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The patients were informed about the surgical procedures to be performed and provided written consent. The research adhered to the ethical principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to commencing the study, the necessary approval was sought and obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of …… Uni... | 38648458_p1 | 38648458 | Methods | 3.844963 | biomedical | Study | [
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The specimens were immersed in containers filled with 10% formalin and then embedded in paraffin. Thin sections measuring 4 µm were extracted from the samples and placed on glass slides with barcodes for identification. Following the process of deparaffinization and rehydration, the sections were subjected to histopath... | 38648458_p2 | 38648458 | Immunohistochemistry | 4.018377 | biomedical | Study | [
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We used primary antibodies against CD44 (1:50 dilution) and E-cadherin (1:200 dilution), and a human monoclonal antibody against PCNA (1:100 dilution) for antigen retrieval. Histopathological and immunohistochemical staining findings were reported using a Nikon light microscope and an image analysis system (Nikon Instr... | 38648458_p3 | 38648458 | Immunohistochemistry | 4.128517 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.9992528557777405,
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For continuous variables, the data were presented as either the mean ± standard deviation or the median with the range (minimum–maximum) displayed. We conducted the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test to analyze the normality of the continuous variables. We employed one-way ANOVA to assess the variables that were f... | 38648458_p4 | 38648458 | Statistical analysis | 3.99223 | biomedical | Study | [
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In the control group (group 1), we collected control conjunctiva from 30 patients (16 females and 14 males) with an age range of 48–70 years (mean: 56.66 ± 7.10 years). We collected primary pterygia from 30 patients (17 females and 13 males) aged 48–72 years (mean: 59.13 ± 7.43 years) (group 2) and collected recurrent ... | 38648458_p5 | 38648458 | Results | 3.959591 | biomedical | Study | [
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We did, however, find significant differences in the percentage of CD44, E-cadherin, and PCNA between the groups ( P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). We observed that the CD44 and PCNA percentages were statistically higher ( P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) in experimental groups 2 and 3 than in ... | 38648458_p6 | 38648458 | Results | 4.076971 | biomedical | Study | [
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This study examined the levels of PCNA, CD44, and E-cadherin in pterygium tissue samples and control conjunctiva. Our results indicated a significant increase in positive PCNA and CD44 rates in the pterygium samples, while the E-cadherin level was significantly lower than in control conjunctival tissue samples. These f... | 38648458_p7 | 38648458 | Discussion | 4.109038 | biomedical | Study | [
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] | [
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0.00017646842752583325,
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0.0000732537591829896
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Despite being considered benign, pterygium exhibits properties similar to metastatic tissues, including dense cell proliferation, inflammation, cell migration, local angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.[ 18 19 20 ] Our research also revealed a lower amount of E-cadherin in pterygium tissues than in cont... | 38648458_p8 | 38648458 | Discussion | 4.118536 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.000209882011404261,
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] | [
0.9993045330047607,
0.00016303625307045877,
0.00047313678078353405,
0.00005920152034377679
] | en | 0.999995 |
PCNA is a protein associated with cell proliferation and is used as a tumor marker for some types of cancer.[ 24 25 26 ] Our study found that PCNA expression was significantly higher in pterygium samples than in control conjunctiva samples. Cell proliferation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of pterygium. In the ... | 38648458_p9 | 38648458 | Discussion | 4.092379 | biomedical | Study | [
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] | [
0.9994282126426697,
0.0001691827637841925,
0.0003444436297286302,
0.000058105579228140414
] | en | 0.999997 |
Similarly, CD44 is a protein that regulates cellular processes such as cell division, adhesion, and migration. Aside from its usual cellular roles, CD44 has been identified as a significant indicator of the presence of cancer stem cells.[ 30 31 ] Studies have shown that CD44 contributes to tumor invasion and metastasis... | 38648458_p10 | 38648458 | Discussion | 4.064418 | biomedical | Study | [
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] | [
0.9404755234718323,
0.0030639234464615583,
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0.00023377453908324242
] | en | 0.999998 |
The present study had some limitations. As it was not considered ethically appropriate to take conjunctival samples from healthy eyes, we took the control group from the superior bulbar conjunctiva of eyes with pterygium. Another limitation is the small number of cases. | 38648458_p11 | 38648458 | Discussion | 2.158044 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.010243975557386875,
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In conclusion, our research provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of pterygium and the roles of PCNA, CD44, and E-cadherin in this disease. These findings can potentially be used to develop new therapeutic strategies to treat pterygium and prevent relapses. | 38648458_p12 | 38648458 | Conclusion | 3.924962 | biomedical | Study | [
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] | [
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] | en | 0.999997 |
The study was supported by the Scientific Investigations Foundation of Balikesir University . The research adhered to the ethical principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to commencing the study, the necessary approval was sought and obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Balıkesir Unive... | 38648458_p13 | 38648458 | Financial support and sponsorship | 0.983706 | biomedical | Other | [
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] | [
0.011190895922482014,
0.9875049591064453,
0.0006296118372119963,
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] | en | 0.999998 |
There are no conflicts of interest. | 38648458_p14 | 38648458 | Conflicts of interest | 0.935876 | other | Other | [
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0.007451080251485109,
0.9894022941589355,
0.0018082356546074152,
0.0013383158948272467
] | en | 0.999995 |
A case-control study was conducted on 17 eyes with primary pterygium in patients above 10 years of age attending the cornea services at the tertiary care ophthalmic service in New Delhi. The following grading system was used: | 38324633_p0 | 38324633 | Methods | 2.896642 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.0052086105570197105,
0.0005868805455975235
] | [
0.9932698607444763,
0.004717385396361351,
0.00033605360658839345,
0.001676710438914597
] | en | 0.999997 |
Grade 0: Pingeculum, posterior to the limbus Grade 1: Tissue involvement to the limbus Grade 2: Tissue just onto the limbus Grade 3: Tissue between the limbus and the pupillary margin Grade 4: Tissue central to the pupillary margin. | 38324633_p1 | 38324633 | Methods | 2.978579 | biomedical | Other | [
0.9130558967590332,
0.08232302218675613,
0.004621122498065233
] | [
0.006501033436506987,
0.984086811542511,
0.0004447824030648917,
0.008967375382781029
] | en | 0.999998 |
Cases of recurrent pterygium were excluded from the study. The study period was 12 months. Approval from the institutional ethics committee was taken before starting the study. The study was registered with the Trial Registry of India and followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained... | 38324633_p2 | 38324633 | Methods | 2.00104 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.002242042450234294
] | [
0.9142971038818359,
0.08123651891946793,
0.0010893322760239244,
0.003377071348950267
] | en | 0.999998 |
A comprehensive ophthalmological workup of both eyes was done, which included a detailed slit-lamp examination to measure the size of pterygium (length and width), conjunctival, and corneal vascularization. Assessment of visual acuity, measurement of the thickness of pterygium over cornea and conjunctiva by AS-OCT (ant... | 38324633_p3 | 38324633 | Methods | 3.967088 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.03713863343000412,
0.00025246833683922887
] | [
0.976593017578125,
0.013775557279586792,
0.001942471251823008,
0.007689015008509159
] | en | 0.999998 |
All cases were primary pterygium cases in the nasal quadrant. The majority of the samples were grades 2–3 as per the grading system mentioned before. Pterygium excision with the limbal conjunctival autograft technique was performed under peribulbar anesthesia by the same surgeon. | 38324633_p4 | 38324633 | Procedure | 3.053241 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.0008814252214506269
] | [
0.5933809876441956,
0.34048566222190857,
0.0023606044705957174,
0.06377271562814713
] | en | 0.999999 |
Approximately 0.5 mL of saline was injected under the belly of the pterygium by using a 26-G needle mounted on a 2-mL syringe. The head of the pterygium was avulsed from its attachment at the cornea by reverse stripping by using slow and deliberate traction holding its free end parallel to the cornea. The fibrovascular... | 38324633_p5 | 38324633 | Procedure | 3.981452 | biomedical | Other | [
0.9775704145431519,
0.021836671978235245,
0.0005929727340117097
] | [
0.40361490845680237,
0.5695657730102539,
0.0036205253563821316,
0.023198768496513367
] | en | 0.999999 |
Donor conjunctiva harvested from the superotemporal quadrant of the same eye was 4 mm × 4 mm larger than the size of the bare sclera; 3 mm × 3 mm of this donor conjunctiva was sent for IHC to serve as control. The dissection was continued at the donor site for approximately 1 mm into the peripheral cornea, beyond the v... | 38324633_p6 | 38324633 | Procedure | 3.977307 | biomedical | Other | [
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0.23270255327224731,
0.0014246912905946374
] | [
0.33178484439849854,
0.4146499037742615,
0.0044423178769648075,
0.24912293255329132
] | en | 0.999997 |
Samples were fixed in 10% formalin, processed, and embedded in paraffin. All samples were sectioned at 3-μm thickness and mounted on positively charged glass slides labeled with barcodes after sectioning and fixed overnight at 37°C for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. After deparaffinization in alcohol, samples were... | 38324633_p7 | 38324633 | Immunohistochemistry | 4.041426 | biomedical | Study | [
0.999053418636322,
0.0007263545994646847,
0.00022022910707164556
] | [
0.8819519877433777,
0.11480114609003067,
0.0021419539116322994,
0.0011049044551327825
] | en | 0.999995 |
IHC staining for p53, Bcl-2, VEGF, and Ki-67 was performed on 17 primary pterygium (cases) and 17 healthy conjunctiva tissue samples (controls) from the same eye. IHC using the streptavidin–biotin peroxidase method was performed on paraffin-embedded tissues, and antigen retrieval was achieved by heat retrieval methods ... | 38324633_p8 | 38324633 | Immunohistochemistry | 4.083071 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995428323745728,
0.0003016961563844234,
0.00015552605327684432
] | [
0.9990480542182922,
0.0006046670605428517,
0.0002582762099336833,
0.00008893889025785029
] | en | 0.999998 |
Samples were incubated with the following antibodies for 60 min at 25°C. The primary antibodies used were as follows: | 38324633_p9 | 38324633 | Immunohistochemistry | 2.675905 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9962303042411804,
0.0006009761709719896,
0.0031687330920249224
] | [
0.5886800289154053,
0.4070042073726654,
0.0030280782375484705,
0.0012876549735665321
] | en | 0.999997 |
p53 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody dilution 1:100 (Clone BP-53-12, (PathnSitu, Livermore, CA, USA) Ki-67 (Clone: MIB1) Mouse Monoclonal Antibody dilution 1:100 (PathnSitu, Pleasanton, CA, USA) Bcl-2 alpha AB1; (clone 100/D5, Thermo Scientific, Kalamazoo, USA) VEGF RTU (ready to use),7 mL, (Clone RBT, BIOSB, SantaBarbara, CA... | 38324633_p10 | 38324633 | Immunohistochemistry | 1.97273 | biomedical | Other | [
0.9923911690711975,
0.0008997751283459365,
0.00670907087624073
] | [
0.04433302581310272,
0.9540458917617798,
0.0007996298372745514,
0.0008214410627260804
] | en | 0.85714 |
A light microscope (OLYMPUS BX53) was used, and the immune-positive cells were examined manually. Staining intensity was graded in the following manner for all the biomarkers: 0 –negative, 1+ – weak, 2+ – intermediate, and 3+ – strong staining. | 38324633_p11 | 38324633 | Immunohistochemistry | 3.614457 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9992444515228271,
0.00038454358582384884,
0.00037109950790181756
] | [
0.9769739508628845,
0.02215193212032318,
0.000565499474760145,
0.0003085523785557598
] | en | 0.999998 |
p53 positivity: The basal epithelial cells were counted. At least 100 cells of tissue (including immune-positive cells) in three microscopic fields (magnification 100×) from the sample were studied. The expression of the p53 protein was marked positive if it was present in more than 10% of tissue cells and negative if ... | 38324633_p12 | 38324633 | Immunohistochemistry | 4.130123 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.0003697590436786413,
0.00022856007853988558
] | [
0.999122679233551,
0.0004014275036752224,
0.00041193983634002507,
0.0000639051286270842
] | en | 0.999994 |
The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) PC 21version was used for data analysis. Fisher’s exact test was used to calculate the association and its significance between categorical variables, for example, case/control and positivity. Because the sample size was small, the P value was considered significant at... | 38324633_p13 | 38324633 | Statistical analysis | 3.447607 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.00025486215599812567,
0.0010000421898439527
] | [
0.9973875880241394,
0.0022920549381524324,
0.0002498042013030499,
0.00007053319131955504
] | en | 0.999996 |
The immunohistochemistry of the samples and controls revealed p53 positivity (The expression of p53 protein was marked positive if it was present in more than 10% of tissue cells and negative if present in less than 10% cells.) in 47.05% (8 out of 17) pterygium samples [ Fig. 1 a] and 29.4% (5 out of 17) controls [ Fig... | 38324633_p14 | 38324633 | Result | 4.096953 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.00037559628253802657,
0.0001938438945217058
] | [
0.9994576573371887,
0.0002499891852494329,
0.00021252250007819384,
0.00007978802750585601
] | en | 0.999997 |
Nine out of 17 (52.9%) cases [ Fig. 2 a] and control samples [ Fig. 2 b] were positive for Ki-67 expression. The difference in the staining pattern between the two groups was not statistically significant ( P < 1.000) [ Table 2 ]. | 38324633_p15 | 38324633 | Result | 3.890316 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9989418387413025,
0.0007122202077880502,
0.00034595123725011945
] | [
0.9994192123413086,
0.00031901145121082664,
0.00016798140131868422,
0.00009377621609019116
] | en | 0.999994 |
Bcl-2 positivity was seen in 10 out of 17 pterygium samples (58.8%) [ Fig. 3 a] and 12 out of 17 controls (70.5%) [ Fig. 3 b], with no statistical difference between the two groups ( P < 0.455) [ Table 3 ]. | 38324633_p16 | 38324633 | Result | 4.045304 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9992470741271973,
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] | [
0.999542236328125,
0.00021837587701156735,
0.00017144688172265887,
0.00006794976798119023
] | en | 0.999996 |
VEGF expression was seen in both epithelial [ Table 4 a] and endothelial cells [ Table 4 b] of the samples [ Fig. 4 a] and controls [ Fig. 4 b], with no statistical difference between the two groups, with P = 1.000 for the epithelial staining and P = 0.637 for endothelial staining. | 38324633_p17 | 38324633 | Result | 4.020721 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.0002631198149174452,
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0.00005637258436763659
] | en | 0.999997 |
Pterygium is regarded as a degenerative condition with multifaceted pathology that displays apparent conflicting characteristics. It is considered benign because of its self-limiting and superficial nature; however, because of its highly proliferative and potentially recurrent nature, it has been said to possess signs ... | 38324633_p18 | 38324633 | Discussion | 3.58247 | biomedical | Other | [
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] | [
0.21911467611789703,
0.6611925363540649,
0.11791133880615234,
0.0017813906306400895
] | en | 0.999997 |
Various opinions regarding the mechanism of pterygium development have been discussed in the literature. However, the exact pathogenesis is still a dilemma. Chronic inflammation occurring in the limbal conjunctival vessels or conjunctival epithelium is thought to be one of the factors in the pathogenesis. | 38324633_p19 | 38324633 | Discussion | 2.510327 | biomedical | Other | [
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] | [
0.1066930890083313,
0.8423051834106445,
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0.003529394045472145
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Pathophysiology of pterygium due to exposure to UV rays is perhaps the most accepted risk factor for the occurrence of pterygium.[ 2 18 ] There is a void in the existing literature regarding the pathophysiology of pterygium and its overlap with other malignant conditions (ocular surface squamous neoplasia and skin canc... | 38324633_p20 | 38324633 | Discussion | 4.001457 | biomedical | Study | [
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] | [
0.8971537947654724,
0.018899738788604736,
0.0834423154592514,
0.0005041453987360001
] | en | 0.999997 |
Various inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers have been studied in the literature to help understand the molecular level of the occurrence and recurrence of pterygium. A study of these biomarkers can help with targeted therapy in pterygium patients and prevent recurrence.[ 20 21 ] | 38324633_p21 | 38324633 | Discussion | 2.699521 | biomedical | Other | [
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] | [
0.2602882385253906,
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The purpose of the current study was to ascertain p53, Ki-67, Bcl-2, and VEGF expression in pterygium and healthy conjunctiva of the same eye and if this could further help in the development of targeted therapy. The ethical clearance for the study of biomarkers from the conjunctiva of the normal/healthy eye was refuse... | 38324633_p22 | 38324633 | Discussion | 3.781578 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9992038607597351,
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] | [
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0.0006659184000454843,
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0.0001037256806739606
] | en | 0.999997 |
Spandidos et al . in their study concluded that there is a role for tumor suppressor genes and decreased fidelity in DNA replication and repair in the development of pterygium. | 38324633_p23 | 38324633 | Discussion | 3.718208 | biomedical | Study | [
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] | [
0.9917478561401367,
0.00447853421792388,
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] | en | 0.999997 |
p53 is a tumor suppressor gene that controls the cell cycle and is involved in DNA repair and synthesis, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. The p53 protein can be identified by IHC staining by using a monoclonal antibody against it. Normal cells are negative for the stain as the protein concentration is very low due ... | 38324633_p24 | 38324633 | Discussion | 4.025587 | biomedical | Study | [
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] | [
0.6637881398200989,
0.3159632980823517,
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0.0009206125978380442
] | en | 0.999995 |
Tan et al. performed IHC staining on eight pterygia specimens and found three of them (37.5%) to be positive for abnormal expression of p53. Dushku and Reid found increased nuclear p53 in the limbal epithelium of pterygia, limbal tumors, and pinguecula and suggested that the existence of p53 mutation in the cells is an... | 38324633_p25 | 38324633 | Discussion | 4.051946 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.00020779651822522283,
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] | [
0.9809762239456177,
0.00047951971646398306,
0.018389571458101273,
0.00015478554996661842
] | en | 0.999998 |
Our study observed a higher p53 expression in primary pterygium at 47.05% as compared to 29.4% positivity in normal conjunctiva [ Table 1 ], with the majority of cells in both groups showing 3+ positivity; however, it was not statistically significant, which is in concurrence with the above review of the literature. | 38324633_p26 | 38324633 | Discussion | 3.947397 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995915293693542,
0.00023664017498958856,
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] | [
0.9967818260192871,
0.0003028713690582663,
0.0028057105373591185,
0.00010955056495731696
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Ki-67 plays a role in all of the active phases (G1, S, G2, and M) of the cell cycle; it is not related to the resting cells (G0). Thus, the proliferative cellular activity can be evaluated by the detection of Ki-67 nuclear protein.[ 26 27 ] | 38324633_p27 | 38324633 | Discussion | 3.522061 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9979134202003479,
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0.4224320948123932,
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0.0005457961815409362
] | en | 0.999997 |
Mahesh et al . studied the correlation between p53 and Ki-67 expression with the severity and duration of the pterygium on 43 patients and found that the expression of cell proliferation marker Ki-67 increases with the duration of pterygium and p53 expression increases with the duration and severity of pterygium. A stu... | 38324633_p28 | 38324633 | Discussion | 3.955107 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995853304862976,
0.00015651398280169815,
0.0002581943990662694
] | [
0.994795024394989,
0.00032409789855591953,
0.004795151297003031,
0.00008570215140935034
] | en | 0.999997 |
In our study, both pterygium and control in our study showed weak staining on Ki-67 in equal numbers (52.9%) in each group. A greater number of cases with >5% positivity of Ki-67 index in pterygium was observed compared to controls. The correlation between p53 and Ki-67 was not studied by us. | 38324633_p29 | 38324633 | Discussion | 3.207239 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9990547299385071,
0.00039203750202432275,
0.0005531686474569142
] | [
0.9985860586166382,
0.0011252835392951965,
0.00017141833086498082,
0.00011726673983503133
] | en | 0.999998 |
Bcl-2 belongs to the family of apoptosis regulatory proteins, which can induce or inhibit apoptosis. Bcl-2 is primarily expressed in the basal epithelial layer of all pterygium epithelial cells and normal conjunctiva as well. However, the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bcl-associated X protein (BAX, an apoptosis regulatory protein)... | 38324633_p30 | 38324633 | Discussion | 3.902771 | biomedical | Study | [
0.999054491519928,
0.0002334209711989388,
0.0007120689260773361
] | [
0.542667806148529,
0.4504050612449646,
0.006253289058804512,
0.0006738352822139859
] | en | 0.999995 |
There was higher expression of Bcl-2 in normal conjunctiva (70.5%) compared to pterygium (58.8%), which was not statistically significant ( P < 0.4). However, BAX, which is the apoptosis regulatory protein, has not been evaluated in our study, and hence the ratio of Bcl-2 to BAX cannot be commented upon. | 38324633_p31 | 38324633 | Discussion | 3.808635 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993740916252136,
0.0002602411259431392,
0.0003658026980701834
] | [
0.9993614554405212,
0.00043992497376166284,
0.00014245245256461203,
0.000056089200370479375
] | en | 0.999998 |
Turan M and Turan showed significantly increased p53, Bcl-2, and Ki-67 expression in primary and recurrent pterygiums when compared to normal conjunctiva of the eye, with no disease process in play ( P < 0.001). Suren E et al . demonstrated an increased expression of p53, Bcl-2, and Ki-67 levels in pterygium samples co... | 38324633_p32 | 38324633 | Discussion | 4.004879 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9996993541717529,
0.00013886956730857491,
0.00016180577222257853
] | [
0.9969062209129333,
0.0004073904419783503,
0.00261230138130486,
0.00007408857345581055
] | en | 0.999997 |
Our study, however, was not granted ethical clearance for the use of conjunctiva of the healthy eye without any disease process for control samples. | 38324633_p33 | 38324633 | Discussion | 1.868475 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9939243197441101,
0.001390518737025559,
0.0046851481311023235
] | [
0.7978847622871399,
0.1983024924993515,
0.00188981625251472,
0.0019228652818128467
] | en | 0.999998 |
VEGF plays an important role in the angiogenesis and neovascularization in the pathogenesis of pterygium. It has been demonstrated on IHC in the epithelial and endothelial cells of pterygium samples by Bianchi et al . They reported a statistically significant difference in staining pattern among pterygium and normal co... | 38324633_p34 | 38324633 | Discussion | 4.101744 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9996637105941772,
0.0001731606462271884,
0.00016309063357766718
] | [
0.9992469549179077,
0.0002746678073890507,
0.0004203709540888667,
0.000058035839174408466
] | en | 0.999998 |
The study had assumed that it was impossible to use control specimens from normal conjunctiva adjacent to pterygium as it may also have potential abnormalities, which was evident in our study where VEGF expression was observed in all of the pterygium (100%) and 82.3% of control samples. | 38324633_p35 | 38324633 | Discussion | 3.326681 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9991211295127869,
0.0002850664022844285,
0.0005938155809417367
] | [
0.9981196522712708,
0.0015935112023726106,
0.00016799865989014506,
0.00011884020932484418
] | en | 0.999997 |
Aspiotis M et al . concluded that normal conjunctiva shows intense expression of VEGF in epithelial cells. However, this is not capable of inducing angiogenesis because of low corresponding mean vascular density (MVD) values. Our study showed VEGF expression exclusively in the epithelial cells in 23.5% of the control s... | 38324633_p36 | 38324633 | Discussion | 4.01332 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995629191398621,
0.00018036160327028483,
0.0002566738403402269
] | [
0.9993813037872314,
0.0002763733209576458,
0.0002896420191973448,
0.00005267448796075769
] | en | 0.999998 |
There is a lot of variability in biomarkers expression of pterygium in various studies as controls used were variable in different studies. Most of the reviewed literature either did not have a control group or it was too small when compared to the pterygium group or was taken from the healthy eyes of other or the same... | 38324633_p37 | 38324633 | Conclusion | 2.357971 | biomedical | Review | [
0.9961452484130859,
0.0009069814695976675,
0.0029477716889232397
] | [
0.251140832901001,
0.1415484994649887,
0.6043218374252319,
0.0029888590797781944
] | en | 0.999995 |
Our study differs in that the control group was taken from the apparently healthy quadrant of the affected eye, with the expression of biomarkers from pterygium and healthy unaffected conjunctiva being comparable. This leads us to conclude that pterygium, against common belief, might not be a localized disease process ... | 38324633_p38 | 38324633 | Conclusion | 4.051267 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9994250535964966,
0.00026259993319399655,
0.00031233715708367527
] | [
0.9995054006576538,
0.00021951747476123273,
0.00022525229724124074,
0.000049826241593109444
] | en | 0.999996 |
Self funded. | 38324633_p39 | 38324633 | Financial support and sponsorship | 0.992349 | other | Other | [
0.009668522514402866,
0.0019550155848264694,
0.9883764386177063
] | [
0.0038548647426068783,
0.9937599301338196,
0.0014697116566821933,
0.0009154888102784753
] | en | 0.571427 |
There are no conflicts of interest. | 38324633_p40 | 38324633 | Conflicts of interest | 0.935876 | other | Other | [
0.02788134478032589,
0.00262717274017632,
0.9694914221763611
] | [
0.007451090961694717,
0.9894022941589355,
0.0018082363530993462,
0.0013383196201175451
] | en | 0.999996 |
Patients with AIDS were HAART-naïve inpatients from the Infectious Disease Center of Beijing You’an Hospital, who routinely underwent ophthalmic consultations to screen for ocular lesions during their stay and provided consent for their relevant medical records to be reviewed to determine their suitability for particip... | 38317305_p0 | 38317305 | Subjects | 4.022411 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9983441829681396,
0.0014255051501095295,
0.0002302799839526415
] | [
0.9990912675857544,
0.00046828450285829604,
0.0003000449505634606,
0.00014046658179722726
] | en | 0.999997 |
A total of 154 participants were eventually enrolled in this study, with an estimated 80 patients with AIDS and 74 healthy controls, far greater than the sample size requirements for the desired study power, calculated by G*Power (version 3·1·9·7; Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, Düsseldorf, Germany), with noninvasive tear ... | 38317305_p1 | 38317305 | Subjects | 4.132968 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9986749291419983,
0.0010721392463892698,
0.0002528861223254353
] | [
0.9983664155006409,
0.0012875546235591173,
0.00022737050312571228,
0.00011867589637404308
] | en | 0.999998 |
All participants underwent a comprehensive ocular surface assessment performed by the same ophthalmologist (Dr. F. R. and Dr. Q. F.), following the principle of invasiveness from small to large, to minimize the impact on tear film physiology. Among the ocular indicators observed, NIBUT and meibomian gland loss (MGL) we... | 38317305_p2 | 38317305 | Measurements | 4.128529 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9981842637062073,
0.0016827950021252036,
0.00013289431808516383
] | [
0.9980520009994507,
0.0011264340719208121,
0.0005459641688503325,
0.00027554677217267454
] | en | 0.999996 |
DED symptoms were assessed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire on a scale of 0–100, which consisted of 12 questions. Questions 1–5 were on symptoms of eye discomfort, questions 6–9 were on limitations of daily activities, and questions 10–12 were on environmental triggers, with higher scores rep... | 38317305_p3 | 38317305 | DED symptomology evaluation | 3.879151 | biomedical | Study | [
0.998853325843811,
0.0009266271372325718,
0.0002200011076638475
] | [
0.9914205074310303,
0.007467632181942463,
0.0008661547326482832,
0.00024571517133153975
] | en | 0.999998 |
Tear film LLT was measured quantitatively using LipiView with a detection time of 20 s, during which the patient blinked normally while fixating on an internal fixation target consisting of light-emitting diodes. The outcomes were represented in interferometric color units (ICU), with one ICU representing 1 nm; there w... | 38317305_p4 | 38317305 | Tear film and blinking pattern evaluation | 4.218011 | biomedical | Study | [
0.999025821685791,
0.0008089813054539263,
0.0001651807251619175
] | [
0.9979885816574097,
0.0009831266943365335,
0.0008426934946328402,
0.00018566433573141694
] | en | 0.999997 |
Vital corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) scores were obtained using sodium fluorescein in the inferior fornix to determine the degree of corneal epitheliopathy. The score was based on the National Eye Institute/Industry grading scale, which divided the cornea into five sections; each section was graded from 0 (absent) ... | 38317305_p5 | 38317305 | Ocular surface damage evaluation | 4.083632 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9988786578178406,
0.0009287828579545021,
0.00019258479005657136
] | [
0.9949947595596313,
0.004205471836030483,
0.0005282389465719461,
0.00027152718394063413
] | en | 1 |
MGL of the upper and lower eyelids was graded by infrared meibography using K5M in the Meibo-Scan enhanced contrast according to the criteria of Arita et al ., with the eyelids turned over. The grades denoted the following: grade 0, no loss of meibomian glands; grade 1, the loss was less than one-third of the total mei... | 38317305_p6 | 38317305 | MGL evaluation | 4.074556 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9990686774253845,
0.0007488614646717906,
0.00018245101091451943
] | [
0.9968863129615784,
0.0020507799927145243,
0.0008567440672777593,
0.00020620436407625675
] | en | 0.999997 |
The diagnostic criteria for DED were based on the TFOS DEWS II Diagnostic Methodology report; if the OSDI score was ≥13 and NIBUT was <10 s or CFS showed >5 corneal spots, a dry eye diagnosis could be made. | 38317305_p7 | 38317305 | DED diagnosis | 3.763973 | biomedical | Study | [
0.99524986743927,
0.004491002298891544,
0.00025912094861268997
] | [
0.5780421495437622,
0.4116010069847107,
0.005211051553487778,
0.005145789589732885
] | en | 0.999999 |
Statistical analyses were performed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics software (version 26·0; New York, NY, USA). The measurement data were tested for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the Mann–Whitney U test was used for non-normally distributed data, presented as median ... | 38317305_p8 | 38317305 | Statistical analysis | 3.935707 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9994906187057495,
0.00023474245972465724,
0.0002746849786490202
] | [
0.9988681077957153,
0.0006982985069043934,
0.00037309309118427336,
0.000060541544371517375
] | en | 0.999997 |
This cross-sectional, observational, case–control study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. It was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University and is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry . Written informed consent was obtained fr... | 38317305_p9 | 38317305 | Ethics approval | 2.752542 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9982125759124756,
0.0011148025514557958,
0.0006727073341608047
] | [
0.9925625920295715,
0.006368371192365885,
0.0006346383597701788,
0.00043436113628558815
] | en | 0.999998 |
The subjects in both groups were Chinese men. The demographic and clinical data of all participants, comprising 80 AIDS patients and 74 healthy controls, are summarized in Table 1 . Ocular clinical measurements are presented in Table 2 . Tear film tests revealed a shorter NIBUT (median 3.76 vs. 8.54 s), thinner LLT (me... | 38317305_p10 | 38317305 | Results | 4.125648 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9990924596786499,
0.0006992794806137681,
0.00020834094902966172
] | [
0.9993361830711365,
0.00017768025281839073,
0.00038539653178304434,
0.00010077744809677824
] | en | 0.999998 |
Correlations between the CD4+ T-cell count and blood viral load in patients with AIDS and ocular findings are shown in Table 3 . Significant negative correlations between the blood viral load and OSDI score ( r = -3.50, P = 0.027) and Schirmer I test ( r = -0.374, P = 0.017) were detected in patients with AIDS. No sign... | 38317305_p11 | 38317305 | Results | 4.064007 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993593096733093,
0.0004329615621827543,
0.0002077639801427722
] | [
0.9993510842323303,
0.00016509542183484882,
0.0004135890631005168,
0.00007024723890936002
] | en | 0.999997 |
In this case–control study, we conducted a novel and comprehensive evaluation of the ocular surface manifestations of patients with HAART-naïve AIDS and HIV-negative individuals, particularly those with DED. The tear film status was altered in patients with AIDS, even without significant ocular symptoms. Notably, these... | 38317305_p12 | 38317305 | Discussion | 4.045279 | biomedical | Study | [
0.999350368976593,
0.0005218956503085792,
0.00012773634807672352
] | [
0.999202311038971,
0.0002865683345589787,
0.0003876931150443852,
0.0001234030060004443
] | en | 0.999996 |
A stable tear film is the cornerstone of ocular surface health, forming the primary refractive surface for light entering the visual system and protecting and nourishing the corneal tissue. Since the 2017 TFOS DEWS II highlighted the loss of tear film homeostasis as the most central pathophysiological alteration in DED... | 38317305_p13 | 38317305 | Discussion | 4.149076 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995741248130798,
0.0002756595495156944,
0.00015027995686978102
] | [
0.9988510608673096,
0.00034488944220356643,
0.0007196213700808585,
0.00008437351061729714
] | en | 0.999996 |
Abnormal tear production and Sjögren syndrome (SS)-like illness in patients with HIV/AIDS have been reported in many studies. Indeed, this study found a significant decrease in Schirmer I test values as an evidence of aqueous deficiency in patients with AIDS. It is well known that the bulk of the tear film volume is se... | 38317305_p14 | 38317305 | Discussion | 4.269575 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995056390762329,
0.0003232005110476166,
0.0001710452197585255
] | [
0.9986490607261658,
0.00023736589355394244,
0.0010072804288938642,
0.00010631961049512029
] | en | 0.999996 |
The LipiView interferometer measurements also revealed mild thinning of the tear film LLT in AIDS patients. Nevertheless, the upper detection limit of the machine was only 100 nm; thus, we suspected that if the measurement range was wider, the difference in LLT between the two groups would be more pronounced. The optim... | 38317305_p15 | 38317305 | Discussion | 4.124642 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995637536048889,
0.00026293762493878603,
0.00017327266687061638
] | [
0.999299168586731,
0.00022656902729067951,
0.0004046785179525614,
0.00006959724851185456
] | en | 0.999998 |
Given that the tear film lipid layer is mainly composed of meibum secreted by the meibomian gland and distributed on the tear film during each blink, we further analyzed the blinking pattern and meibomian gland dropout in patients with AIDS using interferometry and meibography. We observed a greater loss of the upper, ... | 38317305_p16 | 38317305 | Discussion | 4.150081 | biomedical | Study | [
0.999534010887146,
0.00032174642547033727,
0.00014432378520723432
] | [
0.9991305470466614,
0.0002174365654354915,
0.0005640396848320961,
0.00008789773710304871
] | en | 0.999998 |
We accurately reported 37.5% prevalence of DED in patients with AIDS based on the TFOS DEWS II dry eye diagnostic criteria; however, we were surprised that there was no statistically significant difference in this value compared to sex-, age-, and ethnicity-matched healthy controls, unlike what had been reported in pre... | 38317305_p17 | 38317305 | Discussion | 4.167541 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993140697479248,
0.0005448381416499615,
0.00014107539027463645
] | [
0.9980066418647766,
0.0003523582126945257,
0.0015038072597235441,
0.00013716820103581995
] | en | 0.999996 |
Data in this research were collected from March 25, 2022 to July 20, 2022, when severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) broke out nationwide and intermittently surged regionally in China. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the relevant stay-at-home measures, the consequent lifestyle changes, and eye fat... | 38317305_p18 | 38317305 | Discussion | 4.060592 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993957281112671,
0.00033777827047742903,
0.0002665080246515572
] | [
0.9995089769363403,
0.0002016756043303758,
0.00022699381224811077,
0.00006239413050934672
] | en | 0.999996 |
Several limitations also need to be mentioned, including this study’s single-center design, small sample size, and only male features. Furthermore, the case–control design excluded ocular signs and symptoms after HAART and those outside the hospital. Studies focusing on tear osmolarity, corneal perception, and meibum q... | 38317305_p19 | 38317305 | Discussion | 4.120809 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993497729301453,
0.0005246719811111689,
0.00012561518815346062
] | [
0.9983661770820618,
0.0003282519755885005,
0.0011725182412192225,
0.00013301591388881207
] | en | 0.999996 |
Even in the absence of other ocular symptoms, patients with AIDS might be predisposed to have an altered tear film status, that is, poorer tear film stability, a lower tear secretion volume, a thinner tear film lipid layer, and more severe meibomian gland dropout. As the AIDS epidemic continues to spread worldwide, esp... | 38317305_p20 | 38317305 | Conclusion | 3.88847 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993569254875183,
0.00042594250408001244,
0.00021720249787904322
] | [
0.6258431673049927,
0.04530426114797592,
0.32775798439979553,
0.0010946112452074885
] | en | 0.999999 |
This study was supported by the Key Project of Tianjin Eye Hospital , and the Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project (TJYXZDXK-016A). | 38317305_p21 | 38317305 | Financial support and sponsorship | 0.958059 | other | Other | [
0.03468509018421173,
0.001626045093871653,
0.963688850402832
] | [
0.001690953504294157,
0.9974919557571411,
0.00046426893095485866,
0.0003528303641360253
] | en | 0.999997 |
There are no conflicts of interest. | 38317305_p22 | 38317305 | Conflicts of interest | 0.935876 | other | Other | [
0.02788134478032589,
0.002627171343192458,
0.9694914221763611
] | [
0.007451090961694717,
0.9894022941589355,
0.0018082372844219208,
0.0013383196201175451
] | en | 0.999997 |
Table salt, chemically known by the name sodium chloride (NaCl), is a substance composed of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions , which typically appear as small, white, crystalline granules or as a fine powder, soluble in water, and have a salty taste . Salt is a ubiquitous dietary component consumed worldwide for hu... | PMC467049_p0 | PMC467049 | Introduction | 4.057315 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9922093152999878,
0.0005992113146930933,
0.007191414013504982
] | [
0.6204362511634827,
0.0013762667076662183,
0.3779451549053192,
0.00024227968242485076
] | en | 0.999997 |
Like many other developing countries, iodine deficiency in Tanzania remains a significant public health concern, with adverse effects on cognitive development and growth, particularly among vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and children . The government has implemented various strategies to combat iodine de... | PMC467049_p1 | PMC467049 | Introduction | 4.160915 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9988118410110474,
0.00026432567392475903,
0.0009238136699423194
] | [
0.7869142889976501,
0.009771019220352173,
0.20293563604354858,
0.0003790004993788898
] | en | 0.999999 |
Preferences for salt type are shaped by a complex interplay of cultural, economic, and nutritional factors . While some consumers favor commercially branded salts for their perceived quality, safety, and iodine fortification, others prefer locally sourced salts due to cultural and traditional practices, authenticity, o... | PMC467049_p2 | PMC467049 | Introduction | 3.940753 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9608786702156067,
0.00044621998677030206,
0.03867511823773384
] | [
0.8965123891830444,
0.006470379885286093,
0.09686658531427383,
0.00015065216575749218
] | en | 0.999995 |
The sample preparation method followed the procedure described in Ref. , which involves drying samples, grinding them to a fine powder, weighing them, dissolving them in deionized water, filtering, and dilution to ensure accurate measurement of components, and ensuring the concentration of analytes falls within the cal... | PMC467049_p3 | PMC467049 | Introduction | 4.258196 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9991883635520935,
0.00023941842664498836,
0.0005721948109567165
] | [
0.9014507532119751,
0.025559542700648308,
0.07256434857845306,
0.00042539587593637407
] | en | 0.999998 |
According to Ref. , atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) analyzes specific metals in salt samples by measuring the absorbance of light in the gaseous state which is proportional to the amount of the element. The aspirated solution is placed into a flame furnace, converting the metal ions to free atoms and a light beam ... | PMC467049_p4 | PMC467049 | Introduction | 4.149121 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9984447360038757,
0.0002564713067840785,
0.0012987341033294797
] | [
0.9993743300437927,
0.00021366165310610086,
0.00037642609095200896,
0.00003553347414708696
] | en | 0.999998 |
This study was conducted in Nkonkilangi, Mangwanjuki, Unyanga, Chibumagwa, and Kinyambwa villages adjacent to Kitangiri, Singidani, Kindai, Chibumagwa, and Sulunga lakes, respectively located in Singida and Dodoma regions. The lakes are known for their high salinity levels, and salt extraction has been practiced in the... | PMC467049_p5 | PMC467049 | Study site | 1.900902 | biomedical | Study | [
0.8717063665390015,
0.0015461002476513386,
0.12674759328365326
] | [
0.9821022748947144,
0.01710137352347374,
0.00040561569039709866,
0.0003906251222360879
] | en | 0.999996 |
A systematic sampling approach was employed, whereby locally sourced samples of salt were collected from local producers at production sites . Commercially branded samples of salt were collected from retailers at markets and shops in closed packets. To study preferences for salt type, stratified sampling was used, wher... | PMC467049_p6 | PMC467049 | Study design | 2.386184 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9185357689857483,
0.001175308134406805,
0.0802888348698616
] | [
0.9971399307250977,
0.002591923577710986,
0.00014383015513885766,
0.0001242889993591234
] | en | 0.999998 |
The study received ethical approval from the University of Dodoma, under reference number MA.84/261/02. All participants provided written, informed consent. The participants had the option to withdraw from the study at any time if it made them uncomfortable, and the surveys were anonymized. | PMC467049_p7 | PMC467049 | Ethical clearance | 1.362011 | biomedical | Other | [
0.852401077747345,
0.002776731038466096,
0.14482218027114868
] | [
0.1549919843673706,
0.8428019285202026,
0.0011198048014193773,
0.0010862632188946009
] | en | 0.999996 |
A total of 210 samples from seven types of salt (2 commercially branded and 5 local salts) in seven sampling sites-10 samples per site-were picked for one type of salt. In each pack, three samples from the bottom, middle, and top of the package (in total, 30 samples per site) were randomly selected in stores and househ... | PMC467049_p8 | PMC467049 | Sample collection | 2.697188 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.001083936425857246,
0.12358573824167252
] | [
0.987168550491333,
0.012420255690813065,
0.0002462895354256034,
0.0001648472825763747
] | en | 0.999997 |
A local and commercially branded salt sample, distilled water purchased from a local supplier in villages, potassium iodide (KI ) Fisher Scientific USA solution, sodium thiosulphate (Na 2 S 2 O 3 ) Sigma-Aldrich USA solution (titrant), and starch Fisher Scientific USA solution (indicator) of analytical grade purity (>9... | PMC467049_p9 | PMC467049 | Materials and equipment | 2.551131 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9820885062217712,
0.000511719030328095,
0.01739976555109024
] | [
0.886954665184021,
0.11185254901647568,
0.0006864828174002469,
0.0005062561831437051
] | en | 0.999996 |
The iodine concentration in the salt sample was assessed through iodometric titration methods and MBI rapid test kits, India . The PerkinElmer 2380 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer USA and, the Lovibond MD 640 Colorimeter Kit 214140 Germany were used to analyze ions in the salt samples . Furthermore, households were... | PMC467049_p10 | PMC467049 | Procedure | 2.587147 | biomedical | Study | [
0.992377519607544,
0.0006358169484883547,
0.006986603606492281
] | [
0.9809443950653076,
0.018406860530376434,
0.00033933392842300236,
0.00030940509168431163
] | en | 0.999998 |
According to Ref. , RTK involves preparing materials, dissolving salt in clean water, applying the solution, and observing the color change on the test strip or reaction pad. The iodine concentration value was then compared to the provided color chart on the RTK packaging. The test was performed in a well-lit area, and... | PMC467049_p11 | PMC467049 | Rapid test kits (RTK) determination of iodine content | 4.110962 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9992615580558777,
0.0002219763700850308,
0.0005165418260730803
] | [
0.9959219694137573,
0.0029840623028576374,
0.0010138280922546983,
0.00008022661495488137
] | en | 0.999996 |
The procedure described in Refs. was followed to determine iodine in salt, where 25 g of potassium iodide (KI) from Fisher Scientific USA was weighed and dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. Three drops of starch solution were added to create a starch-iodine complex. An excess KI solution was added to the sample to ... | PMC467049_p12 | PMC467049 | Titration (preparation of sample and standard iodine solution) | 4.095 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993539452552795,
0.00021270544675644487,
0.0004334190452937037
] | [
0.9943353533744812,
0.005178064573556185,
0.0003641580115072429,
0.0001224367442773655
] | en | 0.999997 |
The chemical symbols denote the following compounds: KI stands for potassium iodide solution, Na 2 S 2 O 3 denotes sodium thiosulfate solution, I 2 indicates elemental iodine, NaI represents sodium iodide, and Na 2 S 4 O 6 signifies sodium tetrathionate. | PMC467049_p13 | PMC467049 | Titration (preparation of sample and standard iodine solution) | 2.416751 | biomedical | Other | [
0.9711875319480896,
0.000922837876714766,
0.02788965217769146
] | [
0.06889693439006805,
0.9292367100715637,
0.0012663977686315775,
0.0005999670829623938
] | en | 0.85714 |
Quality control (QC) samples were used to ensure the ongoing accuracy and precision of an analytical method. Samples are analyzed alongside unknown samples and compared to known values. Common QC samples include : Blank samples contain no analyte used to check for contamination. Spiked samples with known quantities of ... | PMC467049_p14 | PMC467049 | Titration (preparation of sample and standard iodine solution) | 4.17149 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9994164705276489,
0.00035070203011855483,
0.000232744961977005
] | [
0.9983013868331909,
0.00104007578920573,
0.0005822312668897212,
0.0000762679337640293
] | en | 0.999997 |
describes the procedure for measuring minerals, which involves collecting salt samples, grinding them into a fine powder, calibrating analytical instruments, and analyzing them using flame photometry and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Quality control and safety precautions were adhered to in order to maintain ... | PMC467049_p15 | PMC467049 | Procedure for the measurement of other minerals | 4.141449 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9985824823379517,
0.0003503925399854779,
0.001067155390046537
] | [
0.9936466217041016,
0.0042546577751636505,
0.0019640757236629725,
0.0001347170618828386
] | en | 0.999996 |
Barium Chloride (BaCl₂) Sigma-Aldrich USA solution, which forms a white precipitate of Barium Sulphate (BaSO₄) Sigma-Aldrich, USA, and turbidimetric agents, methylthymol blue, were used to estimate sulphate ions in the salt from the working solution prepared. The presence and concentration of phosphate (PO₄³⁻) were det... | PMC467049_p16 | PMC467049 | Determination of sulphate, phosphate, and nitrate | 4.101046 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993628859519958,
0.00013993657194077969,
0.0004970924346707761
] | [
0.9988864064216614,
0.0008457456715404987,
0.0002224125200882554,
0.00004546360651147552
] | en | 0.999997 |
Iron (Fe 2 ⁺/Fe³⁺) was determined by the colorimetric method, in which iron ions were detected colorimetrically using 1, 10-phenanthroline, which formed colored complexes with iron and were measured spectrophotometrically. The PerkinElmer 2380 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer USA was used to determine manganese in t... | PMC467049_p17 | PMC467049 | Determination of iron, manganese, and ammonium | 4.063122 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993932247161865,
0.00014014811313245445,
0.0004666254098992795
] | [
0.9950149655342102,
0.004505162127315998,
0.0003983760252594948,
0.0000814961749711074
] | en | 0.999995 |
A survey was conducted in the selected households to gather data on the prevalence of different types of salt (commercially branded vs. local), usage patterns, socio-economic factors influencing choices, reasons for their choice, and frequency of use. | PMC467049_p18 | PMC467049 | Determination of household salt type prevalence | 1.785118 | biomedical | Study | [
0.8167616128921509,
0.0024209413677453995,
0.18081749975681305
] | [
0.9633241891860962,
0.03553272783756256,
0.0006302475230768323,
0.0005128618213348091
] | en | 0.999997 |
The study employed several statistical methods for detailed data analysis [ , , , ]. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the basic features of the data, including measures of central tendency (mean, median) and dispersion (standard deviation, range) . The Shapiro-Wilk test determined data normality , and comp... | PMC467049_p19 | PMC467049 | Statistical analysis | 4.06028 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9990944862365723,
0.0002516295062378049,
0.0006538141751661897
] | [
0.9995524287223816,
0.00012813971261493862,
0.0002789089921861887,
0.00004049597919220105
] | en | 0.999998 |
Table 2 presents the concentrations of iodine present in commercial-branded and local salt samples collected from different sources. Samples SA, SC, SF, and SG met the regulatory standards set by the WHO for iodine, but SB, SD, and SE didn't comply. There were significant differences in iodine content for salt samples ... | PMC467049_p20 | PMC467049 | Results and discussion | 4.185831 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9990049004554749,
0.00035124144051223993,
0.0006439215503633022
] | [
0.9994138479232788,
0.000175856301211752,
0.00036625147913582623,
0.00004406863808981143
] | en | 0.999996 |
Only one sample of SG showed an iodine level within TBS limits; the rest had a lower iodine content than recommended by TBS . reported that of the 19 common salts tested in the Tanzanian market, only two, 79.95 mg/kg Super Salt and, 76.67 mg/kg Kipepeo met the accepted iodine levels . recommends salt-iodine amount shou... | PMC467049_p21 | PMC467049 | Results and discussion | 3.88705 | biomedical | Study | [
0.998765230178833,
0.00018228065164294094,
0.0010524673853069544
] | [
0.9958297610282898,
0.0024589700624346733,
0.0016126642003655434,
0.00009851895447354764
] | en | 0.999996 |