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2025-11-01 19:08:18
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79,596,118
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Safely extract uploaded ZIP files in Python
<p>I'm working on a python REST API that allows users to upload ZIP files. Before extracting them, I want to protect against common vulnerabilities, especially Zip bombs. Is there a way (ideally based on standard libraries like zipfile) to safely validate and extract ZIP uploads in Python?</p> <p>I looked into third-pa...
<python><zip><python-zipfile>
2025-04-28 09:10:00
3
994
sevic
79,595,959
4,041,117
Matplotlib figure with 2 animation subplots: how to update both
<p>I'm trying to vizualize simulation results with a figure containing 2 subplots using matplotlib pyplot. Both should contain animation: one uses netgraph library (it's a graph with nodes showing flows of the network) and the other should plot a line graph of another 2 variables (to keep it simple here lets use: sin(x...
<python><matplotlib><animation><subplot><netgraph>
2025-04-28 07:12:53
1
481
carpediem
79,595,864
436,287
Python time.strftime gives different results for %Z and %z
<p>I'm getting some strange behavior when I pass a UTC time struct to python's <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html#time.strftime" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>time.strftime</code></a>. Using <code>%z</code> seems to always give me my local offset rather than 0:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-ov...
<python><macos><time><strftime>
2025-04-28 05:53:15
3
8,517
onlynone
79,595,840
15,416,614
Why doesn't multiprocessing.Process.start() in Python guarantee that the process has started?
<p>Here is a code to demo my question:</p> <pre><code>from multiprocessing import Process def worker(): print(&quot;Worker running&quot;) if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;: p = Process(target=worker) p.start() input(&quot;1...&quot;) input(&quot;2...&quot;) p.join() </code></pre> <p>Note, ...
<python><python-3.x><multiprocessing><python-multiprocessing>
2025-04-28 05:16:02
1
387
Gordon Hui
79,595,836
4,352,047
Generating key - value map from aggregates
<p>I have raw data that appears like this:</p> <pre><code>┌─────────┬────────┬─────────────────────┐ │ price │ size │ timestamp │ │ float │ uint16 │ timestamp │ ├─────────┼────────┼─────────────────────┤ │ 1697.0 │ 11 │ 2009-09-27 18:00:00 │ │ 1697.0 │ 5 │ 2009-09-27 18:00:00 │ │ 1...
<python><sql><duckdb>
2025-04-28 05:09:08
1
379
Deftness
79,595,835
6,455,731
Connection pooling with httpx.Client
<p>The <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/clients/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">clients</a> section in the <code>httpx</code> docs mention connection pooling and generally recommend the use of <code>httpx.Client</code>.</p> <p>I cannot read from the docs or from anywhere else however, if connection pooling is...
<python><connection-pooling><httpx>
2025-04-28 05:08:17
1
964
lupl
79,595,804
10,704,286
Custom Shaping in pandas for Excel Output
<p>I have a dataset with world population (For clarity, countries are limmited to Brazil, Canada, Denmark):</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import pandas as pd world = pd.read_csv(&quot;../data/worldstats.csv&quot;) cond = world[&quot;country&quot;].isin([&quot;Brazil&quot;,&quot;Canada&quot;,&quo...
<python><pandas>
2025-04-28 04:31:29
1
1,081
Demeter P. Chen
79,595,772
17,729,094
Modify list of arrays in place
<p>I have a df like:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code># /// script # requires-python = &quot;&gt;=3.13&quot; # dependencies = [ # &quot;polars&quot;, # ] # /// import polars as pl df = pl.DataFrame( { &quot;points&quot;: [ [ [1.0, 2.0], ], ...
<python><dataframe><python-polars><polars>
2025-04-28 03:55:20
1
954
DJDuque
79,595,753
5,118,421
sql alchemy generates integer instead of int for sql lite
<p>Python Sql Alchemy generates table with VARCHAR for sql lite instead of INTEGER so select for sql lite ordered by with alphabet number</p> <p>Given City Table in Sql lite generated from sql alchemy:</p> <pre><code>class City(Base): __tablename__ = &quot;city&quot; id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key...
<python><sqlite><sqlalchemy>
2025-04-28 03:25:52
2
1,407
Irina
79,595,678
785,494
How can I store ids in Python without paying the 28-byte-per-int price?
<p>My Python code stores millions of ids in various data structures, in order to implement a classic algorithm. The run time is good, but the memory usage is awful.</p> <p>These ids are <code>int</code>s. I assume that since Python ints start at 28 bytes and grow, there's a huge price there. Since they're just opaque ...
<python><memory><data-structures><space-complexity><python-internals>
2025-04-28 01:35:56
1
9,357
SRobertJames
79,595,515
1,394,353
urlparse/urlsplit and urlunparse, what's the Pythonic way to do this?
<p>The background (but is not a Django-only question) is that the Django test server does not return a scheme or netloc in its response and request urls.</p> <p>I get <code>/foo/bar</code> for example, and I want to end up with <code>http://localhost:8000/foo/bar</code>.</p> <p><code>urllib.parse.urlparse</code> (but...
<python><url>
2025-04-27 21:26:15
1
12,224
JL Peyret
79,595,462
2,009,594
How to pass a byte buffer from python to C++
<p>I am creating a library in C++ with Python bindings.</p> <p>The library takes buffer created in Python code and processes it in several ways. On my way to achieve that, I used the example below generated by Google's Gemini as starter for that part of the code. But I am getting an error:</p> <p>Here is the C++ code:<...
<python><c++><pybind11>
2025-04-27 20:21:58
1
6,929
feeling_lonely
79,595,383
5,123,111
How to further decrease financial data size?
<p>I’ve been working on compressing tick data and have made some progress, but I’m looking for ways to further optimize file sizes. Currently, I use delta encoding followed by saving the data in Parquet format with ZSTD compression, and I’ve achieved a reduction from 150MB to 66MB over 4 months of data, but it still fe...
<python><compression><zstd>
2025-04-27 18:55:23
0
1,369
lazarea
79,595,283
14,492,001
How to properly extract all duplicated rows with a condition in a Polars DataFrame?
<p>Given a polars dataframe, I want to extract all duplicated rows while also applying an additional filter condition, for example:</p> <pre><code>import polars as pl df = pl.DataFrame({ &quot;name&quot;: [&quot;Alice&quot;, &quot;Bob&quot;, &quot;Alice&quot;, &quot;David&quot;, &quot;Eve&quot;, &quot;Bob&quot;, &...
<python><dataframe><python-polars>
2025-04-27 17:21:44
1
1,444
Omar AlSuwaidi
79,595,277
774,133
Stratification fails in train_test_split
<p>Please consider the following code:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code> import pandas as pd from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split # step 1 ids = list(range(1000)) label = 500 * [1.0] + 500 * [0.0] df = pd.DataFrame({&quot;id&quot;: ids, &quot;label&quot;: label}) # step 2 train_p =...
<python><scikit-learn>
2025-04-27 17:17:11
1
3,234
Antonio Sesto
79,595,257
843,458
tkinter layout problem, pack does not place the elements as expected
<p>I want to have three elements. The first two aligned left and the third below spanning the remaining space in x and y.</p> <p>This code however does not realized that import ttkbootstrap as tb</p> <pre><code>class App(tb.Window): def __init__(self): # Initialize window with superhero theme super(...
<python><tkinter><layout>
2025-04-27 16:44:48
1
3,516
Matthias Pospiech
79,595,225
9,646,203
How python MRO works in hierarchical and multiple inheritance
<p>So far it's making me confuse, how below code to understand for the given result. Can someone explain below two parts of output how actually flow is going on. First part giving output as 'C' and second part is 'A'</p> <pre><code>class A: def fun1(self): print(&quot;A&quot;) class B(A): def fun1(sel...
<python>
2025-04-27 16:12:39
1
615
Saisiva A
79,595,214
2,522,892
LinkedIn API: Authorization Error When Posting on Behalf of Organization
<p>I’m developing an application that integrates with the LinkedIn API to post content on behalf of our organization. Despite being listed as a super admin and having the following OAuth 2.0 scopes:</p> <p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/O9ynpKg1.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/O9ynpKg1.pn...
<python><linkedin-api>
2025-04-27 15:52:28
0
575
Lucky
79,595,168
14,947,895
Numpy IO seems to have an 2GB overhead in StorNex (cvfs) File System
<p><strong>TL;DR:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Initally I thought the numpy load functions doubles memory usage at peak</li> <li>after some additional tests it seems like the underlying file system (StorNex [cfvs]) leads to a size-independent 2GB overhead</li> <li>jump to EDIT 4 for the current status.</li> </ul> <hr /> <hr /...
<python><numpy><io><numpy-ndarray><memprof>
2025-04-27 15:10:26
0
496
Helmut
79,595,116
7,916,257
log-log time series plot with event markers
<p>I want to create a log-log plot showing the growth of publications over time (papers/year), similar to scientific figures like Fig. 1a in &quot;A Century of Physics&quot; (Nature Physics 2015).</p> <p><strong>Requirements:</strong></p> <ol> <li>Y-axis (number of papers) on a log scale (10²–10⁶) with ticks at each po...
<python><matplotlib><plot>
2025-04-27 14:13:09
1
919
Joe
79,594,983
1,593,077
Why does np.fromfile fail when reading from a pipe?
<p>In a Python script, I've written:</p> <pre><code># etc. etc. input_file = args.input_file_path or sys.stdin arr = numpy.fromfile(input_file, dtype=numpy.dtype('f32')) </code></pre> <p>when I run the script, I get:</p> <pre><code>$ cat nums.fp32.bin | ./myscript File &quot;./myscript&quot;, line 123, in main ar...
<python><numpy><file-io><pipe>
2025-04-27 11:42:32
1
137,004
einpoklum
79,594,796
12,645,782
Edit Google Drive and Sheets Files (Airflow Google Provider): Insufficient credentials
<p>I am trying to modify a Google Sheets file and a CSV file in Google Drive via the Apache Airflow Google Provider:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>df = pd.DataFrame(data) csv_data = df.to_csv(index=True) gcs_hook = GCSHook(gcp_conn_id=GOOGLE_CONNECTION) gcs_hook.upload( bucket_name=GOOGLE_CL...
<python><google-cloud-platform><google-drive-api><airflow><google-sheets-api>
2025-04-27 07:27:04
1
620
Kotaka Danski
79,594,793
6,141,238
How do I change a global constant of a loaded module so that other global variables of the loaded module that depend on it reflect the change?
<p>This question may have a simple answer. I have a near-trivial module0.py:</p> <pre><code>a = 1 b = a + 3 </code></pre> <p>I import this module into a script and redefine module0's global constant <code>a</code>:</p> <pre><code>import module0 as m0 m0.a = 2 print(m0.b) </code></pre> <p>However, when I run this code,...
<python><import><namespaces><global-variables><python-import>
2025-04-27 07:23:08
0
427
SapereAude
79,594,723
843,458
pyhton TTKBootstrap Menu - style not applied
<p>I tried TTKBootstrap instead of tkinter and it looks great. However the menu has not been adapted.</p> <p>I do the following: Create a Windows based on <code>tb.Window</code></p> <pre><code>import ttkbootstrap as tb class App(tb.Window): def __init__(self): super().__init__() # configure the ro...
<python><tkinter><ttkbootstrap>
2025-04-27 06:04:01
1
3,516
Matthias Pospiech
79,594,401
14,551,796
Why am I getting errors with discord.ActionRow in discord.py?
<p>I'm trying to create a game using buttons in Discord with <code>discord.py</code>, and I'm using <code>discord.ActionRow</code>, but it's giving me errors. Here's the function for context:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>async def create_game_board(self, view, callback): buttons = [] ...
<python><discord.py>
2025-04-26 21:02:23
1
455
benz
79,594,266
9,651,461
How do I get the size in bytes of a WriteableBuffer?
<p>Previous question: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79594143/how-do-i-add-a-type-hint-for-a-writeablebuffer-parameter/79594171#79594171">How do I add a type hint for a WriteableBuffer parameter?</a></p> <p>I'm trying to implement the <code>readinto()</code> method of a <code>RawIOBase</code> subclass wit...
<python><python-typing><pyright>
2025-04-26 18:16:37
2
1,194
Maks Verver
79,594,143
9,651,461
How do I add a type hint for a WriteableBuffer parameter?
<p>I'm trying to add a parameter type to the <code>readinto()</code> method declared in a custom class that derives from <code>RawIOBase</code>, like this:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>from io import RawIOBase class Reader(RawIOBase): def readinto(self, buf: bytearray) -&gt; int: pas...
<python><python-typing><pyright>
2025-04-26 16:17:20
1
1,194
Maks Verver
79,594,108
1,908,650
How can I stop a matplotlib table overlapping a graph?
<p>The MWE below produces a plot like this:</p> <p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/lGiuB189.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/lGiuB189.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p> <p>The row labels, <code>X</code>, <code>Y</code>, <code>Z</code>, overlap the right hand side of the bar ...
<python><matplotlib>
2025-04-26 15:42:54
3
9,221
Mohan
79,593,965
16,813,096
How to get list of all the available capture devices in python without using any external module? (Windows)
<p>I want to retrieve a list of available webcams on Windows, without relying on external libraries such as OpenCV, PyGrabber, or Pygame.</p> <p>Although I found a code snippet that accomplishes this task, but it uses WMIC. Unfortunately, when I tested it on another Windows device, I encountered an error stating <code>...
<python><python-3.x><webcam-capture>
2025-04-26 13:25:17
2
582
Akascape
79,593,938
10,966,844
While testing airflow task with pytest, I got an error
<p>While testing airflow with pytest, i got an Error.</p> <pre><code># tests/conftest.py import datetime import pytest from airflow.models import DAG @pytest.fixture def test_dag(): return DAG( &quot;test_dag&quot;, default_args={ &quot;owner&quot;: &quot;airflow&quot;, &qu...
<python><airflow><pytest>
2025-04-26 13:00:04
1
343
hhk
79,593,911
3,555,115
Pair all elements leaving alternate element in a list and form a new list of lists
<p>I have a list which I would like to have unique element pairs generated for every alternate element</p> <pre><code>List = [ L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7,L8 ] List_in_pairs = [[L1,L3], [L2,L4], [L5,L7],[L6,L8]] </code></pre> <p>I tried</p> <pre><code>list_in_pairs = list(zip(List[::1], List[2::1])) </code></pre> <p>bu...
<python>
2025-04-26 12:27:53
3
750
user3555115
79,593,886
774,575
How to use Model-View with a QCheckBox?
<p>How to use the model-view approach with a checkbox? The view is expected to display the model status but when the user clicks on the view, the checkbox status is actually changed before it is told by the model. For example the sequence should be:</p> <ul> <li>Current model state is <code>unchecked</code> and CB stat...
<python><model><qt5><pyside2><qcheckbox>
2025-04-26 11:46:56
1
7,768
mins
79,593,818
577,288
concurrent.futures not showing thread completion
<pre><code>import concurrent.futures import random import pdb # Analysis of text packet def Threads1(curr_section, index1): words = open('test.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8', errors='ignore').read().replace('&quot;', '').split() longest_recorded = [] for ii1 in words: test1 = random.randint(1, 1000) ...
<python><multithreading><concurrent.futures>
2025-04-26 10:22:48
2
5,408
Rhys
79,593,659
13,538,030
Check whether one string can be formed by another string in Python
<p>I want to check whether one string can be formed by another string, e.g., in the example below, I want to check how many strings in the list <code>targets</code> can be formed by string <code>chars</code>. Each character in <code>chars</code> can only be used once.</p> <pre><code>targets = [&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;bt&...
<python><string>
2025-04-26 06:59:59
2
384
Sophia
79,593,506
1,614,051
How can I annotate a function that takes a tuple of types and returns an object of one of those types?
<p>I want to annotate a function that essentially does this:</p> <pre><code>def safe_convert(value: Any, allowed_types: tuple): if isinstance(value, allowed_types): return value raise TypeError() </code></pre> <p>Now, my intention is for <code>allowed_types</code> to be a tuple of type objects, and to t...
<python><python-typing>
2025-04-26 01:47:36
1
2,072
Filipp
79,593,505
12,921,500
Can't close cookie pop up on website with selenium webdriver
<p>I am trying to use selenium to click the Accept all or Reject all button on a cookie pop up for the the website <a href="https://autotrader.co.uk" rel="nofollow noreferrer">autotrader.co.uk</a>, but I cannot get it to make the pop up disappear for some reason.</p> <p>This is the pop up:</p> <p><a href="https://i.sst...
<python><selenium-webdriver><web-scraping><selenium-chromedriver>
2025-04-26 01:47:28
2
785
teeeeee
79,593,499
7,076,615
astor, ast, astunparse do not preserve lineno, astmonkey puts \ (backslash) everywhere
<p>Here is the output run on a very simple urls.py from a test Django project:</p> <pre><code>from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path urlpatterns = [\ path('test_path1/', views.test_view1, name='test_name1'), \ path('test_path2/', views.test_view1, name='test_name1'), path('admin/', admin...
<python><parsing><abstract-syntax-tree><code-injection><line-numbers>
2025-04-26 01:37:00
0
643
Daniel Donnelly
79,593,281
813,951
How to prevent unescaped program arguments
<p>This test program parses a single text argument, which could be a URL:</p> <pre><code>#!/usr/bin/env python import argparse def parse_input(): parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( description='Program description' ) parser.add_argument('input_text', type=str, help='A string') args = parser.par...
<python><bash><escaping><code-injection><shebang>
2025-04-25 20:39:55
1
28,229
Mister Smith
79,593,227
226,499
How to detect MIME type from a file buffer in Python, especially for legacy Office formats like .xls, .doc, .ppt?
<p>I'm building a general-purpose Python library for text extraction that should support input from either:</p> <ul> <li>A file path (e.g., str pointing to a local file),</li> </ul> <p>or</p> <ul> <li>A file-like object (e.g., BytesIO stream, such as you'd get from a web upload or in-memory operation)</li> </ul> <p>To ...
<python><mime-types><file-type><python-magic><libmagic>
2025-04-25 19:52:41
1
606
GBBL
79,592,979
12,550,791
Assert a logger writes to stdout
<p>I'm trying to assert the fact that my loggers writes to stdout, but I can't get it to work. I ran the logger in a python file to make sure it outputs something in the standard output.</p> <p>So far, I can assert with pytest that the message is logged:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import loggin...
<python><logging><pytest><python-logging>
2025-04-25 16:47:59
0
391
Marco Bresson
79,592,693
13,061,449
Why does pd.to_datetime('2025175', format='%Y%W%w') and pd.Timestamp.fromisocalendar(2025, 17, 5) gives different output?
<p>Why does <code>pd.to_datetime('2025175', format='%Y%W%w')</code> and <code>pd.Timestamp.fromisocalendar(2025, 17, 5)</code> gives different output?</p> <p>I expected to obtain <code>Timestamp('2025-04-25 00:00:00')</code> for both cases. But the first approach resulted on a Friday one week ahead.</p> <p>Minimum exam...
<python><pandas><datetime><timestamp>
2025-04-25 14:10:53
1
315
viniciusrf1992
79,592,652
16,383,578
Why using a bigger wheel doesn't make my wheel factorization prime sieve faster?
<p>I assume you all know what prime numbers are and what Sieve of Eratosthenes is, so I won't waste time explaining them.</p> <p>Now, all prime numbers except 2 are odd numbers, so we only need to check odd numbers, this is very obvious, but this is worth mentioning because this simple optimization halved the candidate...
<python><sieve-of-eratosthenes><wheel-factorization>
2025-04-25 13:46:58
1
3,930
Ξένη Γήινος
79,592,549
7,394,414
Cannot interpret 'dtype('int64')' in NLP Python Code from adashofdata
<p>I am trying to run the NLP project shared at <a href="https://github.com/adashofdata/nlp-in-python-tutorial" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/adashofdata/nlp-in-python-tutorial</a>, but I am encountering an issue with the code in 4-Topic-Modeling.ipynb. I am running the code on Google Colab and experienc...
<python><nlp><google-colaboratory>
2025-04-25 12:48:00
1
579
mymiracl
79,592,530
1,635,523
tkinter.Listbox has a "shadow selection" beside the proper selection. How to sync both?
<p>I built and populated a <code>tkinter.Listbox</code>. Now I have events that will select the item at index <code>index</code>. Like so:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>listbox.selection_clear(0, tk.END) listbox.select_set(index) </code></pre> <p>And it works in that the entry with index <code>ind...
<python><python-3.x><tkinter>
2025-04-25 12:34:41
2
1,061
Markus-Hermann
79,592,525
3,840,551
Static typing for database schema models that handle foreign keys/dbrefs as `external_document: ExternalDocumentModel | DbRef`
<p>We're using Python (3.12) with Pydantic models to represent schemas for our MongoDB collections, which we then instantiate with <code>SomeModel.model_validate(&lt;results of pymongo query&gt;)</code>. We define relationships between collections using dbrefs; but we don't have an elegant way to handle these in a type...
<python><pymongo><python-typing><pydantic>
2025-04-25 12:31:22
0
1,529
Gloomy
79,592,071
11,829,002
Doxygen docstring displayable in vscode
<p>I have a Python code, and I recently discovered Doxygen which generates the documentation automatically from the source code. If I understood correctly, to make the generated code well detected by Doxygen, the doc string should be like this :</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>def f(self, x, y): ...
<python><visual-studio-code><doxygen><docstring>
2025-04-25 07:59:28
1
398
Thomas
79,592,065
12,415,855
403-response when doing a python request?
<p>i try to do a get request using the follwing code -</p> <p>(i have taken the get response from this site: <a href="https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home/centerx:-15.7/centery:25.1/zoom:3" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home/centerx:-15.7/centery:25.1/zoom:3</a> copied it with righ...
<python><curl><request>
2025-04-25 07:55:39
1
1,515
Rapid1898
79,591,974
15,157,684
Error Running OCR with Qwen2.5-VL in Colab
<p>I am trying to run the OCR functionality of Qwen2.5-VL by following the tutorial provided in this notebook: <a href="https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen2.5-VL/blob/main/cookbooks/ocr.ipynb?spm=a2ty_o01.29997173.0.0.4f11c921W6BADP&amp;file=ocr.ipynb" rel="nofollow noreferrer">OCR Tutorial Notebook</a></p> <p>However, I am...
<python><gpu><ocr><large-language-model>
2025-04-25 07:05:18
0
1,951
JS3
79,591,938
11,770,390
Why does pip install fail due to project layout when installing dependencies?
<p>Upon running <code>python -m pip install .</code> I get the following error:</p> <pre class="lang-none prettyprint-override"><code>$ python -m pip install . Processing /home/user/dev/report-sender/report_broadcaster Installing build dependencies ... done Getting requirements to build wheel ... error error: sub...
<python><pip><dependencies><pyproject.toml>
2025-04-25 06:45:35
1
5,344
glades
79,591,859
1,909,927
Nixos - Flask - ModuleNotFoundError
<p>I wanted to add a form to my flask-based website, but I got the following error message:</p> <pre><code>Apr 24 21:18:04 nixos uwsgi[2261]: from flask_wtf import FlaskForm Apr 24 21:18:04 nixos uwsgi[2261]: ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'flask_wtf' </code></pre> <p>Here are the installed packages part of m...
<python><flask><pip><nixos>
2025-04-25 05:30:58
1
783
picibucor
79,591,819
2,552,290
Why does a==b call b.__eq__ when derived from list and tuple with missing override?
<h2>Background</h2> <p>I am writing math utility classes <code>ListVector</code> and <code>TupleVector</code>, inheriting from <code>list</code> and <code>tuple</code> respectively:</p> <pre><code>class ListVector(list): ... class TupleVector(tuple): ... </code></pre> <p>(Aside: I'm not necessarily claiming this i...
<python><inheritance>
2025-04-25 04:45:49
2
5,611
Don Hatch
79,591,781
563,299
Python: partial TypedDict for a wrapper function (mypy)
<p>Consider the file below named <code>test.py</code>, which gives an error in mypy (though it does work correctly). Although greatly simplified here, I want to create a wrapper function that changes the default value of the function that it wraps, but otherwise passes along all kwargs to that wrapped function. I wan...
<python><python-typing><mypy><typeddict>
2025-04-25 03:54:37
0
2,612
Scott B
79,591,713
24,271,353
Splitting the time dimension of nc data using xarray
<p>Now I have a time<em>lon</em>lat 3D data where time is recorded as year, month and day. I need to split time in the form of year*month+day. So that the data becomes 4 dimensional. How should I do this?</p> <p>I have given a simple data below:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import xarray as xr im...
<python><pandas><python-xarray>
2025-04-25 02:30:01
2
586
Breeze
79,591,637
166,601
How do I make a script accessible across all directories within a python monorepo using uv?
<p>I have a python monorepo with a top-level <code>pyproject.toml</code>. The monorepo contains a projects directory each with its own python package and <code>pyproject.toml</code> file. Some of these projects define scripts:</p> <pre><code>[project.script] aaa = &quot;aaa.something:main&quot; </code></pre> <p>Within ...
<python><uv>
2025-04-25 00:43:17
2
3,953
jbcoe
79,591,629
11,609,834
Torch tensor dataloader shape issue
<p>I have a simple application of <code>torch.DataLoader</code> that gets a nice performance boost. It's created by the <code>tensor_loader</code> in the following example.</p> <pre><code>from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, TensorDataset, BatchSampler, RandomSampler import numpy as np import pandas as pd def tens...
<python><pytorch><pytorch-dataloader>
2025-04-25 00:31:13
1
1,013
philosofool
79,591,487
2,526,586
Roll back a commit?
<p><em>Note: This question focuses on web apps utilising MySQL's transactions - commit and rollback. Even though the code samples below use Python, the problem itself is not limited to the choice of programming language building the web app.</em></p> <p>Imagine I have two files: <code>main.py</code> and <code>my_dao.py...
<python><mysql><transactions><rollback>
2025-04-24 21:33:57
1
1,342
user2526586
79,591,467
13,634,560
plotly python: go.chloroplethmap location auto zoom
<p>I cannot seem to find a similar question here on SO, but please direct me there if such a question already exists.</p> <p>I have a function that plots values on a map, as below. The graph works fine. Note that it is the <strong><code>go.Chloroplethmap()</code></strong> function, as opposed to the <code>go.Chloroplet...
<python><plotly>
2025-04-24 21:12:33
1
341
plotmaster473
79,591,459
301,081
pip building wheel for wxPython on Ubuntu
<p>I have tried to install wxPython on Python versions 3.10, 3.12, and 3.13, and they all fail with much the same error. I've installed as many of the required packages as are necessary. Does anyone have any ideas as to what the problem is?</p> <pre><code>2025-04-24T15:50:35,367 make[1]: *** [Makefile:28693: coredll_...
<python><python-3.x><pip><wxpython>
2025-04-24 21:03:45
0
435
cnobile
79,591,253
2,410,605
I can run an RPA exe by going to the server directory and double clicking it, but get an error using a command line
<p>I've built an RPA that runs fine as a .py. I turned it into an .exe and it ran fine that way as well. Next I moved it to the production server that it will run from and using File Explorer, double clicked on the exe and again it ran fine.</p> <p>The job is scheduled to run from a SQL Server Job Scheduler, and when i...
<python><command-line><sql-server-job>
2025-04-24 18:21:10
0
657
JimmyG
79,591,152
9,465,029
Root mean square linearisation for linear programming
<p>I am trying to linearise the function root mean square to use it in a linear optimisation or Mixed integer linear optimisation. Any idea how I could do this? For instance with the example below, if I wanted to maximize P*100, the model would give P=10, Q = 0 and S=10.</p> <p>Many thanks</p> <pre><code>import numpy a...
<python><optimization><pulp>
2025-04-24 17:08:24
1
631
Peslier53
79,590,866
16,611,809
How to make a reactive event silent for a specific function?
<p>I have the app at the bottom. Now, I have this preset field where I can select from 3 options (+ the option <code>changed</code>). What I want to be able to set the input_option with the preset field. But I also want to be able to change it manually. If I change the input_option manually the preset field should swit...
<python><py-shiny>
2025-04-24 14:31:24
1
627
gernophil
79,590,719
3,854,191
How to display inactive inherit_children_ids lines in ir.ui.view's form?
<p>In the model <code>ir.ui.view</code> in odoo 18, i want to get the inactive lines of the one2Many-field: <code>inherit_children_ids</code> as permanently displayed.</p> <p>I have tried to customize using a custom module (see below) but it does not change anything: the inactive line of <code>inherit_children_ids</cod...
<python><xml><view><one2many><odoo-18>
2025-04-24 13:28:05
1
1,677
S Bonnet
79,590,570
2,123,706
save table in python as image
<p>I want to save a dataframe as a table in python.</p> <p>Following <a href="https://plotly.com/python/table/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://plotly.com/python/table/</a>, I can save a table as an image, but only the first few rows, not the entire dataset.</p> <p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/E4Kc3H9Z.png" rel="no...
<python><plotly><save-image>
2025-04-24 12:18:36
1
3,810
frank
79,590,554
538,256
python pipes deprecated - interact with mpg123 server
<p>I wrote some years ago an iTunes-replacing program in Python, with mpg123 accessed by a pipe (from the manual: <code>-R, --remote: Activate generic control interface. mpg123 will then read and execute commands from stdin. Basic usage is ``load &lt;filename&gt;'' to play some file</code>).</p> <p>I dont have avail...
<python><pipe><mpg123>
2025-04-24 12:10:36
1
4,004
alessandro
79,590,536
1,593,077
What Python exception should I raise when an input file has the wrong size?
<p>I'm writing a Python script which reads some input from a file. The input size can be calculated using other information the script has, and the file must have exactly that. Now, if I check and figure out that the file size is not as expected - what kind of exception should I raise?</p> <p>I had a look at the <a hre...
<python><exception><error-handling><file-io>
2025-04-24 12:02:26
1
137,004
einpoklum
79,590,189
5,786,649
Closing a session in Flask, SQLAlchemy to delete the temporary file
<p>I know there are similar questions out there, but none answered my problem.</p> <p>I am using a basic test setup in Flask using SQLAlchemy, that is a slightly modified version of the Flask-tutorial tests. My problem is that the temporary file created by the app-fixture cannot be closed. This is the fixture:</p> <pre...
<python><flask><sqlalchemy>
2025-04-24 08:57:24
2
543
Lukas
79,590,090
8,291,840
model.predict hangs in celery/uwsgi
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import numpy as np import tensorflow as tf import tensorflow_hub as hub from apps.common.utils.error_handling import suppress_callable_to_sentry from django.conf import settings from threading import Lock MODEL_PATH = settings.BASE_DIR / &quot;apps/core/utils/nsfw_detect...
<python><django><tensorflow><keras><celery>
2025-04-24 08:10:45
0
3,042
Işık Kaplan
79,589,899
8,913,338
How to resume halted core to work with pylink
<p>I am using the <code>pylink</code> library for accessing JLINK.</p> <p>How can I from <code>pylink</code> run the processor when it halted (similar to the vscode debugger continue command).</p> <p>I know that there is <a href="https://pylink.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pylink.html#pylink.jlink.JLink.reset" rel="nofollo...
<python><arm><segger-jlink>
2025-04-24 05:52:29
1
511
arye
79,589,800
10,445,333
Find corresponding date of max value in a rolling window of each partition
<p>Sample code:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import polars as pl from datetime import date from random import randint df = pl.DataFrame({ &quot;category&quot;: [cat for cat in [&quot;A&quot;, &quot;B&quot;] for _ in range(1, 32)], &quot;date&quot;: [date(2025, 1, i) for _ in [&quot;A&qu...
<python><sql><dataframe><window-functions><python-polars>
2025-04-24 03:59:03
1
2,333
Jonathan
79,589,689
11,462,274
RSS Memory and Virtual Memory do not decrease even after killing a playwright instance and creating a completely new one
<p>I'm doing continuous iteration tests with playwright on a website and I noticed that RSS Memory and Virtual Memory are gradually increasing and no direct method is managing to dissipate the memory consumption. I've already tried every 100 iterations:</p> <ol> <li>Refresh the current page to avoid generating memory w...
<python><playwright><playwright-python><psutil>
2025-04-24 01:27:39
0
2,222
Digital Farmer
79,589,564
1,413,856
Is it possible to limit attributes in a Python sub class using __slots__?
<p>One use of <code>__slots__</code> in Python is to disallow new attributes:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>class Thing: __slots__ = 'a', 'b' thing = Thing() thing.c = 'hello' # error </code></pre> <p>However, this doesn’t work if a class inherits from another slotless class:</p> <pre cla...
<python><inheritance><subclass>
2025-04-23 22:12:02
1
16,921
Manngo
79,589,524
4,045,275
Apply different aggregate functions to different columns of a pandas dataframe, and run a pivot/crosstab?
<h2>The issue</h2> <p>In SQL it is very easy to apply different aggregate functions to different columns, e.g. :</p> <pre><code>select item, sum(a) as [sum of a], avg(b) as [avg of b], min(c) as [min of c] </code></pre> <p>In Python, not so much. For a simple groupby, this <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6...
<python><pandas><dataframe><group-by>
2025-04-23 21:31:33
1
9,100
Pythonista anonymous
79,589,289
4,841,248
Is it good practice to override an abstract method with more specialized signature?
<p><em>Background information below the question.</em></p> <p>In Python 3, I can define a class with an abstract method and implement it in a derived class using a more specialized signature. I know this works, but like many things work in many programming languages, it may not be good practice. So is it?</p> <pre clas...
<python><python-3.x><inheritance><overriding>
2025-04-23 18:37:27
2
2,473
Maarten Bamelis
79,589,222
150,510
How do I make torch.ones(...) work inside a traced wrapper model during symbolic_trace()?
<p>Thanks for giving this a read...</p> <p>I am getting going with PyTorch. I’m building a tool that wraps HuggingFace models in a custom WrappedModel so I can trace their execution using torch.fx.symbolic_trace. The goal is to analyze the traced graph and detect certain ops like float32 usage.</p> <p>To do this, I:</p...
<python><pytorch><huggingface-transformers><torch>
2025-04-23 17:57:16
1
5,358
Peter
79,589,185
1,450,294
Python interpreter doesn't honour .inputrc readline settings when run from a venv
<p>My <code>.inputrc</code> file, which simply contains <code>set editing-mode vi</code>, means that when I use Bash and some other interpretive environments, I can use Vi editor keys. This also works when I run the system Python interpreter. But when I run the Python interpreter in a venv (Python virtual environment),...
<python><linux><readline><key-bindings><venv>
2025-04-23 17:38:54
1
7,291
Michael Scheper
79,589,116
1,631,159
Request to create a note in Google Keep returns invalid argument
<p>I'm trying to create notes in Google Keep using API, here is the python script:</p> <pre><code>import sys from google.oauth2.service_account import Credentials from googleapiclient.discovery import build from googleapiclient.errors import HttpError # Define the required scopes for Google Sheets and Keep SCOPES = [ ...
<python><google-keep-api>
2025-04-23 16:57:25
1
769
Rami Sedhom
79,589,019
395,857
How to avoid auto-scroll when add a lot of text in a `TextArea` in Gradio?
<p>In one adds a lot of text in a <code>TextArea</code> in Gradio, it auto-scrolls to the end of the text. Example:</p> <pre><code>import gradio as gr def show_text(): return '\n'.join([f'test{i}' for i in range(50)]) # Simulated long text with gr.Blocks() as demo: text_area = gr.TextArea(label=&quot;Output&...
<python><gradio>
2025-04-23 15:55:38
1
84,585
Franck Dernoncourt
79,589,015
4,662,490
How to use a xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy object in package function?
<p>I am working with the Odoo XML-RPC API and <strong>I want to reuse a connection</strong> (ServerProxy object) across multiple functions in my package.</p> <p><strong>Current Setup</strong></p> <p>I establish the connection like this:</p> <pre><code>import xmlrpc.client import pprint # Demo connection to Odoo info =...
<python><odoo><xml-rpc>
2025-04-23 15:53:24
1
423
Marco Di Gennaro
79,588,998
6,439,229
How to prevent error on shutdown with Logging Handler / QObject?
<p>In order to show logging messages in a PyQt GUI, I'm using a custom logging handler that sends the logRecord as a <code>pyqtSignal</code>.<br /> This handler inherits from both <code>QObject</code> and <code>logging.Handler</code>.</p> <p>This works as it should but on shutdown there's this error:</p> <blockquote> <...
<python><pyqt><python-logging>
2025-04-23 15:43:43
1
1,016
mahkitah
79,588,983
12,415,855
Parse XML file using selenium and bs4?
<p>i try to parse a xml-file using the following code:</p> <pre><code>import time from bs4 import BeautifulSoup from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from selenium...
<python><xml><selenium-webdriver><beautifulsoup>
2025-04-23 15:32:38
3
1,515
Rapid1898
79,588,915
8,587,712
pandas column based on multiple values from other columns
<p>I have a dataframe</p> <pre><code>df = pd.DataFrame(data={ 'a':[1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4,5], 'b':[1,4,2,2,1,2,1,1,2], 'c':[1000, 10, 500, 100,100, 10, 500, 100, 10] }) </code></pre> <p>which looks like</p> <pre><code> a b c 0 1 1 1000 1 2 4 10 2 3 2 500 3 4 2 100 4 1 1 100 5 ...
<python><pandas>
2025-04-23 14:59:41
0
313
Nikko Cleri
79,588,882
6,563,305
Simple pythonic way to check if a list of dict is a subset of another list of dict?
<p>Is there a simple pythonic way to check if a list of dictionaries is a subset of another list of dictionaries? This can be done via a <code>for</code> loop by checking each item. I'm hoping there's a faster way with built-in methods.</p> <p>i.e.</p> <pre><code>maybe_subset = [ {'Key': 'apple', 'Value': '1234'},...
<python>
2025-04-23 14:43:43
3
617
Kent Wong
79,588,678
17,580,381
Optimum selection mechanism when choosing relevant rows from a dataframe
<p>I have a large Excel spreadsheet. I'm only interested in certain columns. Furthermore, I'm only interested in rows where specific columns meet certain criteria.</p> <p>The following works:</p> <pre><code>import pandas as pd import warnings # this suppresses the openpyxl warning that we're seeing warnings.filterwarn...
<python><pandas><openpyxl>
2025-04-23 12:58:07
1
28,997
Ramrab
79,588,248
1,636,349
Using fork & exec in Python
<p>I wrote a little test program to play around with <code>fork()</code> and <code>exec()</code> in Python, and I got some puzzling results. The program just forks a new process to run whatever is given as the command-line parameters in <code>argv</code>. Here is my code:</p> <pre><code>import sys import os print(&quo...
<python><fork>
2025-04-23 09:19:33
0
548
user1636349
79,588,208
1,785,448
Why does `strftime("%Y")` not yield a 4-digit year for dates < 1000 AD in Python's datetime module on Linux?
<p>I am puzzled by an inconsistency when calling <code>.strftime()</code> for dates which are pre-1000 AD, using Python's <code>datetime</code> module.</p> <p>Take the following example:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import datetime old_date = datetime.date(year=33, month=3, day=28) # 28th March ...
<python><python-datetime>
2025-04-23 08:54:05
2
730
Melipone
79,588,066
7,032,878
Can I access a SharePoint using Python, when I have username and password with MFA?
<p>Is there any mean to access a SharePoint using an interactive Python script? The conditions are the following:</p> <ul> <li>I have username/password for a user that can access the SharePoint online;</li> <li>There is MFA enabled;</li> <li>I can't register a new application on Azure, I have to stick only to the user....
<python><sharepoint>
2025-04-23 07:29:33
0
627
espogian
79,587,895
10,470,463
Should a tkinter button always have a variable as a name?
<p>I can make a tkinter button like this:</p> <pre><code>button1 = ttk.Button(root, text = &quot;Button 1&quot;, command=lambda: button_click(button1)) </code></pre> <p>or in a loop like this:</p> <pre><code>tk.Button(root, text=f&quot;Button {i}&quot;, command=lambda x=i: button_click(x)).pack() </code></pre> <p>But t...
<python><tkinter><tkinter-button>
2025-04-23 05:26:23
1
511
Pedroski
79,587,773
826,112
Python file behaviour different when run from different IDE's
<p>A colleague and I were reviewing some student submissions. He likes using IDLE, while I use PyCharm. The student developed their code in PyCharm. A simplified example of the students work is:</p> <pre><code>file = open('test_file.txt','w') file.write('This is a test file.') print('Completed') exit() </code></pre> ...
<python>
2025-04-23 03:51:09
1
536
Andrew H
79,587,751
2,402,098
MSGraph ImmutableId of a message changes when draft is sent
<p>I am trying to keep track of emails sent using the MSGraph API. If an email is sent using the <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/message-reply?view=graph-rest-1.0&amp;tabs=http" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Reply</a> endpoint, it understandably does not return the <code>messageId</code> property that ...
<python><microsoft-graph-api>
2025-04-23 03:11:04
0
342
DrS
79,587,488
1,164,295
Deal Design by Contract to prove a Python script with decorators
<p>I have a dockerized <a href="https://deal.readthedocs.io/index.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Deal</a> that I can successfully run using</p> <pre class="lang-bash prettyprint-override"><code>docker run -it -v `pwd`:/scratch -w /scratch --rm deal python3 -m deal prove deal_demo_cat.py </code></pre> <p>which produces...
<python><design-by-contract>
2025-04-22 21:42:26
0
631
Ben
79,587,464
10,441,038
Fastest way to convert results from tuple of tuples to 2D numpy.array
<p>I'm training my AI model with a huge data set, so that it's impossible to preload all the data into memory at the beginning. I'm currently using psycopg2 to load data from a Postgresql DB during training.</p> <p>I need to convert the sample data into numpy.ndarry, while psycopg2 returns data in a tuple of tuples, wh...
<python><postgresql><numpy><tuples><psycopg2>
2025-04-22 21:27:14
2
2,165
Leon
79,587,407
984,532
Read data from sheet1 and output filtered data on sheet2
<p>Is it possible? Or it seems that each sheet is a separate environment?</p> <p>CONTEXT: A clean way to read 200 rows of data (and 30+ columns) is using something like</p> <p><code>df=xl(&quot;A:BS&quot;, headers=True)</code></p> <p>So a user wants a filtered view of my data on sheet2. e.g., <code>df[df['project'] =='...
<python><excel>
2025-04-22 20:39:26
1
12,034
userJT
79,587,376
2,276,054
How to pass Python interpreter parameters -O/-OO to a console-script? ([project.scripts])
<p>In <code>pyproject.toml</code>, I have the following section:</p> <pre><code>[project.scripts] work = &quot;mypackage.worker_app:main&quot; </code></pre> <p>This means that after activating virtual environment, I can simply type <code>work</code>, and this will execute method <code>main()</code> from class <code>wor...
<python><pyproject.toml>
2025-04-22 20:11:04
0
681
Leszek Pachura
79,587,372
12,871,587
How to perform a nearest match join without reusing rows from the right DataFrame?
<p>I'm working with two Polars DataFrames and want to join them based on the nearest match of a numeric column, similar to how join_asof works with strategy=&quot;nearest&quot;. However, I’d like to ensure that each row from the right DataFrame is used at most once, meaning once it's matched to a row from the left, it ...
<python><python-polars>
2025-04-22 20:05:55
1
713
miroslaavi
79,587,363
3,124,150
Format np.float64 without leading digits
<p>I need to format <code>np.float64</code> floating values without leading digits before the dot, for example <code>-2.40366982307</code> as <code>-.240366982307E+01</code>, in python.<br /> This is to allow me to write in RINEX 3.03 the values with 4X, 4D19.12 formats. I have tried <code>f&quot;{x:.12E}&quot;</code> ...
<python><numpy><string-formatting>
2025-04-22 19:56:16
1
947
EmmanuelMess
79,587,261
9,669,142
Python - stress test all 24 CPU cores
<p>I want to understand better how to work with multiprocessing in Python, and as a test, I wanted to set all cores in the CPU at 100%. First, I tested it with a CPU that has 8 cores, and all cores went to 100%, so that worked. Then I tested it with a CPU that has 24 cores, but for some reason it only sets 8 cores to 1...
<python><multiprocessing>
2025-04-22 18:56:04
0
567
Fish1996
79,587,218
547,231
Array slicing inside `jax.lax.while_loop yields error` "array boolean indices must be concrete"
<p>Please consider the following toy example, which mimics what I'm trying to achieve in my real-world application:</p> <pre><code>import flax import jax def op(x): return x - 1 @flax.struct.dataclass class adaptive_state: i: jax.numpy.ndarray key: jax.random.PRNGKey def loop(carry): state, active_ma...
<python><python-3.8><jax>
2025-04-22 18:26:56
2
18,343
0xbadf00d
79,587,213
8,741,781
Why is Gunicorn creating its socket with the wrong group even though the parent directory has the setgid bit?
<p>I'm running Gunicorn under <code>Supervisor</code> as a non-root user (<code>webapps</code>) and trying to create a Unix domain socket at <code>/run/webapps/gunicorn.sock</code>. I want the socket to be group-owned by <code>webapp_sockets</code> so that nginx (running as <code>www-data</code> and added to <code>weba...
<python><gunicorn><supervisord>
2025-04-22 18:25:17
1
6,137
bdoubleu
79,587,044
4,907,639
Setting up a mixed-integer program in python
<p>I am trying to figure out if it is possible to configure a specific problem as a mixed-integer program. I think I am able to structure it as a continuous non-linear optimization problem, but would like to see if a MIP works better.</p> <p>The basic idea is that there are several systems comprised of multiple element...
<python><optimization><mixed-integer-programming>
2025-04-22 16:41:43
1
2,109
coolhand
79,586,806
6,282,576
Using pytest and mongoengine, data is created in the main database instead of a test one
<p>I've installed these packages:</p> <pre><code>python -m pip install pytest pytest-django </code></pre> <p>And created a fixture:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code># core/services/tests/fixtures/checkout.py import pytest from bson import ObjectId from datetime import datetime from core.models.src...
<python><django><mongodb><pytest><mongoengine>
2025-04-22 15:12:32
0
4,313
Amir Shabani