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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | appeared to be labelled above background levels, but a striking and reproducible concentration of label was observed over the posterior region of the ventral nerve cord, encompassing at least posterior-most five or six abdominal neuromeres. 中文
The labelling pattern of p99 is shown at the cellular blastoderm stage, ~3 h... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | transcripts homologous to p99 are most abundant in a region of the cellular blastoderm that corresponds to the segmental anlagen of the posterior head or first thoracic segments. This is also consistent with its cytogenetic location in 84A, which contains genes that affect the development of these segments. 中文
The basi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | expression, or both; this might allow, within the limits of natural selection, a striking polymorphism in the different segments of an animal, and the acquisition of highly specialized functions in different segments. 中文
We thank Nadine McGinnis for experimental assistance; Rick Garber for helpful comments during the e... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Scott, M. P. et al. Cell (in the press).
Hafen, E., Levine, M., Garber, R. L. & Gehring, W. J. EMBO J. 2, 617-623 (1983).
Levine, M., Hafen, E., Garber, R. L. & Gehring, W. J. EMBO J. 2, 2037-2046 (1983).
Maniatis, T. et al. Cell 15, 687-701 (1978).
Langer-Sofer, P. R., Levine, M. & Ward, D. C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | 英文
触角足基因复合体位于第3号染色体右臂上,它比双胸基因复合体更接近着丝粒。这些触角足复合体中的基因对头后部和胸部的体节发育的控制,似乎是通过一种类似于双胸基因复合体操纵更后部体节发育的方式实现的[2-5]。例如,触角足基因座的显性突变会导致果蝇的触角转变为第二个胸足[6,7]。 英文
根据加西亚–贝利多命名法[8],可以将双胸基因复合体和触角足基因复合体两者的同源异型基因命名为选择者基因,它们通过解读位置信息的梯度起作用。基于其梯度定位,表达一组特定组合的选择者基因,从而使正在发育的果蝇的不同区域选择进行特定的发育途径。虽然现有的证据支持这个模型[1,9,10],但真正的情况似乎更为复杂,因为也有证据表明,不同的同源异型选择者基... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | 从杂交袋中去除预杂交缓冲液,加入含有106 c.p.m. ml–1杂交探针的同样的缓冲液,在37°C下印迹杂交25~48小时,然后在室温下用2×柠檬酸钠缓冲液、0.1%十二烷基磺酸钠洗涤2次,每次5分钟。接着在45~50°C下洗涤2次,每次15分钟。低严紧型杂交和洗涤与严紧型杂交和洗涤条件的差别仅在于所用的杂交缓冲液,后者用50%的甲酰胺代替43%的甲酰胺;另外,最后一次洗涤时,在65~70°C下用0.2×柠檬酸钠缓冲液、0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠进行。
英文
为了确定903 cDNA序列内哪个(或哪些)区域存在重复,该cDNA被再分成5个各有约500碱基对(bp)的限制性酶切片段;在低严紧性条件下,将每个片段与复制基因组进行DNA... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | 来自触角足基因cDNA 903的3′末端的探针片段1与其基因组同源物在1.7-kb长的EcoRI片段上有非常强的杂交,但是与同一泳道的3.4-kb和7.5-kb(分别携带着ftz和Ubx的H重复)的基因组片段杂交的强度相比,其强度至少弱10倍。 英文
图2中的克隆区域显示的方向与3R染色体相同:左端是着丝粒,右端是端粒。超双胸和触角足基因克隆的转录方向从右到左,ftz基因克隆的转录方向从左到右(文献16、17和库若瓦未发表的结果)。超双胸和ftz基因的交叉同源区内的XhoI和BglII位点的相对方向及转录方向与H重复的极性是一致的。对这两个区域(麦金尼斯,未发表的结果)和触角足基因903 cDNA(加伯,未发表的结果)的初步DNA测... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | 用免疫过氧化物酶方法[21]检测杂交的探针,用吉姆萨染液给染色体染色并照相。图中显示染色体3分区,其中,箭头所示为杂交位点。
英文
p99克隆与3号染色体右臂上的84A区域进行杂交,该区域靠近位于84B1-2上的ftz和触角足基因座的细胞遗传学位点(文献2,4,5)。84A区有触角足复合体基因中的吻足基因、皱褶基因和变形基因,已知这些基因都能影响果蝇后头部体节的正常发育[4,5,23]。 英文
转录
对同源异型选择者基因表达时序的遗传和发育研究显示,早期到中期的胚胎发生(产卵后0~12小时)、前期和早期的变态(三龄幼虫晚期和蛹期的早期)都是高表达的可能时期[24-26]。触角足基因在这两个时期显示了最高的转录量,ftz转录物在胚... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | 两个克隆都符合我们应用的同源基因位点代表性克隆的所有3项标准:首先,两个克隆都能与以前表现出同源异型基因特征的细胞遗传学位点杂交。93号克隆与位于染色体89E区的双胸基因复合体的右半部杂交,99号克隆与有触角足基因复合体近侧一半基因的染色体84A区杂交。其次,93和99号克隆两者都与那些胚胎发生期间,正好在变态前含量相当多的转录物同源。这个时期正是与同源异型基因座触角足基因同源的转录产物最丰富的时期(库若瓦,未发表的结果)。最后,也是最重要的,与93和99同源的转录物在发育期间显示出了明显的空间限定。正如根据双胸基因复合体右半部的一个基因所预期的那样,在胚胎后腹部神经管节中与p93同源的转录物最丰富。在与后头部的体节原基或第一胸节对... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | several have been suggested. 中文
Recent evidence has indicated that the impact of a comet or asteroid may have been responsible for mass extinction at the ends of both the Cretaceous1 and the Eocene2–4. Quantitative analysis by Raup and Sepkoski5 showed that mass extinctions occur with a 26-Myr period, similar to the pe... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | decay constants. After a search of the literature we developed our own revised values for the crater ages and their uncertainties; these are listed in Table 1. To avoid any possibility of bias, however, we confined the bulk of our present analysis to the values given by Grieve rather than our own. We discuss later the ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Fig. 1. Impact craters on the Earth having a diameter >10 km and age between 5 and 250 Myr. Only craters having age uncertainties of ≤20 Myr as listed by Grieve8 have been used. In a, each crater is represented by a rectangle of unit area and width equal to twice the age error. In b, each crater is represented by the e... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | confidence level for the existence of the periodicity is ~99%. Other analyses (for example, finding the number of large peaks in the 1,000 Monte Carlo sets having periods within 2 Myr of the 26-Myr period of Raup and Sepkoski; analysis of the statistics of the peaks; χ2 calculations; simulations with craters weighted a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | be ~±1 Myr, and the uncertainty in the time of the first maximum to be ±2 Myr. 中文
The age of the first crater maximum, 13±2 Myr, is identical with the age of the first “extinction event” of Raup and Sepkoski. One might worry that our slightly different period (28.4±1 Myr as opposed to 26 Myr) would cause our cycles and... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Fig. 4. Comparison of the periodicity found in the crater data with the extinction events from the fossil record. The band represents the periodicity found in the Fourier analysis of the crater data. The data points and confidence limits refer to the “extinction events” of Raup and Sepkoski5. The two largest extinction... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | sequence of craters with a real 21-Myr or 28-Myr periodicity, jittered by the age errors, in addition to a few craters with random ages. We found that in the presence of a real 28-Myr period, a spurious second peak often appeared at 21 Myr, but that in the presence of a real 21-Myr period there was no false 28-Myr peak... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | The period and phase of the crater data show strong agreement with those of the palaeontological extinctions, in support of the hypothesis that the extinctions were caused by periodic impact showers. The fact that we find typically one or more craters to associate with each cycle, despite the fact that Grieve’s compila... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | We thank Saul Perlmutter for his help with the analysis. We have benefited greatly from the critical analysis and suggestions of many of our colleagues, particularly L. W. Alvarez, F. Crawford and T. Mast. During this research, W.A. was supported by a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and R... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Bottomley, R. J., York, D. & Grieve, R. A. F. Contr. Miner. Petrol. 68, 79-84 (1978).
Masaitis, V. L., Danilin, A. N., Darpov, G. M. & Raykhlin, A. I. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Earth Sci. Sect. (transl.) 230, 48-51 (1976).
Keller, G., D’Hondt, S. & Vallier, T. Science 221, 150-152 (1983).
Wetherill, G. W. & Shoemaker, E. ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | 图1b中矩形用高斯分布代替,每个陨石坑的方均根值由年龄不确定度决定;这幅图代表了我们对过去2.5亿年内地球撞击历史的最佳统计。与劳普和塞普科斯基的分析中发现的周期性频率和相位明显一致,如箭头所示的约2,800万年的时间间隔。 英文
图1. 地球上直径>10千米、年龄在500万年到2.5亿年之间的撞击陨石坑。图中只使用格里夫[8]列出的年龄不确定度≤2,000万年的陨石坑。a图中每个陨石坑用单位面积的矩形表示,宽度为年龄误差的两倍。b图中每个陨石坑用等值的高斯曲线表示。箭头表示最佳拟合数据得到的频率和相位。
英文
图2显示了图1b的傅里叶功率谱。(我们发现图1a和1b的傅里叶变换没有本质差别)图中频率0.035(每百万年)处的峰... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | 英文
图4. 陨石坑数据中发现的周期性和从化石记录中发现的灭绝事件的比较。条带代表从陨石坑数据傅里叶变换得到的周期。数据点和置信限表示劳普和塞普科斯基[5]的“灭绝事件”。两个最大的灭绝事件发生在白垩纪-第三纪(C–T)和二叠纪-三叠纪(P–Tr)边界。这些事件的误差线来自哈兰等人[9]关于时间尺度的综述。灭绝事件的周期号用圆括号表示;两组数据在一个周期内的滑移在文中讨论。由于古生物学时期必须限制在正确的顺序中,模型年龄[9]有时落在相关的放射性测量数据范围之外,例如提塘事件的情形。
英文
为了检验我们所选截止年龄和陨石坑尺度的敏感程度,我们对这些参数的不同值重复了以上大部分分析。我们从0~20 km连续改变陨石坑的截止直径;... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | 本文得到美国国家科学基金会艾伦·沃特曼奖,美国国家科学基金会EAR-81-15858和能源部合同号DE-AC0376SF00098的部分资助。 英文
(肖莉 翻译;肖伟科 审稿)
“Melting Ice” I at 77 K and 10 kbar: a New Method of Making Amorphous Solids
O. Mishima et al.
Editor’s Note
When water freezes, the molecules become arranged into an orderly pattern linked together by weak chemical bonds called ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | continuous range of amorphous phases can be made. Similar transformations will probably occur in all solids whose melting point decreases with increasing pressure if they can be cooled sufficiently for a transformation to a crystalline solid to be too slow. 中文
SEVERAL solids, such as ice I, melt with a decrease of volu... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | with which ice I transforms at ~10 kbar is, therefore, quite unprecedented. The specific volumes of liquid water, ice and the new phase as a function of pressure are represented in Fig. 3, which may be read in conjunction with Fig. 1. The specific volume at 77 K of ice I and of the new phase, both at 10 kbar, are consi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Figure 4 shows a first-order plot of the heating curve of the recovered phase. There are exothermic events starting at ~117 and ~152 K, at a heating rate of ~2.6 K min–1, with a heat evolution, from two independent experiments, of 42±~8 and 92±~15 J g–1, respectively. 中文
Fig. 4. The first-order plot of a heating curve... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | pattern was produced. This appears to be the first report of the direct transformation of amorphous ice to ice Ih instead of Ic. The conditions no doubt gave preference to growth of Ih crystals against nucleation of Ic. 中文
The first halo pattern is undoubtedly of a new dense amorphous solid having its principal peak at... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Amorphous solids can now be made in several ways, and at least four of them have been used to make amorphous phases of ice: condensing the vapour at low temperature, quenching the liquid, transforming the crystal at high pressure below the glass transition of the liquid, and warming the amorphous phase so produced. Eac... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | maximum force that can be applied to diamond and other tetrahedral compounds at low temperatures and so limit the pressures attainable in diamond anvil apparatuses. The transformation crystal-to-amorph-c in ice and clathrate hydrates may occur in planets formed by the agglomeration of cold particles of ice I or clathra... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Stillinger, F. H. & Schweitzer, K. S. J. Phys. Chem. 87, 4281-4288 (1983).
Bridgman, P. W. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 76, 9-24 (1945).
77 K和10 kbar条件下的“熔融冰”I:制取无定形固体的一种新方法
三岛修等
编者按
当水结冰时,分子通过被称为氢键的弱化学键有序地排列在一起。加拿大的研究人员于1936年发现冰也具有一种无序的(无定形的)分子结构,即不存在任何规则的晶格。在本文中,加拿大国家研究委员会的三岛修及合作者们描述了一种在高压下融化结晶冰来制备无定形冰的新方法。无定形冰这种新形式对液态... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | 测量值用实线和虚线表示,外推值则用点状线。用压缩实验测得的冰Ih与新相在77 K和10 kbar条件下的密度,以及通过在液态和气态氮中称重而测得的新相(两份样品)在77 K和零压力条件下的密度,也画在图中。
英文
图4为恢复相加热曲线的一阶图。在约为2.6 K·min–1的加热速率下,存在着开始于约117 K和约152 K的放热过程,根据两次独立的实验测得其分别伴随42±~8 J·g–1和92±~15 J·g–1的放热。 英文
图4. 恢复相加热曲线的一阶图。样品保存在一个小的镀银玻璃真空瓶[5]中,真空瓶浸入酒精和二氧化碳浴之中。加热速率约为2.6 K·min–1。
英文
利用X射线粉末衍射在大约为95 K时对两份样品进... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | 明显的实例是II型笼状结构水合物,尤其是四氢呋喃的笼状水合物[12]、氟化铵I[13]、一水合氟化铵、锑化铟[14]和锗[15],这几种物质在77 K时会分别在约10 kbar、约20 kbar、约20 kbar、约50 kbar和约170 kbar转化为无定形相。其他明显的能够以这种方式无定形化的候选者是石墨、金刚石、硅、锗、立方和六方的氮化硼与磷化硼,以及类石墨氮化硼。向一种无定形相而不是预期中的金属晶体形式的转化,可能限制了在低温下能够施加于金刚石和其他四面体型化合物的最大力量,并且因此限制了金刚石砧装置中所能达到的压力。这种冰和笼状水合物中从晶体到无定形–c的转化可以在通过凝聚冷的冰I或者笼状水合物粒子而形成的行星上发生。 ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Depression of Freezing Point by Glycoproteins from an Antarctic Fish
一种南极鱼类的糖蛋白具有降低凝固点的作用
Muscular Contraction and Cell Motility
肌肉收缩与细胞运动
Effect of Lithium on Brain Dopamine
锂对于大脑中多巴胺的作用
L-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase in Parkinson’s Disease: Effect of L-Dopa Therapy
帕金森氏症中的L–谷氨酸脱羧酶:L–多巴的治疗效果
Neutral Mutations
中性突变... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Evidence on Human Origins from Haemoglobins of African Apes
来自非洲猿血红蛋白的人类起源证据
A Conserved DNA Sequence in Homoeotic Genes of the Drosophila Antennapedia and Bithorax Complexes
果蝇触角足和双胸基因复合体同源异型基因中的保守DNA序列
Astronomy
天文学
Earth-Moon Mass Ratio from Mariner 9 Radio Tracking Data
由水手9号射电跟踪数据得到的地月质量比
The Search for Signal... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0304. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第六卷)(1973-1984).epub | .epub | 45,637,976 | 2025-09-26T19:07:36.672222 | Relative and Latitudinal Motion of Atlantic Hot Spots
大西洋热点的相对运动和纬向运动
Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone
氟氯甲烷的平流层汇:氯原子催化破坏臭氧过程
Temperature Control of Oxygen-Isotope Fractionation of Cultured Planktonic Foraminifera
培养条件下温度对浮游有孔虫中氧同位素分馏的控制
Constraints on Evolutio... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Original English Text © Macmillan Publishers Limited
Chinese Translation © Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
This edition is published under arrangement with Macmillan Publishers (China) Limited. It is for sale in the People’s Republic of China only, excluding Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan Province, an... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Oceanic Phytoplankton, Atmospheric Sulphur, Cloud Albedo and Climate
海洋浮游植物、大气硫、云反照率与气候
Structure of the Repressor–Operator Complex of Bacteriophage 434
噬菌体434阻遏蛋白-操纵基因复合物的结构
Iron Deficiency Limits Phytoplankton Growth in the North-East Pacific Subarctic
亚北极区东北太平洋海域铁缺乏对浮游植物生长的限制
Evidence for Global Warming in the... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Ozone Loss in the Arctic Polar Vortex Inferred from High-Altitude Aircraft Measurements
北极极涡臭氧的亏损——来自高海拔航空测量的结果
Solid C60: a New Form of Carbon
固态C60:碳的一种新形式
Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Conjugated Polymers
基于共轭聚合物的发光二极管
Evidence for a Common Central-Engine Mechanism in all Extragalactic Radio Sources
所有河外星系射电... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 本卷翻译工作组稿人(以姓氏笔画为序)
王晓蕾 王耀杨 刘明 刘晓楠 关秀清 李琦 何铭
郭红锋 蔡迪 蔡则怡 王帅帅 黄小斌
本卷翻译人员(以姓氏笔画为序)
马颖 王耀杨 牛慧冲 刘皓芳 齐红艳 许向科 李梅
李琦 肖莉 张锦彬 张新彦 陈林 金世超 周平博
周志华 周晓明 郑建全 侯彦婕 姜薇 蔡则怡
本卷校对人员(以姓氏笔画为序)
丁然 于同旭 马昊 马亮 王敏 王雷 王晓蕾
王海纳 元旭津 公晗 邓铭瑞 石宇鹏 石爱洁 史未卿
史明澍 闫振丽 任崤铭 刘俊杰 许晨雨 苏怡汀 李芳
李妍 李昆 李萌 李梅 李静 李永新 李兆升
李盎然 朱玥 杨茜 吴兆军 张敏 张晴 张香香
张欣园 张琦玮 张瑶楠 陈雄 罗小青 赵晓非 郑征
宗... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | HUMAN T-cell leukaemia (lymphotropic) viruses HTLV-I, -II and -III, a family of exogenous retroviruses, are associated with T-cell disorders including adult T-cell leukaemia lymphoma (ATLL) and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)1-14. These viruses share a number of biological and structural features: tropis... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | There is evidence also for some degree of immunodeficiency in HTLV-I patients6,44. Infection of primary lymphocytes in culture by HTLV-I and -II results in in vitro transformation of predominantly OKT4+ cells45,46. A cytopathic effect of HTLV-I infection on lymphocytes is apparent, but the effect is not as pronounced a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | A detailed analysis of the HTLV-III LTR is presented elsewhere54; it is 634 nucleotides long with U3, R and U5 regions of 453, 98 and 83 nucleotides, respectively. The boundaries of these regions of the LTR were defined by localization of the 5′-cap site by S1 nuclease mapping and by measurement of the length of the st... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | positions (to the right of each line) start with the transcriptional initiation site and end with the viral RNA transcriptional termination site. The amino acid residues are numbered (to the right of each line) for the four largest open reading frames starting after the preceding termination codon in each case except g... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | reading frames are identified as gag, pol, sor and env-lor, and the position of the first ATG codon (M) in each reading frame is indicated. A fifth open reading frame (3′-orf) is found in clone BH8, but not BH10; the broken vertical line indicates the position of a termination codon in BH10. 中文
Fig. 3. Nucleotide sequ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Fig. 4. Amino acid homologies between HTLV-III predicted proteins and those of other retroviruses. Asterisks indicate amino acids identical at the same position as that predicted by the HTLV-III clone BH10 DNA sequence. Positions of amino acid residues are indicated. Sequences L1, L2 and L3 in env-lor are noted in Fig.... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | We conclude that the first long open reading frame of the HTLV-III genome encodes the gag protein precursor, based on the location of the open reading frame near the 5′ end of the viral genome and the correspondence between sequences predicted for the gag gene precursor and those observed for the major capsid p24 prote... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | We conclude that the second open reading frame encodes the pol gene, the reverse transcriptase and a protease at its 5′-terminus, plus an endonuclease at its 3′-terminus. We note that HTLV-III differs from HTLV-I in the amino-terminal region of the second open reading frame as the corresponding region of HTLV-I cannot ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | represent a vestigial env gene. 中文
Fourth Open Reading Frame (env-lor)
The fourth open reading frame (nucleotides 5,781–8,369) could encode a protein 863 amino acids long. There is a short tandem duplication (nucleotides 6,972–6,986 and 6,987-7,001) in the DNA sequence in this open reading frame in one of the two HTLV-... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | The amino-terminal domain of the translation product of the fourth open reading frame also resembles the env protein precursors of other retroviruses34. There is a short hydrophobic sequence at the amino-terminus (amino acids 17–37) which may correspond to the signal polypeptide cleaved from the env precursor in the ma... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | The genomes of HTLV-I, -II and BLV differ from those of the non-acute retroviruses by the presence of a lor 3′ to the env gene32,33,35,37,81. This region of HTLV-I and -II is encoded by a 2-kb mRNA81,82 which is translated into Mr 42K and 38K proteins, respectively83,84. There are several reasons to suspect that the 3′... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | We propose that the fourth open reading frame encodes two functional polypeptides, one that serves as the precursor for the major envelope glycoprotein and a second derived from the 3′ end of the open reading frame, corresponding to the lor gene of other HTLV-BLV viruses. 中文
Heterogeneity in HTLV-III Viruses
Sequences ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | observations with B. Hahn and G. Shaw). Thus, it is likely that most of the divergence among the HTLV-III clones analysed here represents differences in strains in different individuals. The full extent of this diversity in the HTLV-III family of viruses, however, remains to be determined, and is probably necessary in ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Previous studies also have highlighted differences between HTLV-III and other retroviruses. Although detectable, nucleic acid homology between the genomes of HTLV-III and other members of the HTLV-BLV family of viruses is low, reflected in differences in primary nucleotide sequence. The structure of the envelope glycop... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | * Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20205, USA
† Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massac... | 400套付费套装书 |
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Cianciolo, G. J., Kipnis, R. J. & Snyder... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 20世纪80年代早期是艾滋病相关研究和发现的密集时期。人们鉴定并分离出了引发艾滋病的病毒——后被称为T细胞白血病病毒III(HTLV-III)并弄清了它的传播模式。在本文中,美国生物学家罗伯特· 加洛及其同事描述了艾滋病病毒的完整核苷酸序列,这是艾滋病研究领域的一块里程碑。这个序列和其他RNA编码的“逆转录病毒”一样,都具有gag、pol和env这三个标志基因。但它也有一些不同,这些不同不仅仅局限于克隆间巨大的遗传异质性。基因组使得研究人员能够定义关键的病毒基因和蛋白,解释艾滋病的起源、性质和传播,进而影响诊断和药物的发展。 英文
人类两种T细胞白血病III(HTLV-III)的前病毒DNA的完整序列各有四个长的开放阅读框,前两个... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 这些区域在LTR中的边界是通过S1核酸酶谱和测量强制终止DNA转录产物的长度定位5′端帽子位点,以及通过cDNA克隆的序列分析来确定病毒RNA的3′末端,这些方法来确定的。在图1中标明了TATAA序列,它是真核启动子的典型序列,保守的多腺嘌呤序列也被标出。与tRNALys的3′末端互补的转运RNA结合位点位于5′LTR的3′末端。在图3中标出了与HTLV-I[32]、-II[55] 和BLV[56]的LTR同源的序列。 英文
图1.HTLV-III的核苷酸序列。对应列出克隆BH10的完整核苷酸序列与预测的四个最大的开放阅读框的氨基酸序列。编码gag蛋白p17的序列位置,p24的N端和p15的C端(它与pol蛋白的N端有重叠)序列的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 英文
图4.HTLV-III预测的蛋白与其他逆转录病毒蛋白的氨基酸同源性。星号表示某个位置的氨基酸与HTLV-III克隆BH10 DNA序列中预测的相同。氨基酸残基位置被标明。env-lor的L1、L2和L3的序列见图5。 英文
蛋白酶在推测的gag基因前体产物的第132和133位氨基酸之间切割,能够产生一个132个氨基酸的多肽,即已观察到的p24的氨基末端。这个蛋白在长度上与HTLV-I的gag基因的氨基末端产物(126个氨基酸)相似[32,34]。已发现的一个17k的病毒颗粒蛋白可能就是这个产物[12,20,58]。 英文
p24蛋白和p17蛋白的氨基末端是紧密相邻的,就像HTLV-I[32]和BLV[33]的gag基因产物... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 第二和第三开放阅读框的重叠与HTLV-I[32]和BLV[33]的包膜基因的结构很相似。因此,HTLV-III的sor区和其相邻的非编码区可能是一个退化的env基因。 英文
第四个开放阅读框(env-lor)
第四个开放阅读框(核苷酸5,781~8,369)编码一个863个氨基酸的蛋白。两个已测序的HTLV-III克隆中的一个(BH10)在这个开放阅读框的DNA序列中有一个短的串联倍增序列(核苷酸6,972~6,986和6,987~7,001)(图1)。 英文
第四个开放阅读框env-lor的预测产物与其他逆转录病毒的包膜基因前体有许多共同特征,最显著的就是靠近蛋白中间部位的疏水区域(氨基酸519-534处)[32-34,72-75... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 比较克隆BH8和BH5与BH10 的差异(图1),发现在基因编码区有0.9%的碱基对多态性,在非编码区有1.8%的碱基对多态性。另外,在非编码区发现有三处1~3个碱基对的缺失现象,同时存在一个15碱基对序列,在克隆BH8中以单拷贝形式存在,但是在克隆BH10的env-lor区则为串联重复形式。在编码区,大多数核苷酸的差异出现在密码子第三位;不同克隆之间氨基酸序列的差异,大多数是非保守型的替换。由此导致的病毒蛋白功能的差异有待探究。值得注意的是,在BH8中出现了定义为3′orf的第五开放阅读框(核苷酸8,344~8,991),但是它在BH10中被截短了(图2)。 英文
本文中HTLV-III克隆之间表现出来的异质性说明给定的个体培养一... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 英文
(郑建全 翻译;孙军 审稿)
Does the Ocean–Atmosphere System Have More than One Stable Mode of Operation?
W. S. Broecker et al.
Editor’s Note
Analyses of cores drilled into polar ice sheets offer records of the temperature history of the Earth over several hundred millennia. Cores from Greenland had recently revealed that super... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | MANY feedback loops that may amplify climatic change have been proposed, one of which has recently caught the imagination of palaeoclimatologists. Suggested by the atmospheric CO2-content record recovered from the polar ice caps1-3, this scenario involves interactions between climate and ocean circulation4-7. 中文
To app... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | located. In addition, there is a strong coherence between the ~20 and ~40 kyr spectral components of ice volume and insolation records. Taken together these ties between insolation and ice volume have convinced most scientists concerned with palaeoclimates that the Earth’s glacial cycles are driven by changes in season... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Although not showing the orbital periodicities, the ice-core record for glacial time does show many brief events during which climatic conditions returned about halfway to their interglacial state. Because such events would be blurred totally by the stirring of worms in all deep-sea sediments with typical accumulation ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | not influence broader thinking about glacial cycles and their causes. 中文
Fig. 3. Comparison between the 18O/16O records for the Camp Century and Dye 3 sites in Greenland for the time period ~40 to ~8 kyr BP. For each core a depth scale (metres above bedrock) is given. After some adjustment of the Dye 3 depth scale a g... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Fig. 5. Detailed PCO2–δ18O comparison for two sections of the Dye 3 Greenland core20,21. The location of these sections are shown in the upper panel by the dark bands. The longer band represents a time interval of ~8 kyr and the shorter a time interval of ~2 kyr. The sudden air temperature warmings indicated by the ris... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | substances between the ocean and its shelf sediments must be abandoned. Such transfers could certainly not occur fast enough to produce 60-p.p.m. CO2 changes in ~100 yr. To be viable, hypotheses will have to invoke redistributions of C, P and fixed N in the sea. Such redistributions are feasible if the ocean mixing and... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Three groups5-7 have arrived independently at a different ocean scenario. Having pointed out that a reduction in the NO3 and PO4 contents of polar surface waters (that is, more effective biological use) would produce the desired glacial CO2 reduction, all three groups demonstrated that a decrease in the rate of exchang... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Atlantic Ocean was higher during glacial time than today27. In the present-day ocean, the Cd and PO4 contents of various water types in the sea are correlated almost perfectly. Thus, the Cd distribution in the glacial ocean is a good substitute for the P distribution. Boyle has demonstrated that the Cd/Ca ratio in bent... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Fig. 6. Map showing the locations of sites at which sediments spanning the 13–9 kyr BP time interval have been studied33-36. At sites designated by a+ an oscillation in climate corresponding to the Alleröd–Younger Dryas is found. At sites designated by a– this oscillation has not been reported. The stippling correspond... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | The turning on and off of deep-water production in the northern Atlantic would be expected to produce a regional climate change. The rate of production of deep water is now ~20 Sverdrups (that is, 20,000,000 m3 s–1)44. The water feeding the source region for the deep water has a temperature of ~10 °C, whereas the new d... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | The most difficult question is why the production of deep water in the northern Atlantic may have resumed for brief intervals during glacial time. For an answer, we must consider the processes important to the present-day production of deep water in the northern Atlantic and for the absence of equivalent production in ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Table 1. Freshwater budget for the North Atlantic Basin, including the Arctic, Mediterranean and Caribbean
The combined area of the North Atlantic basin (0°–80° N) excluding the Mediterranean Sea is 4.9×1013 m2. For freshwater flux, 1 sverdrup represents a flow of a million cubic metres per second.
*The exchange betwee... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | causes the Atlantic to be enriched in salt, whose excess leads to deep-water formation. At steady state, deep-water production must carry away just the amount of excess salt left behind by the atmospheric transport of water from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The standing excess of salt in the northern Atlantic is presum... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | “strong” mode and for the corresponding situation that prevailed during full glacial times it was in the “weak” mode. Because in the present-day ocean the deep-water production corresponds to salt enrichment in the Atlantic, it is tempting to postulate that during full glacial time the opposite was true. Then, salt was... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | The Oeschger climate oscillations occur in intervals with climates lying between those characterizing full glacial and full interglacial time. If, as the summer insolation at high northern latitudes increased and once again the atmospheric vapour transport balance favoured salt buildup in the Atlantic, then the product... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Until now, our thinking about past and future climate changes has been dominated by the assumption that the response to any gradual forcing will be smooth. But if, as proposed by Oeschger, the system has more than one quasi-stable mode of operation, then the situation is more complex. Present general circulation models... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | † NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA
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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Broecker, W., Mix, A., Andree, M. & Oeschger, H. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B5, 331-339 (1984).
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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Berger, A. Astr. Astrophys. 51, 127-135 (1977).
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Eicher, U. & Siegenthaler, U. Physische Geographie 1, ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 其中的时间尺度都是近似值,因为目前还没有关于该冰川在冰期时的直接放射性测年结果。格陵兰岛记录的冰期部分显示,期间存在许多周期小于1,000年的事件。这些事件在南极冰川记录中则表现得非常弱(或没有)。 英文
尽管冰期时的冰芯记录没有体现地球轨道的周期性,但从中可以发现,确实存在一些短周期事件,而这些事件发生时,气候条件可恢复到间冰期环境状态的一半。由于在具有典型堆积速率(也就是说,每千年几厘米)的深海沉积物中,此类事件均很可能会被生物扰动完全破坏,因此这一发现与深海记录并不矛盾。然而,由于冰芯记录的特殊信息在其他记录中并未见到,所以最初的时候,一般将它们作为不具有全球性显著意义的气候“噪声”而过滤掉。但是,一系列发现改变了原来的观点... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 首先,在冰期末,CO2含量上升了90×10–6标准大气压,这一情景的实现需要伴随冰川消退发生的海侵期间所形成的有机残留物沉积于沿海陆架上。然而,随后发现的短暂的冰期CO2事件却促使人们不得不重新审视这一问题。如果这样的CO2含量变化在大气中非常典型,那么,就必须放弃关于海洋与陆架沉积物之间营养物质的迁移这样的解释。因为物质的迁移肯定不能快到100年中就可使CO2含量变化60 ppm。为了可行起见,这种假定必须引入海洋中C、P以及固定N的再分配。而在海洋混合作用与/或生物循环充分变化的条件下,这种再分配是切实可行的[4-7,24]。这就解释了为什么冰芯中CO2的测定结果可以揭示气候与大气和海洋系统联合运作之间的关系。 英文
学者们已经... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 拉迪曼和麦金太尔分别恢复重建了冰盛期、阿勒罗德暖期、新仙女木冷期以及全新世时,北大西洋极锋的位置[32],同时展示了格陵兰岛上两根长冰芯和图4中涉及的两根大洋岩芯的钻孔位置。 英文
在欧洲有50个以上站点的孢粉记录都揭示了距今约1.3万年至1万年期间的气候振荡[33]。与欧洲孢粉记录相反,美国地区则没有关于该事件的记录[34]。然而,对新不伦瑞克、新斯科舍以及纽芬兰地区[35,36]的湖沼岩芯的新近研究表明,该气候振荡影响了加拿大东部海域。证据概括于图6。因此,正如默瑟[37]所提出的,我们面对的可能是气候的区域性变化,而该变化主要包含了受北大西洋气候影响的地区。由于在其他地区,即南美科迪勒拉山系[38-41]和新西兰地区[42]... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 施托梅尔[48]和鲁思[49]探讨了温盐环流具有一种以上稳定模态的可能性。深水环流模式使得北大西洋表层相对于太平洋有较高的温度。该温度差异造成大西洋盐分富集,而盐分的过剩又导致了北大西洋深层水的形成。在稳定状态下,深水生成作用带走的盐分必定恰好等于通过大气将水从大西洋带到太平洋而留下的多余盐分。北大西洋长期的过剩盐分应该可以生成密度足够大的水以进入大西洋深处。 英文
这就引出了本文要讨论的最基本的问题——海洋–大气系统是否存在不止一种运行模态?在相同的太阳能辐射条件下,根据冰川反照率或大气中温室气体含量的不同,地球的温度变化可能很大,这一观点并非新创。气候模拟学家很早以前就已注意到了白垩突变情景。如果地球被冰川覆盖,那么地表反射率的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 除非我们加强对这些领域的研究,否则在我们做好应付准备之前CO2产生的主要影响可能就已经发生了。 英文
(齐红艳 翻译;刘新 审稿)
Large Losses of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal Seasonal CIOx/NOx Interaction
J. C. Farman et al.
Editor’s Note
Fears that human activity on the surface of the Earth will have permanent consequences for the environment have strengthened during the past... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | stratosphere, could account for the O3 losses observed. 中文
TOTAL O3 has been measured at the British Antarctic Survey stations, Argentine Islands 65° S 64° W and Halley Bay 76° S 27° W, since 1957. Figure 1a shows data from Halley Bay. The mean and extreme daily values from October 1957 to March 1973 and the supportin... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Figure 1b shows data from Argentine Islands in a similar form, except that for clarity the extreme values for 1957–73 have been omitted. The values for 1980 to the present are provisional, the extreme error bounds again being ±30 matm cm. The changes are similar to those seen at Halley Bay, but are much smaller in magn... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | strongly interdependent ClOx and NOx cycles is examined below. 中文
Fig. 2. Monthly means of total O3 at Halley Bay, and Southern Hemisphere measurements of F-11(●, p.p.t.v. (parts per trillion by volume) CFCl3) and F-12 (○, p.p.t.v. CF2Cl2). a, October, 1957–84. b, February, 1958–84. Note that F-11 and F-12 amounts inc... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | sensitivity to ClX growth should resemble that seen in line 2, attributable solely to low temperature. Lines 3 and 4 show the enhanced sensitivity possible at stations within the Antarctic Circle, such as Halley Bay, arising from slow release of [NO+NO2] following the polar night. It remains to be shown how stable O3 b... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | m per day is in good accord with calculations of net diabatic cooling11 and gives a realistic total O3 decay rate in an otherwise conventional one-dimensional model6. The short relaxation times in the lower stratosphere in autumn are tolerable, with adequate transport compensating for lack of O3 production. 中文
In early... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | Comparable effects should not be expected in the Northern Hemisphere, where the winter polar stratospheric vortex is less cold and less stable than its southern counterpart. The vortex is broken down, usually well before the end of the polar night, by major warmings. These are accompanied by large-scale subsidence and ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | We thank B. A. Thrush and R. J. Murgatroyd for helpful suggestions. 中文
(315, 207-210; 1985)
J. C. Farman, B. G. Gardiner & J. D. Shanklin
British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
Received 24 December 1984; accepted 28 March 1985.
References:
Cic... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 可能的校正具有很宽的界限,达到±30 matm·cm。1982年1月对站点的分光光度计进行了更换;更新仪器于1981年6月以英国气象局的标准进行了校准。由此,有两台分光光度计显示的10月份臭氧总量比3月份数值低很多,这种情况在1957~1973年的数据中从未曾出现过。要将这一差异解释为季节性的仪器影响,就会与使用标准光源进行例行检查得到的结果相矛盾。仪器温度(每次观测都做了记录)表明,3月份和10月份的工作条件几乎是相同的。就所引用的范围来看,无论近期数据的绝对误差有多大,哈雷湾年度臭氧总量的变化的确经历了巨大的改变。 英文
图1.臭氧总量的每日数值。a,哈雷湾:细线表示1957~1973年间,16个观测季的平均值和极值;粗线表示... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 有待证明的是,在较低氯水平的弛豫时间下,臭氧如何实现稳定的累积(参见表2,a)。 英文
表1.反应列表
英文
表2.弛豫时间(以天为单位),[O3]/L,最大氯水平为1.5 ppbv(a)和2.7 ppbv(b)(1980)
位于75.5°S的正午数值,太阳高度角12.5°。3月25日时平流层下层温度230 K;9月17日时190 K。所示海拔适用于模型中所用的夏季温度[6]。 英文
图4.[NO2]/[NO+NO2]可以作为衡量NOx循环对于臭氧破坏作用的有效因子。用正文中的ψ的比例来表示的话,就是ψ/(1+ψ)。图中显示,在29 km和36 km高度,190 K和230 K温度下,这一因子随[ClO]变化的情况。[O3]... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | 英文
(王耀杨 翻译;安俊岭 审稿)
A 150,000-year Climatic Record from Antarctic Ice
C. Lorius et al.
Editor’s Note
The ratios of stable isotopes of oxygen (18O/16O) and hydrogen (2H/1H) in ice sheets of the polar regions reflect global temperatures at the time that the ice was formed from falling snow. Since the late 1960s, cores dr... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | chemical impurities, which provide valuable information about the Earth’s palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment (see refs 9, 10). 中文
Of these cores, Camp Century seems to extend back to the last interglacial. As it was drilled down to the bedrock, however, this last interglacial ice is confined to the last few metres of ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | The first series of drilling was performed down to 950 m in successive steps between 1970 and 1974. This 950-m core covers all the Holocene and part of the last glacial periods as shown by the δ18O profiles obtained by Barkov and co-workers6,15,16. In 1980, the drilling of a second deep hole was started which has reach... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | discussion a continuous line was drawn between each point. There is excellent agreement between the continuous and discontinuous series over all the common parts indicating that the 25-m sampling interval is fine enough to extract reliable palaeoclimatic information. On the other hand, the present data are not detailed... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0305. 《自然》百年科学经典(英汉对照版)(第七卷)(1985-1992).epub | .epub | 41,865,664 | 2025-09-26T19:07:39.767346 | warm periods (hatched areas), are designated by A, C, E and G and the cold periods by B, D, F and H. Stages A and G have the isotopically richest values lying around –57 and –55‰, respectively. From the solid curve (Fig. 1), one can note a sharp isotope transition (~2‰) inside the G stage at a depth of 1,790 m. Stages ... | 400套付费套装书 |
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