headings list | keywords list | title stringlengths 20 281 | id stringlengths 20 20 | toc stringlengths 57 522 ⌀ | sections list | abstract list | summary list | year stringclasses 13
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"developmental biology",
"developmental neuroscience",
"infectious diseases",
"global health",
"genetics",
"sensory systems",
"biology",
"neuroscience",
"evolutionary developmental biology",
"gene function"
] | Disruption of Aedes aegypti Olfactory System Development through Chitosan/siRNA Nanoparticle Targeting of semaphorin-1a | journal.pntd.0002215 | null | [
[
"A lack of functional genetic analyses in vector mosquitoes has prevented us from gaining insight into how the process of development is regulated in these insect vectors of human disease .",
"To address this problem , we have begun to functionally characterize the development of the dengue and yellow fev... | [
"Despite the devastating impact of mosquito-borne illnesses on human health , surprisingly little is known about mosquito developmental biology , including development of the olfactory system , a tissue of vector importance .",
"Analysis of mosquito olfactory developmental genetics has been hindered by a lack of ... | [
"Although mosquitoes transmit many of the world's deadliest diseases , mosquito developmental biology has been grossly understudied .",
"To address this issue , we have begun to develop the dengue and yellow fever vector Aedes aegypti as an emerging model for understanding mosquito developmental genetics .",
"I... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"developmental biology",
"plant science",
"ecology",
"plant biology",
"genetics",
"biology",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Coordination of Flower Maturation by a Regulatory Circuit of Three MicroRNAs | journal.pgen.1003374 | null | [
[
"In mammals , reproductive organs are already formed in the embryo , with gametogenesis being completed after birth .",
"By contrast , plant reproductive development is initiated only after the transition from the juvenile to the adult phase , with the production of flowers that harbor the reproductive or... | [
"The development of multicellular organisms relies on interconnected genetic programs that control progression through their life cycle .",
"MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) and transcription factors ( TFs ) play key roles in such regulatory circuits .",
"Here , we describe how three evolutionary conserved miRNA-TF pairs i... | [
"Development of multicellular organisms relies on properly timed execution of different genetic programs .",
"An example is provided by developmental progression of flowers , which begins with the initiation of individual organs , followed by differentiation , growth , and finally production of the gametes .",
... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"breast tumors",
"cancer treatment",
"cancers and neoplasms",
"basic cancer research",
"oncology",
"animal models",
"model organisms",
"genome analysis",
"mammalian genomics",
"research and analysis methods",
"gene expression",
"breast cancer",
"mouse models... | An Integrated Genome-Wide Systems Genetics Screen for Breast Cancer Metastasis Susceptibility Genes | journal.pgen.1005989 | null | [
[
"Metastasis is an extremely complex process that involves not only tumor-autonomous events but also interactions with local microenvironment and distant tissues .",
"Hundreds or thousands of genes are thought to be associated with metastatic progression [1]; however , the proportion of genes that contribu... | [
"Metastasis remains the primary cause of patient morbidity and mortality in solid tumors and is due to the action of a large number of tumor-autonomous and non-autonomous factors .",
"Here we report the results of a genome-wide integrated strategy to identify novel metastasis susceptibility candidate genes and mo... | [
"Metastasis , the spread and growth of tumor cells from the original tumor to secondary sites throughout the body , is the primary cause of cancer-related death for most solid tumor types .",
"The process of metastasis is very complex , requiring multiple individual steps and the cooperation of different cell typ... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"dengue virus",
"medicine and health sciences",
"enzyme-linked immunoassays",
"immune physiology",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"togaviruses",
"chikungunya infection",
"pathogens",
"immunology",
"tropical diseases",
"microbiology",
"alphaviruses",
"viruses",
"chikungunya virus",
... | Zika virus displacement by a chikungunya outbreak in Recife, Brazil | journal.pntd.0006055 | null | [
[
"The State of Pernambuco in northeast Brazil has been endemic for dengue virus ( DENV ) since at least 1995 , with all four serotypes ( DENV1-DENV4 ) circulating in the region [1–3] .",
"In 2015 , Zika ( ZIKV ) and chikungunya ( CHIKV ) viruses were also detected in Pernambuco [3–5] .",
"The co-circul... | [
"Several arboviruses , including dengue virus ( DENV ) , Zika virus ( ZIKV ) and chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) , transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes , circulate in northeast Brazil .",
"Diseases caused by these viruses are of great public health relevance , however , their epidemiological features in areas where the th... | [
"Infection with Zika ( ZIKV ) and chikungunya ( CHIKV ) viruses can lead to severe symptoms or outcomes .",
"These viruses are transmitted by the same mosquito vectors that transmit dengue virus ( DENV ) and the symptoms of all three diseases are similar , thus , it may be difficult for health professionals to di... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods and materials",
"Results and discussion"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"toxins",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"engineering and technology",
"enzymes",
"tropical diseases",
"enzymology",
"vertebrates",
"animals",
"toxicology",
"toxic agents",
"serine proteases",
"routes of administration",
"signs and symptoms",
"nanopa... | Engineered nanoparticles bind elapid snake venom toxins and inhibit venom-induced dermonecrosis | journal.pntd.0006736 | null | [
[
"Envenomings by snakebites constitute a serious and challenging global health issue , which affects approximately 2 . 5 million people and causes more than 100 , 000 deaths annually .",
"This situation is particularly acute in impoverished rural settings of sub-Saharan Africa , Asia and Latin America [1–4... | [
"Envenomings by snakebites constitute a serious and challenging global health issue .",
"The mainstay in the therapy of snakebite envenomings is the parenteral administration of animal-derived antivenoms .",
"Significantly , antivenoms are only partially effective in the control of local tissue damage .",
"A ... | [
"Snake envenoming affects approximately 2 . 5 million people and causes more than 100 , 000 deaths annually .",
"The WHO includes envenoming as a category A Neglected Tropical Disease .",
"Therapy involves intravenous delivery of animal-derived antivenoms , constituted by IgG from the plasma of mammals immunize... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"mutation",
"effective population size",
"natural selection",
"population genetics",
"biology",
"evolutionary biology",
"evolutionary genetics",
"evolutionary theory"
] | Limits to the Rate of Adaptive Substitution in Sexual Populations | journal.pgen.1002740 | null | [
[
"In an adapting population , beneficial alleles may be spreading simultaneously at multiple genetic loci .",
"New beneficial mutations usually arise in different individuals , and thus compete with each other for fixation [1] , [2] .",
"In asexual populations , this “clonal interference” among alleles... | [
"In large populations , many beneficial mutations may be simultaneously available and may compete with one another , slowing adaptation .",
"By finding the probability of fixation of a favorable allele in a simple model of a haploid sexual population , we find limits to the rate of adaptive substitution , , that ... | [
"In small populations , adaptation may be limited by a lack of beneficial alleles on which selection can act; in such populations , increasing the supply of mutations ( by increasing the population size or the rate of beneficial mutation per individual ) proportionally increases the rate of adaptation .",
"Howeve... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"infectious diseases/neglected tropical diseases",
"infectious diseases/viral infections"
] | Australia's Dengue Risk Driven by Human Adaptation to Climate Change | journal.pntd.0000429 | null | [
[
"Aedes ( Stegomyia ) aegypti ( Linneaus ) is an important vector of dengue and other arboviruses .",
"Despite its limited flight dispersal capability [1] , [2] , its close association with humans and its desiccation-resistant eggs have facilitated many long distance dispersal events within and between con... | [
"The reduced rainfall in southeast Australia has placed this region's urban and rural communities on escalating water restrictions , with anthropogenic climate change forecasts suggesting that this drying trend will continue .",
"To mitigate the stress this may place on domestic water supply , governments have en... | [
"Current and projected rainfall reduction in southeast Australia has seen the installation of large numbers of government-subsidised and ad hoc domestic water storage containers that could create the possibility of the mosquito Ae .",
"aegypti expanding out of Queensland into southern Australian's urban regions .... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genetics and genomics/epigenetics",
"cell biology/gene expression"
] | Orphan CpG Islands Identify Numerous Conserved Promoters in the Mammalian Genome | journal.pgen.1001134 | null | [
[
"In the decade since the human genome sequence was published [1] , [2] , annotation of its landmarks and functional domains has been a priority .",
"Protein coding genes have been quite comprehensively identified and mapped , but full annotation of the genome is far from complete .",
"In addition to g... | [
"CpG islands ( CGIs ) are vertebrate genomic landmarks that encompass the promoters of most genes and often lack DNA methylation .",
"Querying their apparent importance , the number of CGIs is reported to vary widely in different species and many do not co-localise with annotated promoters .",
"We set out to qu... | [
"In the decade since the sequence of the human genome was announced , efforts have been made to annotate all genes with their regulatory sequences .",
"CpG islands are short regions containing the sequence CG at high density that map to regions controlling the expression of most human genes ( known as promoters )... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"death rates",
"medicine and health sciences",
"evolutionary ecology",
"ecology and environmental sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"infectious disease epidemiology",
"pathogens",
"microbiology",
"mathematical models",
"pharmacology",
"population biology",
"research and analysis ... | Assessing the public health impact of tolerance-based therapies with mathematical models | journal.pcbi.1006119 | null | [
[
"Hosts can respond to infections in various ways .",
"The host can reduce the pathogen replication or load and thus improve its health .",
"In evolutionary ecology , such a response is called “host resistance” .",
"Another possible host response is “disease tolerance” , that induces a state , in w... | [
"Disease tolerance is a defense strategy against infections that aims at maintaining host health even at high pathogen replication or load .",
"Tolerance mechanisms are currently intensively studied with the long-term goal of exploiting them therapeutically .",
"Because tolerance-based treatment imposes less se... | [
"Conventional therapies improve patient health by eliminating the pathogen , or , at least , reducing its burden .",
"Recently , alternative therapies that exploit host tolerance mechanisms have received attention from the medical community as a promising strategy .",
"These treatments aim at reducing the level... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"togaviruses",
"pathogens",
"geographical locations",
"microbiology",
"animals",
"alphaviruses",
"north america",
"viruses",
"chikungunya virus",
"rna viruses",
"infectious disease control",
"insect vec... | House screening with insecticide-treated netting provides sustained reductions in domestic populations of Aedes aegypti in Merida, Mexico | journal.pntd.0006283 | null | [
[
"The development of effective and long-lasting methods for the control of the mosquito Aedes aegypti is a top global health priority , especially in the current epidemiological context of multiple co-circulating Aedes-borne diseases ( dengue , yellow fever , chikungunya , Zika , mayaro ) [1 , 2] .",
"Vect... | [
"There is a need for effective methods to control Aedes aegypti and prevent the transmission of dengue , chikungunya , yellow fever and Zika viruses .",
"Insecticide treated screening ( ITS ) is a promising approach , particularly as it targets adult mosquitoes to reduce human-mosquito contact .",
"A cluster-ra... | [
"An ITS based intervention , screened houses with insecticide-treated netting ( long-lasting insecticidal nets permanently fixed with aluminium frames on external doors and windows ) , in Merida city , Mexico .",
"Screened houses had >50% less chance of having Ae .",
"aegypti mosquitoes indoors and importantly ... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and methods",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Conclusions"
] | [
"sequencing techniques",
"schistosoma",
"invertebrates",
"schistosoma mansoni",
"medicine and health sciences",
"body fluids",
"helminths",
"neuroscience",
"animals",
"brain mapping",
"sequence motif analysis",
"molecular biology techniques",
"rna sequencing",
"neuroimaging",
"digestive ... | Microexon gene transcriptional profiles and evolution provide insights into blood processing by the Schistosoma japonicum esophagus | journal.pntd.0006235 | null | [
[
"Adult schistosome worms dwell in the hepatic portal system ( Schistosoma mansoni and S . japonicum ) or the venous plexuses around the bladder ( S . haematobium ) vigorously ingesting blood .",
"Unusual among parasitic helminths , they take up nutrients in two distinct ways: active feeding via the alimen... | [
"Adult schistosomes have a well-developed alimentary tract comprising an oral sucker around the mouth , a short esophagus and a blind ending gut .",
"The esophagus is not simply a muscular tube for conducting blood from the mouth to gut but is divided into compartments , surrounded by anterior and posterior gland... | [
"Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms inhabiting the human bloodstream , surrounded by and feeding on humoral and cellular components of the immune system .",
"They are normally long-lived but the rhesus macaque is able to mount a self-cure response directed against the esophageal secretions of the adult Schistos... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Conclusions"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"medicine and health sciences",
"enzyme-linked immunoassays",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"pathogens",
"vector-borne diseases",
"microbiology",
"geographical locations",
"sudan",
"animals",
"viruses",
"rna viruses",
"insect vectors",
"immunologic techniques",
"a... | Dengue in the Middle East and North Africa: A Systematic Review | journal.pntd.0005194 | null | [
[
"Dengue virus ( DENV ) is a globally distributed flavivirus with nearly 400 million estimated annual infections and a growing geographic distribution and disease burden [1–3] .",
"DENV has a historic presence in the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) , with outbreaks of dengue and dengue-like disease r... | [
"Dengue virus ( DENV ) infection is widespread and its disease burden has increased in past decades .",
"However , little is known about the epidemiology of dengue in the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) .",
"Following Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and reporting our findings following PRISMA guidelines... | [
"Dengue is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus whose global distribution and disease incidence has increased in recent decades .",
"In the Middle East and North Africa , the epidemiology of dengue remains poorly characterized despite increasing reports of outbreaks and transmission in new areas .",
"In order to u... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"molecular biology/recombination",
"molecular biology/dna repair"
] | Sgs1 and Exo1 Redundantly Inhibit Break-Induced Replication and De Novo Telomere Addition at Broken Chromosome Ends | journal.pgen.1000973 | null | [
[
"DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) are generated by normal cellular processes including DNA replication or by exposure to DNA damaging agents or ionizing radiation .",
"To maintain cell viability and preserve genomic integrity , cells employ multiple pathways of homologous recombination ( HR ) to repair D... | [
"In budding yeast , an HO endonuclease-inducible double-strand break ( DSB ) is efficiently repaired by several homologous recombination ( HR ) pathways .",
"In contrast to gene conversion ( GC ) , where both ends of the DSB can recombine with the same template , break-induced replication ( BIR ) occurs when only... | [
"A chromosomal double-strand break ( DSB ) poses a severe threat to genome integrity , and budding yeast cells use several homologous recombination mechanisms to repair the break .",
"In gene conversion ( GC ) , both ends of the DSB share homology to an intact donor locus , and the break is repaired by copying th... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"cell biology",
"genetics",
"biology and life sciences",
"radiobiology"
] | A Germline Polymorphism of Thymine DNA Glycosylase Induces Genomic Instability and Cellular Transformation | journal.pgen.1004753 | null | [
[
"Thymine DNA glycosylase ( TDG ) is a monofunctional DNA glycosylase that functions in base excision repair ( BER ) , the pathway responsible for repairing up to 20 , 000 endogenous lesions/cell/day [1] .",
"This glycosylase is well known for its ability to remove T from G:T mispairs and can also excise a... | [
"Thymine DNA glycosylase ( TDG ) functions in base excision repair , a DNA repair pathway that acts in a lesion-specific manner to correct individual damaged or altered bases .",
"TDG preferentially catalyzes the removal of thymine and uracil paired with guanine , and is also active on 5-fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) pai... | [
"DNA repair is vital to the survival and propagation of cells .",
"It helps protect DNA from becoming permanently damaged and prevents cells from becoming cancerous .",
"The base excision repair ( BER ) pathway is responsible for the removal of up to 20 , 000 lesions/cell/day .",
"Thymine DNA glycosylase ( TD... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"immune cells",
"cytokines",
"immune activation",
"emerging viral diseases",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"inflammation",
"virulence factors and mechanisms",
"biology",
"pathogenesis",
"immune response",
"immune system",
"monocytes",
"immunity",
"virology"
] | Tacaribe Virus but Not Junin Virus Infection Induces Cytokine Release from Primary Human Monocytes and Macrophages | journal.pntd.0001137 | null | [
[
"The Arenaviridae constitute a large family of bi-segmented single-stranded RNA viruses , with 25 species currently being recognized [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] and new members being discovered approximately once every 3 years [5] .",
"The arenaviruses include several significant human pathogens capable of caus... | [
"The mechanisms underlying the development of disease during arenavirus infection are poorly understood .",
"However , common to all hemorrhagic fever diseases is the involvement of macrophages as primary target cells , suggesting that the immune response in these cells may be of paramount importance during infec... | [
"It remains unclear how arenavirus infection causes disease; however , for other hemorrhagic fever viruses , infection has been linked to over-production of numerous cytokines by macrophages that can then affect vascular integrity .",
"In order to determine if a similar mechanism might contribute to arenavirus pa... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Material and methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"sociology",
"social sciences",
"random variables",
"covariance",
"epistasis",
"human families",
"mathematics",
"genetic epidemiology",
"research and analysis methods",
"animal studies",
"epidemiology",
"probability theory",
"agriculture",
"plant breeding"... | Estimating variance components in population scale family trees | journal.pgen.1008124 | null | [
[
"Genealogical records can reflect social and cultural structures , and record the flow of genetic material throughout history .",
"In recent years , very large pedigree records have come into existence , owing to collaborative digitization of large genealogical records [1 , 2] and to digitization of large... | [
"The rapid digitization of genealogical and medical records enables the assembly of extremely large pedigree records spanning millions of individuals and trillions of pairs of relatives .",
"Such pedigrees provide the opportunity to investigate the sociological and epidemiological history of human populations in ... | [
"The advent of online genealogy services allows the assembly of population-scale family trees , spanning millions of individuals and centuries of human history .",
"Such datasets enable answering genetic epidemiology questions on unprecedented scales .",
"Here we present Sci-LMM , a pedigree analysis framework ... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"immune cells",
"small molecules",
"enzymes",
"tor signaling",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"chemical biology",
"signaling in cellular processes",
"enzyme classes",
"oxidoreductases",
"biology",
"molecular biology",
"drug discovery",
"biochemistry",
"signal transduction",
"monocytes",... | Nitazoxanide Stimulates Autophagy and Inhibits mTORC1 Signaling and Intracellular Proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis | journal.ppat.1002691 | null | [
[
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) is the bacterial pathogen that causes tuberculosis , a major infectious disease responsible for approximately 2 million deaths worldwide each year [1] .",
"There is a major need for more effective therapy against tuberculosis [2] , [3] .",
"Mtb is a highly persisten... | [
"Tuberculosis , caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection , is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world today .",
"M . tuberculosis hijacks the phagosome-lysosome trafficking pathway to escape clearance from infected macrophages .",
"There is increasing evidence that manipulation of autophagy ... | [
"Tuberculosis is responsible for approximately 2 million deaths worldwide each year .",
"Current treatment regimens require administration of multiple drugs over several months and resistance to these drugs is on the rise .",
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative agent of the disease , can proliferate wit... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [] | Utilizing a Dynamical Description of IspH to Aid in the Development of Novel Antimicrobial Drugs | journal.pcbi.1003395 | null | [
[
"In the past couple decades , antimicrobial drug resistance has risen dramatically and greatly hampered the efficacy of currently available therapies for bacterial and malarial infections [1]–[9] .",
"Whereas ( multiple- ) drug-resistant bacterial infections are a ubiquitous problem , affecting both the W... | [
"The nonmevalonate pathway is responsible for isoprenoid production in microbes , including H . pylori , M . tuberculosis and P . falciparum , but is nonexistent in humans , thus providing a desirable route for antibacterial and antimalarial drug discovery .",
"We coordinate a structural study of IspH , a [4Fe-4S... | [
"Drug resistance has recently entered into media conversations through the lens of MRSA ( methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ) infections , but conventional therapies are also failing to address resistance in cases of malaria and other bacterial infections , such as tuberculosis .",
"To address these pro... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"infectious diseases",
"virology",
"biology",
"microbiology"
] | Network Model of Immune Responses Reveals Key Effectors to Single and Co-infection Dynamics by a Respiratory Bacterium and a Gastrointestinal Helminth | journal.pcbi.1002345 | null | [
[
"Hosts that are immunologically challenged by one infection often show increased susceptibility to a second infectious agent , whether a micro- or a macro-parasite .",
"Changes in the immune status and polarization of the response towards one parasite can indeed facilitate the establishment and survival o... | [
"Co-infections alter the host immune response but how the systemic and local processes at the site of infection interact is still unclear .",
"The majority of studies on co-infections concentrate on one of the infecting species , an immune function or group of cells and often focus on the initial phase of the inf... | [
"Infections with different infecting agents can alter the immune response against any one parasite and the relative abundance and persistence of the infections within the host .",
"This is because the immune system is not compartmentalized but acts as a whole to allow the host to maintain control of the infection... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"body fluids",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"nervous system",
"pathogens",
"microbiology",
"vertebrates",
"cloning",
"animals",
"mammals",
"retroviruses",
"primates",
"immunodeficiency viruses",
"viruses",
"animal models",
"rna viruses",
"exper... | A SIV molecular clone that targets the CNS and induces neuroAIDS in rhesus macaques | journal.ppat.1006538 | null | [
[
"Entry of HIV to the CNS occurs early in the course of infection and can progress to HIV-associated dementia ( HAD ) or HIV encephalitis ( HIVE ) [1] .",
"HAD is a neurological syndrome that affects 20–30% of infected individuals in the later stages of HIV-infection and includes a range of cognitive and m... | [
"Despite effective control of plasma viremia with the use of combination antiretroviral therapies ( cART ) , minor cognitive and motor disorders ( MCMD ) persist as a significant clinical problem in HIV-infected patients .",
"Non-human primate models are therefore required to study mechanisms of disease progressi... | [
"Despite effective control of plasma viremia with the use of combination antiretroviral therapies , neurologic disease resulting from HIV-infection of the central nervous system ( CNS ) persists as a significant clinical problem .",
"Non-human primate models are therefore required to study mechanisms of disease p... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"infectious diseases",
"public health and epidemiology",
"pediatrics and child health"
] | Diagnosis of Soil-Transmitted Helminths in the Era of Preventive Chemotherapy: Effect of Multiple Stool Sampling and Use of Different Diagnostic Techniques | journal.pntd.0000331 | null | [
[
"Soil-transmitted helminth infections inflict a significant burden on the world's poorest populations living in rural or deprived urban settings in developing countries [1] , [2] .",
"The most prevalent soil-transmitted helminths are Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura and the hookworms ( Ancylosto... | [
"Soil-transmitted helminth infections are common throughout the tropics and subtropics and they disproportionately affect the poorest of the poor .",
"In view of a growing global commitment to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis , there is a need to elucidate the effect of repeated stool sampling and the use o... | [
"Diseases caused by parasitic worms inflict an enormous public health burden in developing countries .",
"There is a growing effort to control worms with drugs .",
"The success of repeated drug administrations can be assessed by measuring the decline in the prevalence and intensity of worm infections .",
"Acc... | 2008 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"molecular biology/bioinformatics",
"computational biology/comparative sequence analysis",
"microbiology"
] | Computational Prediction and Experimental Assessment of Secreted/Surface Proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv | journal.pcbi.1000824 | null | [
[
"According to the Statistics reported by the World Health Organization , Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes 9 . 27 million new cases of tuberculosis ( TB ) each year and approximately 1 . 7 million deaths among infected people worldwide [1] .",
"Host–pathogen interactions leading to mycobacterial infection... | [
"The mycobacterial cell envelope has been implicated in the pathogenicity of tuberculosis and therefore has been a prime target for the identification and characterization of surface proteins with potential application in drug and vaccine development .",
"In this study , the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H... | [
"Since the publication of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome in 1998 , great expectations have emerged regarding speeding up the process of developing vaccines against tuberculosis .",
"Our group has been focused on identifying molecules localized on the mycobacterial surface that could act as ligands facilita... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results and Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | Biofilm Formation Mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Predicted via Genome-Scale Kinetic Models of Bacterial Metabolism | journal.pcbi.1004452 | null | [
[
"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most frequently found bacteria in chronic wounds and in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients , where its ability to create opportunistic infections is potentiated by forming and maintaining biofilms [1] .",
"Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that sustain the... | [
"A hallmark of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is its ability to establish biofilm-based infections that are difficult to eradicate .",
"Biofilms are less susceptible to host inflammatory and immune responses and have higher antibiotic tolerance than free-living planktonic cells .",
"Developing treatments against biofil... | [
"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most frequently found bacterial pathogens in patients with chronic infections , such as chronic wounds and cystic fibrosis .",
"The persistence of P . aeruginosa in these infections is enabled by its ability to form biofilms .",
"Standard antibiotic treatments , effective a... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"small molecules",
"enzymes",
"parasitic diseases",
"parasitology",
"global health",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"zoology",
"infectious diseases",
"proteins",
"biology",
"drug discovery",
"helminthology",
"biochemistry",
"schistosomiasis"
] | Characterization of the Phytochelatin Synthase of Schistosoma mansoni | journal.pntd.0001168 | null | [
[
"Schistosomiasis is a chronic disease caused by trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma .",
"This neglected , poverty-related disease is found in more than 70 countries .",
"It is estimated that more than 200 million people are afflicted with schistosomiasis , with 779 million at risk of infectio... | [
"Treatment for schistosomiasis , which is responsible for more than 280 , 000 deaths annually , depends exclusively on the use of praziquantel .",
"Millions of people are treated annually with praziquantel and drug resistant parasites are likely to evolve .",
"In order to identify novel drug targets the Schisto... | [
"Schistosomiasis is a chronic , debilitating disease that affects hundreds of millions of people .",
"The treatment of schistosomiasis relies solely on monotherapy with praziquantel and there is concern that drug-resistant parasites will evolve .",
"Therefore , it is imperative to identify new drugs for schisto... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"cellular stress responses",
"model organisms",
"proteins",
"genetic screens",
"gene identification and analysis",
"chaperone proteins",
"genetics",
"schizosaccharomyces pombe",
"molecular genetics",
"yeast and fungal models",
"biology",
"molecular cell biology"
] | A Chaperone-Assisted Degradation Pathway Targets Kinetochore Proteins to Ensure Genome Stability | journal.pgen.1004140 | null | [
[
"Various conditions may cause partial denaturation of cell proteins .",
"Such proteins are either shielded from aggregation and refolded to the native state by molecular chaperones [1] or they are targeted for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system ( UPS ) [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .",
"Faults ... | [
"Cells are regularly exposed to stress conditions that may lead to protein misfolding .",
"To cope with this challenge , molecular chaperones selectively target structurally perturbed proteins for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway .",
"In mammals the co-chaperone BAG-1 plays an important role in ... | [
"The accumulation of misfolded proteins represents a considerable threat to the health of individual cells and has been linked to severe diseases , including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders .",
"To cope with this threat , especially under stress conditions , cells have evolved efficient quality control mec... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | Distinct Upstream Role of Type I IFN Signaling in Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Derived and Epithelial Resident Cells for Concerted Recruitment of Ly-6Chi Monocytes and NK Cells via CCL2-CCL3 Cascade | journal.ppat.1005256 | null | [
[
"Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 ( HSV-1 and HSV-2 ) are significant human pathogens and the most common cause of genital ulceration in humans worldwide [1 , 2] .",
"Typically , infection with HSV-1 or -2 via genital routes results in a lifelong latent infection of the host after peripheral replication... | [
"Type I interferon ( IFN-I ) -dependent orchestrated mobilization of innate cells in inflamed tissues is believed to play a critical role in controlling replication and CNS-invasion of herpes simplex virus ( HSV ) .",
"However , the crucial regulators and cell populations that are affected by IFN-I to establish t... | [
"Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 ( HSV-1 and HSV-2 ) are the most common cause of genital ulceration in humans worldwide with lifelong latent infection after peripheral replication in mucosal tissues .",
"Furthermore , acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) is increased in HSV-infected individuals ... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"genetics",
"biology",
"molecular cell biology",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Coincident Resection at Both Ends of Random, γ–Induced Double-Strand Breaks Requires MRX (MRN), Sae2 (Ctp1), and Mre11-Nuclease | journal.pgen.1003420 | null | [
[
"Repair of DSBs is intrinsic to all cellular organisms assuring genome stability during DNA replication and in response to a variety of internal and external environmental threats that can generate primary and secondary DSBs .",
"Two categories of DSB repair , nonhomologous end-joining ( NHEJ ) and homolo... | [
"Resection is an early step in homology-directed recombinational repair ( HDRR ) of DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) .",
"Resection enables strand invasion as well as reannealing following DNA synthesis across a DSB to assure efficient HDRR .",
"While resection of only one end could result in genome instabilit... | [
"DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) can cause genome instability and cancer .",
"While repair can occur through recombination , coincident events at both ends—while assumed—have not been directly addressable at unique or random damage-induced DSBs .",
"Here , we describe pulse-field gel electrophoresis approache... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"biofilms",
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"pneumococcus",
"pathogens",
"microbiology",
"gene transfer",
"dna filter assay",
"dna",
"molecular biology techniques",
"bacteria",
"bacterial pathogens",
"homologous recombination",
"research and analysis me... | Evolution via recombination: Cell-to-cell contact facilitates larger recombination events in Streptococcus pneumoniae | journal.pgen.1007410 | null | [
[
"Streptococcus pneumoniae ( the pneumococcus ) is a paradigm for genetic transformation , in which cells become ‘competent’ for uptake of DNA through binding of a cognate competence stimulating peptide .",
"The single stranded DNA that is taken up is then incorporated into the genome of the competent cell... | [
"Homologous recombination in the genetic transformation model organism Streptococcus pneumoniae is thought to be important in the adaptation and evolution of this pathogen .",
"While competent pneumococci are able to scavenge DNA added to laboratory cultures , large-scale transfers of multiple kb are rare under t... | [
"Bacteria shuffle their genes far less often than humans do and genes or traits are more directly linked with the singular bacterial parent cell rather than the two parents that are involved in sexual reproduction .",
"However , bacteria do occasionally have sex in the form of homologous recombination by taking u... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"chromosome structure and function",
"centromeres",
"animal models",
"telomeres",
"drosophila melanogaster",
"model organisms",
"chromatin",
"chromosome biology",
"biology",
"cell biology",
"genetics",
"genomics",
"molecular cell biology",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Condensin II Promotes the Formation of Chromosome Territories by Inducing Axial Compaction of Polyploid Interphase Chromosomes | journal.pgen.1002873 | null | [
[
"It is widely accepted that interphase chromosomes occupy discrete sub-nuclear domains , known as chromosome territories ( CTs ) .",
"CTs have been described in animals , fungi , and plants [1]–[4] , suggesting that they may have functional relevance for all eukaryotes .",
"The spatial arrangement of ... | [
"The eukaryotic nucleus is both spatially and functionally partitioned .",
"This organization contributes to the maintenance , expression , and transmission of genetic information .",
"Though our ability to probe the physical structure of the genome within the nucleus has improved substantially in recent years ... | [
"A number of recent studies have debunked the idea that chromosomes exist as a tangled mass of chromatin fibers within the nucleus .",
"In many organisms , including mammals , each chromosome occupies a specific region of the nucleus known as a chromosome territory .",
"This organization has implications for ma... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"infectious diseases/hiv infection and aids",
"immunology/immunity to infections"
] | Dimeric 2G12 as a Potent Protection against HIV-1 | journal.ppat.1001225 | null | [
[
"Human efficacy trials of vaccine candidates designed to elicit antibody-based immunity against HIV-1 have mostly failed [1] , [2] , raising questions as to whether such an approach to HIV-1 vaccination is at all feasible .",
"A recent human vaccine trial in Thailand [3] , however , provided a promising s... | [
"We previously showed that broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibody 2G12 ( human IgG1 ) naturally forms dimers that are more potent than monomeric 2G12 in in vitro neutralization of various strains of HIV-1 .",
"In this study , we have investigated the protective effects of monomeric versus dimeric 2G12 against H... | [
"Most successful vaccines function by eliciting antibodies that bind to the surface of pathogens of interest from the host immunologic repertoire .",
"This should also be the case for an HIV-1 vaccine , but broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies have proven hard to elicit with any reagent .",
"Thus , method... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"epistasis",
"systems biology",
"phenotypes",
"heredity",
"genetics",
"genetic suppression",
"biology",
"computational biology",
"quantitative traits",
"gene networks",
"genetics and genomics",
"complex traits"
] | Use of Pleiotropy to Model Genetic Interactions in a Population | journal.pgen.1003010 | null | [
[
"Research in systems biology and genetics increasingly combines aspects of molecular biology with quantitative and statistical genetics .",
"Genotyping and sequencing technologies allow large sample populations to be characterized at high or base-pair resolution .",
"Parallel advances in quantitative ... | [
"Systems-level genetic studies in humans and model systems increasingly involve both high-resolution genotyping and multi-dimensional quantitative phenotyping .",
"We present a novel method to infer and interpret genetic interactions that exploits the complementary information in multiple phenotypes .",
"We app... | [
"Parallel advances in genotype and phenotype measurement technologies are yielding large-scale , multidimensional datasets that can potentially decipher the genetic etiology of complex traits .",
"Understanding these data will require methods that combine the experimental power of molecular biology and the quanti... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"phosphorylation",
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"gene regulation",
"pathogens",
"cell processes",
"microbiology",
"viruses",
"hpv-18",
"physiological processes",
"dna viruses",
"human papillomavirus",
"small interfering rnas",
"papillomaviruses",
"... | The HPV-18 E7 CKII phospho acceptor site is required for maintaining the transformed phenotype of cervical tumour-derived cells | journal.ppat.1007769 | null | [
[
"Human papillomaviruses ( HPVs ) are major causes of human cancer , with cervical cancer being the most important .",
"Whilst there are over 200 different HPV types , only a small subset are responsible for the development of human cancers and , of these , HPV-16 and HPV-18 are the most common [1] .",
... | [
"The Human Papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of malignancy , which it achieves through targeting a number of critical cell control pathways .",
"An important element in the ability of E7 to contribute towards cell transformation is the presence of a Casein Ki... | [
"In this study we have used genome editing to mutate the HPV-18 E7 CKII phospho-acceptor site in cells derived from a cervical cancer .",
"We demonstrate that this results in a decrease in cell proliferation and renders the cells particularly susceptible to low nutrient conditions .",
"Furthermore these cells a... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | The Regulatory T Cell Lineage Factor Foxp3 Regulates Gene Expression through Several Distinct Mechanisms Mostly Independent of Direct DNA Binding | journal.pgen.1005251 | null | [
[
"TReg cells , a subtype of CD4+ T cells , provide the immune system with a checkpoint preventing detrimental immune responses [1] .",
"They not only avert the development of autoimmunity and preclude the rejection of the fetus by the maternal immune system [2–4] , but also modulate the immune system to co... | [
"The lineage factor Foxp3 is essential for the development and maintenance of regulatory T cells , but little is known about the mechanisms involved .",
"Here , we demonstrate that an N-terminal proline-rich interaction region is crucial for Foxp3’s function .",
"Subdomains within this key region link Foxp3 to ... | [
"The suppressive activity of regulatory T cells provides the immune system with a mechanism to prevent detrimental immune responses , such as autoimmunity , attack of the beneficial commensal microbiota and rejection of the fetus .",
"Intriguingly , expression of a single lineage factor Foxp3 is sufficient to com... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"structural genomics",
"genomics",
"genome evolution",
"natural selection",
"genome analysis",
"genetics",
"biology and life sciences",
"comparative genomics",
"molecular evolution",
"computational biology",
"evolutionary biology",
"population genetics",
"ecological selection",
"evolutiona... | Extensive Copy-Number Variation of Young Genes across Stickleback Populations | journal.pgen.1004830 | null | [
[
"Structural polymorphisms such as copy-number variations ( CNVs ) epitomize the dynamic nature of genomes .",
"Inter- and intra-specific comparisons of whole genomes have revealed large genomic portions deleted and duplicated between individuals [1]–[7] .",
"The substantial contribution of these CNVs ... | [
"Duplicate genes emerge as copy-number variations ( CNVs ) at the population level , and remain copy-number polymorphic until they are fixed or lost .",
"The successful establishment of such structural polymorphisms in the genome plays an important role in evolution by promoting genetic diversity , complexity and... | [
"After a locus is duplicated in a genome , individuals from a population instantaneously differ in the number of copies of this locus producing a copy-number variation ( CNV ) .",
"Over time , the joint effects of selection and other evolutionary forces will act to either eliminate the extra genetic copy or retai... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genetics and genomics/comparative genomics",
"immunology/reproductive immunology",
"evolutionary biology/human evolution",
"evolutionary biology/genomics",
"immunology/innate immunity",
"immunology/genetics of the immune system",
"infectious diseases/viral infections",
"genetics and genomics/populati... | Human-Specific Evolution and Adaptation Led to Major Qualitative Differences in the Variable Receptors of Human and Chimpanzee Natural Killer Cells | journal.pgen.1001192 | null | [
[
"Natural killer ( NK ) cells are lymphocytes that contribute to both the immune and reproductive systems .",
"NK cells provide first-line , innate immune defense against infection [1] and cancer [2] , and through interaction with dendritic cells [3] help initiate the second-line , adaptive immune response... | [
"Natural killer ( NK ) cells serve essential functions in immunity and reproduction .",
"Diversifying these functions within individuals and populations are rapidly-evolving interactions between highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) class I ligands and variable NK cell receptors .",
"Speci... | [
"Natural killer ( NK ) cells are versatile lymphocytes that make essential contributions to immune defense and placental reproduction .",
"Essential to NK cell development , diversification and function are variable families of surface receptors that recognize equally variable determinants of polymorphic major hi... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"animal diseases",
"chemical compounds",
"disaccharides",
"foot and mouth disease",
"condensed matter physics",
"microbiology",
"viral structure",
"carbohydrates",
"organic compounds",
"electron cryo-microscopy",
"viruses",
"rna viruses",
"microscopy",
"zoology",
"research and analysis m... | Structures of foot and mouth disease virus pentamers: Insight into capsid dissociation and unexpected pentamer reassociation | journal.ppat.1006607 | null | [
[
"The Picornaviridae are small , non-enveloped , single-stranded RNA viruses , comprising numerous genera including the Enterovirus genus ( e . g . poliovirus , human rhinovirus , enterovirus 71 ) , Aphthovirus genus ( e . g . FMDV and Equine rhinitis A virus—ERAV ) and Cardiovirus genus ( e . g . mengovirus )... | [
"Foot-and-mouth disease virus ( FMDV ) belongs to the Aphthovirus genus of the Picornaviridae , a family of small , icosahedral , non-enveloped , single-stranded RNA viruses .",
"It is a highly infectious pathogen and is one of the biggest hindrances to the international trade of animals and animal products .",
... | [
"This is the first structure of dissociated pentamers for FMDV , and indeed for any picornavirus .",
"We also present the first visualization of a picornavirus particle assembled from pentamers comprising VP1 , 2 and 3 .",
"The formation of regular assemblies rather than random aggregates has enabled us to solv... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Delayed Onset of Symptoms and Atovaquone-Proguanil Chemoprophylaxis Breakthrough by Plasmodium malariae in the Absence of Mutation at Codon 268 of pmcytb | journal.pntd.0004068 | null | [
[
"Human malaria is caused by six species of protozoan parasite: Plasmodium falciparum , P . knowlesi , P . malariae , P . ovale curtisi , P . ovale wallikeri and P . vivax [1] .",
"According to the World Malaria Report 2014 [2] , it is estimated that 198 million cases ( uncertainty interval , 124–283 milli... | [
"Plasmodium malariae is widely distributed across the tropics , causing symptomatic malaria in humans with a 72-hour fever periodicity , and may present after latency periods lasting up to many decades .",
"Delayed occurrence of symptoms is observed in humans using chemoprophylaxis , or patients having received t... | [
"Plasmodium malariae is a widely distributed parasite infecting humans across the tropics , and causing symptomatic malaria with a 72-hour fever periodicity .",
"It is rarely studied .",
"This parasite has the notable ability to recur after many decades of apparent absence .",
"Further , people who have recei... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"bacteriology",
"staphylococci",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"host-pathogen interaction",
"bacterial evolution",
"bacterial pathogens"
] | A Novel Core Genome-Encoded Superantigen Contributes to Lethality of Community-Associated MRSA Necrotizing Pneumonia | journal.ppat.1002271 | null | [
[
"Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for an array of diseases including life-threatening toxinoses such as toxic shock syndrome ( TSS ) and necrotizing pneumonia .",
"Many strains of S . aureus have been shown to produce members of a family of more than 20 serologically distinct superantigenic ( SAg ) to... | [
"Bacterial superantigens ( SAg ) stimulate T-cell hyper-activation resulting in immune modulation and severe systemic illnesses such as Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock syndrome .",
"However , all known S . aureus SAgs are encoded by mobile genetic elements and are made by only a proportion of strains .",
"Her... | [
"Staphylococcus aureus is a global pathogen , responsible for an array of different illnesses in humans and animals .",
"In particular , community-associated methicillin-resistant S . aureus ( CA-MRSA ) strains of the pandemic USA300 clone have the capacity to cause lethal human necrotizing pneumonia , but the mo... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"rheumatology",
"genome analysis tools",
"genomics",
"clinical immunology",
"genetics",
"autoimmune diseases",
"immunology",
"biology",
"computational biology",
"genetics and genomics",
"human genetics"
] | A Genome-Wide Association Study Identified AFF1 as a Susceptibility Locus for Systemic Lupus Eyrthematosus in Japanese | journal.pgen.1002455 | null | [
[
"Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production , complement activation , and multi-organ damage [1] .",
"Familial aggregation demonstrates that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in pathogenesis of SLE [2] .",
"Genetic studies us... | [
"Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) is an autoimmune disease that causes multiple organ damage .",
"Although recent genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) have contributed to discovery of SLE susceptibility genes , few studies has been performed in Asian populations .",
"Here , we report a GWAS for SLE exam... | [
"Although recent genome-wide association study ( GWAS ) approaches have successfully contributed to disease gene discovery , many susceptibility loci are known to be still uncaptured due to strict significance threshold for multiple hypothesis testing .",
"Therefore , prioritization of GWAS results by incorporati... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"blood cells",
"flow cytometry",
"medicine and health sciences",
"immune cells",
"immune physiology",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"pathogens",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"organisms",
"viruses",
"preventive medicine",
"dna viruses",
"cytotoxic t cells",
"antibodies",
"vaccin... | Immunogenic particles with a broad antigenic spectrum stimulate cytolytic T cells and offer increased protection against EBV infection ex vivo and in mice | journal.ppat.1007464 | null | [
[
"The Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) is a γ-herpesvirus that establishes asymptomatic infection in the majority of the human population .",
"EBV infects both B cells and epithelial cells , but it is in the former in which EBV establishes latency and persists lifelong [1] .",
"Despite being carried asymptom... | [
"The ubiquitous Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis and is etiologically linked to the development of several malignancies and autoimmune diseases .",
"EBV has a multifaceted life cycle that comprises virus lytic replication and latency programs .",
"Considering EBV infec... | [
"Human herpesviruses are tremendously successful pathogens that establish lifelong infection in a substantial proportion of the population .",
"The oncogenic γ-herpesvirus EBV , like other herpesviruses , expresses a plethora of open-reading frames throughout its multifaceted life cycle .",
"We have developed a... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"cell death",
"medicine and health sciences",
"body fluids",
"cell processes",
"tropical diseases",
"parasitic diseases",
"animals",
"parasitic protozoans",
"protozoans",
"infectious disease control",
"insect vectors",
"digestive system",
"infectious diseases",
"malarial... | Inhibition of Malaria Infection in Transgenic Anopheline Mosquitoes Lacking Salivary Gland Cells | journal.ppat.1005872 | null | [
[
"Malaria represents an important global public health challenge , and is transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes during blood feeding .",
"Mosquito vector control is one of the most effective ways to control malaria in endemic areas .",
"Insecticide resistance has recently been reported in mosquitoes in ... | [
"Malaria is an important global public health challenge , and is transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes during blood feeding .",
"Mosquito vector control is one of the most effective methods to control malaria , and population replacement with genetically engineered mosquitoes to block its transmission is expected ... | [
"Malaria , transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes , represents an important global public health challenge .",
"The salivary glands of mosquitoes are an attractive target tissue for malaria and vector control .",
"We produced a transgenic strain inducing cell death in the salivary glands with a cell death effecto... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"gene expression",
"genetics",
"epigenetics",
"biology",
"molecular cell biology",
"chromatin"
] | SNF5 Is an Essential Executor of Epigenetic Regulation during Differentiation | journal.pgen.1003459 | null | [
[
"During development , each cell acquires the appropriate gene expression that ensures its cellular identity , which is accomplished by multiple layers of epigenetic regulations [1] , [2] .",
"The interactions among transcription factors , covalent chromatin marks , histone variants and chromatin remodeler... | [
"Nucleosome occupancy controls the accessibility of the transcription machinery to DNA regulatory regions and serves an instructive role for gene expression .",
"Chromatin remodelers , such as the BAF complexes , are responsible for establishing nucleosome occupancy patterns , which are key to epigenetic regulati... | [
"DNA is packaged with proteins into higher-order chromatin structures , which makes genes inherently resistant to transcription initiation .",
"The importance of chromatin remodelers in inducing structural changes to chromatin and , therefore , in controlling the expression of genes has recently resurfaced with t... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | Conserved Motifs within Hepatitis C Virus Envelope (E2) RNA and Protein Independently Inhibit T Cell Activation | journal.ppat.1005183 | null | [
[
"Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) infects more than 180 million people worldwide and is a leading cause of liver disease [1] .",
"Most infected individuals develop chronic viremia which frequently leads to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [1 , 2] .",
"Hallmarks of HCV infection include impaired HCV-spe... | [
"T cell receptor ( TCR ) signaling is required for T-cell activation , proliferation , differentiation , and effector function .",
"Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) infection is associated with impaired T-cell function leading to persistent viremia , delayed and inconsistent antibody responses , and mild immune dysfunct... | [
"Globally , approximately 200 million people are persistently infected with Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) .",
"Mechanisms by which HCV establishes persistent infection are complex , and several host and viral factors appear to contribute to the ability of HCV to evade immune clearance .",
"T cell activation through... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"adaptation",
"evolutionary biology",
"clinical immunology",
"natural selection",
"autoimmune diseases",
"population genetics",
"biology",
"computational biology",
"microbiology",
"host-pathogen interaction",
"evolutionary processes",
"immunology"
] | Signatures of Environmental Genetic Adaptation Pinpoint Pathogens as the Main Selective Pressure through Human Evolution | journal.pgen.1002355 | null | [
[
"Anatomically modern humans appeared in East Africa about 200 k years ago , spread out from sub-Saharan Africa approximately 100 k years ago , and subsequently colonized the rest of the world in a series of migratory events [1] .",
"During this period humans encountered a wide range of different environme... | [
"Previous genome-wide scans of positive natural selection in humans have identified a number of non-neutrally evolving genes that play important roles in skin pigmentation , metabolism , or immune function .",
"Recent studies have also shown that a genome-wide pattern of local adaptation can be detected by identi... | [
"Adaptation to local environments is one of the most important factors shaping human genetic variation among different geographically distributed populations .",
"Here we develop a statistical framework aimed at identifying signals of genetic adaptation .",
"We correlate the spatial distribution of allele frequ... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"kala-azar",
"medicine and health sciences",
"population genetics",
"tropical diseases",
"geographical locations",
"sand flies",
"parasitic diseases",
"parasitic protozoans",
"gene pool",
"protozoans",
"leishmania",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"population biology",
"insect vectors",
"... | Natural infection by Leishmania infantum in the Lutzomyia longipalpis population of an endemic coastal area to visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil is not associated with bioclimatic factors | journal.pntd.0007626 | null | [
[
"Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is an infectious disease considered to be neglected by the World Health Organization , mainly affecting poor regions in developing countries [1] .",
"Previously in Brazil , likewise in other countries , the occurrence of VL was limited to rural areas and small urban localiti... | [
"Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and in Brazil is transmitted mainly by the bite of Lutzomuyia longipalpis sand flies .",
"Data about the presence , distribution , natural infection rate , seasonal and monthly dynamics of the vector population are important ... | [
"Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is a parasitic disease transmited by a sand fly vector .",
"VL is an important public health issue in Brazil occurring in all its regions with increasing incidences in big urban centers .",
"In the State of Bahia , VL has spread to new hotspots in the last decade reaching the coas... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | A Phenomic Scan of the Norfolk Island Genetic Isolate Identifies a Major Pleiotropic Effect Locus Associated with Metabolic and Renal Disorder Markers | journal.pgen.1005593 | null | [
[
"Cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) are highly prevalent conditions and are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many developed nations [1] .",
"In general , CVDs are comorbid conditions that arise from several major underlying risk factor traits , e . g . excess adiposity , hypertension and dysli... | [
"Multiphenotype genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) may reveal pleiotropic genes , which would remain undetected using single phenotype analyses .",
"Analysis of large pedigrees offers the added advantage of more accurately assessing trait heritability , which can help prioritise genetically influenced pheno... | [
"While many large genetic association studies have identified genes playing a role in complex disorders , there is still concern over the amount of missing genetic heritability .",
"With this in mind , we have used a data reduction approach alongside pedigree-based association to obtain highly heritable component... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"primates",
"viruses",
"infectious diseases",
"virology",
"immunology",
"animals"
] | Neutralizing Antibody Fails to Impact the Course of Ebola Virus Infection in Monkeys | journal.ppat.0030009 | null | [
[
"Editor's note: The potential efficacy of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis against Ebola virus infection , as well as the fundamentally important question of whether neutralizing bodies are important for Ebola virus resistance , is addressed by a related manuscript in this issue of PLoS Pathogens .",
"P... | [
"Prophylaxis with high doses of neutralizing antibody typically offers protection against challenge with viruses producing acute infections .",
"In this study , we have investigated the ability of the neutralizing human monoclonal antibody , KZ52 , to protect against Ebola virus in rhesus macaques .",
"This ant... | [
"Ebola virus is one of the most feared of human pathogens with a mortality that can approach 90% and an extremely rapid disease course that can lead to death within days of infection .",
"Antibodies able to inhibit viral infection in culture , neutralizing antibodies , can typically prevent viral infection in ani... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Co-endemicity of Loiasis and Onchocerciasis in Rain Forest Communities in Southwestern Nigeria | journal.pntd.0003633 | null | [
[
"Onchocerciasis and loiasis are endemic filarial parasites in the central and western African countries [1] including Nigeria .",
"Onchocerciasis is rated as the second leading infectious cause of blindness in the world only preceded by blinding trachoma [2 , 3] .",
"It is endemic in 31 countries in A... | [
"Loiasis is currently receiving attention as a disease of public health importance because of the possibility of increased risk of developing neurologic serious adverse event following mass ivermectin treatment against onchocerciasis in individual co-infected with Onchocerca volvulus and Loa loa .",
"Rapid assess... | [
"Loiasis recently emerged as a disease of public health importance because of the risk of rare severe adverse events ( SAEs ) associated with the rapid killing of Loa loa microfilariae in heavily parasitized individuals following ivermectin treatment .",
"for onchocerciasis .",
"The possibility of developing th... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"immune response",
"infectious diseases",
"veterinary diseases",
"zoonoses",
"medicine and health sciences",
"clinical immunology",
"immunity",
"leishmaniasis",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"biology and life sciences",
"immunology",
"immune suppression",
"tropical diseases",
"immunomodul... | Antimony Resistant Leishmania donovani but Not Sensitive Ones Drives Greater Frequency of Potent T-Regulatory Cells upon Interaction with Human PBMCs: Role of IL-10 and TGF-β in Early Immune Response | journal.pntd.0002995 | null | [
[
"Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) or Kala-azar has emerged as a major public health issue in India and neighbouring countries in the last few decades .",
"Pentavalent antimonial compound is the first line drug for therapy of leishmaniasis , with Amphotericin B , Miltefosine and Paramomycin serving as the sec... | [
"In India the sand fly , Phlebotomus argentipes , transmitted parasitic disease termed kala-azar is caused by Leishmania donovani ( LD ) in humans .",
"These immune-evading parasites have increasingly developed resistance to the drug sodium antimony gluconate in endemic regions .",
"Lack of early diagnosis meth... | [
"The disease Kala-azar is caused by Leishmania donovani ( LD ) .",
"The disease is characterized by the depression of cellular immune response .",
"In the Indian subcontinent LD parasites are mostly resistant to commonly used antileishmanial drug , like sodium antimony gluconate ( SAG ) .",
"It is known that ... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genetics and genomics/gene expression",
"developmental biology/aging",
"diabetes and endocrinology/obesity",
"computational biology/systems biology",
"diabetes and endocrinology/type 2 diabetes"
] | Pparγ2 Is a Key Driver of Longevity in the Mouse | journal.pgen.1000752 | null | [
[
"Aging is not a disease , but a natural evolution characterized by declining biological function , whose timeline is sensitive to both environmental and genetic factors .",
"Several longevity candidate genes have been identified , including the insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway [1]–[3] .",
"With the use ... | [
"Aging involves a progressive physiological remodeling that is controlled by both genetic and environmental factors .",
"Many of these factors impact also on white adipose tissue ( WAT ) , which has been shown to be a determinant of lifespan .",
"Interrogating a transcriptional network for predicted causal regu... | [
"The progression of aging is controlled by both genetic and environmental factors .",
"Many of these factors are present also in adipose tissue , which itself has been shown to determine lifespan .",
"Applying advanced bioinformatics methods on a large mouse gene expression data set , we identified Pparg ( Nr1c... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"physics",
"stochastic processes",
"veterinary epidemiology",
"mathematics",
"statistical mechanics",
"population modeling",
"computational neuroscience",
"biology",
"computational biology",
"nonlinear dynamics",
"veterinary science",
"markov model",
"probability theory"
] | Intrinsic Noise Induces Critical Behavior in Leaky Markovian Networks Leading to Avalanching | journal.pcbi.1003411 | null | [
[
"An important problem in many scientific disciplines is understanding how extrinsic and intrinsic factors enable a complex physical system to exhibit a bursting behavior that leads to avalanching [1] , [2] .",
"Avalanching is a form of spontaneous behavior characterized by irregular and isolated bursts of... | [
"The role intrinsic statistical fluctuations play in creating avalanches – patterns of complex bursting activity with scale-free properties – is examined in leaky Markovian networks .",
"Using this broad class of models , we develop a probabilistic approach that employs a potential energy landscape perspective co... | [
"Networks of noisy interacting components arise in diverse scientific disciplines .",
"Here , we develop a mathematical framework to study the underlying causes of a bursting phenomenon in network activity known as avalanching .",
"As prototypical examples , we study a model of disease spreading in a population... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"gastroenterology and hepatology/gastrointestinal cancers",
"cell biology/cellular death and stress responses",
"cell biology/cell signaling",
"gastroenterology and hepatology/gastrointestinal infections",
"cell biology/membranes and sorting",
"infectious diseases/bacterial infections",
"microbiology/mi... | Helicobacter pylori Counteracts the Apoptotic Action of Its VacA Toxin by Injecting the CagA Protein into Gastric Epithelial Cells | journal.ppat.1000603 | null | [
[
"Infection with Helicobacter pylori is responsible for gastritis and gastroduodenal ulcers but is also a high risk factor for the development of mucosa-associated lymphoid-like tissue ( MALT ) lymphoma as well as gastric adenocarcinoma [1] .",
"H . pylori strains have been classified by the presence or th... | [
"Infection with Helicobacter pylori is responsible for gastritis and gastroduodenal ulcers but is also a high risk factor for the development of gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma .",
"The most pathogenic H . pylori strains ( i . e . , the so-called type I strains ) associate the CagA virulence protein with an a... | [
"The gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the main causative agent of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer in humans .",
"Our work sheds light on a new molecular mechanism by which H . pylori would exert its highly efficient colonization strategy of the human host .",
"In this paper , we show that the H . ... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | High Rates of O’Nyong Nyong and Chikungunya Virus Transmission in Coastal Kenya | journal.pntd.0003436 | null | [
[
"Alphaviruses are endemic to many regions of Kenya; however , due to limited surveillance and documentation during and in between known outbreaks , the alphaviral burden is yet to be fully recognized .",
"O’nyong-nyong virus ( ONNV ) and chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) are closely related alphaviruses in the ... | [
"Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) and o’nyong nyong virus ( ONNV ) are mosquito-borne alphaviruses endemic in East Africa that cause acute febrile illness and arthritis .",
"The objectives of this study were to measure the seroprevalence of CHIKV and ONNV in coastal Kenya and link it to demographics and other risk fac... | [
"Alphaviruses , such as chikungunya and o’nyong nyong viruses , are likely important causes of human disease in endemic regions , but are often misdiagnosed as malaria in the acute care setting .",
"Our objective was to uncover the burden of alphavirus exposure in our study region , rural coastal Kenya .",
"Of ... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"infectious diseases",
"public health and epidemiology",
"behavioral and social aspects of health",
"ophthalmology",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"surgery",
"trachoma",
"public health"
] | Why Do People Not Attend for Treatment for Trachomatous Trichiasis in Ethiopia? A Study of Barriers to Surgery | journal.pntd.0001766 | null | [
[
"Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide [1] .",
"The burden of disease falls largely on poor rural communities in Africa and Asia .",
"Trachoma starts in childhood with recurrent infection of the tarsal conjunctiva by Chlamydia trachomatis , producing chronic inflammation ( ac... | [
"Trachomatous trichiasis ( TT ) surgery is provided free or subsidised in most trachoma endemic settings .",
"However , only 18–66% of TT patients attend for surgery .",
"This study analyses barriers to attendance among TT patients in Ethiopia , the country with the highest prevalence of TT in the world .",
"... | [
"Trachoma is the commonest infectious cause of blindness worldwide .",
"It causes trichiasis ( inturning of the eyelashes to touch the eye ) , which can cause visual loss .",
"Trachomatous trichiasis ( TT ) affects over eight million people , of whom 1 . 2 million live in Ethiopia – the most affected country wo... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"virology/virulence factors and mechanisms",
"virology/animal models of infection",
"virology",
"neuroscience/neuronal and glial cell biology",
"virology/host invasion and cell entry"
] | A Herpesvirus Encoded Deubiquitinase Is a Novel Neuroinvasive Determinant | journal.ppat.1000387 | null | [
[
"Neuroinvasive herpesviruses comprise a group of pathogens with individual members infecting different mammalian hosts .",
"Four viruses of this group infect humans: herpes simplex virus type 1 ( HSV-1 ) , herpes simplex virus type 2 ( HSV-2 ) , varicella zoster virus ( VZV ) and simian herpes B virus ( S... | [
"The neuroinvasive property of several alpha-herpesviruses underlies an uncommon infectious process that includes the establishment of life-long latent infections in sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system .",
"Several herpesvirus proteins are required for replication and dissemination within the nervous... | [
"Subsets of herpesviruses , such as herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus , are neuroinvasive pathogens .",
"Upon infection , these viruses efficiently target peripheral nervous system tissue and establish a life-long infection for which there is no cure .",
"Very few pathogens are known that invade the n... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"retrotransposons",
"chromosome structure and function",
"centromeres",
"cytogenetic analysis",
"mitosis",
"genome sequencing",
"epigenetics",
"molecular genetics",
"chromatin",
"transposons",
"chromosome biology",
"biology",
"molecular biology",
"cell biology",
"gene identification and ... | Stretching the Rules: Monocentric Chromosomes with Multiple Centromere Domains | journal.pgen.1002777 | null | [
[
"Centromeres are chromosome domains that are essential for faithful chromosome segregation during cell division .",
"It is maintained that stable chromosomes can be either monocentric , possessing centromere activity within a cytologically distinguishable primary constriction , or polycentric ( holocentri... | [
"The centromere is a functional chromosome domain that is essential for faithful chromosome segregation during cell division and that can be reliably identified by the presence of the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CenH3 .",
"In monocentric chromosomes , the centromere is characterized by a single CenH3-c... | [
"During cell division , DNA packed in chromosomes must be perfectly distributed between daughter cells .",
"Centromeres play a crucial role in this process .",
"Current centromere biology maintains that stable chromosomes can be either monocentric , with one functional domain located at a single position , or p... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods",
"Supporting Information"
] | [
"drosophila",
"genetics and genomics"
] | POF and HP1 Bind Expressed Exons, Suggesting a Balancing Mechanism for Gene Regulation | journal.pgen.0030209 | null | [
[
"The chromatin of eukaryotes is highly organized and can be functionally divided into active euchromatin and silent heterochromatin [1 , 2] .",
"Telomeres and pericentric regions are the main chromosomal domains that consist of constitutive heterochromatin .",
"However , in Drosophila the small fourth... | [
"Two specific chromosome-targeting and gene regulatory systems are present in Drosophila melanogaster .",
"The male X chromosome is targeted by the male-specific lethal complex believed to mediate the 2-fold up-regulation of the X-linked genes , and the highly heterochromatic fourth chromosome is specifically tar... | [
"Species where males and females have a different number of sex chromosomes have to equalize the transcriptional output from the genes located on the X chromosome .",
"In Drosophila this mechanism is achieved by a 2-fold up-regulation of the single male X chromosome .",
"Flies also possess an additional chromos... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"cell biology/cell growth and division",
"computational biology/systems biology",
"biochemistry/theory and simulation"
] | Mathematical Modelling of DNA Replication Reveals a Trade-off between Coherence of Origin Activation and Robustness against Rereplication | journal.pcbi.1000783 | null | [
[
"A complex molecular machinery ensures that the entire nuclear genome of eukaryotic cells is replicated exactly once during each cell cycle [1]–[3] .",
"To achieve this , DNA synthesis starts near-simultaneously from hundreds to thousands of replication origins .",
"The assembly of the replication mac... | [
"Eukaryotic genomes are duplicated from multiple replication origins exactly once per cell cycle .",
"In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a complex molecular network has been identified that governs the assembly of the replication machinery .",
"Here we develop a mathematical model that links the dynamics of this net... | [
"For a cell to divide into two daughter cells , its genetic information must be accurately duplicated .",
"The large genomes in eukaryotic cells are copied from hundreds or thousands of replication origins to achieve the duplication of the entire DNA in a limited time span .",
"Errors that result in incomplete ... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"functional genomics",
"retrotransposons",
"genome evolution",
"viral classification",
"microbiology",
"retroviruses",
"molecular cell biology",
"transposons",
"regulatory networks",
"comparative genomics",
"biology",
"virology",
"genetics",
"genomics",
"evolutionary biology",
"genomic... | The Majority of Primate-Specific Regulatory Sequences Are Derived from Transposable Elements | journal.pgen.1003504 | null | [
[
"Nearly half of human DNA is derived from sequences known as TEs that have successfully replicated in the genome during the evolution of our species [1] .",
"Although the parasitic behavior of TEs was initially put forward as a sufficient explanation for their maintenance within genomes [2] , [3] there is... | [
"Although emerging evidence suggests that transposable elements ( TEs ) have contributed novel regulatory elements to the human genome , their global impact on transcriptional networks remains largely uncharacterized .",
"Here we show that TEs have contributed to the human genome nearly half of its active element... | [
"Nearly half of the human genome is composed of repetitive sequences , most of which were derived from transposable elements that have replicated in the genome during the evolution of our species .",
"There is growing evidence showing that some of these transposon-derived sequences have been a source of new bindi... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"mathematics",
"none",
"computational biology",
"evolutionary biology",
"homo (human)",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Localizing Recent Adaptive Evolution in the Human Genome | journal.pgen.0030090 | null | [
[
"Describing how natural selection shapes patterns of genetic variation within and between",
"species is critical to a general understanding of evolution .",
"With the advent of comparative",
"genomic data , considerable progress has been made toward quantifying the effect of adaptive",
"evolut... | [
"Identifying genomic locations that have experienced selective sweeps is an important",
"first step toward understanding the molecular basis of adaptive evolution .",
"Using",
"statistical methods that account for the confounding effects of population demography ,",
"recombination rate variation , and singl... | [
"A selective sweep is a single realization of adaptive evolution at the molecular level .",
"When a selective sweep occurs , it leaves a characteristic signal in patterns of",
"variation in genomic regions linked to the selected site; therefore , recently released",
"population genomic datasets can be used to... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results and Discussion"
] | [
"parastic protozoans",
"haplotypes",
"genetic polymorphism",
"leishmania",
"protozoology",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"population biology",
"population genetics",
"genetics and genomics"
] | New Insights on Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Population Genetics of Leishmania (Viannia) Parasites Based on Multilocus Sequence Analysis | journal.pntd.0001888 | null | [
[
"Leishmania are the causative agents of leishmaniasis , which can present in different forms , from simple cutaneous to the deadly visceral disease , and are found in most tropical and sub-tropical regions .",
"In spite of their morphological homogeneity , more than 20 species have been described for the ... | [
"The Leishmania genus comprises up to 35 species , some with status still under discussion .",
"The multilocus sequence typing ( MLST ) —extensively used for bacteria—has been proposed for pathogenic trypanosomatids .",
"For Leishmania , however , a detailed analysis and revision on the taxonomy is still requir... | [
"Leishmania is a protozoan genus comprising many species , some associated with a human neglected disease called leishmaniasis .",
"This parasite is found worldwide and is transmitted by sand flies , having numerous domestic and sylvatic animals as reservoirs .",
"Leishmania is genetically and ecologically dive... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"evolutionary biology/animal genetics",
"genetics and genomics/animal genetics",
"pathology/neuropathology",
"genetics and genomics/functional genomics",
"infectious diseases/prion diseases",
"biochemistry/protein folding",
"microbiology/microbial evolution and genomics",
"genetics and genomics/diseas... | BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation | journal.ppat.1000156 | null | [
[
"Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy ( TSE ) agents induce fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and in some mammalian species [1] .",
"According to the prion-only hypothesis , infectious prions are composed of an abnormal isoform of a host-encoded glycoprotein , called prion protein ( PrPc ) .",... | [
"Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE ) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy ( TSE ) of cattle and was first detected in 1986 in the United Kingdom .",
"It is the most likely cause of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ( CJD ) in humans .",
"The origin of BSE remains an enigma .",
"Here we report an ... | [
"Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE or Mad Cow Disease ) , a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy ( TSE ) or prion disease of cattle , was first discovered in the United Kingdom in 1986 .",
"BSE is most likely the cause of a human prion disease known as variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease ( vCJD ) .",
"In ... | 2008 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"infectious diseases/hiv infection and aids",
"virology/immunodeficiency viruses",
"immunology/immunity to infections",
"virology/vaccines"
] | Characteristics of the Earliest Cross-Neutralizing Antibody Response to HIV-1 | journal.ppat.1001251 | null | [
[
"The initial antibody response to the HIV-1 viral envelope glycoprotein ( Env ) manifests itself within the first 2 weeks of infection and is non-neutralizing [1] , [2] .",
"Autologous neutralizing antibodies develop during the first months after infection [3] , [4] , [5] and recent studies indicated that... | [
"Recent cross-sectional analyses of HIV-1+ plasmas have indicated that broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibody responses are developed by 10%–30% of HIV-1+ subjects .",
"The timing of the initial development of such anti-viral responses is unknown .",
"It is also unknown whether the emergence of these resp... | [
"A fraction of those infected with HIV develop broadly neutralizing antibodies ( bNAbs ) capable of preventing cell-infection by diverse HIV isolates; the type of antibodies we wish to elicit by vaccination .",
"Identifying factors associated with the natural development of bNabs , and defining the timing of thei... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"neurochemistry",
"evolutionary biology",
"genetics",
"biology",
"comparative genomics",
"evolutionary immunology",
"evolutionary genetics",
"genetics and genomics",
"gene function"
] | Astakine 2—the Dark Knight Linking Melatonin to Circadian Regulation in Crustaceans | journal.pgen.1003361 | null | [
[
"The physiology and behavior of most organisms are regulated according to daily environmental changes in a circadian manner .",
"Circadian rhythms are often monitored by assaying behavioral and/or molecular fluctuations [1] .",
"Clock genes and hormones are core regulators or pacemakers in circadian r... | [
"Daily , circadian rhythms influence essentially all living organisms and affect many physiological processes from sleep and nutrition to immunity .",
"This ability to respond to environmental daily rhythms has been conserved along evolution , and it is found among species from bacteria to mammals .",
"The hema... | [
"Most living organisms are able to sense the time and in particular time of day by their internal clocks .",
"So-called clock proteins control these internal clockworks .",
"BMAL1 and CLK are two important clock proteins , which together form a complex that serves as a transcription factor and controls the prod... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"taxonomy",
"medicine and health sciences",
"ecology and environmental sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"pathogens",
"tropical diseases",
"microbiology",
"vertebrates",
"animals",
"mammals",
"animal phylogenetics",
"viruses",
"rabies",
"phylogenetics",
"data management",
... | Bioecological Drivers of Rabies Virus Circulation in a Neotropical Bat Community | journal.pntd.0004378 | null | [
[
"Rabies is recorded in many Latin American and Caribbean countries where it was responsible for 111 lethal human cases between 2010 and 2012 [1] .",
"Two epidemiologic cycles are recognized .",
"The urban cycle involves carnivores , most particularly dogs , as the main reservoir and considerable effor... | [
"In addition to the commonly accepted importance of the vampire bat in the maintenance and transmission of the rabies virus ( RABV ) in South America , RABV infection of other species is widely evidenced , challenging their role in the viral cycle .",
"To identify the bioecological drivers of RABV circulation in ... | [
"The vampire bat is known to be the main reservoir of the rabies virus ( RABV ) in South America .",
"Nevertheless , other bat species are implicated in the cycle of the virus .",
"Indeed , seven genus-specific rabies lineages have been described in insectivorous bats in Brazil .",
"In French Guiana , we look... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Material and Methods"
] | [
"computational biology/macromolecular structure analysis",
"evolutionary biology/microbial evolution and genomics",
"computational biology/protein homology detection",
"evolutionary biology/genomics",
"computational biology/protein structure prediction",
"computational biology/macromolecular sequence anal... | The Compartmentalized Bacteria of the Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae Superphylum Have Membrane Coat-Like Proteins | journal.pbio.1000281 | Compartmentalized bacteria have proteins that are structurally related to eukaryotic membrane coats, and one of these proteins localizes at the membrane of vesicles formed inside bacterial cells. | [
[
"Eukaryotic cells are subdivided into membrane-bound compartments with specialized functions .",
"The exchange of material between these compartments and between the inside and outside of the cell is essential to maintain cellular integrity .",
"Exchange is mediated by membraneous vesicles budding fro... | [
"The development of the endomembrane system was a major step in eukaryotic evolution .",
"Membrane coats , which exhibit a unique arrangement of β-propeller and α-helical repeat domains , play key roles in shaping eukaryotic membranes .",
"Such proteins are likely to have been present in the ancestral eukaryote... | [
"Despite decades of research , the origin of eukaryotic cells remains an unsolved issue .",
"The endomembrane system defines the eukaryotic cell , and its origin is linked to that of eukaryotes .",
"A search was conducted within all known sequences for proteins that are characteristic of the eukaryotic endomemb... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"gene expression",
"genetics",
"gene regulation",
"biology and life sciences",
"molecular genetics"
] | Multiple Regulation of Rad51-Mediated Homologous Recombination by Fission Yeast Fbh1 | journal.pgen.1004542 | null | [
[
"Homologous recombination ( HR ) , a fundamental biological process in all organisms , involves the exchange of sequence between two homologous DNA molecules .",
"In eukaryotes , HR plays an essential role in generating genetic diversity by exchanging paternal and maternal genomic information during meios... | [
"Fbh1 , an F-box helicase related to bacterial UvrD , has been proposed to modulate homologous recombination in fission yeast .",
"We provide several lines of evidence for such modulation .",
"Fbh1 , but not the related helicases Srs2 and Rqh1 , suppressed the formation of crossover recombinants from single HO-... | [
"Homologous recombination is required for repairing DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) , which are induced by exogenous factors such as DNA damaging agents or by endogenous factors such as collapse of DNA replication fork in mitotic cells .",
"If improperly processed , DSBs could lead to chromosome rearrangement ,... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"primates",
"neuroscience",
"mammals"
] | A Balanced Memory Network | journal.pcbi.0030141 | null | [
[
"A critical component of any cognitive system is working memory—a mechanism for storing information about past events , and for accessing that information at later times .",
"Without such a mechanism , even simple tasks , such as deciding whether to wear a heavy jacket or a light sweater after hearing the... | [
"A fundamental problem in neuroscience is understanding how working memory—the ability to store information at intermediate timescales , like tens of seconds—is implemented in realistic neuronal networks .",
"The most likely candidate mechanism is the attractor network , and a great deal of effort has gone toward... | [
"A critical component of cognition is memory—the ability to store information , and to readily retrieve it on cue .",
"Existing models postulate that recalled items are represented by self-sustained activity; that is , they are represented by activity that can exist in the absence of input .",
"These models , h... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"phosphorylation",
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"molecular probe techniques",
"gene regulation",
"pathogens",
"immunology",
"immunoblotting",
"microbiology",
"plasmid construction",
"viruses",
"immunoprecipitation",
"dna replication",
"dna viruses",
... | Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV) Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen (LANA) recruits components of the MRN (Mre11-Rad50-NBS1) repair complex to modulate an innate immune signaling pathway and viral latency | journal.ppat.1006335 | null | [
[
"Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus ( KSHV or HHV-8 , Human Herpesvirus 8 ) , a γ2-herpesvirus or Rhadinovirus categorized as a class 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) [1–3] , is responsible for Kaposi’s Sarcoma ( KS ) , the most common cancer among HIV infected individuals ( epidemic KS ) and amo... | [
"Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus ( KSHV ) , a γ2-herpesvirus and class 1 carcinogen , is responsible for at least three human malignancies: Kaposi Sarcoma ( KS ) , Primary Effusion Lymphoma ( PEL ) and Multicentric Castleman’s Disease ( MCD ) .",
"Its major nuclear latency protein , LANA , is indispensable for the mai... | [
"KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen , LANA , is essential for the replication of latent viral episomes , their segregation to daughter cells and overcoming the p53-dependent cell cycle block induced by an activated DNA damage response .",
"In addition , cytoplasmic forms of LANA have been shown to modulate c... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials & methods"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"alleles",
"amino acid sequence analysis",
"animal models",
"developmental biology",
"histology",
"model organisms",
"experimental organism systems",
"mammalian genomics",
"tubulins",
"embryos",
"research and analysis methods",
"sequence analysis",
"embryolo... | Differential requirements of tubulin genes in mammalian forebrain development | journal.pgen.1008243 | null | [
[
"Tubulin proteins are fundamental building blocks of the cell and assemble into dynamic microtubules .",
"Microtubules are especially crucial for cortical development where they are used in multiple cellular contexts such as the mitotic spindle , axons , dendrites , and cilia formation [1] .",
"Mutati... | [
"Tubulin genes encode a series of homologous proteins used to construct microtubules which are essential for multiple cellular processes .",
"Neural development is particularly reliant on functional microtubule structures .",
"Tubulin genes comprise a large family of genes with very high sequence similarity bet... | [
"Tubulin proteins are assembled into microtubules to provide essential cellular cytoskeletal elements .",
"Microtubules are especially crucial for neuronal development .",
"Multiple studies demonstrate that human malformations of cortical development are caused by genetic variants in several tubulin genes .",
... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [] | Discovery of a Novel Human Pegivirus in Blood Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection | journal.ppat.1005325 | null | [
[
"The only members of the Hepacivirus and Pegivirus genera that are known to infect humans are Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) and human pegivirus ( HPgV , formerly GB virus C/GBV-C ) .",
"HCV infects approximately 3% of the world’s population and can cause liver damage resulting in cirrhosis , hepatocellular ca... | [
"Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) and human pegivirus ( HPgV ) , formerly GBV-C , are the only known human viruses in the Hepacivirus and Pegivirus genera , respectively , of the family Flaviviridae .",
"We present the discovery of a second pegivirus , provisionally designated human pegivirus 2 ( HPgV-2 ) , by next-gene... | [
"To date , only one human hepacivirus ( HCV ) and one human pegivirus ( HPgV-1/GBV-C ) in the family Flaviviridae are known to exist .",
"Using unbiased metagenomic next-generation sequencing , we discovered and assembled the genome of a novel pegivirus from plasma corresponding to an HCV-infected patient who die... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"livestock",
"medicine and health sciences",
"ecology and environmental sciences",
"rift valley fever virus",
"ecological niches",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"atmospheric science",
"pathogens",
"tropical diseases",
"geographical locations",
"microbiology",
"viruses",
"rift valley f... | Spatial Heterogeneity of Habitat Suitability for Rift Valley Fever Occurrence in Tanzania: An Ecological Niche Modelling Approach | journal.pntd.0005002 | null | [
[
"Rift Valley fever ( RVF ) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease of major public health and economic concern occurring mainly in Africa [1–6] and the Arabian Peninsula [7 , 8] .",
"The potential for further geographical spread of RVF to other areas of the world has been suggested [9–11] .",
"The diseas... | [
"Despite the long history of Rift Valley fever ( RVF ) in Tanzania , extent of its suitable habitat in the country remains unclear .",
"In this study we investigated potential effects of temperature , precipitation , elevation , soil type , livestock density , rainfall pattern , proximity to wild animals , protec... | [
"Rift Valley fever is a viral disease that is transmitted to livestock and humans by mosquitoes .",
"Humans get infected mainly through direct contact with blood or aborted materials from infected animals .",
"In Tanzania , a total of 10 RVF epidemics have been reported from 1930 to 2007 .",
"Despite the long... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"molecular dynamics",
"dna-binding proteins",
"computerized simulations",
"molecular mechanics",
"simulation and modeling",
"polymerases",
"dna",
"intrinsically disordered proteins",
"dna synthesis",
"research and analysis methods",
"computer and information sciences",
"proteins",
"biophysic... | Dynamic Conformational Change Regulates the Protein-DNA Recognition: An Investigation on Binding of a Y-Family Polymerase to Its Target DNA | journal.pcbi.1003804 | null | [
[
"Protein-DNA recognition is critical to the life of cells .",
"The interactions between proteins and nucleic acids are prevalent in many vital processes including DNA synthesis , gene transcription , chromosome assembly and disassembly , etc .",
"Evidence has been accumulating that protein-DNA recogni... | [
"Protein-DNA recognition is a central biological process that governs the life of cells .",
"A protein will often undergo a conformational transition to form the functional complex with its target DNA .",
"The protein conformational dynamics are expected to contribute to the stability and specificity of DNA rec... | [
"Protein-DNA recognition is crucial for many key biological processes in cells .",
"Protein often undergoes large-scale conformational change during DNA recognition .",
"However , the physical and global understanding of flexible protein-DNA binding is still challenging .",
"Here , we developed a theoretical ... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | Autophosphorylation of the Bacterial Tyrosine-Kinase CpsD Connects Capsule Synthesis with the Cell Cycle in Streptococcus pneumoniae | journal.pgen.1005518 | null | [
[
"Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterium usually found as a commensal in healthy adults and children [1] .",
"It does however have the potential to become pathogenic and is a frequent cause of community-acquired diseases .",
"S . pneumoniae is associated with a variety of infections that... | [
"Bacterial capsular polysaccharides ( CPS ) are produced by a multi-protein membrane complex , in which a particular type of tyrosine-autokinases named BY-kinases , regulate their polymerization and export .",
"However , our understanding of the role of BY-kinases in these processes remains incomplete .",
"In t... | [
"Bacteria utilize a multi-protein membrane complex to synthesize and export the polysaccharide capsule that conceals and covers the cell .",
"In bacterial pathogens , the capsule protects the cell form opsonophagocytosis and complement-mediated killing .",
"The mechanisms allowing the bacterial cell to maintain... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Model",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"systems biology",
"biology",
"computational biology",
"signaling networks",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Information Routing Driven by Background Chatter in a Signaling Network | journal.pcbi.1002297 | null | [
[
"Signal transduction , the process through which information about the extracellular environment is conveyed to the cell's interior , is a property of all living organisms .",
"Signaling molecules stimulate their receptors , which transmit the signal downstream through a series of protein-protein interact... | [
"Living systems are capable of processing multiple sources of information simultaneously .",
"This is true even at the cellular level , where not only coexisting signals stimulate the cell , but also the presence of fluctuating conditions is significant .",
"When information is received by a cell signaling netw... | [
"Far from being silent and static , the habitat of a cell is usually composed by multiple and simultaneous signals .",
"We can consider nutrients , hormones , temperature , light , and other stimuli as elements building a default environment in which cells grow , divide and die .",
"This environment , which has... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"plant science",
"virology",
"plant biology",
"biology",
"microbiology"
] | A Viral Satellite RNA Induces Yellow Symptoms on Tobacco by Targeting
a Gene Involved in Chlorophyll Biosynthesis using the RNA Silencing
Machinery | journal.ppat.1002021 | null | [
[
"Plants infected with viruses often display various symptoms , which can be very",
"specific to given viruses .",
"Despite past efforts , the molecular bases underlying",
"virus-induced diseases symptoms are still poorly understood .",
"Subviral non-coding RNA",
"molecules such as satellit... | [
"Symptoms on virus-infected plants are often very specific to the given virus .",
"The",
"molecular mechanisms involved in viral symptom induction have been extensively",
"studied , but are still poorly understood .",
"Cucumber mosaic virus",
"( CMV ) Y satellite RNA ( Y-sat ) is a non-coding subviral RNA... | [
"Cucumber mosaic virus ( CMV ) Y satellite RNA ( Y-sat ) is an",
"interesting subviral RNA because it changes the green mosaic induced by CMV into",
"a bright yellow mosaic in Nicotiana tabacum .",
"The molecular",
"basis underlying the induction of symptoms by viruses is not well understood ,",
"and this... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Role of sph2 Gene Regulation in Hemolytic and Sphingomyelinase Activities Produced by Leptospira interrogans | journal.pntd.0003952 | null | [
[
"Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that afflicts humans and animals [1–3] .",
"Although the disease occurs worldwide , it is observed most frequently in tropical countries , where conditions for environmental survival and transmission are most favorable [4] .",
"The causative organisms are... | [
"Pathogenic members of the genus Leptospira are the causative agents of leptospirosis , a neglected disease of public and veterinary health concern .",
"Leptospirosis is a systemic disease that in its severest forms leads to renal insufficiency , hepatic dysfunction , and pulmonary failure .",
"Many strains of ... | [
"The spirochete Leptospira causes leptospirosis , a potentially deadly disease of humans and animals .",
"Candidate factors that promote infection include hemolysins encoded by several leptospiral genes .",
"Hemolysins rupture red blood cells in vitro .",
"Some hemolysins are sphingomyelinases , which target ... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"blood cells",
"medicine and health sciences",
"immune cells",
"viral transmission and infection",
"gene regulation",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"physiological processes",
"integrins",
"cellular structures and organelles",
"cytoskeleton",
"research and analysis methods",
"small interferin... | The macrophage cytoskeleton acts as a contact sensor upon interaction with Entamoeba histolytica to trigger IL-1β secretion | journal.ppat.1006592 | null | [
[
"Amebiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica ( Eh ) and is estimated to affect approximately 50 million people worldwide [1] .",
"It is a major cause of mortality and morbidity , particularly in children of developing countries .",
"Eh carriers remain asymptomatic in most cases... | [
"Entamoeba histolytica ( Eh ) is the causative agent of amebiasis , one of the major causes of dysentery-related morbidity worldwide .",
"Recent studies have underlined the importance of the intercellular junction between Eh and host cells as a determinant in the pathogenesis of amebiasis .",
"Despite the fact ... | [
"The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica can establish an enteric infection in human hosts that leads to symptoms ranging from diarrhea to abscesses in the liver and the brain .",
"Host susceptibility to amebic infection is in part determined by the quality and potency of the host immune response that occurs... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"vaccination",
"clinical immunology",
"immunity",
"immunology",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"bacterial pathogens"
] | High-Resolution Genotyping of the Endemic Salmonella Typhi Population during a Vi (Typhoid) Vaccination Trial in Kolkata | journal.pntd.0001490 | null | [
[
"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi ) is the bacterium responsible for typhoid fever , which affects more than 20 million people each year , resulting in over 200 , 000 deaths [1] , [2] .",
"As S . Typhi is transmitted by the fecal-oral route , the typhoid fever burden falls almost exclusively ... | [
"Typhoid fever , caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi ) , is a major health problem especially in developing countries .",
"Vaccines against typhoid are commonly used by travelers but less so by residents of endemic areas .",
"We used single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP ) typing to investiga... | [
"Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi ) and is a major health problem especially in developing countries .",
"Vaccines against typhoid are commonly used by travelers but less so by residents of endemic areas .",
"We used single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP ) ty... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"immunizations",
"medicine",
"infectious diseases",
"test evaluation",
"cholera",
"diagnostic medicine",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"public health"
] | Use of a Cholera Rapid Diagnostic Test during a Mass Vaccination Campaign in Response to an Epidemic in Guinea, 2012 | journal.pntd.0002366 | null | [
[
"Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae .",
"Two serogroups– O1 and O139 – are responsible for cholera epidemics .",
"While V . cholerae O1 causes the majority of outbreaks over the world , O139 – first identified in Bangladesh in 1992 – is confin... | [
"During the 2012 cholera outbreak in the Republic of Guinea , the Ministry of Health , supported by Médecins Sans Frontières - Operational Center Geneva , used the oral cholera vaccine Shanchol as a part of the emergency response .",
"The rapid diagnostic test ( RDT ) Crystal VC , widely used during outbreaks , d... | [
"The rapid diagnostic test ( RDT ) Crystal VC detects lipopolysaccharide antigens from V . cholerae O1 and O139 in stool samples , which are also present in the oral cholera vaccine Shanchol .",
"It is important to take into consideration the possibility of a positive result to the RDT due to vaccination and not ... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"biotechnology",
"developmental biology",
"cell biology",
"animal cells",
"stem cells",
"induced pluripotent stem cells",
"genomic imprinting",
"gene expression",
"genetics",
"biology and life sciences",
"cellular types",
"cell differentiation",
"genomics",
"genetics of disease",
"geneti... | Genetic Background Drives Transcriptional Variation in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells | journal.pgen.1004432 | null | [
[
"Induced pluripotent stem cells ( iPSCs ) are the subject of tremendous interest as model systems for studying human disease and development [1] , [2] .",
"However , cellular reprogramming to iPSCs is an inefficient process in which stochastic events during clonal selection may fix a variety of alternativ... | [
"Human iPS cells have been generated using a diverse range of tissues from a variety of donors using different reprogramming vectors .",
"However , these cell lines are heterogeneous , which presents a limitation for their use in disease modeling and personalized medicine .",
"To explore the basis of this heter... | [
"Human induced pluripotent stem ( hiPS ) cells are a potentially powerful model system for studying human disease and development , and a resource for personalized medicine .",
"However , it has been reported that hiPS cells exhibit substantial heterogeneity which could limit their use as model systems .",
"Cle... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genome expression analysis",
"genomics",
"natural selection",
"biology",
"evolutionary biology",
"comparative genomics",
"evolutionary processes",
"genetics and genomics",
"evolutionary theory"
] | Hominoid-Specific De Novo Protein-Coding Genes Originating from Long Non-Coding RNAs | journal.pgen.1002942 | null | [
[
"For decades , people believed that “mother gene”-based mechanisms such as gene duplication or its modified forms such as exon shuffling , gene fusion , gene fission , and retroposition are the major means of creating new genes [1]–[4] .",
"All of these mechanisms modify pre-existing genes or mother genes... | [
"Tinkering with pre-existing genes has long been known as a major way to create new genes .",
"Recently , however , motherless protein-coding genes have been found to have emerged de novo from ancestral non-coding DNAs .",
"How these genes originated is not well addressed to date .",
"Here we identified 24 ho... | [
"Ever since the pre-genomic era , people believed that “mother gene”-based mechanisms such as gene duplication were the major means of creating new genes .",
"Recently , we and others reported several “motherless” protein-coding genes in human , challenging the conventional idea in that some protein-coding genes ... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"dna metabolism",
"cancer genetics",
"cellular stress responses",
"microbiology",
"gene function",
"histone modification",
"model organisms",
"dna replication",
"epigenetics",
"molecular genetics",
"dna",
"dna synthesis",
"gene expression",
"biology",
"molecular biology",
"cell biology... | Histone H3K56 Acetylation, Rad52, and Non-DNA Repair Factors Control Double-Strand Break Repair Choice with the Sister Chromatid | journal.pgen.1003237 | null | [
[
"In eukaryotic cells , DSBs can be repaired either by homologous recombination ( HR ) or by non-homologous end joining ( NHEJ ) .",
"From these , only HR with the sister chromatid ensures maintenance of genome integrity , sister chromatid recombination ( SCR ) being the preferred mechanism of DSB repair i... | [
"DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) are harmful lesions that arise mainly during replication .",
"The choice of the sister chromatid as the preferential repair template is critical for genome integrity , but the mechanisms that guarantee this choice are unknown .",
"Here we identify new genes with a specific rol... | [
"Double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) are among the most dangerous DNA lesions and can lead to genomic instability , a process associated with cancer and hereditary diseases .",
"An important source of DSBs is replication , Sister Chromatid Recombination ( SCR ) being the main mechanism for DSB repair in dividing eukary... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results and Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genome expression analysis",
"microbial pathogens",
"biology",
"genomics",
"microbiology",
"host-pathogen interaction",
"genetics and genomics",
"pathogenesis"
] | Transcriptome Analysis of Neisseria meningitidis in
Human Whole Blood and Mutagenesis Studies Identify Virulence Factors Involved in
Blood Survival | journal.ppat.1002027 | null | [
[
"Neisseria meningitidis ( Nm ) is a Gram-negative commensal of the",
"human upper respiratory tract and asymptomatic carriage of Nm in the nasopharynx is",
"common in healthy adults .",
"In susceptible individuals , Nm can cause septicemia by",
"crossing the mucosal barrier and entering the bl... | [
"During infection Neisseria meningitidis ( Nm ) encounters multiple",
"environments within the host , which makes rapid adaptation a crucial factor for",
"meningococcal survival .",
"Despite the importance of invasion into the bloodstream",
"in the meningococcal disease process , little is known about how N... | [
"Neisseria meningitidis ( Nm ) is an exclusively human pathogen and",
"a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and septicemia worldwide .",
"Characterization of the bacterial transcriptome during host-pathogen",
"interactions is a fundamental step for understanding the infectious processes of",
"bacterial p... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Summary",
"Methods"
] | [
"blood cells",
"medicine and health sciences",
"immune cells",
"microbiome",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"pathogens",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"diet",
"bacterial diseases",
"klebsiella infections",
"nutrition",
"signs and symptoms",
"cytotoxic t cells",
"klebsiella",
"bac... | Alcohol-associated intestinal dysbiosis impairs pulmonary host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae | journal.ppat.1006426 | null | [
[
"Alcohol use disorders ( AUD ) and respiratory infections are significant global health burdens [1 , 2] .",
"AUD are an established risk factor for bacterial pneumonia [3] .",
"Patients with AUD are more frequently infected with highly virulent respiratory pathogens and experience increased morbidity ... | [
"Chronic alcohol consumption perturbs the normal intestinal microbial communities ( dysbiosis ) .",
"To investigate the relationship between alcohol-mediated dysbiosis and pulmonary host defense we developed a fecal adoptive transfer model , which allows us to investigate the impact of alcohol-induced gut dysbios... | [
"Alcohol use disorders ( AUD ) are an established risk factor for bacterial pneumonia .",
"Further , alcohol consumption perturbs the normal intestinal microbial communities .",
"Intestinal microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to impaired pulmonary host defense , however the role of alcohol-associated intestina... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"fish",
"medicine and health sciences",
"neural networks",
"brain",
"vertebrates",
"neuroscience",
"animals",
"animal models",
"osteichthyes",
"model organisms",
"mathematics",
"algebra",
"network analysis",
"experimental organism systems",
"neuronal plasticity",
"neuroimaging",
"res... | Emergence of spontaneous assembly activity in developing neural networks without afferent input | journal.pcbi.1006421 | null | [
[
"Developing nervous systems exhibit ongoing neural activity even in the absence of sensory stimulation [1] .",
"With recent advances in imaging technology , this spontaneous activity has been shown to be highly organised at the population level [2] , and often consists of a number of structured neural ass... | [
"Spontaneous activity is a fundamental characteristic of the developing nervous system .",
"Intriguingly , it often takes the form of multiple structured assemblies of neurons .",
"Such assemblies can form even in the absence of afferent input , for instance in the zebrafish optic tectum after bilateral enuclea... | [
"Even in the absence of sensory stimulation , the developing brain can exhibit highly organised patterns of neural activity .",
"This activity often takes the form of structured assemblies of neurons .",
"Here we draw on calcium imaging experiments in zebrafish larvae to construct a computational model of assem... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results and Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"chemical biology",
"chemistry",
"biology",
"microbiology"
] | Production of α-Galactosylceramide by a Prominent Member of the Human Gut Microbiota | journal.pbio.1001610 | A common human gut bacterium, Bacteroides fragilis, produces a sphingolipid ligand for the conserved host receptor CD1d and can modulate natural killer T cell activity. | [
[
"Sphingolipids and their breakdown products modulate a variety of eukaryotic signaling pathways involved in proliferation , apoptosis , differentiation , and migration ( Figure 1 ) .",
"Although sphingolipids are ubiquitous among eukaryotes , few bacteria produce them [1] .",
"The genus Bacteroides an... | [
"While the human gut microbiota are suspected to produce diffusible small molecules that modulate host signaling pathways , few of these molecules have been identified .",
"Species of Bacteroides and their relatives , which often comprise >50% of the gut community , are unusual among bacteria in that their membra... | [
"While human gut bacteria are thought to produce diffusible molecules that influence host biology , few of these molecules have been identified .",
"Species of Bacteroides , a Gram-negative bacterial genus whose members often comprise >50% of the gut community , are unusual in that they produce sphingolipids , si... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"phyletic patterns",
"organismal evolution",
"genome complexity",
"functional genomics",
"protein interactions",
"genome evolution",
"eukaryotic evolution",
"comparative genomics",
"biology",
"genomics",
"evolutionary biology",
"genomic evolution",
"evolutionary systematics",
"computationa... | Shared Protein Complex Subunits Contribute to Explaining Disrupted Co-occurrence | journal.pcbi.1003124 | null | [
[
"The gene content of present-day genomes reflects their evolutionary history during millions of years .",
"It is mainly the result of gene gains , duplications , losses and ( horizontal ) transfer leading to a diverse distribution of genes observed in diverse extant taxa .",
"Common ancestry is a majo... | [
"The gene composition of present-day genomes has been shaped by a complicated evolutionary history , resulting in diverse distributions of genes across genomes .",
"The pattern of presence and absence of a gene in different genomes is called its phylogenetic profile .",
"It has been shown that proteins whose en... | [
"Every genome of current day species contains a very unique selection of genes .",
"Why a specific genome is composed of exactly those genes is determined by many factors , but often not resolvable .",
"It seems plausible that interacting genes would either occur together or be absent together , because if one ... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"health care quality",
"health promotion",
"public and occupational health",
"bacterial diseases",
"infectious diseases",
"health screening",
"medicine and health sciences",
"plant science",
"primary care",
"infectious disease epidemiology",
"epidemiology",
"plant pathology",
"biology and li... | Patients' Perceptions on the Performance of a Local Health System to Eliminate Leprosy, Paraná State, Brazil | journal.pntd.0003324 | null | [
[
"Iniquity in access to health services has been discussed among health authorities in developing countries , especially regarding poverty and neglected diseases , such as leprosy [1] .",
"In recent years , in Brazil , the prevalence of this disease has progressively declined; nevertheless , this is the on... | [
"In Brazil , leprosy has been listed among the health priorities since 2006 , in a plan known as the “Pact for life” ( Pacto pela Vida ) .",
"It is the sole country on the American continent that has not reached the global goal of disease elimination .",
"Local health systems face many challenges to achieve thi... | [
"Brazil still has not achieved the goal of leprosy elimination established by World Health Organization .",
"The diagnosis and treatment of leprosy is easy and the country is striving to fully integrate leprosy services into existing general health services .",
"Access to information , diagnosis and treatment w... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"cell death",
"invertebrates",
"medicine and health sciences",
"autophagic cell death",
"neurochemistry",
"caenorhabditis",
"cell processes",
"neuroscience",
"animals",
"hormones",
"animal models",
"physiological processes",
"developmental biology",
"caenorhabditis elegans",
"model organ... | The cell non-autonomous function of ATG-18 is essential for neuroendocrine regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan | journal.pgen.1006764 | null | [
[
"Limitation of food without causing malnutrition ( DR: dietary restriction ) extends lifespan in a wide range of species [1] .",
"In C . elegans , multiple signaling transduction pathways are involved in response to DR , including the insulin-like growth factor pathway ( IGF ) [1] .",
"The C . elegans... | [
"Dietary restriction ( DR ) and reduced insulin growth factor ( IGF ) signaling extend lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans and other eukaryotic organisms .",
"Autophagy , an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway , has emerged as a central pathway regulated by various longevity signals including DR... | [
"Restriction of dietary food without malnutrition robustly extends lifespan in more than twenty species .",
"It was also reported that fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ) deficient in olfactory function live longer and that the longevity induced by food restriction is partially due to decreased olfaction .",
... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"engineering and technology",
"storage and handling",
"pathogens",
"tropical diseases",
"brain",
"light microscopy",
"microbiology",
"viruses",
"specimen storage",
"rabies",
"rna viruses",
"microscopy",
"industrial engi... | An inter- laboratory proficiency testing exercise for rabies diagnosis in Latin America and the Caribbean | journal.pntd.0005427 | null | [
[
"Conclusive rabies diagnosis can only be achieved by appropriate laboratory testing .",
"Clinical and epidemiological diagnosis is challenging and leads to under-reporting [1 , 2 , 3] .",
"The Direct Fluorescent Antibody test ( DFA ) for detection of rabies virus antigen remains as the gold standard t... | [
"The direct fluorescent antibody test ( DFA ) , is performed in all rabies reference laboratories across Latin America and the Caribbean ( LAC ) .",
"Despite DFA being a critical capacity in the control of rabies , there is not a standardized protocol in the region .",
"We describe the results of the first inte... | [
"The incidence of dog-maintained rabies in Latin America has showed a significant reduction in the last 30 years .",
"Although several countries have achieved its elimination there are still focalized areas in the region where rabies remain endemic .",
"Many factors , including poverty , geographic and environm... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"developmental biology",
"model organisms",
"genetics",
"biology",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Role of Architecture in the Function and Specificity of Two Notch-Regulated Transcriptional Enhancer Modules | journal.pgen.1002796 | null | [
[
"Each of the major developmental signaling pathways is required to effect a large number of conditional cell fate specification events during the development of a single animal species .",
"That the cell fate outcome in each instance is generally distinct presents an enormous regulatory challenge .",
... | [
"In Drosophila melanogaster , cis-regulatory modules that are activated by the Notch cell–cell signaling pathway all contain two types of transcription factor binding sites: those for the pathway's transducing factor Suppressor of Hairless [Su ( H ) ] and those for one or more tissue- or cell type–specific factors ... | [
"Enhancers , or cis-regulatory modules , are the major transcriptional control elements in the genome .",
"Some enhancers are activated by the Notch cell–cell signaling pathway , in many different cellular contexts in the same organism .",
"It is well established that the cell type–specific activity of each suc... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"fourier analysis",
"population dynamics",
"light microscopy",
"mathematical models",
"biomechanics",
"fungi",
"model organisms",
"microscopy",
"population modeling",
"population biology",
"research and analysis methods",
"saccharomyces",
"computer and information sciences",
"physical prop... | Two-Dimensionality of Yeast Colony Expansion Accompanied by Pattern Formation | journal.pcbi.1003979 | null | [
[
"Cells often live in large multi-cellular communities .",
"Members of such communities can reproduce and interact with their physicochemical environment , giving rise to complex patterns at spatial scales that greatly exceed the size of individual cells .",
"For example , in embryonic development , co... | [
"Yeasts can form multicellular patterns as they expand on agar plates , a phenotype that requires a functional copy of the FLO11 gene .",
"Although the biochemical and molecular requirements for such patterns have been examined , the mechanisms underlying their formation are not entirely clear .",
"Here we deve... | [
"Microbial biofilms are commonly found in nature and are highly relevant to public health .",
"Biofilms can impose high risks to drinking water distribution by stable adherence to the interior of water pipes , and to food industry by contamination of food processing systems .",
"Biofilm adherence to indwelling ... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"molecular biology/chromosome structure",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Ancestral Mutation in Telomerase Causes Defects in Repeat Addition Processivity and Manifests As Familial Pulmonary Fibrosis | journal.pgen.1001352 | null | [
[
"Telomerase is a specialized DNA polymerase that synthesizes new telomere repeats onto chromosome ends [1] , [2] .",
"Telomerase has two essential conserved components , a catalytic reverse transcriptase , hTERT , and an RNA component , hTR [3] , [4] .",
"The RNA component of telomerase contains a tem... | [
"The telomerase reverse transcriptase synthesizes new telomeres onto chromosome ends by copying from a short template within its integral RNA component .",
"During telomere synthesis , telomerase adds multiple short DNA repeats successively , a property known as repeat addition processivity .",
"However , the c... | [
"Mutations in the essential telomerase components cause a spectrum of diseases mediated by short telomeres .",
"Most frequently , these disorders manifest in the lung in an age-related disease: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis .",
"Telomerase synthesizes telomere repeats using a specialized reverse transcriptase ,... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"medicine and health sciences",
"3' utr",
"sleep",
"messenger rna",
"geographical locations",
"australia",
"animals",
"genetic mapping",
"animal models",
"physiological processes",
"drosophila melanogaster",
"model organisms",
"untranslated regions",
"experimental organi... | Parallel clinal variation in the mid-day siesta of Drosophila melanogaster implicates continent-specific targets of natural selection | journal.pgen.1007612 | null | [
[
"Daily wake-sleep cycles in animals are partially governed by interacting networks of cell-based circadian ( ≅24 hr ) ‘clocks’ or pacemakers located in the brain , in addition to sleep homeostatic and arousal pathways .",
"Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent animal model system to study the mechanisms... | [
"Similar to many diurnal animals , Drosophila melanogaster exhibits a mid-day siesta that is more robust as ambient temperature rises , an adaptive response aimed at minimizing exposure to heat .",
"Mid-day siesta levels are partly regulated by the thermosensitive splicing of a small intron ( termed dmpi8 ) found... | [
"In warm climates many animals , including humans , exhibit a mid-day siesta , almost certainly a behavior meant to minimize the harm from prolonged exposure to the hot mid-day sun .",
"But what about animals that adapted to cooler more temperate climates , might they have a less pronounced siesta ?",
"Indeed ,... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"evolutionary biology/microbial evolution and genomics",
"computational biology/comparative sequence analysis",
"microbiology/microbial evolution and genomics",
"genetics and genomics/gene function",
"infectious diseases/bacterial infections",
"cell biology/cell adhesion",
"microbiology/cellular microbi... | The Trw Type IV Secretion System of Bartonella Mediates Host-Specific Adhesion to Erythrocytes | journal.ppat.1000946 | null | [
[
"The successful infection of a mammalian host by a bacterial pathogen typically involves a series of intimate host-pathogen interactions .",
"On the molecular level this is reflected by specific receptor-ligand interactions between bacterial virulence factors and their targeted host factors [1] .",
"A... | [
"Bacterial pathogens typically infect only a limited range of hosts; however , the genetic mechanisms governing host-specificity are poorly understood .",
"The α-proteobacterial genus Bartonella comprises 21 species that cause host-specific intraerythrocytic bacteremia as hallmark of infection in their respective... | [
"Pathogens are—as the result of adaptive evolution in their principal host ( s ) —typically limited in the range of hosts that they can infect successfully .",
"However , infrequently such host-restricted pathogens may undergo a spontaneous host switch , which can lead to the evolution of pathogens with altered h... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Emergent Systems Energy Laws for Predicting Myosin Ensemble Processivity | journal.pcbi.1004177 | null | [
[
"In multi-level stochastic systems , the collective interactions of lower-level building blocks are necessary for producing emergent system functionality , however , some emergent system properties may hold regardless of how lower level building blocks are configured [1] .",
"This general principal is hig... | [
"In complex systems with stochastic components , systems laws often emerge that describe higher level behavior regardless of lower level component configurations .",
"In this paper , emergent laws for describing mechanochemical systems are investigated for processive myosin-actin motility systems .",
"On the ba... | [
"Complex biological systems consist of many parts that interact in non-obvious ways .",
"In these systems , levels of organization often emerge , as evidenced by cases where cells form tissues , tissues form organs , and organs interact to form complete organisms .",
"We hypothesized that that laws exist that d... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genetics and genomics/gene discovery",
"genetics and genomics/gene expression",
"biotechnology/plant biotechnology",
"plant biology",
"plant biology/plant-environment interactions",
"genetics and genomics/gene function",
"plant biology/plant biochemistry and physiology",
"plant biology/agricultural b... | Fruit-Surface Flavonoid Accumulation in Tomato Is Controlled by a SlMYB12-Regulated Transcriptional Network | journal.pgen.1000777 | null | [
[
"Most aerial plant surfaces are covered with a cuticle , a heterogeneous layer composed mainly of cutin and wax lipids .",
"The cuticle is a unique surface structure that plays an important role in organ development and protection against biotic and abiotic stress conditions .",
"Cutin is the major co... | [
"The cuticle covering plants' aerial surfaces is a unique structure that plays a key role in organ development and protection against diverse stress conditions .",
"A detailed analysis of the tomato colorless-peel y mutant was carried out in the framework of studying the outer surface of reproductive organs .",
... | [
"A major step in the evolution of land plants was the formation of a cuticular layer on their outer surfaces .",
"Despite the cuticle's key role in organ development and in protecting against a variety of stresses , very little is known about the regulation of the metabolic pathways that generate its building blo... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"virology/virion structure, assembly, and egress",
"virology/vaccines"
] | Dimerization of Hepatitis E Virus Capsid Protein E2s Domain Is Essential for Virus–Host Interaction | journal.ppat.1000537 | null | [
[
"Infectious viral hepatitis is a major health problem in both developing and developed countries .",
"Hepatitis E virus ( HEV ) is an important cause of severe hepatitis in humans and is responsible for unusually high rates of mortality in pregnant women by the development of fulminant liver disease [1] .... | [
"Hepatitis E virus ( HEV ) , a non-enveloped , positive-stranded RNA virus , is transmitted in a faecal-oral manner , and causes acute liver diseases in humans .",
"The HEV capsid is made up of capsomeres consisting of homodimers of a single structural capsid protein forming the virus shell .",
"These dimers ar... | [
"Infectious viral hepatitis is a major disease in both developing and developed countries .",
"Hepatitis E virus ( HEV ) is one of the major causes of severe inflammation of the liver , which is characterized by jaundice , fever , liver enlargement , and abdominal pain in humans and non-human primates .",
"The ... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"classical mechanics",
"chemical compounds",
"hela cells",
"cardiovascular anatomy",
"gene regulation",
"enzymes",
"biological cultures",
"enzymology",
"microbiology",
"tonicity",
"organic compounds",
"hypertonic",
"osmotic pressure",
"cell cultures",
"m... | Cleavage of osmosensitive transcriptional factor NFAT5 by Coxsackieviral protease 2A promotes viral replication | journal.ppat.1006744 | null | [
[
"Viral myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease caused by viral infection .",
"Acute viral myocarditis can be lethal in a short period of time and chronic viral myocarditis frequently progresses to dilated cardiomyopathy ( DCM ) , a severe heart disease for which the only current treatment is heart tr... | [
"Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 ( NFAT5 ) /Tonicity enhancer binding protein ( TonEBP ) is a transcription factor induced by hypertonic stress in the kidney .",
"However , the function of NFAT5 in other organs has rarely been studied , even though it is ubiquitously expressed .",
"Indeed , although NFAT5... | [
"Coxsackievirus B3 ( CVB3 ) is one of the predominant pathogens of viral myocarditis , which is a major cause of sudden death in children and young adults .",
"CVB3 alters the expression of many proteins in host cells to facilitate its multiplication .",
"Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 ( NFAT5 ) is known... | 2017 |
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