name: licence_class |
| dtype: string |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 2149451 |
| num_examples: 49038 |
| - name: validation |
| num_bytes: 522180 |
| num_examples: 8417 |
| - name: test |
| num_bytes: 1645129 |
| num_examples: 36503 |
| download_size: 4316760 |
| dataset_size: 4316760 |
| - config_name: semseg |
| features: |
| - name: image_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_version |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_native |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_native_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_set |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxon_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: form_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: condition_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxon_rank |
| dtype: string |
| - name: worms_aphia_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: rs_benthic_code |
| dtype: string |
| - name: match_type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: annotator_type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: annotator_detail |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_license |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_attribution |
| dtype: string |
| - name: confidence |
| dtype: string |
| - name: upstream_split |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_status |
| dtype: string |
| - name: attrs |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mask_kind |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mask_ref |
| dtype: string |
| - name: rle |
| dtype: string |
| - name: polygon |
| dtype: string |
| - name: class_map |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ignore_value |
| dtype: string |
| - name: class_counts |
| dtype: string |
| - name: canonical_class_counts |
| dtype: string |
| - name: instance_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mask_config |
| dtype: string |
| - name: palette |
| dtype: string |
| - name: split |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxonomy_version |
| dtype: string |
| - name: fidelity |
| dtype: string |
| - name: bytes_config |
| dtype: string |
| - name: sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_origin |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mask_key |
| dtype: string |
| - name: hf_class_map |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mask_encoding |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mask_parts |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mask |
| dtype: image |
| - name: mask_bytes_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 946608 |
| num_examples: 2445 |
| - name: validation |
| num_bytes: 138107 |
| num_examples: 295 |
| - name: test |
| num_bytes: 238723 |
| num_examples: 559 |
| download_size: 1323438 |
| dataset_size: 1323438 |
| - config_name: instances |
| features: |
| - name: image_sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_version |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_native |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_native_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_set |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxon_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: form_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: condition_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxon_rank |
| dtype: string |
| - name: worms_aphia_id |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: rs_benthic_code |
| dtype: string |
| - name: match_type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: annotator_type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: annotator_detail |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_license |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_attribution |
| dtype: string |
| - name: confidence |
| dtype: string |
| - name: upstream_split |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_status |
| dtype: string |
| - name: attrs |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mask_kind |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mask_ref |
| dtype: string |
| - name: rle |
| dtype: string |
| - name: polygon |
| dtype: string |
| - name: class_map |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ignore_value |
| dtype: string |
| - name: class_counts |
| dtype: string |
| - name: canonical_class_counts |
| dtype: string |
| - name: instance_id |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: modality |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mask_config |
| dtype: string |
| - name: split |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxonomy_version |
| dtype: string |
| - name: fidelity |
| dtype: string |
| - name: bytes_config |
| dtype: string |
| - name: sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: licence_class |
| dtype: string |
| - name: coarse |
| dtype: string |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 51356372 |
| num_examples: 45869 |
| - name: validation |
| num_bytes: 10390132 |
| num_examples: 7664 |
| - name: test |
| num_bytes: 42615939 |
| num_examples: 35612 |
| download_size: 104362443 |
| dataset_size: 104362443 |
| - config_name: benthic-cover |
| features: |
| - name: sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_origin |
| dtype: string |
| - name: benthic_cover |
| dtype: string |
| - name: benthic_dominant |
| dtype: string |
| - name: benthic_present |
| dtype: string |
| - name: label_status |
| dtype: string |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 287794 |
| num_examples: 3298 |
| download_size: 287794 |
| dataset_size: 287794 |
| - config_name: taxonomy |
| features: |
| - name: kind |
| dtype: string |
| - name: key |
| dtype: string |
| - name: name |
| dtype: string |
| - name: parent |
| dtype: string |
| - name: rank |
| dtype: string |
| - name: axis |
| dtype: string |
| - name: aphia_id |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: non_taxon |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: fidelity |
| dtype: string |
| - name: targets |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxonomy_version |
| dtype: string |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 87382 |
| num_examples: 2937 |
| download_size: 87382 |
| dataset_size: 87382 |
| - config_name: label-map |
| features: |
| - name: source_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: crosswalk_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: native_label |
| dtype: string |
| - name: native_label_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: pixel_value |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: taxon_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: form_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: condition_node_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: match_type |
| dtype: string |
| - name: fidelity |
| dtype: string |
| - name: mapped |
| dtype: bool |
| - name: note |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxonomy_version |
| dtype: string |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 15366 |
| num_examples: 306 |
| download_size: 15366 |
| dataset_size: 15366 |
| - config_name: sources |
| features: |
| - name: source_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: version |
| dtype: string |
| - name: root_digest |
| dtype: string |
| - name: licence |
| dtype: string |
| - name: licence_url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: ann_licence |
| dtype: string |
| - name: attribution |
| dtype: string |
| - name: rights_holder |
| dtype: string |
| - name: verified_by |
| dtype: string |
| - name: verified_on |
| dtype: string |
| - name: provenance_url |
| dtype: string |
| - name: licence_class |
| dtype: string |
| - name: n_images |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: configs |
| dtype: string |
| - name: n_labels |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: mapped_pct |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: known_defects |
| dtype: string |
| - name: taxonomy_version |
| dtype: string |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 10152 |
| num_examples: 14 |
| download_size: 10152 |
| dataset_size: 10152 |
| --- |
| |
| # Reef Support Marine Data |
|
|
| Underwater imagery with masks, boxes, points and image labels for coral-reef computer vision, harmonised into one label space, with the licence and attribution of every row recorded. |
|
|
| > **Open flavour**: every source here allows commercial use (per-source licences and attribution below). |
|
|
| ## Dataset summary |
|
|
| Reef Support Marine Data v1.1.0 adds 11 configurations to the frozen v1.0 release, additively: image bytes once per `image_sha256`, per-image metadata, point, box, mask and bleaching labels, benthic cover and sites, and the tables that describe the label space (`taxonomy`, `label-map`) and the sources. Every row carries its `image_sha256`, so any label reaches its pixels in one join, and `licence` and attribution stay attached to the pixels. |
|
|
| | Field | Value | |
| |---|---| |
| | Configurations | 11: `images`, `metadata`, `points`, `bleaching`, `boxes`, `semseg`, `instances`, `benthic-cover`, `taxonomy`, `label-map`, `sources` | |
| | Images (`metadata` rows) | 65,356 | |
| | Sources | 14 | |
| | Format | Parquet shards, streamable; images and new masks embedded once | |
| | Size of the new configs | 19.1 GB | |
| | Version | v1.1.0, built 2026-10-17 | |
| | Code | [github.com/reefsupport/marine-data](https://github.com/reefsupport/marine-data) | |
|
|
| ## Supported tasks |
|
|
| | Config | Task | Rows | Sources | Notes | |
| |---|---|---|---|---| |
| | `images` | Pixels for retrieval, pretraining and image classification | 32,200 | `noaa-pifsc-bleaching`, `reef-support-seaview-labels`, `roboflow-aquarium`, `roboflow-coral-bleaching-final-v6i`, `roboflow-coral-bleaching-general-v1-yolov8s`, `roboflow-coral-classification-copy-changed-v13i`, `roboflow-coral-reef-classification-v3i`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | Bytes once per `image_sha256`; images a v1.0 config already embeds are not repeated (`metadata.bytes_config` names the config that holds each image). | |
| | `metadata` | Survey and site analytics, joins, retrieval | 65,356 | `coralscapes`, `noaa-pifsc-bleaching`, `reef-support-benthic-own`, `reef-support-seaview-labels`, `roboflow-aquarium`, `roboflow-coral-bleaching-final-v6i`, `roboflow-coral-bleaching-general-v1-yolov8s`, `roboflow-coral-classification-copy-changed-v13i`, `roboflow-coral-reef-classification-v3i`, `seaview-survey-imagery`, `suim`, `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | One row per image, v1.0 images included; no pixels. Default config. | |
| | `points` | Point-based benthic cover | 858,320 | `seaview-survey-imagery` | One row per labelled point; label-only, no image. | |
| | `bleaching` | Image classification (bleaching condition) | 27,343 | `noaa-pifsc-bleaching`, `reef-support-bleaching`, `roboflow-coral-bleaching-final-v6i`, `roboflow-coral-bleaching-general-v1-yolov8s`, `roboflow-coral-classification-copy-changed-v13i`, `roboflow-coral-reef-classification-v3i` | One row per (image, label). | |
| | `boxes` | Object detection | 93,958 | `roboflow-aquarium`, `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | One row per box; label-only. | |
| | `semseg` | Semantic segmentation | 3,299 | `coralscapes`, `reef-support-benthic-own` | One row per (image, source) mask. New masks are embedded as palette PNG; v1.0 masks are referenced by `mask_ref` / `mask_config`. | |
| | `instances` | Instance segmentation | 89,145 | `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | One row per instance. No mask pixels: each row holds the instance geometry (`polygon`, `rle` or a `mask_ref` pointer), the label and its taxonomy nodes; the masks stay in the v1.0 `instance-masks` config. | |
| | `benthic-cover` | Benthic cover | 3,298 | `coralscapes`, `reef-support-benthic-own` | Derived per image or survey from points and masks. | |
| | `taxonomy` | Label space | 2,937 | – | Taxonomy nodes and the edges of the crosswalks in this repo. | |
| | `label-map` | Label harmonisation | 306 | `coralscapes`, `noaa-pifsc-bleaching`, `reef-support-benthic-own`, `reef-support-seaview-labels`, `roboflow-aquarium`, `roboflow-coral-bleaching-final-v6i`, `roboflow-coral-bleaching-general-v1-yolov8s`, `roboflow-coral-classification-copy-changed-v13i`, `roboflow-coral-reef-classification-v3i`, `seaview-survey-imagery`, `suim`, `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | One row per (source, native label or pixel value) with its taxonomy nodes and match type. | |
| | `sources` | Provenance, licence and attribution | 14 | `coralscapes`, `noaa-pifsc-bleaching`, `reef-support-benthic-own`, `reef-support-seaview-labels`, `roboflow-aquarium`, `roboflow-coral-bleaching-final-v6i`, `roboflow-coral-bleaching-general-v1-yolov8s`, `roboflow-coral-classification-copy-changed-v13i`, `roboflow-coral-reef-classification-v3i`, `seaview-survey-imagery`, `suim`, `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | One row per source: licence, attribution, rights holder, verification, counts. | |
|
|
| ## Quick start |
|
|
| ```python |
| from datasets import load_dataset |
| |
| meta = load_dataset("reefsupport/marine-data", "metadata", split="train") # default, no pixels |
| images = load_dataset("reefsupport/marine-data", "images", split="train", streaming=True) |
| ``` |
|
|
| Every label table joins to `metadata` and `images` on `image_sha256`; `metadata.bytes_config` names the config that holds the pixels. |
|
|
| ```python |
| import duckdb |
| |
| duckdb.sql(""" |
| SELECT p.image_sha256, p.label_native, m.bytes_config |
| FROM 'hf://datasets/reefsupport/marine-data/data/points/*.parquet' p |
| JOIN 'hf://datasets/reefsupport/marine-data/data/metadata/*.parquet' m USING (image_sha256) |
| LIMIT 5 |
| """).show() |
| |
| duckdb.sql(""" |
| SELECT * FROM 'hf://datasets/reefsupport/marine-data/data/label-map/*.parquet' |
| WHERE match_type = 'unmapped' LIMIT 5 |
| """).show() |
| ``` |
|
|
| ## Dataset structure |
|
|
| - `images` (7 columns): `image_sha256`, `image`, `bytes_sha256`, `source_id`, `source_ids`, `split_group`, `split`. |
| - `metadata` (55 columns): `image_sha256`, `source_id`, `source_version`, `license`, `licence_class`, `attribution`, `split_group`, `split`, `upstream_id`, `upstream_url`, `fetch_date`, `lineage_root_digest`, `capture_datetime`, `lat`, and 41 more. |
| - `points` (34 columns): `image_sha256`, `source_id`, `source_version`, `ann_id`, `label_native`, `label_native_id`, `label_set`, `taxon_node_id`, `form_node_id`, `condition_node_id`, `taxon_rank`, `worms_aphia_id`, `rs_benthic_code`, `match_type`, and 20 more. |
| - `bleaching` (38 columns): `image_sha256`, `source_id`, `source_version`, `ann_id`, `label_native`, `label_native_id`, `label_set`, `taxon_node_id`, `form_node_id`, `condition_node_id`, `taxon_rank`, `worms_aphia_id`, `rs_benthic_code`, `match_type`, and 24 more. |
| - `boxes` (39 columns): `image_sha256`, `source_id`, `source_version`, `ann_id`, `label_native`, `label_native_id`, `label_set`, `taxon_node_id`, `form_node_id`, `condition_node_id`, `taxon_rank`, `worms_aphia_id`, `rs_benthic_code`, `match_type`, and 25 more. |
| - `semseg` (45 columns): `image_sha256`, `source_id`, `source_version`, `ann_id`, `label_native`, `label_native_id`, `label_set`, `taxon_node_id`, `form_node_id`, `condition_node_id`, `taxon_rank`, `worms_aphia_id`, `rs_benthic_code`, `match_type`, and 31 more. |
| - `instances` (40 columns): `image_sha256`, `source_id`, `source_version`, `ann_id`, `label_native`, `label_native_id`, `label_set`, `taxon_node_id`, `form_node_id`, `condition_node_id`, `taxon_rank`, `worms_aphia_id`, `rs_benthic_code`, `match_type`, and 26 more. |
| - `benthic-cover` (7 columns): `sha256`, `source_id`, `label_origin`, `benthic_cover`, `benthic_dominant`, `benthic_present`, `label_status`. |
| - `taxonomy` (11 columns): `kind`, `key`, `name`, `parent`, `rank`, `axis`, `aphia_id`, `non_taxon`, `fidelity`, `targets`, `taxonomy_version`. |
| - `label-map` (13 columns): `source_id`, `crosswalk_id`, `native_label`, `native_label_id`, `pixel_value`, `taxon_node_id`, `form_node_id`, `condition_node_id`, `match_type`, `fidelity`, `mapped`, `note`, `taxonomy_version`. |
| - `sources` (18 columns): `source_id`, `version`, `root_digest`, `licence`, `licence_url`, `ann_licence`, `attribution`, `rights_holder`, `verified_by`, `verified_on`, `provenance_url`, `licence_class`, `n_images`, `configs`, and 4 more. |
|
|
| Keys: the image key is `image_sha256` (64 lowercase hex, the staged checksum, never recomputed from re-encoded bytes); `metadata.bytes_sha256` is the hash of the embedded bytes. The annotation key is `image_sha256` + `source_id` + `source_version` + `ann_id`. `metadata.bytes_config` names the config that holds each image's pixels: a v1.0 config or `images`. The Hub splits are `train`, `validation`, `test` and `test_ood`. |
|
|
| **Masks.** A `semseg` row names a v1.0 mask config in `mask_config` when that frozen config holds the image's mask, and the mask stays there; otherwise the mask is embedded in the row as a palette PNG. The `instances` table carries no masks: each row holds the instance's `polygon` or `rle` (or a `mask_ref` pointer), `instance_id`, the native label with its taxonomy nodes and `match_type`, `annotator_type` and `ann_license`, and the instance masks stay in the v1.0 `instance-masks` config. |
|
|
| ## Label space |
|
|
| Labels are harmonised into the pinned taxonomy release (`taxonomy_version` is stamped on every row of every new table). Three axes per row: `taxon_node_id`, `form_node_id` and `condition_node_id`, with nodes keyed `<schema>:<id>`. `rs-benthic-v1` is the functional schema (L0 biotic/abiotic, L1 phyla, L2 the 14 MariMap codes, L3 genera), `rs-taxa-v1` the identity schema (`A<AphiaID>` nodes, AphiaID also shipped as `worms_aphia_id`) and `rs-fauna-v1` the fish and fauna schema. Node ids are namespaced in taxonomy 3.0.0: an `rs-taxa-v1` id is `A` followed by the WoRMS AphiaID, and the non-taxon nodes of `rs-benthic-v1` and `rs-fauna-v1` (debris, equipment, divers, wrecks, seafloor, unknown) carry `NT_*` ids. `label-map` maps each source's raw labels to these nodes, one row per source and native label or pixel value. `match_type` is exact, broader, narrower, related or unmapped; `narrower` is stored for audit and never used as a positive. A native label with no mapping is a row with `match_type = unmapped` and null node columns, never dropped, so the unmapped labels of each source are listed in `label-map` (the mapped share per source is tabulated below); the training views send them to `255` (ignore). |
|
|
| ### Label overlap |
|
|
| Taxonomy nodes that more than one source reaches. Cross-source training should use these, or the coarse training views. |
|
|
| | Taxonomy node | Sources | Reached by | |
| |---|---|---| |
| | `A146419` | 4 | `roboflow-aquarium`, `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | |
| | `HC` | 4 | `coralscapes`, `reef-support-benthic-own`, `reef-support-seaview-labels`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | |
| | `MIL` | 4 | `coralscapes`, `reef-support-benthic-own`, `reef-support-seaview-labels`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | |
| | `A1065` | 3 | `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | |
| | `A1267` | 3 | `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | |
| | `A1838` | 3 | `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | |
| | `A3` | 3 | `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | |
| | `A51` | 3 | `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | |
| | `FISH` | 3 | `coralscapes`, `seaview-survey-imagery`, `suim` | |
| | `NT_DEBRIS` | 3 | `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | |
| | `NT_DIVER` | 3 | `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | |
| | `NT_EQUIPMENT` | 3 | `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | |
| | `NT_REEF` | 3 | `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | |
| | `NT_SEAFLOOR` | 3 | `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | |
| | `NT_WRECK` | 3 | `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` | |
| | `OT` | 3 | `coralscapes`, `reef-support-benthic-own`, `reef-support-seaview-labels` | |
| | `SC` | 3 | `reef-support-benthic-own`, `reef-support-seaview-labels`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | |
| | `UNKNOWN` | 3 | `roboflow-coral-bleaching-final-v6i`, `roboflow-coral-bleaching-general-v1-yolov8s`, `roboflow-coral-classification-copy-changed-v13i` | |
| | `WC` | 3 | `coralscapes`, `seaview-survey-imagery`, `suim` | |
| | `COTS` | 2 | `coralscapes`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | |
| | `DIV` | 2 | `coralscapes`, `suim` | |
| | `HC_ACROPORA` | 2 | `coralscapes`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | |
| | `HC_POCILLOPORA` | 2 | `coralscapes`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | |
| | `HC_STYLOPHORA` | 2 | `coralscapes`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | |
| | `RB` | 2 | `coralscapes`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | |
| | `SCL` | 2 | `reef-support-benthic-own`, `reef-support-seaview-labels` | |
| | `SD` | 2 | `coralscapes`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | |
| | `SG` | 2 | `coralscapes`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | |
| | `TRASH` | 2 | `coralscapes`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | |
| | `URCH` | 2 | `coralscapes`, `seaview-survey-imagery` | |
|
|
| 49 node(s) are reached by a single source. |
|
|
| ### Mapped share per source |
|
|
| | Source | Labels | Mapped to the taxonomy | |
| |---|---|---| |
| | `coralscapes` | 0 | – | |
| | `noaa-pifsc-bleaching` | 10,326 | 0.0 % | |
| | `reef-support-benthic-own` | 0 | – | |
| | `reef-support-seaview-labels` | 0 | – | |
| | `roboflow-aquarium` | 4,815 | 100.0 % | |
| | `roboflow-coral-bleaching-final-v6i` | 3,608 | 0.0 % | |
| | `roboflow-coral-bleaching-general-v1-yolov8s` | 3,574 | 0.0 % | |
| | `roboflow-coral-classification-copy-changed-v13i` | 4,189 | 0.0 % | |
| | `roboflow-coral-reef-classification-v3i` | 4,496 | 0.0 % | |
| | `seaview-survey-imagery` | 858,320 | 99.9 % | |
| | `suim` | 0 | – | |
| | `uiis` | 56,820 | 100.0 % | |
| | `uiis10k` | 83,722 | 100.0 % | |
| | `usis10k` | 37,746 | 100.0 % | |
|
|
| ## Splits |
|
|
| The card publishes the **measured** split shares of every config, never a nominal ratio: upstream splits dominate several sources, so the v1.0 shares are not 80/10/10 or 70/15/15. New rows target 70/15/15 with the split names `train`, `validation`, `test` and `test_ood`. Precedence, first match wins: (1) an image that matches a v1.0 image by sha256, or within Hamming distance 4 of its dhash, keeps that v1.0 split unless an upstream benchmark manifest pins it (see below), and an image within 5-8 of a v1.0 image is never used across the train/eval boundary; (2) the out-of-distribution holdout rules (deepfish, temperate-australasia, mediterranean, a data-driven tropical province, depth of 800 m or more, platform AUV, year 2025 or later) go to `test_ood`, which is never mixed into `test`; (3) the upstream split where defined; (4) a group hash on survey, site or quadrat, else the near-duplicate group. Images of one group share a split. Group keys in `SPLIT_MAP.json` are namespaced `<source>/<id>`, so equal ids in two sources are two groups. |
|
|
| Version 1.1.0 inherits the v1.0 splits by `image_sha256` from the published v1.0 tree, with one exception: six benchmark sources (`coralscapes`, `suim`, `uiis`, `uiis10k`, `usis10k` and one benchmark not distributed in the open release) are pinned to their upstream manifests. A pin routes the manifest's evaluation split to `test` and a second held-out split, where the source has one, to `validation`. A pin wins over an inherited v1.0 split; the out-of-distribution holdout and any rule that keeps an image out of evaluation win over a pin. The pins moved images that were in v1.0 `train` into the v1.1.0 `validation` and `test` splits and resolved near-duplicate groups that straddle v1.0 splits, while the frozen v1.0 configs keep their v1.0 splits. A group that cannot be assigned consistently is withheld from every table and listed under `withheld` in `SPLIT_MAP.json`. |
|
|
| Because several of these sources carry large upstream test sets, the overall split is not the 70/15/15 target: the test share is well above 15 %, and `boxes` and `instances` are the most affected tables. |
|
|
| **Evaluation caveat.** A model trained on the v1.0 configs must not be evaluated on the v1.1.0 `validation` or `test` splits of these six sources, because some of their images were in `train` in v1.0. |
|
|
| **Left out and overridden (v1.1.0).** No group was withheld. The split map also leaves out 215 images that sit in the prior-release near-duplicate band (dHash distance 5 to 8) of v1.0 train and evaluation images, on the side their near-duplicate group did not keep, and 51 images that each collide on the DCT pHash-64 with an image of another split (one image of the pair goes, never a v1.0 image); these 266 images ship in no split of any config. Where a benchmark pin and v1.0 continuity disagree the pin wins, and it resolves the near-duplicate groups that straddle v1.0 splits: the pins overrode the v1.0 split of 4,544 images (`pins.v1_continuity_overridden` in `SPLIT_MAP.json`). |
|
|
| **Ratios.** The 70/15/15 target is checked per source family, over distinct images, not per config. The NOAA bleaching images, the Roboflow Coral Universe forks and the Seaview sources measure 70.8 / 14.6 / 14.6 %, 68.5 / 15.7 / 15.8 % and 67.6 / 12.6 / 19.8 % (train / validation / test); pinned benchmark sources and strata under 100 images (`roboflow-aquarium`) are left out of the check. Row shares of a config therefore deviate, as the table shows: `points` rows are 65.2 / 12.7 / 22.1 % (its 11,356 distinct images 67.1 / 12.8 / 20.2 %) and `semseg` rows 74.1 / 8.9 / 16.9 %. `noaa-pifsc-bleaching` is assigned by whole site: its 236 sites went 42 to train, 97 to validation and 97 to test, so its image shares are not its site shares. |
|
|
| | Config | train | validation | test | test_ood | Total | |
| |---|---|---|---|---|---| |
| | `images` | 22,193 (68.9 %) | 4,562 (14.2 %) | 5,445 (16.9 %) | – | 32,200 | |
| | `metadata` | 40,183 (61.5 %) | 8,096 (12.4 %) | 17,077 (26.1 %) | – | 65,356 | |
| | `points` | 559,490 (65.2 %) | 108,730 (12.7 %) | 190,100 (22.1 %) | – | 858,320 | |
| | `bleaching` | 19,631 (71.8 %) | 3,823 (14.0 %) | 3,889 (14.2 %) | – | 27,343 | |
| | `boxes` | 49,038 (52.2 %) | 8,417 (9.0 %) | 36,503 (38.9 %) | – | 93,958 | |
| | `semseg` | 2,445 (74.1 %) | 295 (8.9 %) | 559 (16.9 %) | – | 3,299 | |
| | `instances` | 45,869 (51.5 %) | 7,664 (8.6 %) | 35,612 (39.9 %) | – | 89,145 | |
| | `benthic-cover` | 3,298 (100.0 %) | – | – | – | 3,298 | |
| | `taxonomy` | 2,937 (100.0 %) | – | – | – | 2,937 | |
| | `label-map` | 306 (100.0 %) | – | – | – | 306 | |
| | `sources` | 14 (100.0 %) | – | – | – | 14 | |
| |
| ## Dataset creation |
| |
| ### Sources |
| |
| | Source | Version | Rights holder | Verified | Provenance | Images | Configs | |
| |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| |
| | `coralscapes` | 1.0 | – | dataset-card 2026-08-18 | https://josauder.github.io/coralscapes/ | 2,074 | benthic-cover,metadata,semseg | |
| | `noaa-pifsc-bleaching` | 1-image-labels | – | dataset-card 2026-08-17 | – | 10,326 | bleaching,images,metadata | |
| | `reef-support-benthic-own` | 2026-10-06 | – | licence-file 2026-08-17 | – | 1,226 | benthic-cover,metadata,semseg | |
| | `reef-support-seaview-labels` | 2026-10-06 | – | licence-file 2026-10-06 | – | 2,707 | images,metadata | |
| | `roboflow-aquarium` | zip-5d30fed3dd5a | – | licence-file 2026-10-06 | https://public.roboflow.ai/object-detection/aquarium | 638 | boxes,images,metadata | |
| | `roboflow-coral-bleaching-final-v6i` | v6i-image-labels-r2 | – | licence-file 2026-09-24 | – | 2,518 | bleaching,images,metadata | |
| | `roboflow-coral-bleaching-general-v1-yolov8s` | v1-yolov8s-image-labels-r2 | – | licence-file 2026-09-24 | – | 1,899 | bleaching,images,metadata | |
| | `roboflow-coral-classification-copy-changed-v13i` | v13i-image-labels | – | licence-file 2026-09-24 | – | 1,167 | bleaching,images,metadata | |
| | `roboflow-coral-reef-classification-v3i` | v3i-image-labels | – | licence-file 2026-09-24 | – | 4,409 | bleaching,images,metadata | |
| | `seaview-survey-imagery` | 2026-10-06 | – | licence-file 2026-09-24 | https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:734799 | 11,869 | images,metadata,points | |
| | `suim` | 2020 | – | licence-file 2026-08-29 | – | 1,585 | metadata | |
| | `uiis` | rev-44ca5db46599 | – | dataset-card 2026-10-06 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/LiamLian0727/UIIS | 4,285 | boxes,instances,metadata | |
| | `uiis10k` | rev-5c4316368a8e | – | dataset-card 2026-10-06 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/LiamLian0727/UIIS10K | 10,042 | boxes,instances,metadata | |
| | `usis10k` | rev-b10f41ab819b | – | dataset-card 2026-10-06 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/LiamLian0727/USIS10K | 10,611 | boxes,instances,metadata | |
| |
| ### Build and gates |
| |
| Built with the [marine-data](https://github.com/reefsupport/marine-data) registry; every source is admitted only after its licence is recorded, and the licence gate raises, never warns. The release is pinned by `provenance/release.lock.yaml`. Gate results are published as `provenance/GATES.json`. Near-duplicate images inside one split that come from different Roboflow Universe forks of one image set, or from the Seaview survey imagery and our labelled copies of its photographs, are disclosed, not removed: the dedup gate counts them as `near_pairs_across_sources_in_family` in `provenance/GATES.json`, and a near-duplicate across splits still fails it. In v1.1.0, 5,201 such pairs are disclosed. A further 6 pairs from different sources fall within the pHash-64 threshold (8 bits) but are kept: the pHash-256 of the two images differs by more than 32 bits and both carry at least 4 bits of grey entropy, so the gate waives them as look-alikes and counts them as `near_pairs_across_sources_unconfirmed`. |
|
|
| ## Personal and sensitive information |
|
|
| The images are underwater and reef photographs. Divers, and rarely faces, can appear. The release gates include a privacy pass (face detections at a score of 0.85 or more are excluded, 0.60 to 0.85 are flagged) and a check for EXIF GPS; their results are published in `provenance/GATES.json`. Images the detector flags are reviewed on contact sheets: an image with an identifiable person is withheld from every table, and a detection that proves to be a false positive is recorded in `registry/privacy/review.yaml` in the code repository. No image with an identifiable person is published knowingly; one Roboflow fork was excluded from this release for that reason (see Excluded sources). A gate and a review lower the risk; they do not remove it. The EXIF GPS of `seaview-survey-imagery` images is retained by design, because that source publishes per-image coordinates. `metadata` carries position at the precision the source provides (`coord_precision_m`) and no source is currently flagged location-sensitive in the registry. In v1.1.0 the privacy gate scanned 32,200 images: 10 flagged images were reviewed by hand and cleared, none was withheld and no unreviewed detection remains. Divers are an annotated class, kept on purpose: `coralscapes`, `uiis`, `uiis10k` and `usis10k` label them (`human` and `human divers`, 7 `label-map` rows). No face or person identification is intended or supported. To drop the class, filter out the rows whose `taxon_node_id` ends in `NT_DIVER` (`label-map` lists the labels that map to it) and send its value to `255` (ignore) in the masks. |
|
|
| ## Limitations and known defects |
|
|
| - Coralscapes has no soft-coral or octocoral class. `label-map` records the absent classes, so a model trained on Coralscapes alone cannot predict them and cover for them is undercounted. |
| - Absence is not a negative. For the reef-support and Seaview label sources `255` means unannotated, not background; Coralscapes uses its own ignore id. `label-map` carries the per-source ignore semantics. |
| - Cross-source benthic training should use the coarse training views, or mask the classes a source cannot contain: the label overlap table shows how few classes more than one source reaches. |
| - Labels without a taxonomy mapping are kept (`mapped = false`) and ignored in the training views. A source whose mapped share is below the 95 % floor is listed in the sources table with its share. |
| - Until the declared bridges from `rs-taxa-v1` to `rs-benthic-v1` and `rs-fauna-v1` exist, rows labelled by an identity node carry a null `rs_benthic_code`. |
| - A small number of identical images carry conflicting labels; every party has `label_status = conflict` and all rows are kept. The sampled label-quality audit has not been run. |
| - Confidence is present only where the upstream source supplies it; forks and crowd sources have none. It is never invented. |
| - v1.0 files are frozen as published, with their known defects: Seaview rows say `CC-BY-3.0-AU` where the University of Queensland licence is CC BY 3.0 unported (new rows and `metadata.license` say `CC-BY-3.0`); v1.0 `fish-boxes` uses `license`, `source_id` and int32 where the other configs use `licence`, `source` and int64; v1.0 masks render black in the viewer because they hold class ids, not colours (new semantic masks carry a palette). |
| - Coordinates, dates and depths are as complete as each source made them; analytics resolvers exist for a subset of the sources. |
| - The images of `seaview-survey-imagery` are in `images` and `metadata`, and its point labels are in `points` only; no Seaview row is part of `benthic-cover`: the cover rollup reads the original point sources, and Seaview points stay out of it until a cover decision is made for that source. |
| - **Licensing and provenance caveats.** Four sources are forks of Roboflow Universe projects (`roboflow-coral-bleaching-final-v6i`, `roboflow-coral-bleaching-general-v1-yolov8s`, `roboflow-coral-classification-copy-changed-v13i`, `roboflow-coral-reef-classification-v3i`). They are web-scraped photo sets re-shared on Roboflow. Their CC-BY-4.0 tag is the uploader's claim, which Reef Support could not verify with the original photographers, and third-party watermarks appear sporadically. Near-duplicate images across these four sources are reported by the dedup gate and are not removed. A fifth Roboflow fork is excluded from this release: its images are augmented broadcast-video frames that show identifiable people, and its licence cannot be verified. Rights holders can use the takedown route below. |
| - 24 hidden-test images that v1.0 does not already publish are withheld from this release: they appear in none of its configs. The 1,226 hidden-test images that v1.0 already published are not withheld: they stay in v1.0 and in the new tables. |
| - Sources below the 95 % mapped floor: `noaa-pifsc-bleaching` (0.0 %), `roboflow-coral-bleaching-final-v6i` (0.0 %), `roboflow-coral-bleaching-general-v1-yolov8s` (0.0 %), `roboflow-coral-classification-copy-changed-v13i` (0.0 %), `roboflow-coral-reef-classification-v3i` (0.0 %). |
|
|
| ## Licensing |
|
|
| The data are not under one licence. Every row records its `licence`, `annotation_licence` and `attribution`; the matrix lists each source. Combine sources only in ways each licence allows. `LICENSE` and `NOTICE` list the same notices. The table records the licences as Reef Support read them from the primary sources and is not legal advice. |
|
|
| | Source | Image licence | Annotation licence | Attribution | Class | |
| |---|---|---|---|---| |
| | `coralscapes` | [Apache-2.0](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0) | Apache-2.0 | Coralscapes (Apache-2.0) | open | |
| | `noaa-pifsc-bleaching` | US-GOV-PD | US-GOV-PD | NOAA PIFSC-ESD coral bleaching dataset (US-GOV-PD) | open | |
| | `reef-support-benthic-own` | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | CC-BY-4.0 | Reef Support benthic instance masks — own imagery (Colombia) (CC-BY-4.0) | open | |
| | `reef-support-seaview-labels` | [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) | CC-BY-3.0 | Reef Support annotations on XL Catlin Seaview imagery (CC-BY-3.0) | open | |
| | `roboflow-aquarium` | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | CC-BY-4.0 | Roboflow Aquarium Combined (CC-BY-4.0) | open | |
| | `roboflow-coral-bleaching-final-v6i` | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | CC-BY-4.0 | Coral Bleaching Final (Roboflow v6i) (CC-BY-4.0) | open | |
| | `roboflow-coral-bleaching-general-v1-yolov8s` | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | CC-BY-4.0 | Coral Bleaching_General (Roboflow v1, YOLOv8s) (CC-BY-4.0) | open | |
| | `roboflow-coral-classification-copy-changed-v13i` | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | CC-BY-4.0 | Coral Classification Copy -Changed- (Roboflow v13i) (CC-BY-4.0) | open | |
| | `roboflow-coral-reef-classification-v3i` | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | CC-BY-4.0 | Coral Reef Classification (Roboflow v3i) (CC-BY-4.0) | open | |
| | `seaview-survey-imagery` | [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) | CC-BY-3.0 | SEAVIEW raw survey imagery (UQ eSpace) (CC-BY-3.0) | open | |
| | `suim` | MIT | MIT | SUIM (Semantic Segmentation of Underwater Imagery) (MIT) | open | |
| | `uiis` | [Apache-2.0](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0) | Apache-2.0 | UIIS (WaterMask) underwater instance segmentation (Apache-2.0) | open | |
| | `uiis10k` | [Apache-2.0](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0) | Apache-2.0 | UIIS10K underwater instance segmentation (UWSAM) (Apache-2.0) | open | |
| | `usis10k` | [Apache-2.0](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0) | Apache-2.0 | USIS10K underwater salient instance segmentation (Apache-2.0) | open | |
| |
| Credits: Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW): Spalding, M. D. et al. (2007), BioScience 57(7), 573-583. Only the derived realm, province and ecoregion names ship; the MEOW geometry does not. World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS Editorial Board), https://www.marinespecies.org, CC BY 4.0. AphiaIDs identify taxa in the taxonomy, `label-map` and the label tables. |
| |
| ## Excluded sources |
| |
| Every registered source that is not in this release falls under one of the reasons below. The sources that are in it are listed in the `sources` config. |
| |
| - **restricted-nd**: no derivatives: a verbatim-only licence cannot cover cropped, resized or re-labelled releases |
| - **internal-only / unknown**: no licence granting redistribution was established for these sources (research-use-only or nothing on record) |
| - **per-row licence**: sources whose every item carries its own licence are held out until each row's licence is resolved |
| - **A fifth Roboflow fork**: tagged release-excluded. Its images are augmented broadcast-video frames that show identifiable people, and its licence tag comes from the uploader's sidecar and cannot be verified |
| - **A sixth Roboflow fork**: dropped as a duplicate of an image set already in this release; none of its images is included |
| - **A fish-market photo source**: tagged release-excluded and quarantined: out-of-water market photographs of fish |
| - **sonar sources**: side-scan and forward-looking sonar imagery is a different sensing modality from the camera images of this release; none is included |
| - **open-licence sources not yet staged**: registered sources with an open licence that were not in the v1.1.0 fetch list (for example `noaa-pifsc-esa-coral-icra`, `marineevt` and `salmon-cage`) are deferred to a later release |
| - **non-image sources**: text-only sources such as `oceaninstruct` hold no images |
| - **One non-commercial source**: licensed for non-commercial use only; it ships in the separate non-commercial flavour of the release, not in this repository. No other non-commercial source is part of v1.1.0 |
| |
| ## Takedown |
| |
| Rights holders and data subjects: open an issue at https://github.com/reefsupport/marine-data/issues. Accepted requests are published as a new version. |
| |
| ## Versions and changelog |
| |
| | Version | Date | Notes | |
| |---|---|---| |
| | v1.0 | 2026-10-07 | coral-masks, scene-masks, instance-masks and fish-boxes: 8 sources, 58,803 rows. Frozen: files, rows and paths are unchanged in v1.1.0. | |
| | v1.1.0 | 2026-10-17 | Additive: 11 new configurations. | |
| |
| - **Added (additive; no v1.0 file, row, path or `configs:` entry changed):** the configs `images`, `metadata`, `points`, `bleaching`, `boxes`, `semseg`, `instances`, `benthic-cover`, `sites`, `label-map` and `sources`, and `taxonomy` in the open repo; `LICENSE`, `NOTICE`, `CITATION.cff`, `croissant.json` and `provenance/`. |
| - **Unchanged:** every v1.0 config, with its files, rows and paths; the release is additive. |
| - **Task layers:** the v2 task layers are new tables on the `image_sha256` key: `metadata`, `points`, `bleaching`, `boxes`, `semseg` and `instances` (`benthic-cover` and `sites` are derived from them). |
| - **Changed:** this card (text only; the v1.0 `configs:` entries are carried verbatim). `dataset_info` is written for the new configs only. |
| - **Label space:** taxonomy 3.0.0. Every new table row carries `taxonomy_version`; the Coralscapes class "unknown hard substrate" is unmapped in the new tables; three wrong AphiaIDs were corrected (205902, 206485, 758259). v1.0 `class_map` columns are untouched. |
| - **Splits:** a split map that inherits the v1.0 splits by `image_sha256` (v1.0 continuity); six benchmark sources are pinned to their upstream manifests instead, which moved some images out of v1.0 `train` into `validation` and `test`; the frozen v1.0 configs keep their v1.0 splits (see Splits). |
| - **Excluded:** a fifth Roboflow fork, and a sixth dropped as a duplicate (see Excluded sources). |
| - **Licences:** new Seaview rows and `metadata.license` use `CC-BY-3.0` (v1.0 rows keep `CC-BY-3.0-AU`, declared above). |
|
|
| Files of a released version are not edited. Pin a version with `revision`: |
|
|
| ```python |
| load_dataset("reefsupport/marine-data", "metadata", split="train", revision="v1.1.0") |
| ``` |
|
|
| ## Citation |
|
|
| ```bibtex |
| @misc{reef_support_marine_data_2026, |
| title = {marine-data}, |
| author = {Reef Support}, |
| year = {2026}, |
| version = {1.1.0}, |
| url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/reefsupport/marine-data}, |
| } |
| ``` |
|
|
| Please also cite the sources you use: |
|
|
| - `coralscapes`: Sauder et al., The Coralscapes Dataset, ICCV 2025 Marine Vision Workshop |
| - `noaa-pifsc-bleaching`: Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (2025). Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD). NOAA-ESD-CORAL-Bleaching-Dataset v1. https://huggingface.co/datasets/NMFS-OSI/NOAA-PIFSC-ESD-CORAL-Bleaching-Dataset |
| - `reef-support-seaview-labels`: González-Rivero et al. (2019). Seaview Survey Photo-quadrat and Image Classification Dataset. University of Queensland. doi:10.14264/UQL.2019.930 Masks and labels: Reef Support annotations (CC-BY-4.0). |
| - `roboflow-aquarium`: Roboflow 2020, Aquarium Combined (public.roboflow.ai/object-detection/aquarium) |
| - `roboflow-coral-bleaching-final-v6i`: Lockie. "Coral Bleaching Final" (Roboflow Universe, v6i). https://universe.roboflow.com/lockie/coral-bleaching-final |
| - `roboflow-coral-bleaching-general-v1-yolov8s`: Lockie. "Coral Bleaching_General" (Roboflow Universe, v1, YOLOv8s). https://universe.roboflow.com/lockie/coral-bleaching_general/dataset/1 |
| - `roboflow-coral-classification-copy-changed-v13i`: maxyn-icaonapo. "Coral Classification Copy (Changed)" (Roboflow Universe, v13). https://universe.roboflow.com/maxyn-icaonapo/coral-classification-copy-changed |
| - `roboflow-coral-reef-classification-v3i`: twork. "Coral Reef Classification" (Roboflow Universe). https://universe.roboflow.com/twork/coral-reef-classification |
| - `seaview-survey-imagery`: González-Rivero et al. (2019). Seaview Survey Photo-quadrat and Image Classification Dataset. University of Queensland. doi:10.14264/UQL.2019.930 |
| - `uiis`: Lian et al. 2023, WaterMask: Instance Segmentation for Underwater Imagery, ICCV 2023, pp.1305-1315 |
| - `uiis10k`: Li et al. 2025, Advancing Marine Research: UWSAM Framework and UIIS10K Dataset for Precise Underwater Instance Segmentation, arXiv:2505.15581 |
| - `usis10k`: Lian et al. 2024, Diving into Underwater: Segment Anything Model Guided Underwater Salient Instance Segmentation and A Large-scale Dataset, ICML 2024 (PMLR v235:29545-29559) |
|
|
| ## Contact |
|
|
| hello@reef.support |
|
|
