article stringlengths 0 744k | abstract stringlengths 0 154k | embeddings list |
|---|---|---|
within the hierarchical model of the universe , galaxy mergers are thought to be the main formation channel for the build up of massive elliptical galaxies .
these , and fainter , galaxies are known to host a supermassive black hole ( smbh ) at their centre ( magorrian et al .
1998 ; richstone et al . 1998 ; ferrarese... | new surface brightness profiles from 26 early - type galaxies with suspected partially depleted cores have been extracted from the full radial extent of _ hubble space telescope _ images .
we have carefully quantified the radial stellar distributions of the elliptical galaxies using the core - srsic model whereas fo... | [
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due to the high frequency of the fastest internal motions in molecular systems , the discrete time step for molecular dynamics simulations must be very small ( of the order of femtoseconds ) , while the actual span of biochemical proceses typically require the choice of relatively long total times for simulations ( e.g... | in order to accelerate molecular dynamics simulations , it is very common to impose holonomic constraints on their hardest degrees of freedom . in this way ,
the time step used to integrate the equations of motion can be increased , thus allowing , in principle , to reach longer total simulation times . the impositi... | [
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in @xcite , randall and sundrum ( rs ) proposed a new approach to extra dimensions for space - time to solve the hierarchy problem . in their model , it is assumed that there exists only one extra space - like dimension which is taken homeomorphic with an orbifold @xmath1 .
this orbifold has two fixed points at @xmath2... | considering the randall - sundrum background , we calculate the total cross - section for @xmath0 in the framework of the scalar electrodynamics .
+ l 3 mm 230 mm ipm / p2000/021 + hep - ph/0005166 | [
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if cooled below a critical temperature ( @xmath0k in @xmath1he and @xmath2 in at @xmath3hehe we mean the b - phase of @xmath3he ] at saturated vapour pressure ) , liquid helium undergoes bose - einstein condensation @xcite , becoming a quantum fluid and demonstrating superfluidity ( pure inviscid flow ) . besides the l... | turbulence in superfluid helium is unusual and presents a challenge to fluid dynamicists because it consists of two coupled , inter penetrating turbulent fluids : the first is inviscid with quantised vorticity , the second is viscous with continuous vorticity . despite this double nature , the observed spectra of the ... | [
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the problem of classification of germs of foliations in the complex plane is stated by thom @xcite .
he conjectured that the analytic type of a foliation defined in a neighborhood of a singular point is completely determined by its associated separatrix and its corresponding holonomy .
r. moussu in @xcite gave a counte... | by introducing a new invariant called the set of slidings , we give a complete strict classification of the class of germs of non - dicritical holomorphic foliations in the plan whose camacho - sad indices are not rational .
moreover , we will show that , in this class , the new invariant is finitely determined .
... | [
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let @xmath0 be a complete finite - area orientable hyperbolic surface with one cusp , and @xmath1 the space of complete geodesic rays in @xmath0 emanating from the puncture .
then , there is a natural action of the ( full ) mapping class group @xmath2 of @xmath0 on @xmath3 ( see section [ sb ] ) .
the dynamics of the a... | let @xmath0 be a complete finite - area orientable hyperbolic surface with one cusp , and let @xmath1 be the space of complete geodesic rays in @xmath0 emanating from the puncture .
then there is a natural action of the mapping class group of @xmath0 on @xmath1 .
we show that this action is almost everywhere wand... | [
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traffic problems have been attracting not only engineers but also physicists @xcite . especially it has been widely accepted that the phase transition from free to congested traffic flow can be understood using methods from statistical physics @xcite . in order to study the transition in detail , we need a realistic mo... | a new stochastic cellular automaton ( ca ) model of traffic flow , which includes slow - to - start effects and a driver s perspective , is proposed by extending the burgers ca and the nagel - schreckenberg ca model .
the flow - density relation of this model shows multiple metastable branches near the transition de... | [
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puga@xmath0 appears in two crystal structures with similar electronic structures but different magnetic structures .
et al . _ noted in 1964 the appearance of the two crystal structures and identified the low - temperature ( low-@xmath3 ) form as hexagonal and isostructural with ni@xmath0sn;@xcite the following year la... | systematically studying the crystal , magnetic , and electronic structures of puga@xmath0 with density functional theory ( dft ) reveals the entanglement of the three types of structure .
magnetic structure affects the energy more strongly than crystal structure . for dft to correctly order the crystal structures in... | [
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a benzenoid system is determined with all the hexagons lying inside cycle @xmath0 of the hexagonal lattice .
they represent molecules called benzenoid hydrocarbons .
these graphs are also known as the hexagonal systems and form one of the most extensively studied family of chemical graphs . for fundamental properties o... | in this paper we study the resonance graphs of benzenoid systems , tubulenes , and fullerenes .
the resonance graph reflects the interactions between the kekul ' e structures of a molecule .
the equivalence of the zhang - zhang polynomial ( which counts clar covers ) of the molecular graph and the cube polynomial ... | [
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the method of creative telescoping , also known as zeilberger s algorithm @xcite , is a powerful tool for solving problem involving definite integration and summation of hypergeometric function .
suppose we are given a certain holonomic function of two variables @xmath67 ( @xmath68 , @xmath69 ) , and it is required to... | the recurrence properties of random walks can be characterized by plya number , _
i.e. _ , the probability that the walker has returned to the origin at least once . in this paper
, we consider recurrence properties for a general 1d random walk on a line , in which at each time step the walker can move to the left... | [
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let @xmath1 be an oval , i.e. , a planar , closed , regular , simple , oriented counterclockwise , @xmath2 curve , @xmath3 , parameterized by @xmath4 and such that its radius of curvature @xmath5 .
the billiard problem on @xmath1 consists in the free motion of a point particle on the planar region enclosed by @xmath1 ,... | in this paper we show that , under certain generic conditions , billiards on ovals have only a finite number of periodic orbits , for each period @xmath0 , all non - degenerate and at least one of them is hyperbolic .
moreover , the invariant curves of two hyperbolic points are transversal .
we explore these prope... | [
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a useful formulation of gauge theories , both from the conceptual and methodological point of view , is the one in terms of gauge invariant excitations or string - like objects .
the so - called _ p - representation _
@xcite , consisting of a hilbert space of path labeled states , has been used on the lattice to perfor... | the schwinger model is studied in a finite lattice by means of the p - representation .
the vacuum energy , mass gap and chiral condensate are evaluated showing good agreement with the expected values in the continuum limit . | [
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recently , barger _
@xcite addressed astophysical constraints on extra dimensions by computing energy loss rates from the sun , red giant stars and ( type ii ) supernovae due to possible excitation of graviton modes , @xmath1 , in the case that the extra dimensions are compactified @xcite .
the processes @xmath2 ( in t... | recently , barger _
et al . _ computed energy losses into kaluza klein modes from astrophysical plasmas in the approximation of zero density for the plasmas .
we extend their work by considering the effects of finite density for two plasmon processes .
our results show that , for fixed temperature , the energy l... | [
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this work was partially financed by cnpq , capes and fapergs , brazil . | the diffractive photoproduction of vector mesons is usually described considering the two - gluon ( pomeron ) exchange , non - diagonal parton distributions and the contribution of the real part to the cross section . in this letter
we analyze the diffractive photoproduction of the @xmath0 at hera using an alternati... | [
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the renormalization group equations ( rges ) for the rigid couplings and soft parameters in susy gauge theories play a crucial role in applications . actually , all predictions of the mssm are based on solutions to these equations in leading and next - to - leading orders @xcite .
typically , one has three gauge coupli... | we present simple analytical formulae which describe solutions of the rg equations for yukawa couplings in susy gauge theories with the accuracy of a few per cent . performing the grassmannian expansion in these solutions
, one finds those for all the soft couplings and masses .
the solutions clearly exhibit the f... | [
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the p - wave spin - triplet charmonium states were originally observed @xcite in radiative decays of the @xmath1 soon after the discovery of the @xmath16 and @xmath1 resonances . a number of decay modes of these states have been observed and branching fractions reported @xcite .
most of the existing results are from ... | hadronic decays of the p - wave spin - triplet charmonium states @xmath0 are studied using a sample of @xmath1 decays collected by the bes detector operating at the bepc storage ring . branching fractions for the decays @xmath2 , @xmath3 , @xmath4 , @xmath5 , @xmath6 and @xmath7
are measured for the first time , and... | [
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one of the interesting characteristics of the percolation model is the existence of universal quantities , which are independent of the microscopic qualities of the system .
critical exponents and amplitude ratios are examples of one class of universal quantities that are only dependent on the dimensionality of the sys... | monte carlo simulations were performed in order to determine the excess number of clusters @xmath0 and the average density of clusters @xmath1 for the two - dimensional `` swiss cheese '' continuum percolation model on a planar @xmath2 system and on the surface of a sphere .
the excess number of clusters for the @xm... | [
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pseudoknots and pseudolinks are knots and links about which we have incomplete information .
this incompleteness is expressed in diagrams by the appearance of _ precrossings _ that have no over or under designation . in @xcite , pseudoknots are defined as equivalence classes of knot or link diagrams ( called _ pseudod... | _ the notion of a pseudoknot is defined as an equivalence class of knot diagrams that may be missing some crossing information .
we provide here a topological invariant schema for pseudoknots and their relatives , 4-valent rigid vertex spatial graphs and singular knots , that is obtained by replacing unknown crossin... | [
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mass loss via stellar winds is thought to play a dominant role in the evolution of massive o - type stars , because of the loss of _ mass _ , as winds `` peel off '' the star s
outermost layers ( conti 1976 ) , as well as through the associated loss of _ angular momentum _
( e.g. langer 1998 , meynet & maeder 2002 ) .
... | a debate has arisen regarding the importance of stationary versus eruptive mass loss for massive star evolution .
the reason is that stellar winds have been found to be clumped , which results in the reduction of unclumped empirical mass - loss rates .
most stellar evolution models employ theoretical mass - loss r... | [
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in what follows @xmath9 is a variable vector in @xmath1 ( @xmath10 ) . as usual , @xmath11:={\ensuremath{\mathbb{r}}}[x_1,\ldots , x_d]$ ] denotes the ring of polynomials in variables @xmath12 and coefficients in @xmath13 a subset @xmath0 of @xmath1 which can be represented by @xmath14 for @xmath15 $ ] ( @xmath3 ) is s... | let @xmath0 be an elementary closed semi - algebraic set in @xmath1 , i.e. , there exist real polynomials @xmath2 ( @xmath3 ) such that @xmath4 ; in this case @xmath2 are said to represent @xmath0 .
denote by @xmath5 the maximal number of the polynomials from @xmath6 that vanish in a point of @xmath7 if @xmath0 is n... | [
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the quantum mechanical description of neutrino oscillations @xcite has been the subject of much discussion and debate in the recent literature .
the ` standard ' oscillation formula @xcite , yielding an oscillation phase or @xmath1 . ] , at distance @xmath2 from the neutrino source , between neutrinos , of mass @xmat... | feynman s path amplitude formulation of quantum mechanics is used to analyse the production of charged leptons from charged current weak interaction processes . for neutrino induced reactions the interference effects predicted
are usually called ` neutrino oscillations ' .
similar effects in the detection of muons... | [
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a long outstanding challenge in modern astrophysics is the intriguing observational behavior of the galactic rotation curves , and the mass discrepancy in clusters of galaxies .
both these observations suggest the existence of a ( non or weakly interacting ) form of dark matter at galactic and extra - galactic scales .... | generally , the dynamics of test particles around galaxies , as well as the corresponding mass deficit , is explained by postulating the existence of a hypothetical dark matter .
in fact , the behavior of the rotation curves shows the existence of a constant velocity region , near the baryonic matter distribution , ... | [
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it is generally accepted that supernova remnants ( snrs ) are the dominant source of galactic cosmic rays , at least for energies up to 3@xmath310@xmath12 ev . these objects provide a significant fraction of the mechanical energy that heats , compresses and chemically enriches the interstellar medium ( ism ) . therefor... | we report xmm-_newton _ observations of the galactic supernova remnant g296.8@xmath00.3 , together with complementary radio and infrared data .
the spatial and spectral properties of the x - ray emission , detected towards g296.8@xmath00.3 , was investigated in order to explore the possible evolutionary scenarios an... | [
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two of the most intriguing questions in particle physics are the the ewsb mechanism and the origin of fermion masses .
although the sm remains a successful theory when compared with all the available data , it lacks predictability in the higgs sector , which determines the masses of gauge bosons , as well as of fermion... | we discuss the constraints from rare b and k decays on the electroweak symmetry breaking ( ewsb ) sector , as well as on theories of fermion masses .
we focus on models involving new strong dynamics and show that transitions involving flavor changing neutral currents ( fcnc ) play an important role in disentangling ... | [
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the compas group was supported in part by the russian foundation for basic research grants rfbr-98 - 07 - 90381 and rfbr-01 - 07 - 90392 , k.k .
is in part supported by the u.s .
contract de - fg-02 - 91er40688-task a , e.m .
is a visiting fellow of the belgian fnrs .
we thank professor jean - eudes augustin for the h... | we present predictions on the total cross sections and on the ratio of the real part to the imaginary part of the elastic amplitude ( @xmath0 parameter ) for present and future @xmath1 and @xmath2 colliders , and on total cross sections for @xmath3 hadrons at cosmic - ray energies and for @xmath4 hadrons up to @xmath5... | [
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despite years of intensive research , the pairing mechanism responsible for d - wave superconductivity ( dsc ) in the high-@xmath0 cuprates remains a puzzle .
it is generally believed that the conventional phonon mechanism is inconsistent with d - wave pairing symmetry and not strong enough to explain transition temper... | we study the hole binding energy and pairing correlations in the three - band hubbard model coupled to an apical oxygen phonon , by exact diagonalization and constrained - path monte carlo simulations . in the physically relevant charge - transfer regime , we find that the hole binding energy is strongly enhanced by t... | [
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in this note we deal with the uniqueness of distributional solutions to the continuity equation with a sobolev vector field and with the property of being a lagrangian solution , i.e. transported by a flow of the associated ordinary differential equation .
let us first recall the by now classical diperna - lions theor... | we deal with the uniqueness of distributional solutions to the continuity equation with a sobolev vector field and with the property of being a lagrangian solution , i.e. transported by a flow of the associated ordinary differential equation .
we work in a framework of lack of local integrability of the solution , ... | [
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in this paper , we continue our general study of the _ uniform thickness property _ ( utp ) in the context of iterated torus knots that are embedded in @xmath0 with the standard tight contact structure . as stated in a previous paper , _ studying uniform thickness i _
@xcite , our goal in this study is to determine the... | we prove that an iterated torus knot type fails the uniform thickness property ( utp ) if and only if all of its iterations are positive cablings , which is precisely when an iterated torus knot type supports the standard contact structure .
we also show that all iterated torus knots that fail the utp support cablin... | [
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an intense electromagnetic field makes possible the processes which are forbidden in a vacuum such as the neutrino production of an electron
positron pair @xmath0 . the list of papers devoted to an analysis of this process and the collection of the results obtained could be found e.g. in ref . @xcite . in most cases ... | the process of neutrino production of electron positron pairs in a magnetic field of arbitrary strength , where electrons and positrons can be created in the states corresponding to excited landau levels , is analysed .
the mean value of the neutrino energy loss due to the process @xmath0 is calculated .
the resul... | [
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in recent years , research has illuminated a link between active galactic nuclei ( agns ) and the evolution of their host galaxies .
studies have found that a galaxy s central black hole mass is correlated with the mass of the central bulge ( e.g. , * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?
* ... | we use deep chandra imaging and an extensive optical spectroscopy campaign on the keck 10-m telescopes to study the properties of x - ray point sources in two isolated x - ray selected clusters , two superclusters , and one ` supergroup ' at redshifts of @xmath0 .
we first study x - ray point sources using the stati... | [
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semitauonic @xmath11 meson decays with @xmath12 @xcite transitions are sensitive to new physics ( np ) beyond the standard model ( sm ) involving non - universal coupling to heavy fermions .
one prominent candidate for np is the two higgs doublet model ( 2hdm ) @xcite , which has an additional higgs doublet and there... | we report the first measurement of the @xmath0 lepton polarization in the decay @xmath1 as well as a new measurement of the ratio of the branching fractions @xmath2 , where @xmath3 denotes an electron or a muon , with the decays @xmath4 and @xmath5 .
we use the full data sample of @xmath6 @xmath7 pairs accumulated w... | [
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density functional theory ( dft ) has been the subject of remarkable developments since its original formulation by hohenberg and kohn ( hk ) @xcite . after formal improvements , extensions , and an uncountable number of applications to a wide variety of physical problems ,
this theoretical approach has become the most... | a density functional theory for many - body lattice models is considered in which the single - particle density matrix @xmath0 is the basic variable .
eigenvalue equations are derived for solving levy s constrained search of the interaction energy functional @xmath1 $ ] .
@xmath1 $ ] is expressed as the sum of har... | [
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e. rasmusen , _ games and information : an introduction to game theory _
( blackwell pub , oxford , 2001 ) , r. b. myerson , _ game theory : analysis of conflict _ ( harvard univ . press , cambridge ma , 1997 ) . in bos ,
if the source is ideal , that is @xmath47 , there are multiple ne s... | effects of a corrupt source on the dynamics of simultaneous move strategic games are analyzed both for classical and quantum settings . the corruption rate dependent changes in the payoffs and strategies of the players are observed .
it is shown that there is a critical corruption rate at which the players lose thei... | [
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the magnetocaloric effect , _
i.e. _ , a temperature change induced by an adiabatic change of an external magnetic field was discovered in iron by warburg in 1881 @xcite .
this effect also has a long history in cooling applications .
for example , adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic salts was the first method to ... | we compute the entropy of antiferromagnetic quantum spin-@xmath0 chains in an external magnetic field using exact diagonalization and quantum monte carlo simulations . the magnetocaloric effect , _
i.e. _ , temperature variations during adiabatic field changes , can be derived from the isentropes .
first , we focu... | [
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as expected , the most interesting combinatorial structures are those bearing some kind of symmetry and/or regularity .
in fact , in general , high symmetry imply high regularity , but the converse does not necessarily holds .
moreover , symmetric structures suggest definitions of new structures obtained , either by re... | as a generalization of orbit - polynomial and distance - regular graphs , we introduce the concept of a quotient - polynomial graph . in these graphs
every vertex @xmath0 induces the same regular partition around @xmath0 , where all vertices of each cell are equidistant from @xmath0 .
some properties and character... | [
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by numerical study we find that the branch cut integrals conform to some simple scaling laws for small @xmath1 .
if we write the bc1 and bc2 integrals as @xmath197 and @xmath198 , then we find that for small @xmath1 and for @xmath199 , @xmath200 can be written in a scaling form @xmath201 but for bc2 a very different sc... | within the lowest - order born approximation , we present an exact calculation of the time dynamics of the spin - boson model in the ohmic regime .
we observe non - markovian effects at zero temperature that scale with the system - bath coupling strength and cause qualitative changes in the evolution of coherence at... | [
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small submicron particles are well - suited as fillers in non - conducting polymer matrices to obtain a conducting composite with a percolation threshold ( far ) below 1 % .
the low percolation threshold is due to the formation of airy aggregates of conducting particles , in which the particles are grown together by di... | conducting submicron particles are well - suited as filler particles in non - conducting polymer matrices to obtain a conducting composite with a low percolation threshold . going to nanometer - sized filler particles imposes a restriction to the conductivity of the composite , due to the reduction of the density of s... | [
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