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Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. tuberculosis ( tb ) is caused by the mycobacterium tuberculosis , a member of the m. tuberculosis complex ( mtbc ) . according to the world health organization ( who ) , in 2010 , there were an estimated 12.0 million prevalent cases of tb ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( h mrs ) is a noninvasive technique that allows us to provide an in vivo assessment of brain tissue composition and this gives us an insight into the metabolic processes of neurologic disorders ( 1 ,...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. conversion disorder has one or more symptoms that affect voluntary motor or sensory function suggesting a neurological or other medical condition , but they are inconsistent with known neurological or musculoskeletal pathologies . instead ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of kim 's eye hospital , seoul , korea . all participants provided informed consent prior to enrollment and all procedures conformed to the guidelines of the declaration of ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the use of dental implants to support and retain dental prostheses has been demonstrated to be clinically efficacious . a precise fit between an implant abutment and a superstructure , determining the absence of bone tension , without the ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. diabetic neuropathy is a leading complication of diabetes mellitus , resulting in significant morbidity and mortality . although its exact pathogenesis is not fully understood , hyperglycemia does not appear to be the sole factor in the de...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. it is estimated that between 1.0 and 1.5 million individuals are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) in the united states , with the majority likely to develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ) in the next deca...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. obesity is considered a major health problem and its prevalence has increased dramatically in the last decades , corresponding to the 36.9% of the men and the 38.0% of women worldwide . obesity is usually accompanied by other diseases , th...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. intestinal pseudo - obstruction ( ipso ) is defined as ineffective intestinal propulsion which occurs in the absence of mechanical or obstructive factors ( 1 ) . cases , in whom ipso is the primary clinical feature , are typically associat...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. military personnel face multiple stressors in their lives.1,2 studies have reported that stress occurs from risky assignments or missions,35 the demand for physical fitness , problems in interactions with peers and those of higher rank,6 s...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the amateur wrestling community and maybe the entire sports community across the world were shocked by the deaths of 3 college wresters in the usa in six weeks in 1997 . the deaths of the athletes were attributed by autopsy to weight -...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. primary spinal cord tumors represent 4.5% of all cns neoplasms and the most common tumor type is meningioma ( 24.4% ) ( 1 ) . spinal meningiomas are more common in elderly patients , mean age varying from 56 up to 66 years in different stu...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. cystic fibrosis ( cf ) is a fatal disorder characterized by chronic and progressive lung disease that determines morbidity and mortality of these patients . airways of cf patients show a chronic nonresolving neutrophilic inflammation , whi...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. parenting stress escalates at a much faster rate among mothers of disabled children in comparison to mothers of non - disabled children . the addition of a disabled child to a family requires parents to adopt new roles and responsibi...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. progressive nodular histiocytosis ( pnh ) is a rare normolipemic macrophage disorder first described by taunton et al . , in 1978 . it belongs to a subgroup of non - langerhans cell histiocytosis ( lchs ) , the juvenile xanthogranuloma ( j...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. desmoplastic fibroma ( df ) , a benign locally aggressive lesion of the bone is recognized as an intra - osseous counterpart of soft tissue fibromatosis and is usually seen affecting the long bones , pelvis and only occasionally presents i...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. in japan , elderly individuals defined as people aged 65 years or more are known to account for more than 25% of the population . as people age , there is a concomitant decrease in muscle strength1 . this age - related change affect...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the economic impact of influenza is immense due to the large number of lost working hours , hospitalizations , further medical complications , and treatment costs . although vaccines against influenza exist , the rapid mutation of influenz...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( npc ) is an endemic disease within specific regions in the world . the highest incidence is found among southern chinese people , especially those of cantonese origin , whereas among caucasians from north america...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. though the exact incidence is unknown , it ranges from 3 - 10% in nulliparous population . it is a significant public health threat globally contributing greatly to maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity . extensive changes occur i...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. acute liver failure ( alf ) can be caused by the ingestion of mushrooms containing exceptionally powerful hepatotoxins . among mushroom intoxications , the amatoxin syndrome is of primary importance because it accounts for about 90% of fat...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. exogenous endophthalmitis generally arises from a direct breech of external - ocular barrier as a complication of ocular trauma or intraocular surgery . endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare form of endophthalmitis as it accounts for only 2...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. disc herniation protrudes mediolaterally into the spinal canal , the migration of the lumbar intervertebral disc fragment to the posterior epidural space is a rare event . rapid advances in neurosurgical knowledge and technology are puttin...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. mosseri et al.1 ) reported that conduction disturbances were more frequent in patients with compromised blood flow of the septal branches after coronary artery bypass grafting ( cabg ) operation . they analyzed the association of conductio...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. end - stage renal disease ( esrd ) is a major healthcare problem worldwide , especially in developing countries . according to centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) , more than 10% , or more than 20 million , people aged 20 ye...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. there have been questions about its class i versus ii versus iii classification , or it being a lever in the first place [ 1416 ] and the loading assumptions . but it is the lever model , coupled with the bending beam analogy of the ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. saccades are described as fast eye movements in which a target is tracked by registering the image of that target on the fovea . the saccade neural network requires involvement of a series of neurons designed to imitate the behavior of a...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. electronic cigarettes are battery - operated devices that deliver nicotine to the lungs by evaporation of a liquid . chronic idiopathic neutrophilia is a condition characterized by elevated white blood cell and neutrophil counts without an...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. based on the results of 5 randomized clinical trials ( rcts ) , mechanical thrombectomy using the stent - retriever has been approved as standard treatment for acute anterior circulation stroke due to occlusions of the internal carotid art...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. a 65-year - old man with intermittent , colicky periumbilical pain which first occurred two months earlier was admitted to hospital . he had an eight - year history of congestive heart failure caused by mitral valvular regurgitation and at...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood and accounts for 7% of malignancies in patients younger than 15 years . it originates from the sympathetic nervous system , and in particular from a developing and inco...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. mature mirnas are short single - stranded rna molecules , approximately 1923 nucleotides in length . the mirna sequence is encoded in a stem - loop structure in the primary transcript that is cleaved in the nucleus by the ribonuclease iii ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. altmetrics creates a new approach to evaluating the impact of publications by considering the number of downloads , shares , and discussions on social networks.1 this approach does not replace the traditional bibliometric indicators , such...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. clinical presentation is variable and may include : skin manifestations like recurrent oral or genital ulcers as well as , cns , articular , and ocular signs as described by the international study group of behet 's disease as the key diag...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. like most other cells and organisms , bacteria and archaea need to handle the threat of viral infection that kill the organism or reduce their fitness . it matters little how successful an organisms is at other aspects of its life if it ca...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. two classes of agents , those targeting the m2 ion - channel and those targeting neuramindase , are available to treat or prevent influenza infection . the emergence of resistance to the m2 ion - channel inhibiting drugs , amantadi...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. a 57-year - old woman was admitted to our hospital for further evaluation of a mass located in the upper abdomen , and this mass was incidentally detected by an abdominal ultrasound exam during a medical checkup . the patient presented wit...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) is the most common rheumatoid condition and affects approximately 2% of adult population . the onset of the disease usually takes place between the 45 and 55 year of age and , if not diagnosed early , it rapidly...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. osteoarthritis ( oa ) is the most common form of arthritis and the leading cause of disability , especially among older adults . the disease process leads to limitation of joint movement , joint deformity , tenderness , inflammation , and ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. although the introduction of dopamine agonists in the management of acromegaly has opened new doors for a non - invasive approach to this clinical problem , this therapy has not proved wholly satisfactory . long - term treatment with such ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the potential relevance of endothelial activation biomarkers to sepsis has been raised in both this journal and others [ 1 - 3 ] . biomarkers for sepsis associated with the endothelial glycocalyx remain relatively unknown , however , and t...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. aldose reductase ( ar ) is a key enzyme in the polyol pathway known to play important roles in the cataract formation and the pathogenesis of diabetic complications such as neuropathy , nephropathy , and retinopathy . several naturally occ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the study design included a one - group ( internal ) comparison in which each intersection acted as its own control through comparison of the number of pedestrian motor vehicle collisions ( per intersection - month ) before and after pcs ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. briefly , the reveal registry is a multicenter observational , prospective registry involving 55 university - affiliated and community hospital - based pulmonary hypertension centers in the united states . each of the participating sites r...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. idiopathic intracranial hypertension ( iih ) , previously termed pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension , is a syndrome of increased intracranial pressure ( icp ) of unknown etiology , without clinical , laboratory or rad...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. schizophrenia , affecting around 1% of the population , is a severe disorder involving chronic or recurrent psychosis and long - term deterioration in functional capacity ( 1 ) . the characteristic onset of schizophrenia in early adulthood...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the findings reported here draw on answers to questions added to the two major cohort studies of hiv - positive people in ontario , the ontario hiv treatment network cohort study ( ocs ) ( http://www.ohtncohortstudy.ca/ ) ( n = 959 ) and...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the control of pain , a complex and subjective experience , is critical to clinical success in caring for patients . opioids such as oxycodone , methadone and morphine are the recommended therapy by the world health organization and the eu...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. in many circumstances people experience external events by a number of different sensory modalities . for example , when someone is talking , there is auditory and visual information that is initially processed by specialized neural pathwa...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. transcription factors , enhancer - binding proteins and chromatin - remodeling factors all play a role in regulating gene expression . in addition , nucleosomes , the basic structural units of chromatin , are now thought to also be involve...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the term mucosa - associated lymphoid tissue ( malt ) lymphoma was first coined by isaacson and wright1 in 1983 . malt lymphomas can occur in many locations , including the gastrointestinal tract , salivary glands , thyroid , lung , and br...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. autogenous grafting is the most commonly used surgical procedure for bone reconstruction due to its advantages in comparison with other graft materials , such as biocompatibility and bone regeneration potential . several possibilitie...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. aluminium ( al ) is ubiquitous in the environment and represents the third most common element in the earth s crust and it generally exists in a combined state with other elements . the problem of al contamination in our environment has be...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. macula - on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment ( rd ) is a common cause of ophthalmic emergency that requires surgical treatment in a short period of time to prevent visual loss . the annual incidence of rd varies according to the recent re...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. reactive oxygen species ( ros ) , normally produced during the aerobic metabolism , function as second messengers involved in many cellular functions . on the other hand , when ros level increases because of oxidant treatments and/or def...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the bacterium escherichia coli is widely used as indicator of the bacteriological condition of food and environments due to its almost exclusively fecal origin . the presence of e. coli in fresh - marketed seafood indicates recent contam...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the tumor produces catecholamines , such as norepinephrine and epinephrine , and leads to well - known clinical symptoms , such as hypertension , headache , sweating , palpitation , and orthostatic hypertension . it is usually found at ext...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. venous thromboembolism ( vte ) is a term that encompasses deep vein thrombosis ( dvt ) and pulmonary embolism ( pe ) . an evaluation of the national hospital discharge survey and census date for vte in the united states reported an annual ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. indeed , in 2009 , half of canadian patients initiating renal replacement were over 65 years old ( 1 ) . according to estimates , incidence of chronic renal failure is 242 individuals per one million worldwide ( 2 ) while over $ 1 trillion...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. esophageal achalasia is a rare motility disorder of the esophagus involving the smooth muscle layer and the lower esophagus sphincter ( les ) , with its incomplete relaxation and increased tone . this pathology is characterized by difficul...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the constant shortage of donor organs led to research into xenotransplantation , which was first reported in 1906 . pigs are currently considered the most appropriate source of organs for xenotransplantation to humans based on several adva...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. add the appropriate pre - tested amount of caspase 3 to 20 l of 12 mg / ml pak2 in buffer a ( 50 mm tris - hcl , 150 mm nacl , and 2 mm dtt at ph 7.5 ) and incubate at 34 c for 30 min to fully cleave and activate pak2 . analyze the cleavag...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. patients , clinicians and other healthcare professionals assume that clinical laboratory tests performed by different laboratories at different times on the same sample and specimen can be compared and that results can be reliably and cons...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by peripheral insulin resistance , defects in insulin secretion , and -cell apoptosis . pancreatic -cell dysfunction is central to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes , and the loss...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. activities in cells are partially specified by their respective ribonucleic acid ( rna ) content.1 with respect to mrna , at any given time , a theoretical human cell would feature the whole or some subset of all of the protein coding gene...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. coronary heart diseases are responsible for almost half of all deaths in developed countries and 25% of deaths in developing countries . open heart surgery with median sternotomy is most commonly performed on patients with blocked heart ve...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia ( tn ) is caused by a demonstrable structural lesion other than vascular compression , typically posterior fossa tumors or multiple sclerosis [ 1 , 2 ] . this pain may be either persistent or intermittent ,...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. primary hyperparathyroidism ( phpt ) is a disease characterized by hypercalcemia due to autonomous production of parathyroid hormone ( pth ) . phpt is the third most common endocrine disorder in the west after diabetes mellitus and thyroid...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. parkinson 's disease ( pd ) is an age - related progressive neurodegenerative disorder which is associated with selective loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the midbrain . pd is broadly classifie...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. a stroke is a cerebrovascular event in which the supply of blood delivered to the brain is significantly altered1,2,3 . the resulting deficits or impairments following stroke vary according to the location and extent of the lesion , bu...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. whereas the incidence has increased from 1 in 10,000 - 50,000 spontaneous pregnancies , with assisted reproductive technology procedures , the incidence is up to 1% , a 70-fold increased risk . there are several approaches for heterotopic ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. despite the increased prevalence of weight concern and weight control practices among teenagers , obesity has been increasing steadily [ 1 , 2 ] . females attach much importance on appearance and are preoccupied with their weight from a ve...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. obesity is a major cause of morbidity in canada and in many parts of the world and it is increasing worldwide . as indicated by a body mass index ( bmi ) greater than or equal to 30 kg / m , obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular dis...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the main structures related to human memory are the papez circuit , the basolateral limbic circuit , and the basal forebrain , which communicate with each other through white - matter tracts . damage to these structures ( including the com...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airways and is among the most common chronic conditions , affecting children and adults . it is characterized by increased airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli , resulting in a...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. antibiotic resistance has become one of the most important public health problems worldwide due to morbidity and mortality and healthcare costs . although the spanish national health system ( snhs ) has a population coverage of almost 100%...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. morphea , also known as localized scleroderma ( ls ) , is an inflammatory skin disorder characterized by excessive collagen deposition . it primarily affects the dermis and sometimes extends into the subcutaneous fat and fascia producing t...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. this was an observational cohort study of healthy subjects , glaucoma suspects , and open - angle glaucoma ( oag ) patients enrolled from the diagnostic innovations in glaucoma study ( digs ) who completed oct - a imaging ( angiovue ; opto...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. wegener s granulomatosis ( wg ) is an uncommon necrotizing vasculitis that most commonly affects the upper airways , lungs and kidneys , but can involve any other organ . the disease presents with varying symptoms and signs and early recog...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. primary spontaneous pneumothorax ( psp ) is a benign disease , usually occurring in young patients without known underlying lung disorder . the occurrence rate is reported to be about 9 individuals per 100 000 each year . depending on the ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the adenoma is solitary in 8590% of patients , while others have multiple adenomas or parathyroid hyperplasia . accurate preoperative localization is essential for good surgical outcome , and inability to locate the adenoma in an ectopic g...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. symptomatic disc herniation located in the thoracic spine is a relatively uncommon disease with an estimated annual incidence of 1:1000 to 1:10000003,9,10 ) . on the other hand , it is thought to represent 0.25 to 0.75% of all symptomatic ...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis ( ahle ) is a rare fatal disease presenting with an acute onset of neurological abnormalities . it is categorized in a group of diseases called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ( adem ) . in this dis...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the prostate cancer is the most common malignant disease of men in western countries ( 1 ) . its incidence is continuously increasing korea and its age - standardized incidence rates per 100,000 men was 4.6 cases , which was the 8th - high...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. microbiological confirmation of bacterial infection is rarely achieved in children with acute lower - respiratory - tract infections ( alrtis ) because of the inability to obtain material from the infection site ( ie , the lung ) . treatme...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. blood pressure levels in the very elderly are more scattered than in younger elderly or middle - aged persons . after initial blood pressure increase , which occurred up to the seventh decade in both sexes , furthermore , levels of blood p...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. regenerative medicine is an emerging field of biotechnology that combines various aspects of medicine , cell and molecular biology , materials science and bioengineering in order to regenerate , repair or replace tissues . the oral surgery...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. dyslipidemia is a disorder of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism , including overproductivity , deficiencies , or other changes in lipid metabolism , which results in abnormal amounts of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood . dyslipidemia ca...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. a 27-year - old hispanic man was admitted to the queens hospital center because of cough , weakness , night sweats , and weight loss . the patient was well until 1 month before admission when he started having weakness , coughing , and swe...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. cancer - related inflammation affects many aspects of malignancy , including proliferation and survival of malignant cells , angiogenesis , and therapeutic response . in a previous study that utilizes a mouse model , we showed that an infl...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. tailgut cysts , also known as retrotrectal cystic hamartomas , are rare congenital developmental lesions arising from postnatal primitive gut remnants , that generally occur in the retrorectal space , but have also been described in prerec...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. ala - al - din abu al - hassan ali ibn abi - hazm al - qarshi al - dimashqi , known as ibn al - nafis ( 1210 - 1288 ad ) , was a muslim syrian physician primarily famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the bloo...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. fondaparinux sodium is a new synthetic , sulfated pentasaccharide , selective coagulation factor xa inhibitor , a safe and effective antithrombotic agent , which is indicated for preventing thrombus formation in patients with acute coronar...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. orotracheal intubation is not suitable for assessing the dental relationship and occlusion , and nasotracheal intubation is contraindicated in patients with nasoorbitoethmoidal fractures or fractures of the base of the skull owing to poten...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. fixed drug eruption ( fde ) is a distinctive variant of drug induced dermatoses characterized by sharply demarcated , erythematous patches with / without blistering that develop within hours of administration of the causative drug and heal...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. fierce competition for better mating partners has been a driving force for evolution of diverse forms and behaviors in sex - related traits . during fertilization , sperms from multiple males this natural experimentation in every single fe...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. ceramic and composite resin , esthetic dental materials are continuously developing to meet functional and esthetic demand . indirect restorations require appropriate cement for long - term use in changeable oral conditions and also to mee...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. the advantages of phacoemulsification surgery include excellent potential visual outcome , small corneal incision , and the possibility to employ premium intraocular lenses.23 however , it is not easy to master the technique due to its ste...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. deficits in working memory ( wm ) , a limited capacity system that supports the online manipulation and temporary storage of information , are considered to be a hallmark of alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) , even in its earliest stages . defic...
Instruction: Using the provided medical research article, generate a summary. though both minor and major spontaneous or post - operative bleeding is the most common presentation of this rare disorder , there are several case reports of thrombotic complications also . there are few reports of myocardial infarction (...