context stringlengths 155 6.27k | question stringlengths 13 168 | id stringlengths 28 28 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|
Thyroid hypoplasia as a cause of congenital hypothyroidism in Williams syndrome. In the Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), disorders of the thyroid function and morphology have been reported and programs of thyroid screening and surveillance are recommended. However, the frequency of biochemical thyroid assessment, partic... | Which hormone abnormalities are common in Williams syndrome ? | 530cefaaad0bf1360c00000d_002 | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"thyroid"
]
} |
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by the candidate microbicide dapivirine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains the major route of infection worldwide; thus, there is an urgent need for additional prevention st... | Which infection can be prevented with Dapivirine? | 5880b812c872c95565000006_019 | {
"answer_start": [
882
],
"text": [
"HIV"
]
} |
Familial isolated pituitary adenoma: evidence for genetic heterogeneity. The identification of mutations in the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) gene in a subset of familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) cases has recently expanded our understanding of the pathophysiology of inherited pituitary a... | Mutation of which gene is implicated in the familial isolated pituitary adenoma? | 551c23bc6b348bb82c00000b_011 | {
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein"
]
} |
Specific antidotes in development for reversal of novel anticoagulants: a review. In the last decade, several direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC; dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban) have been marketed for prophylaxis and/or treatment of thromboembolism without having specific antidotes available for their revers... | Andexanet Alfa is an antidote of which clotting factor inhibitors? | 5880b073c872c95565000003_068 | {
"answer_start": [
1033
],
"text": [
"xa"
]
} |
Frontal hypometabolism in elderly breast cancer survivors determined by [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET): a pilot study. PURPOSE: The term "chemobrain" is sometimes used to denote deficits in neuropsychological functioning that may occur as a result of cancer treatment. As breast cance... | What is a "chemobrain"? | 58efa1b870f9fc6f0f000003_001 | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"The term \"chemobrain\" is sometimes used to denote deficits in neuropsychological functioning that may occur as a result of cancer treatment."
]
} |
Chromosome XII context is important for rDNA function in yeast. The rDNA cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is located 450 kb from the left end and 610 kb from the right end of chromosome XII and consists of approximately 150 tandemly repeated copies of a 9.1 kb rDNA unit. To explore the biological significance of thi... | In which yeast chromosome does the rDNA cluster reside? | 5710e131a5ed216440000001_002 | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"chromosome XII"
]
} |
Future agents and treatment directions in multiple myeloma. The development of bortezomib and immunomodulatory agents resulted in a revolution in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Moreover, second-generation proteasome inhibitors (carfilzomib) and immunomodulatory agents (pomalidomide) have recently been approved... | What is the target of daratumumab? | 5880aef4c872c95565000001_027 | {
"answer_start": [
721
],
"text": [
"CD38"
]
} |
Mowat-Wilson syndrome in a fetus with antenatal diagnosis of short corpus callosum: advocacy for standard autopsy. Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a genetic disease caused by heterozygous mutations or deletions of the ZEB2 gene rarely diagnosed prenatally and with little fetal description reported. It is mainly characte... | Which gene is responsible for the development of the Mowat-Wilson syndrome? | 5519113b622b19434500000f_033 | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"ZEB2"
]
} |
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances the apoptotic activity of MDM2 antagonist nutlin-3a in acute myeloid leukemia cells expressing wild-type p53. The tumor suppressor p53 is often referred to as "the guardian of the genome" because of its central role in the cellular response to oncogenic stress and prevention of tumor d... | Which tumor suppressor is referred to as "the guardian of the genome"? | 55421ee7ccca0ce74b000002_015 | {
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"p53"
]
} |
The oral spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor fostamatinib attenuates inflammation and atherogenesis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. OBJECTIVE: Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) has come into focus as a potential therapeutic target in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, as... | Which enzyme is inhibited by a drug fostamatinib? | 53357ca0d6d3ac6a3400004b_011 | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"spleen tyrosine kinase"
]
} |
Analysis of protein profile of tomato root infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici. Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici (Fol) is one of the main diseases affecting tomatoes. The BHRS 2,3 genotype of tomato is, however, resistant to this disease. A proteomic approach was used to under... | Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici. is a plant pathogen in plants producing what common food? | 5a8b1264fcd1d6a10c00001d_003 | {
"answer_start": [
200
],
"text": [
"tomato"
]
} |
ACS chemical neuroscience molecule spotlight on semagacestat (LY450139). Semagacestat (LY450139) is a novel γ-secretase inhibitor currently in late-stage development by Eli Lilly and Company as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Semagacestat is currently being studied in two phase III clinical trials. | LY450139 is investigational name of which drug? | 54f35ad864850a5854000004_004 | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"Semagacestat"
]
} |
A rare G6490-->A substitution at the last nucleotide of exon 10 of the glucocerebrosidase gene in two unrelated Italian Gaucher patients. Mutation screening of the glucocerebrosidase gene by SSCP analysis revealed an abnormal pattern of exon 10 in two unrelated Italian Gaucher patients. Direct sequencing of the mutated... | What is the gene mutated in the Gaucher disease? | 532f55fed6d3ac6a34000036_015 | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"glucocerebrosidase"
]
} |
Potent antitumor activity of the novel HSP90 inhibitors AUY922 and HSP990 in neuroendocrine carcinoid cells. The heat shock protein (HSP) 90 chaperone machine involved in numerous oncogenic signaling pathways is overexpressed in cancer cells and is currently being evaluated for anticancer therapy. Neuroendocrine tumors... | Which heat shock protein is found to be upregulated during Hsp90 inhibition? | 534abe8aaeec6fbd07000013_001 | {
"answer_start": [
1202
],
"text": [
"HSP70"
]
} |
A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of siltuximab (anti-IL-6 mAb) and bortezomib versus bortezomib alone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. We compared the safety and efficacy of siltuximab (S), an anti-interleukin-6 chimeric monoclonal antibody, plus bortezomib (B) with... | Which interleukin is blocked by Siltuximab? | 56c1f02aef6e39474100004b_002 | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"interleukin-6"
]
} |
Chediak-Higashi syndrome: description of two novel homozygous missense mutations causing divergent clinical phenotype. Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease resulting from mutations in the LYST/CHS1 gene, which encodes for a 429 kDa protein, CHS1/LYST, that regulates vesicle trafficking a... | Which syndrome is associated with mutations in the LYST gene? | 56f564f909dd18d46b000009_002 | {
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"Chediak-Higashi syndrome"
]
} |
Redox regulation of the transcriptional repressor Bach1. Bach1 is a transcriptional repressor of heme oxygenase-1, one of the most inducible phase 2 proteins. Bach1 binds in conjunction with a small Maf protein to tandem repeats of the antioxidant response element (ARE) and quenches the target gene expression. On the o... | Is the transcriptional regulator BACH1 an activator or a repressor? | 52fa6ac72059c6d71c000055_014 | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"repressor"
]
} |
Loss of CD28 expression by liver-infiltrating T cells contributes to pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. BACKGROUND & AIMS: T-cell-mediated biliary injury is a feature of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We studied the roles of CD28(-) T cells in PSC and their regulation by vitamin D. METHODS: Peripher... | To which disease does the loss of CD28 expression by liver-infiltrating T cells contribute? | 58853922e56acf5176000016_002 | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"primary sclerosing cholangitis"
]
} |
Positive and negative selection in murine ultraconserved noncoding elements. There are many more selectively constrained noncoding than coding nucleotides in the mammalian genome, but most mammalian noncoding DNA is subject to weak selection, on average. One of the most striking discoveries to have emerged from compari... | Which is the process that Conserved noncoding elements mostly regulate? | 51387022bee46bd34c000002_001 | {
"answer_start": [
746
],
"text": [
"development"
]
} |
Effect of opicapone and entacapone upon levodopa pharmacokinetics during three daily levodopa administrations. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Opicapone is a novel third generation catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor. The purpose of this study was to compare the levodopa pharmacokinetic profile throughout a day dr... | What enzyme is inhibied by Opicapone? | 56c1d857ef6e394741000033_003 | {
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"catechol-O-methyltransferase"
]
} |
[Pharmacologic and clinical characteristics of direct inhibitors of factor Xa: rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban and betrixaban]. Heparins and vitamin K antagonists (VKA) used commonly are the standard treatment of venous and arterial thromboses. They are very efficient and safe, but have some limitations: iatrogenicity,... | Which clotting factor is inhibited by betrixaban? | 55200c606b348bb82c000013_085 | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"xa"
]
} |
Analysis of amino acid 13C abundance from human and faunal bone collagen using liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The scope of compound-specific stable isotope analysis has recently been increased with the development of the LC IsoLink which interfaces high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) a... | Which bone protein is used in archaelogy for dating and species identification? | 55054f8af73303d458000002_017 | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"collagen"
]
} |
The Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER) scale: development and validation of a stroke recognition instrument. BACKGROUND: In patients with acute stroke, rapid intervention is crucial to maximise early treatment benefits. Stroke patients commonly have their first contact with medical staff in the emerge... | ROSIER scale is used for which disorder? | 551fd9c06b348bb82c000012_026 | {
"answer_start": [
406
],
"text": [
"Stroke"
]
} |
Ecallantide (DX-88) for acute hereditary angioedema attacks: integrated analysis of 2 double-blind, phase 3 studies. BACKGROUND: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent angioedema attacks. Ecallantide, a novel plasma kallikrein inhibitor, inhibits production of bradykinin, the key medi... | DX-88 is investigational name of which drug? | 54f1e031c409818c32000001_002 | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ecallantide"
]
} |
NKX2-1 mutations in brain-lung-thyroid syndrome: a case series of four patients. Brain-lung-thyroid syndrome (BLTS) characterized by congenital hypothyroidism, respiratory distress syndrome, and benign hereditary chorea is caused by thyroid transcription factor 1 (NKX2-1/TTF1) mutations. We report the clinical and mole... | Mutation of which gene is implicated in the Brain-lung-thyroid syndrome? | 56c1f03bef6e394741000053_006 | {
"answer_start": [
233
],
"text": [
"thyroid transcription factor 1"
]
} |
Menin links estrogen receptor activation to histone H3K4 trimethylation. The product of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) tumor suppressor gene, menin, is an integral component of MLL1/MLL2 histone methyltransferase complexes specific for Lys4 of histone H3 (H3K4). We show that menin is a transcriptional c... | Which is the histone residue methylated by MLL1? | 533be71dfd9a95ea0d000009_017 | {
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"H3K4"
]
} |
BDNF Val66Met and DRD2 Taq1A polymorphisms interact to influence PTSD symptom severity: a preliminary investigation in a South African population. BACKGROUND: We evaluated the role that selected variants in serotonin transporter (5-HTT), dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genes play... | Symptoms of which disorder are evaluated with the Davidson Trauma Scale? | 58861d413b87a8a738000002_021 | {
"answer_start": [
545
],
"text": [
"PTSD"
]
} |
Downregulation of SMARCB1/INI1 expression in pediatric chordomas correlates with upregulation of miR-671-5p and miR-193a-5p expressions. Loss of SMARCB1/INI1 expression is considered to be a hallmark for childhood chordomas (CCs). Although mutation/loss of 22q has strongly established the loss of SMARCB1/INI1 in cancer... | With which cancers has the loss of SMARCB1 been associated? | 5a86f074faa1ab7d2e00003a_003 | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"chordomas"
]
} |
The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, accompanied by synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Antibody-based immunotherapy against Aβ to trigger its clearance or mi... | What disease is the drug aducanumab targeting? | 58a95c711978bbde22000001_001 | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"Alzheimer's disease"
]
} |
Treatment-emergent mutations in NAEβ confer resistance to the NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924. MLN4924 is an investigational small-molecule inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. MLN4924 is a mechanism-based inhibitor, with enzyme inhibition occurring throug... | Which enzyme does MLN4924 inhibit? | 56ed03862ac5ed1459000004_005 | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"NEDD8-activating enzyme"
]
} |
Mutations in MED12 cause X-linked Ohdo syndrome. Ohdo syndrome comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by intellectual disability (ID) and typical facial features, including blepharophimosis. Clinically, these blepharophimosis-ID syndromes have been classified in five distinct subgroups, including th... | What is the genetic basis of Ohdo syndrome? | 58f89eb270f9fc6f0f00001a_001 | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mutations in MED12"
]
} |
TBC1D7 is a third subunit of the TSC1-TSC2 complex upstream of mTORC1. The tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) tumor suppressors form the TSC1-TSC2 complex, which limits cell growth in response to poor growth conditions. Through its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward Rheb, this complex inhibits the mechanisti... | Which is the third subunit of the TSC1-TSC2 complex upstream of mTORC1? | 5319ac99b166e2b806000034_001 | {
"answer_start": [
449
],
"text": [
"TBC1D7"
]
} |
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha mediates activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and cytosolic phospholipase A2 in norepinephrine-induced arachidonic acid release in rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells. We have investigated the contribution of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM ki... | Which kinase is inhibited by the small molecule KN-93? | 54f89e1a06d9727f76000001_001 | {
"answer_start": [
1156
],
"text": [
"CaM kinase II"
]
} |
Erlotinib at a dose of 25 mg daily for non-small cell lung cancers with EGFR mutations. PURPOSE: The tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) gefitinib and erlotinib are effective in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations. The usual clinical dose of gefitinib (250 mg/d... | Mutations in which gene determine response to both erlotinib and gefitinib? | 51542e44d24251bc05000081_006 | {
"answer_start": [
218
],
"text": [
"epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene"
]
} |
Two regions within the amino-terminal half of APOBEC3G cooperate to determine cytoplasmic localization. APOBEC3G limits the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, other retroviruses, and retrotransposons. It localizes predominantly to the cytoplasm of cells, which is consistent with a model wherein cytosol... | Is APOBEC3B protein predominantly cytoplasmic or nuclear? | 54e0ace81388e8454a000010_012 | {
"answer_start": [
603
],
"text": [
" nuclear"
]
} |
Influence of lateral association on forced unfolding of antiparallel spectrin heterodimers. Protein extensibility appears to be based broadly on conformational changes that can in principle be modulated by protein-protein interactions. Spectrin family proteins, with their extensible three-helix folds, enable evaluation... | Alpha-spectrin and beta-spectrin subunits form parallel or antiparallel heterodimers? | 5540b9800083d1bf0e000002_002 | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"antiparallel"
]
} |
The Roles of Arabidopsis CDF2 in Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of Primary MicroRNAs. The precise regulation of microRNA (miRNA) transcription and processing is important for eukaryotic development. Plant miRNAs are first transcribed as stem-loop primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) by RNA polymerase II,then... | Which polymerase transcribes pri-miRNAs? | 589d965a78275d0c4a000049_006 | {
"answer_start": [
298
],
"text": [
"RNA polymerase II"
]
} |
The Genetic Cost of Neanderthal Introgression. Approximately 2-4% of genetic material in human populations outside Africa is derived from Neanderthals who interbred with anatomically modern humans. Recent studies have shown that this Neanderthal DNA is depleted around functional genomic regions; this has been suggested... | What percentage of Homo sapiens DNA is of Neanderthal origin? | 5ace1a590340b9f05800000b_001 | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"2-4%"
]
} |
Ataxin-3 protein and RNA toxicity in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: current insights and emerging therapeutic strategies. Ataxin-3 is a ubiquitously expressed deubiqutinating enzyme with important functions in the proteasomal protein degradation pathway and regulation of transcription. The C-terminus of the ataxin-3 pr... | Which is the protein implicated in Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3? | 57138eb21174fb175500000a_004 | {
"answer_start": [
309
],
"text": [
"ataxin-3"
]
} |
Ebola outbreak in Western Africa 2014: what is going on with Ebola virus? The 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa, caused by Ebola virus (Zaire Ebola virus species), is the largest outbreak of EVD in history. It cause hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates with high mortality rate up to ... | Which disease is treated with ZMapp? | 5880e417713cbdfd3d000001_004 | {
"answer_start": [
896
],
"text": [
"Ebola virus disease"
]
} |
A revised six-kingdom system of life. A revised six-kingdom system of life is presented, down to the level of infraphylum. As in my 1983 system Bacteria are treated as a single kingdom, and eukaryotes are divided into only five kingdoms: Protozoa, Animalia, Fungi, Plantae and Chromista. Intermediate high level categori... | In which kingdom do microsporidia belong, according to their current classification scheme? | 5547a01cf35db75526000005_019 | {
"answer_start": [
965
],
"text": [
"Fungi"
]
} |
Reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: a practical approach. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have at least noninferior efficacy compared with other oral anticoagulants and have ancillary benefits, including overall better safety profiles, lack of the need for routine monitoring, rapid onset of action, and ease of a... | Andexanet Alfa is an antidote of which clotting factor inhibitors? | 5880b073c872c95565000003_089 | {
"answer_start": [
1564
],
"text": [
"factor Xa"
]
} |
SEA0400, a novel and selective inhibitor of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, attenuates reperfusion injury in the in vitro and in vivo cerebral ischemic models. The effect of the newly synthesized compound 2-[4-[(2,5-difluorophenyl)methoxy]phenoxy]-5-ethoxyaniline (SEA0400) on the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) was investigated and c... | The small molecule SEA0400 is an inhibitor of which ion antiporter/exchanger? | 5506c3e38e1671127b00000a_055 | {
"answer_start": [
766
],
"text": [
"NCX"
]
} |
A yeast functional screen predicts new candidate ALS disease genes. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating and universally fatal neurodegenerative disease. Mutations in two related RNA-binding proteins, TDP-43 and FUS, that harbor prion-like domains, cause some forms of ALS. There are at least 213 human p... | Which domain allowing self-association do exist in TDP-43 and FUS proteins? | 56c83f365795f9a73e000011_003 | {
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"prion-like domain"
]
} |
Abnormal distribution of the non-Abeta component of Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor/alpha-synuclein in Lewy body disease as revealed by proteinase K and formic acid pretreatment. The precursor of the non-Abeta component of Alzheimer's disease amyloid (NACP) (also known as alpha-synuclein) is a presynaptic termina... | Against which protein is the antibody used for immonostaining of Lewy bodies raised? | 53189656b166e2b80600001c_021 | {
"answer_start": [
728
],
"text": [
"alpha-synuclein"
]
} |
Rag GTPases mediate amino acid-dependent recruitment of TFEB and MITF to lysosomes. The mTORC1 complex supports cell growth and proliferation in response to energy levels, growth factors, and nutrients. The Rag guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) activate mTORC1 in response to amino acids by promoting its redistributio... | Which transcription factor is considered as a master regulator of lysosomal genes? | 56cdf40d5795f9a73e00003d_007 | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"transcription factor EB (TFEB)"
]
} |
Evolutionary conservation of possible functional domains of the human and murine XIST genes. The human XIST gene, a candidate for a role in X chromosome inactivation, has recently been cloned and sequenced, yielding a 17 kb cDNA with no apparent significant, conserved open reading frame. In addition, the XIST transcrip... | Which is the transcript responsible for X-chromosome inactivation? | 5353aedb288f4dae47000006_037 | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"XIST"
]
} |
[Immune regulatory effect of citalopram on microglial cells]. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of antidepressant citalopram on the gene expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and to discuss the impacts of citalopram on p38 and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) of mitogen-act... | Which MAP kinase phosphorylates the transcription factor c-jun? | 5518e7da622b194345000004_003 | {
"answer_start": [
301
],
"text": [
"JNK"
]
} |
Reference ranges and determinants of total hCG levels during pregnancy: the Generation R Study. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a pregnancy hormone secreted by the placental synctiotrophoblast cell layer that has been linked to fetal growth and various placental, uterine and fetal functions. In order to investiga... | Which protein is associated with hyperemesis gravidarum during pregrancy? | 58da1aa08acda34529000012_001 | {
"answer_start": [
1337
],
"text": [
"hCG"
]
} |
Genetic associations in type I interferon related pathways with autoimmunity. Type I interferons play an outstanding role in innate and adaptive immunity by enhancing functions of dendritic cells, inducing differentiation of monocytes, promoting immunoglobulin class switching in B cells and stimulating effector functio... | Which is the most common gene signature in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients? | 58e7902b3e8b6dc87c000007_002 | {
"answer_start": [
1247
],
"text": [
"interferon signature"
]
} |
Long-term safety and efficacy of taliglucerase alfa in pediatric Gaucher disease patients who were treatment-naïve or previously treated with imiglucerase. Taliglucerase alfa is an enzyme replacement therapy approved for treatment of Gaucher disease (GD) in children and adults in several countries. This multicenter ext... | Which disease is treated with taliglucerase alfa? | 5891b125621ea6ff7e00000e_007 | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"Gaucher disease"
]
} |
Clinical perspective on antiretroviral drug-drug interactions with the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor etravirine. Etravirine is an effective and well-tolerated recently approved non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) for HIV type-1-infected patients with previous antiretroviral treatment... | Cytochrome p450 CYP3A is induced by rifampicin and compounds used to treat what virus? | 5ab2cc66fcf4565872000015_002 | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"HIV"
]
} |
Who, when, and how to reverse non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants. Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been a major addition to our therapeutic armamentarium. They are at least as effective as warfarin in the thromboprophylaxis of non-valvular atrial fibrillation and management of thromboembolic disease, with ... | Andexanet Alfa is an antidote of which clotting factor inhibitors? | 5880b073c872c95565000003_005 | {
"answer_start": [
1261
],
"text": [
"factor Xa"
]
} |
Fanconi anemia: at the crossroads of DNA repair. Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal disorder that causes genome instability. FA patients suffer developmental abnormalities, early-onset bone marrow failure, and a predisposition to cancer. The disease is manifested by defects in DNA repair, hypersensitivity to DNA cross... | What is the disease in which patients are sensitive to DNA crosslinking agents, presenting with a high frequency of chromosomal aberrations? | 54ede28094afd61504000003_001 | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Fanconi anemia"
]
} |
Small-molecule antagonists of the orexin receptors. The orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors are two G protein-coupled receptors that bind the neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B. Dual antagonism of the receptors by small molecules is clinically efficacious in the treatment of insomnia, where the most advanced molecule suvo... | What molecule is targeted by suvorexant? | 56c1f003ef6e394741000039_018 | {
"answer_start": [
152
],
"text": [
"orexin"
]
} |
Chromosome XII context is important for rDNA function in yeast. The rDNA cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is located 450 kb from the left end and 610 kb from the right end of chromosome XII and consists of approximately 150 tandemly repeated copies of a 9.1 kb rDNA unit. To explore the biological significance of thi... | In which yeast chromosome does the rDNA cluster reside? | 5710e131a5ed216440000001_012 | {
"answer_start": [
590
],
"text": [
"chromosome XII"
]
} |
Treatment of benzodiazepine overdose with flumazenil. The Flumazenil in Benzodiazepine Intoxication Multicenter Study Group. Flumazenil, a specific benzodiazepine antagonist, was evaluated as adjunctive therapy in the management of benzodiazepine overdose. Thirteen emergency departments enrolled 326 patients in this do... | Which drug should be used as an antidote in benzodiazepine overdose? | 514a0a57d24251bc05000051_023 | {
"answer_start": [
1040
],
"text": [
"flumazenil"
]
} |
Phosphorylation of Noxo1 at threonine 341 regulates its interaction with Noxa1 and the superoxide-producing activity of Nox1. UNLABELLED: Superoxide production by Nox1, a member of the Nox family NAPDH oxidases, requires expression of its regulatory soluble proteins Noxo1 (Nox organizer 1) and Noxa1 (Nox activator 1) a... | Which NADPH oxidase family member requires interaction with NOXO1 for function? | 58a5a51060087bc10a000021_009 | {
"answer_start": [
1703
],
"text": [
"Nox1"
]
} |
Lewy body pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Lewy bodies, the characteristic pathological lesion of substantia nigra neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD), are frequently observed to accompany the amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However the typical anatomic distribution of ... | Which is the primary protein component of Lewy bodies? | 58a2e5f760087bc10a000007_032 | {
"answer_start": [
1236
],
"text": [
"alpha-synuclein"
]
} |
Comprehensive ZEB2 gene analysis for Mowat-Wilson syndrome in a North American cohort: a suggested approach to molecular diagnostics. Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by a recognizable facial phenotype in addition to moderate to severe cognitive disability with severe speech impairment and var... | Which gene is responsible for the development of the Mowat-Wilson syndrome? | 5519113b622b19434500000f_004 | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"ZEB2"
]
} |
Interrupting anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Three target-specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs)-dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban-have been approved by the FDA to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation; however, no agents ar... | Andexanet Alfa is an antidote of which clotting factor inhibitors? | 5880b073c872c95565000003_082 | {
"answer_start": [
2002
],
"text": [
"Xa"
]
} |
The role of SERCA2a/PLN complex, Ca(2+) homeostasis, and anti-apoptotic proteins in determining cell fate. Intracellular calcium is a major coordinator of numerous aspects of cellular physiology, including muscle contractility and cell survival. In cardiac muscle, aberrant Ca(2+) cycling has been implicated in a range ... | Which is the main regulatory molecule of SERCA2A function in the cardiac muscle? | 54cb9c94f693c3b16b000005_022 | {
"answer_start": [
496
],
"text": [
"phospholamban"
]
} |
McLeod phenotype associated with a XK missense mutation without hematologic, neuromuscular, or cerebral involvement. BACKGROUND: The X-linked McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome is a multisystem disorder with hematologic, neuromuscular, and central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. All carriers of the McLeod blood g... | Mutation of which gene is associated with McLeod syndrome? | 531464a6e3eabad021000014_039 | {
"answer_start": [
1336
],
"text": [
"XK"
]
} |
Functional analysis of splicing mutations in exon 7 of NF1 gene. BACKGROUND: Neurofibromatosis type 1 is one of the most common autosomal dominant disorders, affecting about 1:3,500 individuals. NF1 exon 7 displays weakly defined exon-intron boundaries, and is particularly prone to missplicing. METHODS: In this study w... | Which is the gene mutated in type 1 neurofibromatosis? | 5343fc1aaeec6fbd07000003_012 | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"NF1"
]
} |
Expression and function of Noxo1gamma, an alternative splicing form of the NADPH oxidase organizer 1. Activation of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase Nox1 requires both the organizer protein Noxo1 and the activator protein Noxa1. Here we describe an alternative splicing form of Noxo1, Noxo1gamma, which is expresse... | Which NADPH oxidase family member requires interaction with NOXO1 for function? | 58a5a51060087bc10a000021_015 | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"Nox1"
]
} |
Novel combinatorial interactions of GATA-1, PU.1, and C/EBPepsilon isoforms regulate transcription of the gene encoding eosinophil granule major basic protein. GATA-1 and the ets factor PU.1 have been reported to functionally antagonize one another in the regulation of erythroid versus myeloid gene transcription and de... | Which gene controls the expression of GATA-1 isoforms? | 58e75d483e8b6dc87c000005_003 | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"PU.1"
]
} |
Acquired cerebral hemiatrophy: Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome - a case report. A rare syndrome, Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome (DDMS), with a diagnostic conundrum, and the way it was solved is presented. A 13-year-old boy presented with recurrent seizures for the past 10 years. He had been treated with anticonvulsant med... | What is the characteristic feature of the Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome. | 55032e65e9bde69634000034_002 | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"cerebral hemiatrophy"
]
} |
Molecular analysis of the ret and GDNF genes in a family with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and Hirschsprung disease. The clinical association between multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) and Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is infrequent. Germline mutations of the ret protooncogene are the underlying cause of ... | What is the gene frequently mutated in Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN2) and Hisrchsprung disease? | 5171438a8ed59a060a000007_015 | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"ret"
]
} |
Neuronal calcium sensor proteins are unable to modulate NFAT activation in mammalian cells. Calcium activated gene transcription through Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells, (NFAT) proteins, is emerging as a ubiquitous mechanism for the control of important physiological processes. Of the five mammalian NFAT isoforms, ... | Which calcium/calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase is involved in the activation of the family of NFAT transcription factors (Nuclear Factors of Activated T cells)? | 54f9c40ddd3fc62544000001_009 | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"calcineurin"
]
} |
LepChorionDB, a database of Lepidopteran chorion proteins and a set of tools useful for the identification of chorion proteins in Lepidopteran proteomes. Chorion proteins of Lepidoptera have a tripartite structure, which consists of a central domain and two, more variable, flanking arms. The central domain is highly co... | Which database is available for the identification of chorion proteins in Lepidopteran proteomes? | 554148c23f2354b713000001_007 | {
"answer_start": [
1010
],
"text": [
"LepChorionDB"
]
} |
Novel NF1 gene mutation in a Japanese patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 and a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Many mutations of the NF1 gene have been reported in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1); however, there have been no documented NF1 gene mutations in Japanese NF1 patients. In the present study, w... | Which is the gene mutated in type 1 neurofibromatosis? | 5343fc1aaeec6fbd07000003_018 | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"NF1"
]
} |
Gender differences in Latin-American patients with rheumatoid arthritis. BACKGROUND: Data on the effect of gender in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in non-Caucasian populations is scarce. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is a large population with unique characteristics, including high admixture. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was... | Is Rheumatoid Arthritis more common in men or women? | 5118dd1305c10fae75000001_003 | {
"answer_start": [
1223
],
"text": [
"women"
]
} |
Molecular characterization of the breakpoints of a 12-kb deletion in the NF1 gene in a family showing germ-line mosaicism. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is caused by deletions, insertions, translocations, and point mutations in the NF1 gene, which spans 350 kb on the long arm of human chromosome 17. Although several p... | Which is the gene mutated in type 1 neurofibromatosis? | 5343fc1aaeec6fbd07000003_039 | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"NF1"
]
} |
Gevokizumab, an anti-IL-1β mAb for the potential treatment of type 1 and 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. The inflammatory cytokine IL-1β has an essential role in the innate immune response. High levels of IL-1β have been implicated in the development of many diseases, including type 1 and 2... | Which molecule is targeted by the drug Gevokizumab? | 550e828c71445a662f000002_014 | {
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"IL-1β"
]
} |
Disease Development Following Infection of Tomato and Basil Foliage by Airborne Conidia of the Soilborne Pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici. ABSTRACT Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, the causal agent of Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato, and F. oxy... | Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici. is a plant pathogen in plants producing what common food? | 5a8b1264fcd1d6a10c00001d_013 | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"tomato"
]
} |
Bromodomain coactivators in cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and inflammation. Double bromodomain proteins bind to acetylated lysines in histones, bringing associated histone modification and nucleosome remodeling activity to chromatin. The ability of bromodomain regulators to alter chromatin status and control gene e... | What histone modification is recognized by the bromodomain? | 53398855d6d3ac6a3400005b_002 | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"acetylated lysines"
]
} |
A gatekeeper residue for NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibition by MLN4924. Inhibition of NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) has emerged as a highly promising approach to treat cancer through the adenosine sulfamate analog MLN4924. Here, we show that selective pressure results in HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells with decreased... | Which enzyme does MLN4924 inhibit? | 56ed03862ac5ed1459000004_004 | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"NEDD8-activating enzyme"
]
} |
Potent inhibition of NFAT activation and T cell cytokine production by novel low molecular weight pyrazole compounds. NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cell) proteins are expressed in most immune system cells and regulate the transcription of cytokine genes critical for the immune response. The activity of NFAT prote... | Which calcium/calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase is involved in the activation of the family of NFAT transcription factors (Nuclear Factors of Activated T cells)? | 54f9c40ddd3fc62544000001_019 | {
"answer_start": [
388
],
"text": [
"phosphatase 2B"
]
} |
Marfan syndrome patient experiences as ascertained through postings on social media sites. Marfan syndrome (MS) is a connective tissue disorder that affects thousands of adolescents [Population Reference Bureau, 2013]. Some adolescent patients with MS may use social media to express their experiences and emotions, but ... | What tissue is commonly affected in Marfan's syndrome | 58dd0dde8acda34529000027_001 | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"connective tissue"
]
} |
Identification of a microdeletion at the 7q33-q35 disrupting the CNTNAP2 gene in a Brazilian stuttering case. Speech and language disorders are some of the most common referral reasons to child development centers accounting for approximately 40% of cases. Stuttering is a disorder in which involuntary repetition, prolo... | Which gene is responsible for proper speech development? | 5ace12be0340b9f058000007_013 | {
"answer_start": [
1378
],
"text": [
"FOXP2"
]
} |
Induction of hemeoxygenase-1 expression after inhibition of hemeoxygenase activity promotes inflammation and worsens ischemic brain damage in mice. Hemeoxygenase (HO) is an enzymatic system that degrades heme. HO-1 is an inducible isoform whereas HO-2 is constitutive. Stroke strongly induces HO-1 expression but the und... | Is the transcriptional regulator BACH1 an activator or a repressor? | 52fa6ac72059c6d71c000055_002 | {
"answer_start": [
2277
],
"text": [
"repressor"
]
} |
Results from a phase 1 study of nusinersen (ISIS-SMN(Rx)) in children with spinal muscular atrophy. OBJECTIVE: To examine safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary clinical efficacy of intrathecal nusinersen (previously ISIS-SMNRx), an antisense oligonucleotide designed to alter splicing of SMN2 mRNA, in ... | Which disease is treated with Nusinersen? | 589185cc621ea6ff7e00000b_020 | {
"answer_start": [
369
],
"text": [
"SMA"
]
} |
Genetics of pituitary adenomas. Pituitary adenomas are common tumors of the adenohypophysis which can cause considerable morbidity, due to excessive hormonal secretion or compression and local invasion of surrounding structures. The vast majority of pituitary adenomas occur sporadically. Altered gene expression is comm... | Mutation of which gene is implicated in the familial isolated pituitary adenoma? | 551c23bc6b348bb82c00000b_001 | {
"answer_start": [
957
],
"text": [
"aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein"
]
} |
[Antileukemic drug--a selective inhibitor of BCR-ABL tyrosine kynase, imatinib(STI571)]. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by Philadelphia chromosome and resultant production of the constitutively activated BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. Imatinib (STI571), selective inh... | What tyrosine kinase, involved in a Philadelphia- chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, is the target of Imatinib (Gleevec)? | 5324a8ac9b2d7acc7e000018_095 | {
"answer_start": [
263
],
"text": [
"BCR-ABL"
]
} |
Treatment of idiopathic parkinsonism with L-dopa in the absence and presence of decarboxylase inhibitors: effects on plasma levels of L-dopa, dopa decarboxylase, catecholamines and 3-O-methyl-dopa. The effect of levodopa (L-dopa), alone or in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (PDI), on plasma levels... | Which drug is benserazide usually co-administered with? | 52bf1f2d03868f1b06000015_025 | {
"answer_start": [
878
],
"text": [
"L-dopa"
]
} |
Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis of the tibia in a 10-year-old child. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is increasing in prevalence among asymptomatic carriers and in cases of paediatric soft-tissue infections alike. CA-MRSA may express vi... | What is MRSA? | 58a32efe60087bc10a000013_008 | {
"answer_start": [
179
],
"text": [
"MRSA"
]
} |
Functional centromeres determine the activation time of pericentric origins of DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The centromeric regions of all Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes are found in early replicating domains, a property conserved among centromeres in fungi and some higher eukaryotes. Surprisingly... | Do origins of replication close to yeast centromeres fire early or late? | 58eb99f3eda5a57672000009_006 | {
"answer_start": [
669
],
"text": [
"early"
]
} |
Treatment of refractory ulcerative necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum with infliximab: report of a case. BACKGROUND: Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) is a rare, granulomatous inflammatory skin disease of unknown origin, sometimes associated with diabetes mellitus. Skin lesions usually develop on the lower extre... | Which disease the skin condition Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum is associated to? | 58bfd8e902b8c60953000018_006 | {
"answer_start": [
254
],
"text": [
"diabetes mellitus"
]
} |
Extensive axonal Lewy neurites in Parkinson's disease: a novel pathological feature revealed by alpha-synuclein immunocytochemistry. Lewy bodies and coarse Lewy neurites are the pathological hallmarks of degenerating neurons in the brains of patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, the presynaptic pr... | Which is the primary protein component of Lewy bodies? | 58a2e5f760087bc10a000007_027 | {
"answer_start": [
326
],
"text": [
"alpha-synuclein"
]
} |
[Pharmacologic treatment of sarcoidosis]. Sarcoidosis is still a mysterious disease since we don't know exactly what is the cause. Interestingly some patients get cured without any treatment. There is still a controversy about the indications of treatment in sarcoidosis. This article is an update on pharmacologic treat... | What is the first line treatment for sarcoidosis? | 5a7877c0faa1ab7d2e00000c_003 | {
"answer_start": [
341
],
"text": [
"Corticosteroids"
]
} |
[New therapeutical options for heavy gastrointestinal bleeding]. The number of patients taking new oral anticoagulants is rising, so is the number of serious bleeding events. In severe bleeding, the decision to start a procoagulant therapy is difficult to take. With Idarucizumab and Andexanet Alfa, specific antidotes h... | Andexanet Alfa is an antidote of which clotting factor inhibitors? | 5880b073c872c95565000003_049 | {
"answer_start": [
288
],
"text": [
"xa"
]
} |
Clinical Development of the CDK4/6 Inhibitors Ribociclib and Abemaciclib in Breast Cancer. Clinical and preclinical data support a significant role for inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 4 and 6 in the treatment of patients with breast cancer. Recently, based on data showing improvement in progression-fr... | Which enzyme is inhibited by ribociclib? | 5880dba9c872c95565000009_006 | {
"answer_start": [
518
],
"text": [
"CDK4/6"
]
} |
Active transcription of the human FAS/CD95/TNFRSF6 gene involves the p53 family. p63 and p73 express two main classes of isoforms: isoforms which contain the transactivation domain (TAp73 and TAp63) executing transcriptional activity and dominant-negative isoforms which are truncated at the NH2-terminus acting as opera... | How many TAp73 isoforms have been identified in humans? | 5173bdb38ed59a060a000020_053 | {
"answer_start": [
436
],
"text": [
"7"
]
} |
Chromosome XII context is important for rDNA function in yeast. The rDNA cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is located 450 kb from the left end and 610 kb from the right end of chromosome XII and consists of approximately 150 tandemly repeated copies of a 9.1 kb rDNA unit. To explore the biological significance of thi... | In which yeast chromosome does the rDNA cluster reside? | 5710e131a5ed216440000001_004 | {
"answer_start": [
453
],
"text": [
"chromosome XII"
]
} |
RRAG GTPases link nutrient availability to gene expression, autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. When the levels of intracellular amino acids are high, RRAG GTPases recruit MTORC1 to lysosomes and promote its activation. We found that RRAGs also recruit specific MTORC1 substrates to the lysosomal surface, thus facilitat... | Which transcription factor is considered as a master regulator of lysosomal genes? | 56cdf40d5795f9a73e00003d_013 | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"transcription factor EB (TFEB)"
]
} |
The orphan nuclear receptor DAX1 is up-regulated by the EWS/FLI1 oncoprotein and is highly expressed in Ewing tumors. The Ewing family of tumors harbors chromosomal translocations that join the N-terminal region of the EWS gene with the C-terminal region of several transcription factors of the ETS family, mainly FLI1, ... | Which fusion protein is involved in the development of Ewing sarcoma? | 552fac4fbc4f83e828000006_006 | {
"answer_start": [
663
],
"text": [
"EWS/FLI1"
]
} |
Developmental and androgenic regulation of chromatin regulators EZH2 and ANCCA/ATAD2 in the prostate Via MLL histone methylase complex. BACKGROUND: Chromatin regulators ANCCA and EZH2 are overexpressed in prostate cancer and play crucial roles in androgen-stimulated and castration-refractory prostate tumor growth and s... | Which is the histone residue methylated by MLL1? | 533be71dfd9a95ea0d000009_002 | {
"answer_start": [
1552
],
"text": [
"H3K4"
]
} |
RADAR: a rigorously annotated database of A-to-I RNA editing. We present RADAR--a rigorously annotated database of A-to-I RNA editing (available at http://RNAedit.com). The identification of A-to-I RNA editing sites has been dramatically accelerated in the past few years by high-throughput RNA sequencing studies. RADAR... | Which annotated database of A-to-I RNA editing is available? | 587e1a01fc7e8dd84f000001_009 | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"RADAR"
]
} |
Chromosome XII context is important for rDNA function in yeast. The rDNA cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is located 450 kb from the left end and 610 kb from the right end of chromosome XII and consists of approximately 150 tandemly repeated copies of a 9.1 kb rDNA unit. To explore the biological significance of thi... | In which yeast chromosome does the rDNA cluster reside? | 5710e131a5ed216440000001_011 | {
"answer_start": [
453
],
"text": [
"chromosome XII"
]
} |
Cardiomyocyte ryanodine receptor degradation by chaperone-mediated autophagy. AIMS: Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a selective mechanism for the degradation of soluble cytosolic proteins bearing the sequence KFERQ. These proteins are targeted by chaperones and delivered to lysosomes where they are translocated i... | Which autophagy pathway is trigered by the KFERQ motif of cytosolic proteins? | 5540fbce234c5a7c75000001_003 | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)"
]
} |
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