statement_idx int64 0 8.09k | report stringclasses 3 values | page_num int64 18 2.84k | sent_num int64 0 78 | statement stringlengths 13 4.29k | confidence stringclasses 4 values | score int64 0 3 | split stringclasses 2 values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3,500 | AR6_WGII | 393 | 23 | Projected range shifts among marine species | medium | 1 | train |
3,501 | AR6_WGII | 393 | 27 | Sea level rise under emission scenarios that do not limit warming to 1.5°C will increase the risk of coastal erosion and submergence of coastal land (high confidence), loss of coastal habitat and ecosystems (high confidence) and worsen salinisation of groundwater (high confidence), compromising coastal ecosystems and livelihoods | high | 2 | train |
3,502 | AR6_WGII | 393 | 28 | Under SSP1-2.6, most coral reefs (very high confidence), mangroves (likely, medium confidence) and salt marshes (likely, medium confidence) will be unable to keep up with sea level rise by 2050, with ecological impacts escalating rapidly beyond 2050, especially for scenarios coupling high emissions with aggressive coastal development | very high | 3 | train |
3,503 | AR6_WGII | 393 | 29 | Resultant decreases in natural shoreline protection will place increasing numbers of people at risk | very high | 3 | train |
3,504 | AR6_WGII | 393 | 30 | The ability to adapt to current coastal impacts, cope with future coastal risks and prevent further acceleration of sea level rise beyond 2050 depends on immediate implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions | very high | 3 | train |
3,505 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 1 | Catch composition and diversity of regional fisheries will change (high confidence), and fishers who are able to move, diversify and leverage technology to sustain harvests decrease their own vulnerability | medium | 1 | train |
3,506 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 2 | Management that eliminates overfishing facilitates successful future adaptation of fisheries to climate change | very high | 3 | train |
3,507 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 3 | Marine-dependent communities, including Indigenous Peoples and local peoples, will be at increased risk of losing cultural heritage and traditional seafood- sourced nutrition | medium | 1 | train |
3,508 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 4 | Without adaptation, seafood- dependent people face increased risk of exposure to toxins, pathogens and contaminants (high confidence), and coastal communities face increasing risk from salinisation of groundwater and soil | high | 2 | train |
3,509 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 5 | Early-warning systems and public education about environmental change, developed and implemented within the local and cultural context, can decrease those risks | high | 2 | train |
3,510 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 6 | Coastal development and management informed by sea level rise projections will reduce the number of people and amount of property at risk (high confidence), but historical coastal development and policies impede change | high | 2 | train |
3,511 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 7 | Current financial flows are globally uneven and overall insufficient to meet the projected costs of climate impacts on coastal and marine social–ecological systems | very high | 3 | train |
3,512 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 8 | Inclusive governance that (a) accommodates geographically shifting marine life, (b) financially supports needed human transformations, (c) provides effective public education and (d) incorporates scientific evidence, Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge to manage resources sustainably shows greatest promise for decreasing human vulnerability to all of these projected changes in ocean and coastal ecosystem services | very high | 3 | train |
3,513 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 10 | Low-emission scenarios permit a wider array of feasible, effective and low-risk nature-based adaptation options (e.g., restoration, revegetation, conservation, early-warning systems for extreme events and public education) | high | 2 | train |
3,514 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 11 | Under high-emission scenarios, adaptation options (e.g., hard infrastructure for coastal protection, assisted migration or evolution, livelihood diversification, migration and relocation of people) are more uncertain and require transformative governance changes | high | 2 | train |
3,515 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 12 | Transformative climate adaptation will reinvent institutions to overcome obstacles arising from historical precedents, reducing current barriers to climate adaptation in cultural, financial and governance sectors | high | 2 | train |
3,516 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 13 | Without transformation, global inequities will likely increase between regions | high | 2 | train |
3,517 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 15 | Adaptation solutions implemented at appropriate scales, when combined with ambitious and urgent mitigation measures, can meaningfully reduce impacts | high | 2 | train |
3,518 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 16 | Increasing evidence from implemented adaptations indicates that multi-level governance, early-warning systems for climate-associated marine hazards, seasonal and dynamic forecasts, habitat restoration, ecosystem-based management, climate-adaptive management and sustainable harvesting tend to be both feasible and effective | high | 2 | train |
3,519 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 17 | Marine protected areas (MPAs), as currently implemented, do not confer resilience against warming and heatwaves (medium confidence) and are not expected to provide substantial protection against climate impacts past 2050 | high | 2 | train |
3,520 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 18 | However, MPAs can contribute substantially to adaptation and mitigation if they are designed to address climate change, strategically implemented and well governed | high | 2 | train |
3,521 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 19 | Habitat restoration limits climate-change-related loss of ecosystem services, including biodiversity, coastal protection, recreational use and tourism (medium confidence), provides mitigation benefits on local to regional scales (e.g., via carbon-storing ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems) | high | 2 | train |
3,522 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 20 | Ambitious and swift global mitigation offers more adaptation options and pathways to sustain ecosystems and their services | high | 2 | train |
3,523 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 22 | Nature-based solutions, such as ecosystem-based management, climate-smart conservation approaches (i.e., climate- adaptive fisheries and conservation) and coastal habitat restoration, can be cost-effective and generate social, economic and cultural co- benefits while contributing to the conservation of marine biodiversity and reducing cumulative anthropogenic drivers | high | 2 | train |
3,524 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 23 | The effectiveness of nature-based solutions declines with warming; conservation and restoration alone will be insufficient to protect coral reefs beyond 2030 (high confidence) and to protect mangroves beyond the 2040s | high | 2 | train |
3,525 | AR6_WGII | 394 | 24 | The multidimensionality of climate-change impacts and their interactions with other anthropogenic stressors calls for integrated approaches that identify trade-offs and synergies across sectors and scales in space and time to build resilience of ocean and coastal ecosystems and the services they deliver | high | 2 | train |
3,526 | AR6_WGII | 395 | 1 | Furthermore, existing inequalities and entrenched practices limit effective and just responses to climate change in coastal communities | high | 2 | train |
3,527 | AR6_WGII | 397 | 22 | Previous IPCC assessments have established that many marine species ‘have shifted their geographic ranges, seasonal activities, migration patterns, abundances and species interactions in response to climate change’ (high confidence) (IPCC, 2014b; IPCC, 2014c), which has had global impacts on species composition, abundance and biomass, and on ecosystem structure and function | medium | 1 | train |
3,528 | AR6_WGII | 397 | 23 | Warming and acidification have affected coastal ecosystems in concert with non-climate drivers (high confidence), which have affected habitat area, biodiversity, ecosystem function and services | high | 2 | train |
3,529 | AR6_WGII | 397 | 25 | AR5 and SROCC assessed how physiological sensitivity to climate-induced drivers is the underlying cause of most marine organisms’ vulnerability to climate | high | 2 | train |
3,530 | AR6_WGII | 403 | 9 | MHWs became more frequent over the 20th century (high confidence) and into the beginning of the 21st century, approximately doubling in frequency (high confidence) and becoming more intense and longer since the 1980s | medium | 1 | train |
3,531 | AR6_WGII | 404 | 11 | RSL rise is driving a global increase in the frequency of extreme sea levels | high | 2 | train |
3,532 | AR6_WGII | 406 | 1 | The expected frequency of the current 1-in-100-year extreme sea level is projected to increase by a median of 20–30 times across tide-gauge sites by 2050, regardless of emission scenario | medium | 1 | train |
3,533 | AR6_WGII | 406 | 2 | In addition, extreme-sea-level frequency may be affected by changes in tropical cyclone climatology (low confidence), wave climatology (low confidence) and tides | high | 2 | train |
3,534 | AR6_WGII | 406 | 8 | Recent evidence has strengthened estimates of the rate of change (Yamaguchi and Suga, 2019; Li et al., 2020a; Sallée et al., 2021), with an estimated increase of 1.0 ± 0.3% (very likely range) per decade over the period 1970–2018 | high | 2 | train |
3,535 | AR6_WGII | 406 | 12 | WGI AR6 assessed that only the California Current system has undergone large-scale upwelling-favourable wind intensification since the 1980s | medium | 1 | train |
3,536 | AR6_WGII | 406 | 13 | While no consistent pattern of contemporary changes in upwelling- favourable winds emerges from observation-based studies, numerical and theoretical work projects that summertime winds near poleward boundaries of upwelling zones will intensify, while winds near equatorward boundaries will weaken | high | 2 | train |
3,537 | AR6_WGII | 406 | 14 | Nevertheless, projected future annual cumulative upwelling wind changes at most locations and seasons remain within ±10–20% of present-day values | medium | 1 | train |
3,538 | AR6_WGII | 406 | 16 | Direct observational records since the mid-2000s remain too short to determine the relative contributions of internal variability, natural forcing and anthropogenic forcing to AMOC change | high | 2 | train |
3,539 | AR6_WGII | 407 | 4 | Ocean acidification is also developing in the ocean interior | very high | 3 | train |
3,540 | AR6_WGII | 407 | 5 | There, it leads to the shoaling of saturation horizons of aragonite and calcite | high | 2 | train |
3,541 | AR6_WGII | 407 | 26 | SROCC concluded that a loss of oxygen had occurred in the upper 1000 m of the ocean | medium | 1 | train |
3,542 | AR6_WGII | 408 | 1 | New findings since SROCC also confirm that the volume of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are expanding at many locations | high | 2 | train |
3,543 | AR6_WGII | 408 | 3 | Based on these CMIP6 projections, WGI AR6 concludes that the oxygen content of the subsurface ocean is projected to decline to historically unprecedented conditions over the 21st century | medium | 1 | train |
3,544 | AR6_WGII | 408 | 8 | Nitrogen availability tends to limit phytoplankton productivity throughout most of the low-latitude ocean, whereas dissolved iron availability limits productivity in high-nutrient, low- chlorophyll regions, such as in the main upwelling region of the Southern Ocean and the Eastern Equatorial Pacific | high | 2 | train |
3,545 | AR6_WGII | 408 | 14 | It is concluded that the surface ocean will encounter reduced nitrate concentrations in the 21st century | medium | 1 | train |
3,546 | AR6_WGII | 408 | 16 | The rates and magnitudes of these changes largely depend on the extent of future emissions | very high | 3 | train |
3,547 | AR6_WGII | 408 | 22 | The Arctic Ocean is characterised by the highest rates of acidification and warming, strong nutrient depletion, and it will likely become practically sea ice free in the September mean for the first time before the year 2050 in all SSP scenarios | high | 2 | train |
3,548 | AR6_WGII | 408 | 23 | In general, the projected changes in climate-induced drivers are less in absolute terms in the deep-sea (mesopelagic and bathypelagic domains and deep-sea habitats) than in the surface ocean and in shallow-water habitats (e.g., kelp ecosystems, warm-water corals) | very high | 3 | train |
3,549 | AR6_WGII | 408 | 25 | Significant differences in projected trends between the SSPs show that mitigation strategies will limit exposure of deep-sea ecosystems to potential warming, acidification and deoxygenation during the 21st century | very high | 3 | train |
3,550 | AR6_WGII | 411 | 7 | Ancient intervals of rapid climate warming that occurred between 300 and 50 million years ago (Ma) were triggered by the release of greenhouse gases | high | 2 | train |
3,551 | AR6_WGII | 411 | 10 | Warming and deoxygenation in the oceans were closely associated in hyperthermal events (high confidence), with anoxia reaching the photic zone and abyssal depths (Kaiho et al., 2014; Müller et al., 2017; Penn et al., 2018; Weissert, 2019), whereas ocean acidification has not been demonstrated consistently | medium | 1 | train |
3,552 | AR6_WGII | 411 | 12 | There is little evidence for ocean acidification in the past 2.6 Ma (low confidence) (Hönisch et al., 2012), but ocean ventilation was highly sensitive to even modest warming such as observed in the past 10,000 years | medium | 1 | train |
3,553 | AR6_WGII | 411 | 17 | Temperature affects the movement and transport of molecules and, thereby, the rates of all biochemical reactions; thus, ongoing and projected warming that remains below an organism’s physiological optimum will generally raise metabolic rates | very high | 3 | test |
3,554 | AR6_WGII | 411 | 20 | For example, organisms adapted to thermally stable environments (e.g., tropical, polar, deep sea) are often more sensitive to warming than those from thermally variable environments (e.g., estuaries) | very high | 3 | train |
3,555 | AR6_WGII | 411 | 21 | Heat tolerance also decreases with increasing organisational complexity (Storch et al., 2014; Pörtner and Gutt, 2016) and is lower in eggs, embryos and spawning fish than for their larval stages or adults outside the spawning season | high | 2 | train |
3,556 | AR6_WGII | 411 | 22 | By altering physiological responses, projected changes in ocean warming (Section 3.2.2.1) will modify growth, migration, distribution, competition, survival and reproduction | very high | 3 | train |
3,557 | AR6_WGII | 412 | 2 | Detrimental impacts of acidification include decreased growth and survival, and altered development, especially in early life stages | high | 2 | train |
3,558 | AR6_WGII | 412 | 4 | Calcifiers are generally more sensitive to acidification (e.g., for growth and survival) than non-calcifying groups | high | 2 | train |
3,559 | AR6_WGII | 412 | 5 | For calcifying primary producers, including phytoplankton and coralline algae, ocean acidification has different, often opposing effects, for example, decreasing calcification while photosynthetic rates increase | high | 2 | train |
3,560 | AR6_WGII | 412 | 11 | Under hypoxia (oxygen concentrations ≤2 mg l–1; Limburg et al., 2020), physiological and ecological processes are impaired and communities undergo species migration, replacement and loss, transforming community composition | very high | 3 | train |
3,561 | AR6_WGII | 412 | 12 | Hypoxia can lead to expanding OMZs, which will favour specialised microbes and hypoxia-tolerant organisms | medium | 1 | train |
3,562 | AR6_WGII | 412 | 13 | As respiration consumes oxygen and produces CO 2, lowered oxygen levels are often interlinked with acidification in coastal and tropical habitats (Rosa et al., 2013; Gobler and Baumann, 2016; Feely et al., 2018) and is an example of a compound hazard (Sections 3.2.4.1, 3.4.2.4).Increased density stratification and mixed-layer shallowing, caused by warming, freshening and sea ice decline, can alter light climate and nutrient availability within the surface mixed layer | high | 2 | train |
3,563 | AR6_WGII | 412 | 15 | Decreased upward nutrient supply is expected to decrease primary production in the low-latitude ocean | medium | 1 | train |
3,564 | AR6_WGII | 412 | 16 | Alternatively, higher mean underwater light levels resulting from changes in sea ice and/or mixed layer shallowing can increase primary production in high-latitude offshore regions, provided nutrient levels remain sufficiently high | medium | 1 | train |
3,565 | AR6_WGII | 412 | 17 | In some parts of the open Southern Ocean, where iron limitation largely controls primary productivity (Tagliabue et al., 2017), changes in wind fields will deepen the summer mixed-layer depth (Panassa et al., 2018), entrain more nutrients, and raise primary productivity in the future | medium | 1 | train |
3,566 | AR6_WGII | 412 | 20 | Marine heatwaves exacerbate the impacts of rising mean temperatures, with major ecological consequences | very high | 3 | train |
3,567 | AR6_WGII | 412 | 25 | The amplitude of diel and seasonal pH and CO 2 changes are projected to increase in the future due to lowered CO 2 seawater buffering capacity | very high | 3 | train |
3,568 | AR6_WGII | 415 | 2 | Non-climate drivers (Section 3.1) can dominate outcomes or amplify vulnerability to climate- induced drivers, with mostly detrimental effects such as extirpation | very high | 3 | train |
3,569 | AR6_WGII | 415 | 7 | Co-occurring environmental drivers often cause complex organismal responses | high | 2 | train |
3,570 | AR6_WGII | 415 | 17 | Ocean acidification poses a large risk for coralline algae that is further amplified by warming | medium | 1 | train |
3,571 | AR6_WGII | 415 | 19 | For seagrass, warming beyond a species’ thermal tolerance will limit growth and impact germination, but ocean acidification appears to increase thermal tolerance of some eelgrass species by increasing the photosynthesis-to-respiration ratio | medium | 1 | train |
3,572 | AR6_WGII | 415 | 20 | Thermal sensitivity of pelagic primary producers changes with nutrient supply | high | 2 | train |
3,573 | AR6_WGII | 415 | 22 | This trend may hold for open-ocean phytoplankton, which are often iron- limited | medium | 1 | train |
3,574 | AR6_WGII | 415 | 26 | Rising metabolic rates due to warming will be restricted to primary producers in high- nutrient regions | medium | 1 | test |
3,575 | AR6_WGII | 415 | 28 | The effects of ocean acidification on growth, metabolic rates or elemental composition of primary producers changes with nutrient availability and light conditions | high | 2 | train |
3,576 | AR6_WGII | 417 | 2 | Given the expected mixed-layer shallowing in some regions (Section 3.2.2.3), the exposure to overall higher mean irradiances could shift the effects of acidification from beneficial to detrimental for some primary producers, depending on species and organismal traits | medium | 1 | train |
3,577 | AR6_WGII | 417 | 4 | The few experimental studies that have addressed three or more drivers (Xu et al., 2014; Boyd et al., 2015b; Brennan and Collins, 2015; Brennan et al., 2017; Hoppe et al., 2018b; Moreno-Marín et al., 2018) indicate that one or two drivers generally dominate the cumulative outcome, with others playing a subordinate role | medium | 1 | train |
3,578 | AR6_WGII | 417 | 7 | Higher ocean CO 2 influences the thermal tolerance of species adapted to extreme but stable habitats in tropical and polar regions, more than that of thermally tolerant generalists | high | 2 | train |
3,579 | AR6_WGII | 417 | 10 | As with ocean acidification, reduced oxygen availability further alters the influence of warming on metabolic rates | high | 2 | train |
3,580 | AR6_WGII | 417 | 17 | In consequence, expansion of OMZs and other regions where warming, hypoxia and acidification combine will further reduce habitat for many fish and invertebrates | high | 2 | train |
3,581 | AR6_WGII | 418 | 3 | It is difficult to generalise to what extent co-occurring ocean warming ameliorates or exacerbates effects of acidification on behaviour (Laubenstein et al., 2019); outcomes depend upon species and life stage (Faleiro et al., 2015; Chan et al., 2016; Tills et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2018b; Jarrold et al., 2020), interactions between species (e.g., Paula et al., 2019) along with confounding factors including food availability and salinity | medium | 1 | test |
3,582 | AR6_WGII | 418 | 5 | Other influential drivers include ocean acidification, salinity (high confidence) (Lefevre, 2016; Whiteley et al., 2018; Reddin et al., 2020) or food availability/quality | medium | 1 | train |
3,583 | AR6_WGII | 418 | 11 | In highly fluctuating environments (e.g., upwelling regions, coastal zones), multiple drivers can change and interact across temporal and spatial scales, generating geographic mosaics of tolerances and sensitivities to environmental and climate change in marine organisms | medium | 1 | train |
3,584 | AR6_WGII | 418 | 14 | Some studies have documented higher phenotypic plasticity and tolerance to ocean warming and acidification in marine invertebrates (Dam, 2013; Kelly et al., 2013; Pespeni et al., 2013; Gaitán-Espitia et al., 2017a; Vargas et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018a), seaweeds (Noisette et al., 2013; Padilla-Gamiño et al., 2016; Machado Monteiro et al., 2019) and fish | medium | 1 | train |
3,585 | AR6_WGII | 418 | 17 | For instance, transgenerational effects and/or developmental acclimation, both ‘carry-over effects’ (where the early- life environment affects the expression of traits in later life stages or generations), can influence within- and cross-generational changes in the tolerances of marine organisms | medium | 1 | train |
3,586 | AR6_WGII | 418 | 21 | Although plasticity provides an adaptive mechanism, it is unlikely to provide a long-term solution for species undergoing sustained directional environmental change (e.g., global warming) | medium | 1 | train |
3,587 | AR6_WGII | 419 | 5 | Experimental evolution suggests that microbial populations can rapidly adapt (i.e., over 1–2 years) to environmental changes mimicking projected effects of climate change | medium | 1 | train |
3,588 | AR6_WGII | 419 | 7 | The evolutionary responses of microbes are conditioned by the number and characteristics of interacting drivers | low | 0 | train |
3,589 | AR6_WGII | 420 | 9 | Specifically, associations between vulnerabilities and traits of marine ectotherms in laboratory experiments correspond with organismal responses to ancient hyperthermal events | medium | 1 | train |
3,590 | AR6_WGII | 420 | 14 | On a global scale, ecosystem models project a −5.7 ± 4.1% (very likely range) to −15.5 ± 8.5% decline in marine animal biomass with warming under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5, respectively, by 2080–2099 relative to 1995–2014, albeit with significant regional variation in both trends and uncertainties | medium | 1 | train |
3,591 | AR6_WGII | 420 | 16 | For instance, trophic amplification (strengthening of responses to climate-induced drivers at higher trophic levels) may result from combined direct and indirect food-web-mediated effects | medium | 1 | train |
3,592 | AR6_WGII | 420 | 17 | Alternatively, compensatory species interactions can dampen strong impacts on species from ocean acidification, resulting in weaker responses at functional-group or community level than at species level | medium | 1 | train |
3,593 | AR6_WGII | 420 | 18 | Globally, the projected reduction of biomass due to climate-induced drivers is relatively unaffected by fishing pressure, indicating additive responses of fisheries and climate change | low | 0 | train |
3,594 | AR6_WGII | 420 | 19 | Regionally, projected interactions of climate-induced drivers, fisheries and other regional non-climate drivers can be both synergistic and antagonistic, varying across regions, functional groups and species, and can cause nonlinear dynamics with counterintuitive outcomes, underlining the importance of adaptations and associated trade-offs | high | 2 | train |
3,595 | AR6_WGII | 423 | 3 | Heat stress and mass bleaching events caused decreases in live coral cover (virtually certain) (Graham et al., 2014; Hughes et al., 2018b), loss of sensitive species (extremely likely) (Donner and Carilli, 2019; Lange and Perry, 2019; Toth et al., 2019; Courtney et al., 2020), vulnerability to disease (extremely likely) (van Woesik and Randall, 2017; Hadaidi et al., 2018; Brodnicke et al., 2019; Howells et al., 2020) and declines in coral recruitment in the tropics | medium | 1 | train |
3,596 | AR6_WGII | 423 | 5 | Changes in coral community structure due to bleaching have caused declines in reef carbonate production | high | 2 | train |
3,597 | AR6_WGII | 423 | 7 | Bleaching and other drivers promote phase shifts to ecosystems dominated by macroalgae or other stress-tolerant species (very high confidence) (Graham et al., 2015; Stuart-Smith et al., 2018), leading to changes in reef-fish species assemblages | high | 2 | train |
3,598 | AR6_WGII | 423 | 8 | Ocean acidification and associated declines in aragonite saturation state (Ω aragonite) decrease rates of calcification by corals and other calcifying reef organisms (very high confidence), reduce coral settlement (medium confidence) and increase bioerosion and dissolution of reef substrates | high | 2 | train |
3,599 | AR6_WGII | 423 | 11 | However, experimental evidence suggests that coral responses to ocean acidification are species specific | medium | 1 | train |
Subsets and Splits
High Confidence Training Data
Retrieves entries with high or very high confidence, providing a filtered view but limited analytical value.