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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | I shall not speak of Maxwell's fundamental contributions to the development of statistical mechanics and of the kinetic theory of gases, which Prof. Planck has already discussed, especially as regards Maxwell's fruitful co-operation with Boltzmann. It is only my intention to make a few remarks about the application of ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | The developments of the atomic theory brought us soon, as everybody knows, beyond the limit of direct and consistent application of Maxwell's theory. I wish to emphasise, however, that it was just the possibility of analysing the radiation phenomena provided by the electromagnetic theory of light which led to the recog... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | Maxwell's theory finds a corresponding feature in the new formalism. In the last few years, this aim has actually been attained to a large extent by the wonderful development of the new quantum mechanics or quantum electrodynamics, connected with the names of de Broglie, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and Dirac.
中文
When o... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | For the sake of illustration, let us imagine for a moment that the recent experimental discoveries of electron diffraction and photonic effects, which fall in so well with the quantum mechanical symbolism, were made before the work of Faraday and Maxwell. Of course, such a situation is unthinkable, since the interpreta... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 编者按
1931年10月,剑桥大学举行了麦克斯韦诞辰一百年纪念会,尼尔斯·玻尔在会上发表了一篇有关麦克斯韦和现代理论物理的演讲。玻尔指出麦克斯韦的电磁学理论为人类了解原子世界作出了贡献,也为创立量子理论提供了基础。虽然量子理论超越了麦克斯韦的学说,但量子力学中的分析手段离不开麦克斯韦的理论,尤其是在建立光量子能量和动量之间的关系时。玻尔认为麦克斯韦的理论在物理学中的核心地位不会丧失,因为量子物理定律中的公式都是按照麦克斯韦所描述的经典世界创建的。
英文
我非常荣幸能有机会在此表达我对电磁学理论的创立者——詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦的敬意,因为电磁学理论对每一位物理学家的研究工作都是非常重要的。在这个纪念庆典上,三一学院院长和约... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
为了进一步说明问题,我们可以想象一下如果严格符合量子力学规律的电子衍射和光子效应是在麦克斯韦和法拉第的工作问世之前就已经发现了,那将出现什么样的情况呢?当然,这种情况是不可能出现的,因为用来解释以上实验发现的理论是以麦克斯韦和法拉第这两人的理论成果为依据的。不过,我们还是可以发挥一下我们的想象力,问问自己,如果没有麦克斯韦和法拉第的理论,科学会处于一个什么样的水平。我想如果说我们应该在牛顿和惠更斯认为光是一种物质的理论上加以拓展,这并不为过。事实上,我们应该意识到的是,对任何测量结果的准确解释都必须建立在经典物理理论的框架之内,从这个意义上我们可以说,牛顿和麦克斯韦的语言仍将是物理学家们的通用语言。
英文
我认为现在不... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | This domain of disinterested science is making many practical contacts. To mention but a single recent instance: Prof. R. C. Punnett, one of the original discoverers of the phenomenon of sex-linkage in inheritance, by applying his expert knowledge of that phenomenon, has produced what may be called a synthetic fowl, of... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | The nature of the transmission of events in the nervous system is receiving much illumination from the work of the Royal Society's Foulerton professors. Prof. E. D. Adrian, having developed a most admirable experimental technique for the purpose, is studying the nerve impulse and its origin with highly profitable resul... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | of nervous structures from whatever animal they may be taken.
中文
Prof. A. V. Hill is studying the nerve impulse from the point of view of the thermal phenomena which accompany it. So small, of course, is the heat production in the nerve that its measurement, like that of the potential changes, calls for great refine... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | acetyl-choline when injected into the circulation resembles in general the effect of stimulating para-sympathetic nerves, and there is every reason to believe that the physiological activity of the substance, rather than the transmitted physical impulse itself, is immediately responsible for the observed effects of sti... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | next stage, of isolating the vitamin itself, in crystalline form, from the mixed products of irradiation; and Prof. Windaus, following with his co-workers a different route, has again arrived simultaneously at the same goal.
中文
There is no doubt that the substance which the British group now term “calciferol”, and w... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | We have long known, of course, of the presence of one such association in the chlorophyll molecule, where it functions as part of the trap for solar energy, and we have been long familiar with the presence of another in haemoglobin, where its function is to hold oxygen during its transference from the lungs of vertebra... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | One last word, however. We have assumed that the living cells we have best known are the ultimate units in biology. But of late years the viruses have forced themselves into our thoughts. What are viruses? Do they merely simulate some of the properties of the living? Can we conceive of them as something between the non... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
此外,阿德里安还发现了神经细胞中发生的慢电位改变,以及这种慢电位改变与脉冲放电的关联。到目前为止,这项工作还仅限于分离的昆虫神经节和鱼脑干中的神经细胞,但是他发现的这些现象非常有价值,而且电位改变在神经细胞的活动中很可能具有根本的重要性。
英文
阿德里安发现损坏的神经纤维能够以非常高的频率发放脉冲,而且这可能在疼痛的感觉中起着重要的作用,尽管他的最新研究结果已经清楚地表明由更细的慢传导神经纤维发出的冲动也与疼痛的自然机制有关。所有这些工作的一个最显著的特征是:任何一种动物的神经结构都会表现出大体相似的行为。
英文
希尔教授正在根据与神经冲动相伴而生的热现象来研究神经冲动。显然,神经中的产热量是如此微小以至于其测量... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 此外,我们现在知道在组织中另有三种这样的缔合物,其中两种可以促进氧化,而第三种物质能够通过自身的存在而阻止过氧化氢的有害蓄积。为了适应每一种物质的独特生理功能,它们在基本结构上都有一些微小的修饰。这种类型的化合物在许多低等生物中也能找到。正如自然界似乎在进化早期就为神经结构找到了合理的原则一样,她似乎也很早就选定了合适的化学物质来形成生命。生命中所有更重要的组成成分都支持了这个观点。所有物质在本质上都是相同的,只不过通常在特定的形态差异下存在着微小的区别。
英文
再回到细胞动力学。关于酶催化剂的知识几乎每一天都在增长,这些酶在某种意义上以高度专一的相关性活化了将要进行氧化反应的分子。因为在氧化之前必须进行这种有专一性的活化,所... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | independently, that the opacity of a degenerate gas is very small compared with what would be computed for a classical gas at the same density and temperature, the ratio being an inverse power of Sommerfeld's degeneracy-criterion parameter. This discovery seriously affects estimates of the internal temperatures in whit... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | degrees, or, even if we adopt the high value κ
1
=300 for the gaseous envelope, the value of T'
is only 15 million degrees. For smaller values of the envelope-opacity it will be still smaller. For an almost completely degenerate star the internal temperature is determined by the photospheric
opacity in the thin gase... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | The above considerations illustrate, by a particular example, my contention that we cannot discuss the internal state of a star without discussing the opacity of its outer layers. In the case of a completely degenerate white dwarf, to ignore the effect of the photospheric opacity would be to obtain an utterly false est... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | ”这就产生了一个悖论,温度最低的恒星内部是最好的恒星能量产生器,最热的反而最差。金斯[6]
还说过:“......很多最热和最致密的恒星在辐射上远远比不上那些具有较低密度的低温恒星,比如心宿二和参宿四。”
英文
然而,如果一个白矮星内部的不透明度很低,那么它内部的温度梯度也一定非常小。在不透明度为零的极限情况下(假设传导性也很小),温度分布是等温的。因此,简并核就是一团温度近似恒定的物质,而这个温度的值完全取决于观测质量M
、光度L
和核心周围气体包络层的内禀不透明度κ
1
。在“一般标准模型”中,各能量源是均匀分布的,气体包络层的不透明度是常数κ
1
,则温度近似恒定的简并核的温度T'
用标准符号表示如下:
代... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | I
N a paper under this title which has recently appeared,1
we have described and discussed observations which have led us to the conclusion that the light quantum possesses an intrinsic spin equal to one Bohr unit of angular momentum. In the four weeks which have elapsed since that paper was put into print, the exper... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | Using alternately a fine slit and a very broad slit on the spectrograph, the depolarisations of the Rayleigh scattering and of the total scattering respectively are determined. The following table gives the values for the case of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide gases under pressure.
Table: Depolarisation per... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
(王静 翻译;赵见高 审稿)
A Possible Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2
Editor's Note
The idea that the simplest of all elements, hydrogen, should have isotopes—with atomic nuclei of different mass—arose in the United States as a result of work by Harold C. Urey at the University of Chicago. Because Urey submitted his paper to the... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 所有元素中最简单的氢应该有原子核质量不同的同位素,这一观点源自美国芝加哥大学的哈罗德·尤里的工作成果。因为1931年尤里将他的论文呈交给了美国物理学会,所以《自然》杂志只好用一份简短的摘要描述其发现。尤里首先发现了现在称为氘的重氢,后来它被用来减缓核反应中中子的速度。再后来发现了作为氢的放射性同位素的氚。根据查德威克的中子概念,氘核由一个质子和一个中子结合而成,而氚核是由一个质子和两个中子构成的。尤里获得了1934年的诺贝尔化学奖。
英文
人们在测定原子重量时发现,氢应该具有质量数为2和3的同位素。如果它们存在的话,由热力学原理可知,相对于普通的H1
H1
分子,H1
H2
与H1
H3
类型的分子应该富集在三相点... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | As is well known, the only method used at present for the liquefaction of hydrogen is essentially the same as that employed originally by Dewar in 1898, and is based on the Joule-Thomson effect combined with a thermal regenerator. In order to obtain a positive Joule-Thomson effect for hydrogen a preliminary cooling wit... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | In our liquefier we have adopted a different principle which allows us to use the apparatus continuously even with commercial hydrogen. The method is as follows: Two hydrogen circuits are used in the liquefaction process; one circulation is similar to that used in ordinary liquefiers, but is completely closed; in it ab... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | , where it is partially liquefied. When the condenser F
is about one-third full, the liquid hydrogen passes through tube 6 to a spiral which cools exchanger G
; it then goes through the regenerator spirals D
and A
and passes back to the compressor through the outlet 2. The commercial hydrogen enters the tube 3 and ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | From this formula it appeared that a good heat exchange could be obtained by using a high velocity of the gas, and this enabled us to reduce the length of the regenerator spirals very considerably. In our case the spiral A
was about 2.5 metres long and the spiral D
5 metres. The high tensile strength of the copper-ni... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | is lost when the hydrogen is drawn off. The liquid nitrogen consumption is about 1.3 litres per net litre of liquid hydrogen. We normally produce 6 litres of liquid hydrogen in a single run, using commercial hydrogen, and have not up to the present had a single stoppage due to blocked tubes. The liquefier was made in o... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | of a copper rod 3 to a copper shield 4 which surrounds the container of flask 2. The liquid air cools the shield 4 by thermal conductivity, and the radiation losses from the liquid hydrogen are considerably reduced. The hydrogen flask has a capacity of 5 litres and the liquid air flask holds 2 litres. The evaporation o... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 皇家学会蒙德实验室的氢液化车间
彼得·卡皮查,约翰·考克饶夫
编者按
剑桥大学的卡文迪什实验室是英国20世纪30年代著名的物理实验室。彼得·卡皮查是一位俄罗斯人,他在莫斯科被培养成了一名物理学家,后来在剑桥大学与卢瑟福勋爵一起工作了很多年。卢瑟福不遗余力地为他建立了一个实验室(即皇家学会蒙德实验室),该实验室配有研究强磁场和低温下物质特性,特别是超导电性的各种设备。这篇文章对蒙德实验室中氢液化器的构造进行了描述。1935年,卡皮查在俄国政府的要求下回到了莫斯科,并且带走了他的大部分设备。
英文
在剑桥大学正在建设的皇家学会蒙德实验室,除了配置了能产生强磁场的仪器以外,还将装备一个低温车间。我们研制了这套设备的第一个部分,... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 这个方程表明,使用高速气体也许可以得到更好的热交换效果,这使我们可以大幅度地缩短回热器螺旋管的长度。在我们设计的仪器中,螺旋管A
的长度约为2.5 m,螺旋管D
的长度约为5 m。铜镍合金有很高的抗张强度,从而可以使回热器螺旋管的热容量大大降低。整个装置被焊接在一个直径为26 cm,高67 cm的铜桶内,然后把桶内部抽成真空。用活性炭来吸收金属中放出的气体以保持高真空,而且在不用玻璃杜瓦瓶的情况下也可以维持很高的热绝缘。
英文
这种新型液化器的重要优势在于:只要在进入管3之前安装一个流量计就可以连续地测量液化速率。通过这个流量计我们还可以知道气体是在什么时间开始凝聚的。我们使用的是一个电子的流量计。氢流经一个20 cm长的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
(李飞 翻译;陶宏杰 审稿)
The Decline of Determinism
*
A. Eddington
Editor's Note
Ten years ago, Arthur Eddington claims here, practically every notable physicist was a determinist, at least regarding physical processes. Physicists believed they possessed a powerful scheme of causal scientific law, embodied especially in ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | determinism or freewill. That might well be left to those who are more accustomed to arguing about such questions, if only they could be awakened to the new situation which has arisen on the physical side. At present I can see little sign of such an awakening.
中文
Definitions of Determinism
Let us first be sure that ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | With Earth's first Clay They did the Last Man knead,
And there of the Last Harvest sow’d the Seed:
And the first Morning of Creation wrote What the Last Dawn of Reckoning shall read.
中文
I propose to take the poet's description as my standard. Perhaps this may seem an odd choice; but there is no doubt that his words ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | To see the change that has occurred, we need only refer to a recent book which goes as deeply as anyone has yet penetrated into the fundamental structure of the physical universe, Dirac's “Quantum Mechanics”. I do not know whether Dirac is a determinist or not; quite possibly he believes as firmly as ever in the existe... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | Secondary Law
Let us first try to see how the new aim of physical science originated. We observe certain regularities in the course of Nature and formulate these as “laws of Nature”. Laws may be stated positively or negatively, “Thou shalt” or “Thou shalt not”. For the present purpose it is most convenient to formulate... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | law. The recognition of secondary law was the thin end of the wedge that ultimately cleft the deterministic scheme.
中文
For practical purposes primary and secondary law exert equally strict control. The improbability referred to in secondary law is so enormous that failure even in an isolated case is not to be seriou... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | first thought of.
中文
The growth of secondary law within the deterministic scheme was remarkable, and gradually sections of the subject formerly dealt with by primary law were transferred to it. There came a time when in some of the most progressive branches of physics secondary law was used exclusively. The physicis... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | It is commonly objected that our uncertainty as to what the electron will do in the future is due not to indeterminism but to ignorance. It is asserted that some character exists in the electron or its surroundings which decides its future, only physicists have not yet learned how to detect it. You will see later how I... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | of the chain of transmission. The image which arises in the mind is not the physical object, though it is a source of information about the physical object; to confuse the mental object with the physical object is to confuse the clue with the criminal. Life would be impossible if there were no kind of correspondence be... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | In the universe of inferences, past, present, and future appear simultaneously, and it requires scientific analysis to sort them out. By a certain rule of inference, namely, the law of gravitation, we infer the present or past existence of a dark companion to a star; by an application of the same rule of inference we i... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | certificate is earlier than the date of the experiment. The antedating is often quite legitimate; but that makes the practice all the more dangerous, it lulls us into a feeling of security.
中文
Retrospective Characters
To show how retrospective inference might be abused, suppose that there were no way of learning the... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | imaginary lecturer. It is easily seen that to avoid vicious circles we must abolish purely retrospective characteristics—those which are never found as existing but always as having existed. If they do not manifest themselves until the moment that they cease to exist, they can never be used for prediction except by tho... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | atom? On the information stated there is no justification at all; Kα
is merely an antedated label which we attach to the atom when we see that it has burst. We can always do that, however undetermined the event may be which occasions the label. Actually, however, there is more information which shows that the burst is... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | The time of break-up of a radioactive atom is an example of extreme indeterminism; but it must be understood that, according to current theory, all future events are indeterminate in greater or lesser degree, and differ only in the margin of uncertainty. When the uncertainty is below our limits of measurement, the even... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | The persistent critic continues: “You are evading the point. I contend that there are characteristics unknown to you which completely predetermine not only the time of break-up of the radioactive atom but also all physical phenomena. How do you know there are not? You are not omniscient.”
中文
The curious thing is tha... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | physical universe is concerned, determinism appears to explain nothing; for in the modern books which go farthest into the theory of the phenomena no use is made of it.
中文
Indeterminism is not a positive assertion. I am an indeterminist in the same way that I am an anti-moon-is-made-of-green-cheese-ist. That does no... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | that they are uniformly distributed from 0o to 360o, and so obtain predictions which could only fail if there has been an unlikely coincidence of phase-angles. That is the secret of all our successful prophecies; the unknowns are not eliminated by determinate equations but by averaging.
中文
There is a very remarkable... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | system or fix one equation for determining their values. To determine more symbols there must be further interactions, one for each new value fixed. It might seem that in time we could fix all the symbols in this way, so that there would be no undetermined symbols in the description of the system. But it must be rememb... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | There are various possible transformations of the symbols and the condition can be expressed in another way. Instead of two paired symbols, one wholly known and the other wholly unknown, we can take two symbols each of which is known with some uncertainty; then the rule is that the product of the two uncertainties is f... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | we can measure the position of the electron to 0.001 mm. or even more closely, as already stated. This accurate position is not predetermined; we have to wait until the time arrives and then measure it. It may be recalled that the new knowledge is acquired at a price. Along with our rough knowledge of position (to 5 cm... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | mental decisions) must also be predetermined. For if it is predetermined in the physical world (to which your body belongs) that there will be a pipe between your lips on Jan. 1, the result of your mental struggle on Dec. 31 as to whether you will give up smoking in the New Year is evidently predetermined. The new phys... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | story about a scientific argument as an explanation of what my hand is doing—an explanation which can only be described as a downright lie. If it is true that the mind is so utterly deceived in the story it weaves round our human actions, I do not see where we are to obtain our confidence in the story it tells of the p... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 但现在量子理论改变了所有的一切,人们对此的反应各不相同:有人将信将疑,有人冷嘲热讽,还有些人漠不关心。然而,爱丁顿指出:不能认为新出现的非决定论是一种反科学的方法。他把旧有的决定论或称“基本定律”比作科学上的金本位,现在被“第二代”货币所取代。现在,大多数物理学家都不能理解为什么这些基本定律曾经受到过如此的推崇。
英文
在理论物理领域里,决定论的身影渐渐淡去。人们对它的退出持有各种不同的观点。有些作者对此表示怀疑,不相信决定论真的被排除了;有些则认为它仅仅是物理学领域内部的变化,对一般的哲学思想没有任何影响;另一些人认为这是对奇怪现象的合理性解释;还有一部分人冷眼旁观,等着看决定论是否会卷土重来。
英文
摒弃决定论绝不是... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 因为新的研究目标已经产生了非凡的效果,迄今仍难以给出精确数学处理的物理现象现在也可以计算出来了,并且很多预言得到了实验的验证。现在我们应该明白,非决定论的规律和决定论的规律一样有效,都可以作为实际预测的原则。所有实践都证明,我们必须把在这个新分支方向上取得的进展看作是知识的巨大进步。毫无疑问,有些人会说:“对,但为了避开障碍物,通常会绕道而行。目前我们已经越过了障碍,可以重新回到以前的老路上去了。”不过我却这样认为:我们就像那些探险家,他们最后终于意识到,除了去探寻西北通道以外,还有其他值得追求的事业。我们不需要过分看重老水手的预言,他们把这些事业当作是一种暂时性的消遣,随后还是要回到“地理大发现这个终极目标上”。但此刻我不关心那些... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 我确信,爱因斯坦教授对这种损失惨重的通货膨胀感到担忧,他强烈要求回归到健全的货币体系——当然,要以我们能找到这种货币体系为前提。不过大部分理论物理学家都已经开始质疑为什么应该认为现在闲置着的金子具有如此神奇的特性。无论如何,事情已经发生了,其直接的结果是使原子物理学取得了一个极大的进步。
英文
我们已经知道,非决定论定律,或者说次级定律,解释了由经验总结的规律,因此它同样可以像基本定律一样很好地预测未来。这些预测和规律与我们在大多数情况下观测到的大量粒子的平均状态相关。当我们处理数目较少的粒子时,不确定性开始变得明显起来,而预测变得更像是在冒险。直到最后,单个原子或电子的行为在很大程度上是不确定的。虽然有些过程比另一些过程更有... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
我们从一开始注意到,在讨论决定论的时候,那些所谓的原因必须提供自己的出生证明,这样我们才能够知道它们是否的确是早已存在的。就此而论,回顾性推理是非常不可靠的,因为它需要提前提供证明。上面提到的实验证明了物质的化学成分,然而鉴定书上所证实的物质的存在日期要先于实验的日期。这种提前通常是非常合理的,但在实际操作中更加危险,因为它让我们产生了一种虚假的安全感。
英文
回顾性的特征
为了表明回顾性的推理是如何被滥用的,假定如果不破坏物质就没有任何办法获知它的化学成分。根据这个假设,一个化学家在他进行实验前不会知道他所要测试的物质的化学成分,于是他所做的所有实验的结果都是不可预见的。那么他是否必须承认,所有的化学规律都是杂乱无章... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 我们的回顾性的标签及特性没有给这个简单的实测现象增加任何内容,爆发毫无征兆地在时刻t
发生了;这些标签和特性只不过是变化发生时的报警装置。
英文
放射性原子的衰变时刻就是一个极端的非决定论的例子;但是我们必须要明白,根据当前流行的理论,未来的事件,都或多或少是不可确定的,只是不确定度有所差别。如果这种不确定度在测量允许的范围以内,那么这件事情就可以被看作是可以确定的;在这种意义上确定性与我们的测量精度有关。一个习惯了以宇宙尺度度量时间的人,不会觉得几亿年上下的时间有什么特别了不起,那么他也许会认为放射性原子的衰变时间其实还是非常确定的。贯穿物理学的次级定律与从有绝对把握可以预测的现象到完全不能预测的现象之间的连续渐进是一个统... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
在确定的符号和不确定的符号之间有一个非常值得注意的关系,那就是海森堡测不准原理。这些符号都是成对的,每个确定的符号都对应着一个不确定的符号。我想这种规律性也清楚地告诉我们,在数学理论中出现不确定的符号并不是缺陷;它为整个物理图像带来了一种特殊的对称性。这个原理认为我们在预测未来能力上所能达到的极限取决于系统上的原因,而这种限制不会与因缺乏技巧而导致的偶然性限制混为一谈。
英文
让我们来考虑一个孤立的系统。那是可推理的宇宙的一部分,宇宙中出现的一切事物都必须能够从其对周围环境所施加的影响中推断出来。每当我们用物理量描述一个物体的性质时,我们正在传递的信息只不过是用不同外部指示物的响应来判断它的存在。如果知道了各类物体的响... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 它们只是数学家们用来保护自己不至做出不可能的预测的手段。当我们提出一个很愚蠢的问题时,数学理论通常不会直接拒绝回答,但会给出一个类似
的含糊答案,根据那个答案我们得不到任何明确的意思。同样,当我们提出电子明天会在什么地方出现的问题时,数学理论也不会给出直接的回答,“这不好说,因为现在还不能确定”,因为那超出了代数语言的范畴。它所给出的是一个关于x
和y
的一般表达式,但可以肯定的是,在明天到来之前,我们不可能知道这个表达式的含义。
英文
精神非决定论
似乎很幸运,我没有给自己留出时间来讨论不确定性如何影响了我们对物理世界的总体认识。接下来我很乐意把似乎可以得出的要点做一个简单的概括。
英文
(1)如果整个物理世界是... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | law can still be useful for predicting the future. The author of this essay takes issue with that point, saying that Eddington proclaims the demise of determinism while at the same time supposing its implications for orderly causal links, and even the possibility of prediction, remain. But the essay applauds Eddington'... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | therefore, that the determinism in question cannot be of much importance even in physics.
中文
Physical Inference and Prediction
Apparently, however, in spite of the unqualified statement concerning prediction quoted above, Sir Arthur denies that we can predict the behaviour of electrons more certainly than that of ho... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
决定论的界定
在本周《自然》杂志的增刊上刊载了阿瑟·爱丁顿爵士的一篇极具吸引力的题为“决定论的衰落”的演说词。他用清晰准确的语言阐述了一个在新兴物理学各创新领域中显得十分突出的重要问题,他的观点为主要的物理学家所接受。因为大家对决定论的讨论越来越趋向于词藻之争而不是观点的表达,所以阿瑟爵士的这篇文章就显得更加难得了,一开始他就给出了他认为已经衰落了的决定论的明确含义。他的精辟论述没有给异见者留下多少反驳的余地,但很多人怀疑他还未取得皮洛士式的胜利(译者注:指付出重大代价才取得的胜利,古希腊国王皮洛士在公元前280~前279年间曾为打败罗马军队付出了惨重的代价),因为他的学说的基本内容对决定论者是认可的,仅仅否定了一些无关紧要... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | high potential laboratory has been developed at the Cavendish Laboratory for the study of the properties of high speed positive ions. The potential from a high voltage transformer is rectified and multiplied four times by a special arrangement of rectifiers and condensers, giving a working steady potential of 800 kilov... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
为了研究高速正离子的性质,我们在卡文迪什实验室设立了一个高能实验室。由高压变压器输出的电压,经过特殊设置的整流器和电容器整流后,其值提高为4倍,最后可以得到800千伏的稳定工作电压。当电压的稳定度达到1%~2%时,我们就可以获得毫安级的电流。
英文
我们使氢电离制得的质子沿着两个直径为14英寸,长为36英寸的玻璃圆管的轴线向下运动,质子被由整流器得到的稳定电压加速。然后它们会通过一个云母窗进入处于大气压下的实验靶室,云母片对质子的阻止作用相当于约1 mm厚的空气。在靶室中很容易观察到空气在质子的轰击下发出冷光的现象。
英文
利用荧光屏作为探测器可以测量质子在空气和氢气中的射程。一个速度为109
cm/s的质子在... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | The most striking features of the crystals are their essential similarities of properties and the simple relation between their unit cells. All the substances except lumisterol occur in platy crystals of a long-chain paraffinoid type. All are monoclinic and show a distinct tendency to elongation along the b
-axis. (In... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | which would lead to a wider and shorter molecule, but agree much better with one where the carbon chain is attached to atom 17 in ring iv,
3. The rings lie approximately in the bc
plane, that of the larger refractive indices β
γ
, and their width 7.2 is approximately constant in all the compounds. This is borne out ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | Askew, F. A., Bourdillon, R. B., Bruce, H. M., Callow, R. K., Philpot J. L., and Webster, T. A., Proc. Roy. Soc.
, B, 109
, 488 (1932). See also Nature
, 128
, 758 (Oct. 31, 1931). I am indebted to Dr. Callow for the actual specimens and private communication giving later values.
Acta Radiologica
, 11
, 166 (193... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
(刘振明 翻译;吕扬 审稿)
Possible Existence of a Neutron
J. Chadwick
Editor's Note
Physicists had recently noted that alpha particles hitting a beryllium target produced unknown secondary radiation with great penetrating power. When directed into any material containing hydrogen, this secondary radiation had been found to... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | -particle, is recorded by the deflexion of an oscillograph. These experiments have shown that the radiation ejects particles from hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, carbon, air, and argon. The particles ejected from hydrogen behave, as regards range and ionising power, like protons with speeds up to about 3.2×109
c... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | cm. per sec. The collisions of this neutron with the atoms through which it passes give rise to the recoil atoms, and the observed energies of the recoil atoms are in fair agreement with this view. Moreover, I have observed that the protons ejected from hydrogen by the radiation emitted in the opposite direction to tha... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 这些实验表明,该射线轰击氢、氦、锂、铍、碳、空气、氩时都能发射出粒子。从射程和致电离能力来看,氢中发射出来的粒子类似于速度高达约3.2×109
cm/s的质子。其他元素中发射出来的粒子具有很高的致电离能力,看上去像是每种元素的反冲原子。
英文
如果我们将这一质子发射过程视作能量为52×106
eV的量子的康普顿反冲过程,那么在类似的过程中产生的氮的反冲原子的能量应该不大于400,000 eV,其产生的离子数应该不多于10,000,常温常压下这种原子在空气中的射程应该约为1.3 mm。而事实上,一些氮的反冲原子至少产生了30,000个离子。在与费瑟博士合作进行的实验中,我在膨胀室中观察到了反冲原子,其在常温常压下的射程(目测... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | Sir Arthur Eddington enunciates a very curious equation. “If the atom has indeterminacy, surely the human mind will have an equal indeterminacy; for we can scarcely accept a theory which makes out the mind to be more mechanistic than the atom.” This statement will not bear too close an examination even from a non-quant... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | became unity in a case of this kind, we should, I take it, have proved the determinacy of some kinds, at least, of moral choice. Actually the most that scientific method can do is to prove p
>1-ε
. If Sir Arthur Eddington is correct, then no matter how complete our information, ε
tends to a finite limit which is not... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 随后霍尔丹列举了同卵双生双胞胎在行为上具有相关性的例子。他说如果其中的一个在某段时间内触犯了法律,那么另一个会触犯法律的可能性高达0.875。(这个数据肯定有问题。)爱丁顿指出这种说法缺少实际的证据。但霍尔丹辩解说爱丁顿的说法纯粹是由推理得到的结果,并没有得到实践上的验证。
英文
阿瑟·爱丁顿爵士在他的关于决定论的衰落[1]
的讲话中提到了一个非比寻常的对等关系,“如果原子具有不确定性,那么人的思维肯定也会具有同样的不确定性;因为把思维说成比原子更机械的理论是绝大多数人都不愿意接受的。”即便从非定量的角度上看,这种说法与事实也有一定的差距。比如:我在试图解一个很简单的波动方程时也许会得到众多解中的任意一个;而阿瑟·爱丁顿爵士... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | because no one can interfere with it. But when it comes to human action itself, we can never be sure that one person will not interfere with the workings of their own mind.
中文
I
S it really necessary to appeal to anything so recherché
as Heisenberg's Principle of Indeterminacy in order to justify anything so famil... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
(沈乃澂 翻译;李淼 审稿)
Hexuronic Acid as the Antiscorbutic Factor
Editor's Note
In the 1930s, medical people first became aware that certain chemicals are essential for healthy life but cannot be made in the human body. These were called vitamins. The search for Vitamin C was led by Albert Szent-Györgyi, then at the Uni... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | The test period in the first experiment consisted of 56 days. At the end of that time the guinea-pigs which had been receiving hexuronic acid, as well as the positive controls which received 1 c.c. of lemon juice, were chloroformed. The positive controls showed mild scurvy on autopsy, while the animals receiving hexuro... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | no signs of scurvy in the animals receiving hexuronic acid.
中文
The test will be continued until the ninety-day period is over, and full details will be published later.
中文
This research was supported by the Ella Sachs Plotz Foundation.
J. L. Svirbely
*
and A. Szent-Györgyi
中文
* * *
At the wish and by the cou... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | in a polarising microscope. Before and after recrystallisation the same analytical figures were obtained (Found: C, 41.0; H, 4.7, C6
H8
O6
requires C, 40.9; H, 4.5 percent). Neither nitrogen nor methoxyl was present. In aqueous solution the rotation
+23o(c. 1.1) increased slowly to +31o (3 days) and then decreased... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | required C, 40.7; H, 3.4; N, 10.6; Br, 30.2 percent). Control experiments with glycuronic acid and galacturonic acid failed to give the above substance. With glycuronic acid Goldschmiedt and Zerner's barium salt of the p
-bromophenylosazone of glycuronic acid was obtained, whilst the galacturonic acid gave a yellow po... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
我们在当前一系列实验中所使用的己糖醛酸,是两年前梅奥医疗中心化学部从牛的肾上腺中制备得到的晶体[2]
。大家都知道,1.5毫升柠檬汁是防止豚鼠患坏血病的最小剂量。这一剂量的柠檬汁中大约含有0.5毫克己糖醛酸。由于长期暴露于空气之中,我们制备的己糖醛酸可能已经部分发生了分解,因此在实验中我们每天给测试动物喂食1毫克己糖醛酸。
英文
我们在研究己糖醛酸的抗坏血病活性时,采用了由舍曼和他的同事们推荐的基本步骤[3]
。
英文
第一次实验的检测周期为56天。在这期间,测试豚鼠一直摄取己糖醛酸,而对阳性对照组的豚鼠每天供给1毫升柠檬汁,喂食周期结束后,对所有豚鼠进行氯仿麻醉。解剖结果表明,阳性对照组的豚鼠出现了轻微的坏... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 在该反应中,每一个己糖醛酸分子需要两个氧原子,此后反应明显减慢,但是在冷溶液中反应确实依然在进行,直到每个底物分子再接受一个氧原子。此时的产物失去了还原性。
英文
当这种己糖醛酸在稀释的乙酸中与苯肼一起被加热时,能生成难以处理又无法纯化的黑色无定形产物。在稀释乙酸中的对溴苯肼与这种己糖醛酸的钡盐反应(可以对照戈尔德施密特和策纳的工作,《化学月刊》,第33卷,第1217页,1912年)会生成一种暗红色的微晶粉末,在用乙醇进行重结晶后,这种粉末的熔点为230°C~235°C(分解)。分析表明,它应该是某种己糖醛酸的对溴苯脎(分析结果是:C占40.8%,H占3.5%,N占11.1%,Br占30.3%。而在C18
H18
O5
... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | was sealed on to the side of the tube, and the existence of radiation from the lithium was investigated by the scintillation method outside the tube. The thickness of the mica window was much more than sufficient to prevent any scattered protons from escaping into the air even at the highest voltages used.
中文
On app... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | Experiments are in progress to determine the effect on other elements when bombarded by a stream of swift protons and other particles.
中文
(129
, 649; 1932)
J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton: Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, April 16.
Reference:
Nature
, 129
, 242 (Feb. 13, 1932).
由快质子引起的锂衰变
约翰·考克饶夫,欧内斯特·瓦耳顿... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | understanding the general phenomenon of twinning.
中文
I
T is an observation of respectable antiquity that when a bar of tin is bent it emits a characteristic creaking, known as the “cry of tin”. According to Mellor1
, who is one of the few authorities to refer to the subject, the cry “is supposed to be produced by ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | The tin with which the phenomenon is normally observed is in a polycrystalline state. Although the cry occurs when polycrystalline cast rods of both tin and cadmium are bent, drawn wires of small diameter do not give it unless they are annealed, or, in other words, the production of the sound depends on the size of the... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | The observations of Dr. Chalmers described in the above letter, which are being followed up, seem to me likely to prove of considerable importance for elucidating the problem of twinning. The generation of heat agrees with the view that, in twinning, the molecules, when sufficient energy is applied, slip from one equil... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
对镉的初步观测结果,在孪生过程中所产生的热量只有0.1 cal/g的数量级,不足由滑移引起的整个延伸过程中所产生热量的1/10,虽然,这种延伸明显大于孪生本身所导致的延伸。目前,以更为精确的方法进一步开展的观测只给出了粗略的近似值,但已足够清晰地确认这一伴随孪生过程而产生的较大热量。这一观测结果意味着,一些提供给晶格以产生孪晶的机械能后来以热能和(在某些特殊情况下)声能的形式释放出来,锡和镉的发声就是后一种情况的体现。
英文
还可以补充的是,以六方晶系形式结晶并且容易形成孪晶的锌能够产生发声,但我一直无法用以立方晶系形式结晶的任何金属来产生声音,它们不产生孪晶。
布鲁斯·查默斯
英文
* * *
上面这封信中所... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | conclusions of Friedmann and Lemaître that the equilibrium of such a universe would be unstable, and if expansion started it would continue. Sir James conjectures that the initial impulse which started the expansion may have arisen in the process of the condensation of the primeval chaotic gases into nebulae. Spectrogr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 然后,他引用了弗里德曼和勒梅特的结论,即宇宙的平衡是不稳定的,膨胀一旦开始就会一直持续下去。詹姆斯爵士推测使宇宙开始膨胀的最初动力可能起源于原始混沌气体凝缩为星云的过程。遥远星系的光谱证实了这种膨胀的存在,100万光年处星系的退行速度约为105英里/秒,随着距离的增加,退行速度也会以相同的比例增加,目前能够观察到的最远的星云的退行速度可以达到15,000英里/秒。
英文
于是就出现了这样一个困难:难道宇宙在过去的成千上万亿年中能一直保持如此快的退行速度吗?詹姆斯爵士本人曾经给出强有力的证据证明膨胀的长期存在,但他现在承认这种观点也许必须被放弃。然而,也存在着另外的可能:如在真正开始退行之前可能已经经过了很长一段时间;或者看似证... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | -particles, protons, and neutrons for a given nucleus, and form in this way an idea about the momentum of nucleus (assuming for the neutron a moment
). It is curious that beryllium nuclei do not possess free protons but only α
-particles and neutrons.
中文
(129
, 798; 1932)
D. Iwanenko: Physico-Technical Institute... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | HE Halley Lecture delivered at the University of Oxford by Prof. E. A. Milne on May 19 was on the subject of the “White Dwarf Stars”. He said that the discovery by Halley of the proper motion of some of the fixed stars led to a remarkable succession of researches in pure astronomy, in modern physics, and in cosmogony g... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | Fowler in the light of the researches of Fermi and Dirac. The existence of white dwarf stars shows that it is possible for any gas to exist in either of two states or phases, the “perfect” or the “degenerate” phase; the dense state being identified with that of the second phase of a gas. It is suggested that, as foresh... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 英文
(金世超 翻译;蒋世仰 审稿)
New Evidence for the Neutron
Irène Curie and F. Joliot
Editor's Note
The existence of the neutron here receives support from Irène Curie and Frédéric Joliot. Experimenting with particles emitted from lithium bombarded by alpha particles, they found a penetrating power less than that of gamma rays... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | important part played by the nuclei in the absorption of the rays emitted by beryllium under the influence of α
-particles, a phenomenon which clearly marked them off from all previously known radiation.
中文
J. Chadwick was led simultaneously to the same generalisation concerning the ejection of nuclei, and he put f... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | electron volts; the other has a range of about 70 cm. and an energy of approximately 7.8×106
electron volts. We find it difficult to reconcile Chadwick's result of a maximum range
of 40 cm. with the curves which we have obtained for the absorption of protons.
中文
The mass of the neutron calculated by Chadwick4
(ba... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 它们的穿透力大于由放射源得到的最强的γ
射线,但要低于从钋中发出的α
粒子轰击铍得到的射线。这一结论与韦伯斯特的研究结果不相符,但是与硼发射的质子比铍发射的质子速度慢的现象一致。其次,我们曾说过发射出质子是普遍存在的现象。我们利用威尔逊云室拍摄了由铍辐射产生的氦核的路径,并通过吸收测量得知其他原子也会发射质子。第三,是我们的实验最先说明原子核在吸收被α
粒子轰击的铍发射的射线中所起的关键作用,这一现象可以把它们与所有以前知道的辐射明确地区分开来。
英文
查德威克与我们同时注意到了这一关于核发射的普遍现象,他还提出了以下观点,即用从钋中发出的α
粒子轰击铍而产生的具有很强穿透力的射线就是中子。如果要保持能量和动量在碰撞中... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | 中文
I
T was often assumed that the transition from normal conductivity to superconductivity may be connected with a kind of “spontaneous coupling” of the conduction electrons. Some authors were even inclined to identify this phenomenon with ferromagnetism. Although this extreme point of view seems to be very improbabl... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0301. 《自然》百年科学经典（第二卷）(英汉对照版)(1931-1933).epub | .epub | 11,771,588 | 2025-09-26T19:06:58.142679 | of the thermoelectric force for lead and tin at the lowest temperatures permit us to compute the Thomson effect for these metals and to draw conclusions concerning the specific heat anomaly. Fig. 1 represents the Thomson coefficient for lead (as calculated from the experimental data) as a function of temperature. This ... | 400套付费套装书 |
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