headings list | keywords list | title stringlengths 20 281 | id stringlengths 20 20 | toc stringlengths 57 522 ⌀ | sections list | abstract list | summary list | year stringclasses 13
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"infographics",
"cognitive neurology",
"medicine and health sciences",
"neural networks",
"neurodegenerative diseases",
"membrane potential",
"electrophysiology",
"neuroscience",
"cognitive neuroscience",
"mathematics",
"algebra",
"network analysis",
"alzheimer's disease",
"computer and in... | Altering neuronal excitability to preserve network connectivity in a computational model of Alzheimer's disease | journal.pcbi.1005707 | null | [
[
"Electrophysiologically , Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) is commonly characterized by ‘negative’ findings: a gradual , diffuse slowing of brain activity ( notably the posterior dominant rhythm ) , decreases in functional connectivity , and a loss of network structure and complexity [1–3] .",
"In recent years ... | [
"Neuronal hyperactivity and hyperexcitability of the cerebral cortex and hippocampal region is an increasingly observed phenomenon in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) .",
"In later stages , oscillatory slowing and loss of functional connectivity are ubiquitous .",
"Recent evidence suggests that neuronal d... | [
"Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) is a growing burden on society , without a cure in sight .",
"Pathological high neuronal activity and excitability is an increasingly observed phenomenon in early stage AD .",
"Its exact role in the disease process is unclear , but it may form an interesting therapeutic target .",
... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [] | A Comprehensive Analysis of Replicating Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Genomes Delineates the Viral Transcription Program and Suggests a Role for mcv-miR-M1 in Episomal Persistence | journal.ppat.1004974 | null | [
[
"Merkel cell polyomavirus ( MCPyV ) , first identified in 2008 in tissue from Merkel cell carcinoma ( MCC ) [1] , is the only human polyomavirus considered to be the etiological agent of tumors arising in its natural host .",
"Several lines of evidence , including frequent detection of monoclonally integr... | [
"Merkel cell polyomavirus ( MCPyV ) is considered the etiological agent of Merkel cell carcinoma and persists asymptomatically in the majority of its healthy hosts .",
"Largely due to the lack of appropriate model systems , the mechanisms of viral replication and MCPyV persistence remain poorly understood .",
"... | [
"MCPyV is a recently discovered human polyomavirus that is likely to cause the majority of cases of Merkel cell carcinoma ( MCC ) , a rare but highly aggressive skin cancer .",
"While much research has been focused on understanding transforming functions of MCPyV gene products , owing to the lack of fully permiss... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"public health and epidemiology",
"mathematics",
"epidemiology",
"statistics"
] | Analysis of Schistosomiasis haematobium Infection Prevalence and Intensity in Chikhwawa, Malawi: An Application of a Two Part Model | journal.pntd.0002131 | null | [
[
"According to [1] , Schistosomiasis infections affect an estimated 779 million people , with consequences in health nutritional and educational development of infected individuals [2] .",
"The disease causes an annual loss of 4 . 5 million disability-adjusted-lifeyears ( DALYs ) [3] .",
"In SSA alone ... | [
"Urinary Schistosomiasis infection , a common cause of morbidity especially among children in less developed countries , is measured by the number of eggs per urine .",
"Typically a large proportion of individuals are non-egg excretors , leading to a large number of zeros .",
"Control strategies require better ... | [
"Schistosomiasis is one of the great causes of morbidity among school aged children in the tropical region and Sub Saharan Africa in particular .",
"It's mainly transmitted through contact with water infested with intermediate host snail Cercariae .",
"Currently , over 200 million people are estimated to be inf... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Model",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Disease Interventions Can Interfere with One Another through Disease-Behaviour Interactions | journal.pcbi.1004291 | null | [
[
"Infectious diseases continue to threaten human health throughout the world [1 , 2] .",
"In order to help alleviate these impacts , researchers have utilized mathematical models to improve our understanding of infectious disease dynamics [3] .",
"In many cases , these models assume that human behaviou... | [
"Theoretical models of disease dynamics on networks can aid our understanding of how infectious diseases spread through a population .",
"Models that incorporate decision-making mechanisms can furthermore capture how behaviour-driven aspects of transmission such as vaccination choices and the use of non-pharmaceu... | [
"The spread of infectious diseases can be inhibited by both vaccines and non-pharmaceutical interventions ( NPIs ) such as hand-washing , respiratory etiquette , and social distancing .",
"Theoretical models of disease spread have incorporated how individuals make decisions concerning these interventions in the f... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"oncology",
"infectious diseases",
"yeast and fungi",
"immunology",
"mus (mouse)",
"homo (human)"
] | Mucosal Damage and Neutropenia Are Required for Candida albicans Dissemination | journal.ppat.0040035 | null | [
[
"Candida albicans is a ubiquitous commensal organism that can cause serious disseminated infections in cancer patients [1 , 2] .",
"Candida spp .",
"are the fourth leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections in the United States , with treatment costs estimated to be more than $2–$4 billion ann... | [
"Candida albicans fungemia in cancer patients is thought to develop from initial gastrointestinal ( GI ) colonization with subsequent translocation into the bloodstream after administration of chemotherapy .",
"It is unclear what components of the innate immune system are necessary for preventing C . albicans dis... | [
"Candida albicans is a fungus that lives harmlessly in the gastrointestinal ( GI ) tracts of humans .",
"In cancer patients and patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation , however , the anti-cancer drugs that are administered to these patients also cause the undesired effect of suppressing the human immune ... | 2008 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | Stimulation of mTORC1 with L-leucine Rescues Defects Associated with Roberts Syndrome | journal.pgen.1003857 | null | [
[
"Cohesin is a protein complex that adheres sister chromatids from the time of their replication until their division [1] , [2] .",
"Cohesion between sister chromatids is facilitated by acetylation of the Smc3 subunit of the complex by the ECO1 acetyltransferase during S phase [3] , [4] , [5] .",
"Huma... | [
"Roberts syndrome ( RBS ) is a human disease characterized by defects in limb and craniofacial development and growth and mental retardation .",
"RBS is caused by mutations in ESCO2 , a gene which encodes an acetyltransferase for the cohesin complex .",
"While the essential role of the cohesin complex in chromo... | [
"Roberts syndrome is a human developmental disorder caused by mutations in the ESCO2 gene .",
"This gene encodes an acetyltransferase that acetylates the cohesin ring complex to promote a locked configuration .",
"The cohesin complex binds to many locations on chromosomes and mutations that affect its function ... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"computational biology/computational neuroscience",
"computational biology/signaling networks"
] | A Kinetic Model of Dopamine- and Calcium-Dependent Striatal Synaptic Plasticity | journal.pcbi.1000670 | null | [
[
"The present study reviews electrophysiological studies on corticostriatal synapse plasticity of medium spiny neurons and molecular biological studies focused on intracellular signaling cascades involved in this plasticity ."
],
[
"All signaling pathway reactions shown in Fig . 2 are represented by bi... | [
"Corticostriatal synapse plasticity of medium spiny neurons is regulated by glutamate input from the cortex and dopamine input from the substantia nigra .",
"While cortical stimulation alone results in long-term depression ( LTD ) , the combination with dopamine switches LTD to long-term potentiation ( LTP ) , wh... | [
"Recent brain imaging and neurophysiological studies suggest that the striatum , the start of the basal ganglia circuit , plays a major role in value-based decision making and behavioral disorders such as drug addiction .",
"The plasticity of synaptic input from the cerebral cortex to output neurons of the striat... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"organismal evolution",
"evolutionary ecology",
"genome evolution",
"genome sequencing",
"coevolution",
"genome complexity",
"forms of evolution",
"comparative genomics",
"biology",
"evolutionary genetics",
"animal evolution",
"genomics",
"evolutionary biology",
"genomic evolution",
"gen... | The Genome Sequence of the Leaf-Cutter Ant Atta cephalotes Reveals Insights into Its Obligate Symbiotic Lifestyle | journal.pgen.1002007 | null | [
[
"Ants are one of the most successful insects on earth , comprising up to 20% of all terrestrial animal biomass and at least 25% of the entire animal biomass in the New World Tropics [1] .",
"One of the most conspicuous and prolific Neotropical ants are the leaf-cutters ( Tribe: Attini ) , so-called becaus... | [
"Leaf-cutter ants are one of the most important herbivorous insects in the Neotropics , harvesting vast quantities of fresh leaf material .",
"The ants use leaves to cultivate a fungus that serves as the colony's primary food source .",
"This obligate ant-fungus mutualism is one of the few occurrences of farmin... | [
"Leaf-cutter ant workers forage for and cut leaves that they use to support the growth of a specialized fungus , which serves as the colony's primary food source .",
"The ability of these ants to grow their own food likely facilitated their emergence as one of the most dominant herbivores in New World tropical ec... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"computational biology/evolutionary modeling",
"evolutionary biology/bioinformatics"
] | CodonTest: Modeling Amino Acid Substitution Preferences in Coding Sequences | journal.pcbi.1000885 | null | [
[
"Modern molecular evolution has benefited greatly from the development of a sound probabilistic framework for modeling the evolution of homologous gene sequences [1] .",
"In particular , codon substitution models [2] , [3] have facilitated the estimation of the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substi... | [
"Codon models of evolution have facilitated the interpretation of selective forces operating on genomes .",
"These models , however , assume a single rate of non-synonymous substitution irrespective of the nature of amino acids being exchanged .",
"Recent developments have shown that models which allow for amin... | [
"Evolution in protein-coding DNA sequences can be modeled at three levels: nucleotides , amino acids or codons that encode the amino acids .",
"Codon models incorporate nucleotide and amino acid information , and allow the estimation of the rate at which amino acids are replaced ( ) versus the rate at which they ... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genome expression analysis",
"rna interference",
"plant biology",
"histone modification",
"plant science",
"plant genomics",
"epigenetics",
"chromatin",
"transposons",
"gene expression",
"plant genetics",
"biology",
"dna modification",
"molecular biology",
"genetics",
"genomics",
"m... | Arabidopsis HDA6 Regulates Locus-Directed
Heterochromatin Silencing in Cooperation with MET1 | journal.pgen.1002055 | null | [
[
"Chromatin modification is epigenetic information that has evolved in diverse",
"eukaryotes adding another layer of information to the DNA code .",
"In higher",
"eukaryotes , histone modification and DNA methylation are involved in numerous",
"biological processes such as development , regener... | [
"Heterochromatin silencing is pivotal for genome stability in eukaryotes .",
"In",
"Arabidopsis , a plant-specific mechanism called",
"RNA–directed DNA methylation ( RdDM ) is involved in heterochromatin",
"silencing .",
"Histone deacetylase HDA6 has been identified as a component of such",
"machineries... | [
"Eukaryotes are defended from potentially harmful DNA elements , such as",
"transposons , by forming inactive genomic structure .",
"Chromatin , which consists of",
"DNA and histone proteins , is densely packed in the silent structure , and",
"chromatin chemical modifications such as DNA methylation and his... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"demography",
"tropical diseases",
"social sciences",
"anthropology",
"parasitic diseases",
"rural areas",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"infectious disease control",
"insect vectors",
"housing",
"human geography",
"agrochemicals",
"geography",
"infectiou... | Beating the odds: Sustained Chagas disease vector control in remote indigenous communities of the Argentine Chaco over a seven-year period | journal.pntd.0006804 | null | [
[
"Neglected tropical diseases ( NTDs ) stem from the complex interactions among social , economic , political , cultural and environmental determinants acting at various temporal and spatial scales [1] .",
"These complex interactions explain why some groups of people , including indigenous communities and ... | [
"Rapid reinfestation of insecticide-treated dwellings hamper the sustained elimination of Triatoma infestans , the main vector of Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco region .",
"We conducted a seven-year longitudinal study including community-wide spraying with pyrethroid insecticides combined with periodic vector s... | [
"Efforts to prevent the transmission of the parasite that causes Chagas disease have been directed at eliminating its insect vector species from human dwellings via insecticide applications .",
"The outcome of these interventions has usually been measured through vector-related metrics in prospective studies rang... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"infectious diseases",
"microbiology/immunity to infections",
"genetics and genomics/functional genomics",
"computational biology/transcriptional regulation",
"immunology/immune response",
"microbiology/innate immunity",
"immunology/innate immunity",
"microbiology/parasitology"
] | Implication of the Mosquito Midgut Microbiota in the Defense against Malaria Parasites | journal.ppat.1000423 | null | [
[
"The malaria parasite has to go through series of complex developmental transitions within the mosquito vector before it can be transmitted to the human host .",
"The major bottleneck for Plasmodium's development occurs during the ookinete invasion of the midgut epithelium , prior to the development of oo... | [
"Malaria-transmitting mosquitoes are continuously exposed to microbes , including their midgut microbiota .",
"This naturally acquired microbial flora can modulate the mosquito's vectorial capacity by inhibiting the development of Plasmodium and other human pathogens through an unknown mechanism .",
"We have un... | [
"The Anopheles gambiae mosquito that transmits the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium has an intestinal bacterial flora , or microbiota , which comprises a variety of species .",
"Elimination of this microbiota with antibiotic treatment will render the Anopheles mosquito more susceptible to Plasmodium infection ... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"microbiology/immunity to infections",
"microbiology/applied microbiology",
"immunology/immunomodulation",
"virology/vaccines",
"immunology/immune response",
"microbiology/innate immunity",
"immunology/innate immunity",
"virology/animal models of infection",
"infectious diseases/viral infections",
... | Superior Immunogenicity of Inactivated Whole Virus H5N1 Influenza Vaccine is Primarily Controlled by Toll-like Receptor Signalling | journal.ppat.1000138 | null | [
[
"The first cases of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) H5N1 virus occurred in 1997 during an outbreak in Hong Kong [1] .",
"Since then HPAI H5N1 has spread across Asia , Europe , Africa and the Pacific , and has caused a cumulative number of 338 laboratory confirmed human case... | [
"In the case of an influenza pandemic , the current global influenza vaccine production capacity will be unable to meet the demand for billions of vaccine doses .",
"The ongoing threat of an H5N1 pandemic therefore urges the development of highly immunogenic , dose-sparing vaccine formulations .",
"In unprimed ... | [
"The rise and spread of the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus has seriously increased the risk of a new influenza pandemic .",
"However , the number of vaccine doses that can be produced with today's production capacity will fall short of the demand in times of a pandemic .",
"Use of inactivated whol... | 2008 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"cell death",
"cell motility",
"medicine and health sciences",
"reproductive system",
"cell cycle and cell division",
"cell processes",
"mathematical models",
"developmental biology",
"research and analysis methods",
"specimen preparation and treatment",
"staining",
"lipids",
"fats",
"math... | A Geometrically-Constrained Mathematical Model of Mammary Gland Ductal Elongation Reveals Novel Cellular Dynamics within the Terminal End Bud | journal.pcbi.1004839 | null | [
[
"Mathematical models have been used to inform basic biological research for well over 100 years [1] .",
"Today , mathematical and computational models are particularly useful as a complementary approach to lab-based studies in developmental biology .",
"Such models have been developed to investigate m... | [
"Mathematics is often used to model biological systems .",
"In mammary gland development , mathematical modeling has been limited to acinar and branching morphogenesis and breast cancer , without reference to normal duct formation .",
"We present a model of ductal elongation that exploits the geometrically-cons... | [
"Our paper describes a mathematical model of mammary ductal elongation during pubertal development .",
"We make several conclusions that will be of interest to scientists studying mammary gland biology , epithelial tube formation , and branching morphogenesis .",
"First , our model indicates that a common measu... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"biology and life sciences",
"behavior",
"psychology",
"social sciences"
] | Community Knowledge, Health Beliefs, Practices and Experiences Related to Dengue Fever and Its Association with IgG Seropositivity | journal.pntd.0002789 | null | [
[
"The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically in recent decades [1] .",
"Over 2 . 5 billion people , 40% of the world's population , are at risk from dengue , and each year an estimated 50–100 million dengue infections are reported worldwide [1] .",
"The disease is currently endemic in more than 125... | [
"Demographic , economic and behavioural factors are central features underpinning the successful management and biological control of dengue .",
"This study aimed to examine these factors and their association with the seroprevalence of this disease .",
"We conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey of househ... | [
"Demographic , economic and behavioural factors are important to successful control of dengue .",
"This study aimed to examine these factors and their association with the prevalence rate of dengue in a community marked by IgG seropositivity of students attending schools there , as assessed in our previous study ... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods",
"Supporting Information"
] | [
"infectious diseases",
"yeast and fungi",
"microbiology",
"eukaryotes",
"genetics and genomics",
"saccharomyces"
] | The Transcription Factor Mrr1p Controls Expression of the MDR1 Efflux Pump and Mediates Multidrug Resistance in Candida albicans | journal.ppat.0030164 | null | [
[
"The yeast Candida albicans is usually a harmless commensal in many healthy people where it resides on mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal and urogenital tract , but it can also cause superficial as well as life-threatening systemic infections , especially in immunocompromised patients [1] .",
"Infec... | [
"Constitutive overexpression of the MDR1 ( multidrug resistance ) gene , which encodes a multidrug efflux pump of the major facilitator superfamily , is a frequent cause of resistance to fluconazole and other toxic compounds in clinical Candida albicans strains , but the mechanism of MDR1 upregulation has not been ... | [
"The Candida albicans MDR1 ( multidrug resistance ) gene encodes a multidrug efflux pump of the major facilitator superfamily that is constitutively overexpressed in many fluconazole-resistant strains .",
"Although MDR1 overexpression is a major cause of resistance to this widely used antifungal agent and other m... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"nuclear import",
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"hela cells",
"pathogens",
"cell processes",
"biological cultures",
"microbiology",
"viral structure",
"retroviruses",
"viruses",
"immunodeficiency viruses",
"luminescent proteins",
"rna viruses",
"yel... | Dynamics and regulation of nuclear import and nuclear movements of HIV-1 complexes | journal.ppat.1006570 | null | [
[
"HIV-1 enters and travels through the cytoplasm of an infected cell , reverse transcribes its genomic RNA into double-stranded DNA and forms a preintegration complex ( PIC ) , crosses through a nuclear pore , and integrates its DNA into the host genome ( reviewed in [1] ) .",
"Although movement of fluores... | [
"The dynamics and regulation of HIV-1 nuclear import and its intranuclear movements after import have not been studied .",
"To elucidate these essential HIV-1 post-entry events , we labeled viral complexes with two fluorescently tagged virion-incorporated proteins ( APOBEC3F or integrase ) , and analyzed the HIV-... | [
"Although nuclear import of HIV-1 is essential for viral replication , many aspects of this process are currently unknown .",
"Here , we defined the dynamics of HIV-1 nuclear envelope ( NE ) docking , nuclear import and its relationship to viral core uncoating , and intranuclear movements .",
"We observed that ... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"mathematics/statistics",
"biophysics/experimental biophysical methods",
"biophysics/theory and simulation",
"immunology/leukocyte activation"
] | A Hidden Markov Model for Single Particle Tracks Quantifies Dynamic Interactions between LFA-1 and the Actin Cytoskeleton | journal.pcbi.1000556 | null | [
[
"The lateral mobility of cell-surface proteins plays a critical role in mediating the biological functions of membrane proteins [1] .",
"The diffusion of membrane components is affected by factors including the viscosity of the membrane , clustering of the receptor , and binding to cellular components .",... | [
"The extraction of hidden information from complex trajectories is a continuing problem in single-particle and single-molecule experiments .",
"Particle trajectories are the result of multiple phenomena , and new methods for revealing changes in molecular processes are needed .",
"We have developed a practical ... | [
"Many important biological processes begin when a target molecule binds to a cell surface receptor protein .",
"This event leads to a series of biochemical reactions involving the receptor and signalling molecules , and ultimately a cellular response .",
"Surface receptors are mobile on the cell surface and the... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"sequencing techniques",
"sv40",
"medicine and health sciences",
"reproductive system",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"pathogens",
"microbiology",
"spermatogonia",
"surgical and invasive medical procedures",
"germ cells",
"viruses",
"stem cells",
"dna viruses",
"molecular biology te... | Functional robustness of adult spermatogonial stem cells after induction of hyperactive Hras | journal.pgen.1008139 | null | [
[
"In order to propagate genetic information to the next generation with high fidelity , germline cells must maintain a low mutation rate .",
"Nevertheless , maternal germline cells ( human oocytes ) are well known to transmit abnormal chromosomes to offspring , especially in advanced maternal age ( reviewe... | [
"Accumulating evidence indicates that paternal age correlates with disease risk in children .",
"De novo gain-of-function mutations in the FGF-RAS-MAPK signaling pathway are known to cause a subset of genetic diseases associated with advanced paternal age , such as Apert syndrome , achondroplasia , Noonan syndrom... | [
"Recent research has found that advanced paternal age is associated with increased risk in children to develop a subset of congenital anomalies , such as Apert syndrome , achondroplasia , Noonan syndrome , and Costello syndrome .",
"The causative genetic errors ( mutations ) in these disorders have been identifie... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results and Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics and genomics/comparative genomics",
"genetics and genomics/genetics of the immune system",
"computational biology/comparative sequence analysis",
"evolutionary biology/genomics",
"genetics and genomics/genome projects",
"computational biology/genomics",
"genetics and genomics/bioinformatics"
] | Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Genome Assembly and Analysis | journal.pbio.1000475 | The combined application of next-generation sequencing platforms has provided an economical approach to unlocking the potential of the turkey genome. | [
[
"The rapid and continuing development of next-generation sequencing ( NGS ) technologies has made it feasible to contemplate sequencing the genomes of hundreds—if not thousands—of species of agronomic , evolutionary , and ecological importance , as well as biomedical interest [1] .",
"Recently , a draft g... | [
"A synergistic combination of two next-generation sequencing platforms with a detailed comparative BAC physical contig map provided a cost-effective assembly of the genome sequence of the domestic turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) .",
"Heterozygosity of the sequenced source genome allowed discovery of more than 600 ... | [
"In contrast to the compact sequence of viruses and bacteria , determining the complete genome sequence of complex vertebrate genomes can be a daunting task .",
"With the advent of “next-generation” sequencing platforms , it is now possible to rapidly sequence and assemble a vertebrate genome , especially for spe... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"developmental biology/cell differentiation",
"genetics and genomics/disease models",
"developmental biology/morphogenesis and cell biology"
] | Regulation of Zebrafish Skeletogenesis by ext2/dackel and papst1/pinscher | journal.pgen.1000136 | null | [
[
"Mutations in human EXT1 and EXT2 confer an autosomal dominant disorder called HME [1] , [2] , [3] .",
"Both EXT1 and EXT2 encode glycosyltransferases that together form a hetero-oligomeric complex in the Golgi and catalyse the polymerisation of sugars to form heparan sulphate ( HS ) ( for review see [4] ... | [
"Mutations in human Exostosin genes ( EXTs ) confer a disease called Hereditary Multiple Exostoses ( HME ) that affects 1 in 50 , 000 among the general population .",
"Patients with HME have a short stature and develop osteochondromas during childhood .",
"Here we show that two zebrafish mutants , dackel ( dak ... | [
"Hereditary Multiple Exostoses is a disease that causes the formation of benign bone tumours in children .",
"Besides causing severe skeletal deformity , the bone tumours can compress nerves or other tissue resulting in chronic pain .",
"Although the tumours can usually be surgically removed , they sometimes re... | 2008 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"diagnostic radiology",
"functional magnetic resonance imaging",
"nervous system",
"brain",
"neuroscience",
"magnetic resonance imaging",
"mathematics",
"algebra",
"brain mapping",
"neuroimaging",
"research and analysis methods",
"computer and information scie... | A computational model of shared fine-scale structure in the human connectome | journal.pcbi.1006120 | null | [
[
"Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging ( rsfMRI ) reveals patterns of functional connectivity that are used to investigate the human connectome [1–3] and parcellate the brain into interconnected areas that form brain systems and can be modeled as networks [4–11] .",
"The connectivity of a si... | [
"Variation in cortical connectivity profiles is typically modeled as having a coarse spatial scale parcellated into interconnected brain areas .",
"We created a high-dimensional common model of the human connectome to search for fine-scale structure that is shared across brains .",
"Projecting individual connec... | [
"Resting state fMRI has become a ubiquitous tool for measuring connectivity in normal and diseased brains .",
"Current dominant models of connectivity are based on coarse-scale connectivity among brain regions , ignoring fine-scale structure within those regions .",
"We developed a high-dimensional common model... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"blood cells",
"medicine and health sciences",
"parasite groups",
"immune cells",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"nucleobases",
"viral transmission and infection",
"toxoplasma gondii",
"cancer treatment",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"parasitic diseases",
"nucleotides",
"parasitic p... | Secretion of Rhoptry and Dense Granule Effector Proteins by Nonreplicating Toxoplasma gondii Uracil Auxotrophs Controls the Development of Antitumor Immunity | journal.pgen.1006189 | null | [
[
"Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous parasite that chronically infects a wide array of warm-blooded vertebrates following the oral ingestion of infectious oocysts or tissue cysts in contaminated water or food [1] .",
"The primary infection is typically subclinical with minor or no apparent disease due to st... | [
"Nonreplicating type I uracil auxotrophic mutants of Toxoplasma gondii possess a potent ability to activate therapeutic immunity to established solid tumors by reversing immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment .",
"Here we engineered targeted deletions of parasite secreted effector proteins using a genet... | [
"Toxoplasma gondii extensively manipulates cellular signaling pathways and host immune responses through secreted effector proteins , yet the host rapidly establishes T cell immunity to control acute infection thereby permitting survival of the host as well as survival of the parasite in latent infection .",
"Rec... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"rna interference",
"gene expression",
"genetics",
"biology",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Conserved Regulation of p53 Network Dosage by MicroRNA–125b Occurs through Evolving miRNA–Target Gene Pairs | journal.pgen.1002242 | null | [
[
"MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are short non-coding RNA molecules that were first discovered as regulators of developmental timing , and later found to regulate complex networks of genes to orchestrate cellular functions .",
"Lin-4 was the first miRNA gene to be discovered , and shown to regulate developmental tim... | [
"MicroRNAs regulate networks of genes to orchestrate cellular functions .",
"MiR-125b , the vertebrate homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans microRNA lin-4 , has been implicated in the regulation of neural and hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis , analogous to how lin-4 regulates stem cells in C . elegans .",
... | [
"MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are tiny endogenous RNAs that can regulate the expression of hundreds of genes simultaneously , thus orchestrating changes in gene networks and mediating cellular functions in both plants and animals .",
"Although the identification of individual targets of miRNAs is of major importance , to... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Haemophilus ducreyi Cutaneous Ulcer Strains Are Nearly Identical to Class I Genital Ulcer Strains | journal.pntd.0003918 | null | [
[
"Haemophilus ducreyi classically causes chancroid , a sexually transmitted disease that presents as painful genital ulcers ( GU ) , which are often accompanied by infected regional lymph nodes .",
"Although the current global prevalence of chancroid is undefined due to syndromic management of genital ulce... | [
"Although cutaneous ulcers ( CU ) in the tropics is frequently attributed to Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue , the causative agent of yaws , Haemophilus ducreyi has emerged as a major cause of CU in yaws-endemic regions of the South Pacific islands and Africa .",
"H . ducreyi is generally susceptible to ma... | [
"Cutaneous ulcers ( CU ) in children living in equatorial Africa and the South Pacific islands have long been attributed to yaws , which is caused by Treponema pallidum subsp .",
"pertenue .",
"However , PCR-based cross sectional surveys done in yaws-endemic regions show that Haemophilus ducreyi is the leading ... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"systems biology",
"computer and information sciences",
"mathematical computing",
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"host-pathogen interactions",
"virology",
"biology and life sciences",
"computing methods",
"microbiology",
"computational biology",
"pathogene... | Inferring Host Gene Subnetworks Involved in Viral Replication | journal.pcbi.1003626 | null | [
[
"Our work is related to methods that address several different categories of problems: finding mechanistic explanations for source-target pairs , subnetwork extraction , candidate gene prioritization , and gene set enrichment .",
"One closely related task is to infer the physical interactions that mediate... | [
"Systematic , genome-wide loss-of-function experiments can be used to identify host factors that directly or indirectly facilitate or inhibit the replication of a virus in a host cell .",
"We present an approach that combines an integer linear program and a diffusion kernel method to infer the pathways through wh... | [
"Nearly every step of the viral life cycle requires the action or use of host machinery .",
"Genome-wide suppression experiments have been used to identify individual host genes whose products are involved in viral replication .",
"The hit sets identified by such experiments are typically fairly large and diffi... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [] | Refinement and Pattern Formation in Neural Circuits by the Interaction of Traveling Waves with Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity | journal.pcbi.1004422 | null | [
[
"After an initial stage of activity-independent construction [1] , the developing nervous system undergoes a period of refinement that is strongly influenced by spontaneous and evoked patterns of neural activity [2 , 3] .",
"Traveling wavefronts are a striking feature of these activity patterns [4–9] .",
... | [
"Traveling waves in the developing brain are a prominent source of highly correlated spiking activity that may instruct the refinement of neural circuits .",
"A candidate mechanism for mediating such refinement is spike-timing dependent plasticity ( STDP ) , which translates correlated activity patterns into chan... | [
"In several areas of the developing brain , waves of electrical activity trace out distinct patterns across the nervous tissue .",
"These waves are intricately involved in developmental processes that set up the structural connections of the adult brain , but it is unclear what role the wave patterns play .",
"... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"animal models",
"developmental biology",
"drosophila melanogaster",
"animal genetics",
"model organisms",
"zoology",
"cell adhesion",
"adhesion molecules",
"heart development",
"molecular development",
"extracellular matrix",
"genetics",
"biology",
"molecular cell biology",
"morphogenes... | The Conserved ADAMTS-like Protein Lonely heart Mediates Matrix Formation and Cardiac Tissue Integrity | journal.pgen.1003616 | null | [
[
"The establishment and maintenance of extracellular matrices ( ECM ) are important tasks to allow proper organ function in metazoans .",
"Among other factors , changes in ECM composition , turnover and homeostasis are crucial mediators of human cardiovascular disease leading to life threatening conditions... | [
"Here we report on the identification and functional characterization of the ADAMTS-like homolog lonely heart ( loh ) in Drosophila melanogaster .",
"Loh displays all hallmarks of ADAMTSL proteins including several thrombospondin type 1 repeats ( TSR1 ) , and acts in concert with the collagen Pericardin ( Prc ) .... | [
"Cellular adhesion and tissue integrity in multicellular organisms strongly depend on the molecular network of the extracellular matrix ( ECM ) .",
"The number , topology and function of ECM molecules are highly diverse in different species , or even in single matrices in one organism .",
"In our study we focus... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Material and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"blood cells",
"dermatology",
"livestock",
"medicine and health sciences",
"immune cells",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"pig models",
"immunology",
"vertebrates",
"animals",
"mammals",
"animal models",
"model organisms",
"skin infections",
"signs and symptoms",
"immunologic tec... | Local Cellular Immune Responses and Pathogenesis of Buruli Ulcer Lesions in the Experimental Mycobacterium Ulcerans Pig Infection Model | journal.pntd.0004678 | null | [
[
"Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is a slow progressing , necrotising disease of the skin that mainly affects rural African communities [1 , 2] and is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans .",
"In contrast to other closely related mycobacterial pathogens such as M . tuberculosis and M . leprae , M . ulcerans produces a pol... | [
"Buruli ulcer is a neglected tropical disease of the skin that is caused by infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans .",
"We recently established an experimental pig ( Sus scrofa ) infection model for Buruli ulcer to investigate host-pathogen interactions , the efficacy of candidate vaccines and of new treatment opt... | [
"Buruli ulcer is a necrotizing ulcerative disease of the skin and underlying tissue caused by infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans .",
"Because patients often present late to health facilities , early stages of Buruli ulcer are only insufficiently described by histopathology .",
"To study early host-pathogen i... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Risk Factors for Death from Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Urban Area of Brazil | journal.pntd.0003982 | null | [
[
"Over 90% of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) cases occur in six countries: Bangladesh , Brazil , Ethiopia , India , South Sudan and Sudan [1] .",
"In Brazil , an increase in incidence over the past three decades has coincided with epidemics in large urban centers such as Campo Grande , Teresina , São Luis ,... | [
"Over the last three decades , the epidemiological profile of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) has changed with epidemics occurring in large urban centers of Brazil , an increase in HIV/AIDS co-infection , and a significant increase in mortality .",
"The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors assoc... | [
"Visceral Leishmaniasis ( VL ) is considered a neglected disease by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) .",
"Over the last two decades , the epidemiological profile of VL has changed with epidemics occurring in large urban centers of Brazil with increased HIV/AIDS co-infection and mortality .",
"Understanding... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"evolutionary biology",
"biology"
] | Parallel Patterns of Increased Virulence in a Recently Emerged Wildlife Pathogen | journal.pbio.1001570 | A bacterial pathogen of wild songbirds evolved higher virulence following its emergence in two separate regions of the host range. | [
[
"The extensive variation in the amount of harm that pathogens cause their hosts has intrigued biologists for centuries and has generated several decades of theoretical work to explain the evolution of pathogen virulence ( e . g . , [1]–[4] ) .",
"Despite this broad and long-standing interest , empirical s... | [
"The evolution of higher virulence during disease emergence has been predicted by theoretical models , but empirical studies of short-term virulence evolution following pathogen emergence remain rare .",
"Here we examine patterns of short-term virulence evolution using archived isolates of the bacterium Mycoplasm... | [
"A long-standing paradox in the study of infectious diseases is why pathogens evolve to cause harm to the very hosts they depend on to survive and reproduce .",
"Research over several decades suggests that this harm , or virulence , is an inevitable by-product of the pathogen replication needed to maximize the ch... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"cdna libraries",
"sequencing techniques",
"gene regulation",
"microbiology",
"genomic library construction",
"micrornas",
"viral genome",
"genome analysis",
"forms of dna",
"dna libraries",
"dna",
"molecular biology techniques",
"dna construction",
"rna sequencing",
"microbial genomics"... | Identification of virus-encoded microRNAs in divergent Papillomaviruses | journal.ppat.1007156 | null | [
[
"Papillomaviruses ( PVs ) comprise a large family of circular double-stranded DNA viruses .",
"Numerous PV genomes have been described including over 200 human PV ( HPV ) types .",
"A minority of these are known as carcinogenic agents [1–3] , however only a small fraction of hosts infected with these ... | [
"MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are small RNAs that regulate diverse biological processes including multiple aspects of the host-pathogen interface .",
"Consequently , miRNAs are commonly encoded by viruses that undergo long-term persistent infection .",
"Papillomaviruses ( PVs ) are capable of undergoing persistent infe... | [
"Papillomaviruses ( PVs ) are causative agents of cancer .",
"Currently , there is an incomplete understanding as to why only some infections lead to cancer .",
"Developing a better comparative evolutionary understanding of PV gene products and their regulation is key to comprehending the life cycle of these pa... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine"
] | Impact of PGL-I Seropositivity on the Protective Effect of BCG Vaccination among Leprosy Contacts: A Cohort Study | journal.pntd.0001711 | null | [
[
"It was widely expected that the treatment of all newly diagnosed leprosy cases with multidrug therapy ( MDT ) would not only cure the disease but also prevent the further spread of Mycobacterium leprae ( M . leprae ) .",
"In fact , from 2004 to 2010 , the number of newly diagnosed cases worldwide fell by... | [
"Contacts of leprosy patients are at increased risk of developing leprosy and need to be targeted for early diagnosis .",
"Seropositivity to the phenolic glycolipid I ( PGL-I ) antigen of Mycobacterium leprae has been used to identify contacts who have an increased risk of developing leprosy .",
"In the present... | [
"Although leprosy has become a neglected disease , it is an important cause of disability , and 250 , 000 new cases are still diagnosed worldwide every year .",
"The current study was carried out in Brazil , where almost 40 , 000 new cases of leprosy are diagnosed every year .",
"The study targeted contacts of ... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"biophysics/macromolecular assemblies and machines",
"biotechnology/bioengineering",
"biophysics/theory and simulation"
] | Steps in the Bacterial Flagellar Motor | journal.pcbi.1000540 | null | [
[
"Our model for stepping relies on two main assumptions: constant or nearly constant torque between stator and rotor and an approximately 26-fold periodic contact potential .",
"Since the motor operates at the molecular scale , its rotation is intrinsically stochastic as it is subject to random thermal flu... | [
"The bacterial flagellar motor is a highly efficient rotary machine used by many bacteria to propel themselves .",
"It has recently been shown that at low speeds its rotation proceeds in steps .",
"Here we propose a simple physical model , based on the storage of energy in protein springs , that accounts for th... | [
"Many species of bacteria swim to find food or to avoid toxins .",
"Swimming motility depends on helical flagella that act as propellers .",
"Each flagellum is driven by a rotary molecular engine–the bacterial flagellar motor–which draws its energy from an ion flux entering the cell .",
"Despite much progress... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | O-mannosylation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Adhesin Apa Is Crucial for T Cell Antigenicity during Infection but Is Expendable for Protection | journal.ppat.1003705 | null | [
[
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) , the etiologic agent of tuberculosis ( TB ) , produces an array of protein antigens ( Ags ) , many of which are post-translationally modified [1]–[4] , which constitute important determinants of innate and adaptive immune response .",
"As with other pathogens , the pos... | [
"Glycosylation is the most abundant post-translational polypeptide chain modification in nature .",
"Although carbohydrate modification of protein antigens from many microbial pathogens constitutes important components of B cell epitopes , the role in T cell immunity is not completely understood .",
"Here , usi... | [
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) is the most devastating bacterial pathogen of all time that kills approximately 1 . 4 million people each year .",
"Mtb modifies several of its proteins with sugar residues that influence many biological events .",
"However , the significance of such sugar decorations and res... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"immunity",
"vector biology",
"immunology",
"biology",
"microbiology"
] | Reciprocal Tripartite Interactions between the Aedes aegypti Midgut Microbiota, Innate Immune System and Dengue Virus Influences Vector Competence | journal.pntd.0001561 | null | [
[
"Dengue has become one of the most important arboviral diseases , with infections rising at an alarming rate [1] .",
"The dengue virus is transmitted by two highly anthropophilic mosquitoes , Aedes aegypti and Ae .",
"albopictus .",
"Although advances have been made toward the development of a vac... | [
"Dengue virus is one of the most important arboviral pathogens and the causative agent of dengue fever , dengue hemorrhagic fever , and dengue shock syndrome .",
"It is transmitted between humans by the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus , and at least 2 . 5 billion people are at daily risk of infectio... | [
"Dengue virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes .",
"During their lifecycle , mosquitoes are exposed to a variety of microbes , and many of them inhabit the mosquito midgut , thereby sharing the same environment with ingested pathogens .",
"The mosquito midgut is the site of multiple reciprocal interactions be... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"mitochondrial genetics",
"mitochondrial dna",
"forms of dna",
"genetics",
"mitochondria",
"biology and life sciences",
"bioenergetics",
"dna",
"energy-producing organelles"
] | Clonal Expansion of Early to Mid-Life Mitochondrial DNA Point Mutations Drives Mitochondrial Dysfunction during Human Ageing | journal.pgen.1004620 | null | [
[
"Mutations of mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) have been implicated in the ageing process [1] .",
"As humans age , multiple different mutations arise somatically in individual cells and some of these expand clonally to high levels over time , resulting in focal respiratory chain deficiencies [2]–[6] .",
"T... | [
"Age-related decline in the integrity of mitochondria is an important contributor to the human ageing process .",
"In a number of ageing stem cell populations , this decline in mitochondrial function is due to clonal expansion of individual mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) point mutations within single cells .",
"Ho... | [
"Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) mutations have been shown to accumulate with age in a number of human stem cell populations and cause mitochondrial dysfunction within individual cells resulting in a cellular energy deficit .",
"The dynamics by which mtDNA mutations occur and accumulate within individual cells ( know... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Conclusion"
] | [
"livestock",
"medicine and health sciences",
"behavioral and social aspects of health",
"tropical diseases",
"geographical locations",
"diet",
"animal products",
"rift valley fever",
"nutrition",
"meat",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"africa",
"veterinary science",
"public and occupationa... | Ethnic groups’ knowledge, attitude and practices and Rift Valley fever exposure in Isiolo County of Kenya | journal.pntd.0005405 | null | [
[
"Rift Valley fever ( RVF ) is a mosquito-borne viral disease which affects humans , livestock and other mammals [1 , 2] .",
"The disease is caused by Rift Valley fever virus ( RVFV ) , an important hemorrhagic fever virus that occurs in Africa and the Arabic Peninsula [3 , 4 , 5] .",
"Since 1930 when ... | [
"Rift Valley fever ( RVF ) is an emerging mosquito-borne viral hemorrhagic fever in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula , affecting humans and livestock .",
"For spread of infectious diseases , including RVF , knowledge , attitude and practices play an important role , and the understanding of the influence of behav... | [
"The Rift Valley fever ( RVF ) outbreak of 2006/2007 affected many regions in Kenya in varied degrees .",
"The number of reported human cases and affected livestock herds varied between regions , but the reason for this variation has not been studied .",
"We have investigated knowledge , attitude and practices ... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"immunology/cellular microbiology and pathogenesis",
"immunology/immunomodulation",
"infectious diseases/neglected tropical diseases",
"infectious diseases/helminth infections",
"immunology/immunity to infections",
"diabetes and endocrinology/type 2 diabetes"
] | Decreased Prevalence of Lymphatic Filariasis among Diabetic Subjects Associated with a Diminished Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Response (CURES 83) | journal.pntd.0000707 | null | [
[
"Global epidemiological studies have shown a marked increase in the incidence of diabetes worldwide .",
"India leads the world in absolute numbers of diabetic subjects [1] .",
"Type-2 diabetes mellitus constitutes about ∼90% of the entire diabetic population .",
"The association between diabetes m... | [
"Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse correlation between the incidence of lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) and the incidence of allergies and autoimmunity .",
"However , the interrelationship between LF and type-2 diabetes is not known and hence , a cross sectional study to assess the baseline prevalence and... | [
"Childhood helminth infections can reduce the risk and severity of allergies and autoimmune diseases , by means of immunomodulation , and a decrease in helminth infections could potentially account for the increased prevalence of these diseases in the western world ( hygiene hypothesis ) .",
"We hypothesized that... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results and Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"cell physiology",
"medicine and health sciences",
"crystal structure",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"pathogens",
"condensed matter physics",
"microbiology",
"viral structure",
"viruses",
"membrane fusion",
"hantavirus",
"rna viruses",
"andes virus",
"protein structure",
"crystal... | Crystal Structure of Glycoprotein C from a Hantavirus in the Post-fusion Conformation | journal.ppat.1005948 | null | [
[
"The Bunyaviridae is a large and diverse virus family of human , animal and plant pathogens that encompasses five genera; Phlebovirus , Orthobunyavirus , Hantavirus , Nairovirus and Tospovirus .",
"Members of the Hantavirus genus are rodent-borne zoonotic viruses and are important human pathogens responsi... | [
"Hantaviruses are important emerging human pathogens and are the causative agents of serious diseases in humans with high mortality rates .",
"Like other members in the Bunyaviridae family their M segment encodes two glycoproteins , GN and GC , which are responsible for the early events of infection .",
"Hantav... | [
"Hantaviruses ( family: Bunyaviridae ) encompass pathogens responsible to serious human diseases and economic burden worldwide .",
"Following endocytosis , these enveloped RNA viruses are directed to an endosomal compartment where a sequence of pH-dependent conformational changes of the viral envelope glycoprotei... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"schistosoma",
"invertebrates",
"schistosoma mansoni",
"medicine and health sciences",
"chemical compounds",
"helminths",
"tropical diseases",
"enzymology",
"carbohydrates",
"parasitic diseases",
"organic compounds",
"glucose",
"animals",
"animal models",
"model organisms",
"pharmaceut... | Polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes exert anti-schistosome activity and inhibit parasite acetylcholinesterases | journal.pntd.0006134 | null | [
[
"More than half a billion people are at risk of contracting schistosomiasis ( bilharzia ) , a neglected tropical parasitic disease that is endemic in more than 75 countries in Africa , Asia , and South America , where over 200 million individuals are infected and approximately 280 , 000 die every year [1 , 2]... | [
"Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people and there are concerns whether the current chemotherapeutic control strategy ( periodic mass drug administration with praziquantel ( PZQ ) —the only licenced anti-schistosome compound ) is sustainable , necessitating the development of new drugs .",
"We investigate... | [
"Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease which affects over 200 million people and there is only one licensed drug , praziquantel , currently available for treatment .",
"In a search for new drugs to control schistosomiasis , we tested the anti-schistosome efficacy of a series of ruthenium compounds and f... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genome-wide association studies",
"animal types",
"medicine and health sciences",
"dentin",
"vertebrates",
"pets and companion animals",
"dogs",
"animals",
"mammals",
"incisors",
"genome analysis",
"mammalian genomics",
"zoology",
"veterinary science",
"digestive system",
"veterinary ... | Molecular Characterization of Three Canine Models of Human Rare Bone Diseases: Caffey, van den Ende-Gupta, and Raine Syndromes | journal.pgen.1006037 | null | [
[
"One to two percent of all children are born with a developmental disorder , such as a heart defect , skeletal abnormality , or mental retardation as a result of errors in embryogenesis and early neurodevelopment .",
"These disorders make a major contribution to pediatric hospital admissions and mortality... | [
"One to two percent of all children are born with a developmental disorder requiring pediatric hospital admissions .",
"For many such syndromes , the molecular pathogenesis remains poorly characterized .",
"Parallel developmental disorders in other species could provide complementary models for human rare disea... | [
"Rare developmental disorders make a major contribution to pediatric hospital admissions and mortality .",
"There is a growing interest in the development of therapeutics for these conditions , but that requires understanding of the genetic cause and pathology .",
"Research can be facilitated by physiologically... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"genetics and genomics/microbial evolution and genomics",
"ecology/evolutionary ecology",
"genetics and genomics/comparative genomics",
"computational biology/sequence motif analysis",
"computational biology/comparative sequence analysis",
"computational biology/molecular genetics",
"virology/emerging v... | Identification of GBV-D, a Novel GB-like Flavivirus from Old World Frugivorous Bats (Pteropus giganteus) in Bangladesh | journal.ppat.1000972 | null | [
[
"Bats ( order Chiroptera ) , after rodents , comprise the most diverse group of mammals with more than 1 , 100 species .",
"They are present on six continents , often have substantial habitat overlap with humans [1] and harbor several zoonotic viruses causing significant human morbidity and mortality , in... | [
"Bats are reservoirs for a wide range of zoonotic agents including lyssa- , henipah- , SARS-like corona- , Marburg- , Ebola- , and astroviruses .",
"In an effort to survey for the presence of other infectious agents , known and unknown , we screened sera from 16 Pteropus giganteus bats from Faridpur , Bangladesh ... | [
"Bats are important reservoirs for emerging zoonotic viruses with significant impact on human health including lyssaviruses , filoviruses , henipaviruses and coronaviruses .",
"Opportunities for transmission to humans are particularly prominent in countries like Bangladesh , where people live in close association... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"veterinary prion diseases",
"infectious diseases",
"infectious diseases of the nervous system",
"veterinary diseases",
"immune cells",
"immunology",
"biology",
"veterinary science",
"prion diseases"
] | Follicular Dendritic Cell-Specific Prion Protein (PrPc) Expression Alone Is Sufficient to Sustain Prion Infection in the Spleen | journal.ppat.1002402 | null | [
[
"Prion diseases ( Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies; TSE ) are sub-acute neurodegenerative diseases that affect both humans and animals .",
"Many prion diseases , including natural sheep scrapie , bovine spongiform encephalopathy , chronic wasting disease in mule deer and elk , and kuru and varian... | [
"Prion diseases are characterised by the accumulation of PrPSc , an abnormally folded isoform of the cellular prion protein ( PrPC ) , in affected tissues .",
"Following peripheral exposure high levels of prion-specific PrPSc accumulate first upon follicular dendritic cells ( FDC ) in lymphoid tissues before spre... | [
"Prion diseases are infectious neurological disorders and are considered to be caused by an abnormally folded infectious protein termed PrPSc .",
"Soon after infection prions accumulate first upon follicular dendritic cells ( FDC ) in lymphoid tissues before spreading to the brain where they cause damage to nerve... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"kala-azar",
"medicine and health sciences",
"tropical diseases",
"geographical locations",
"india",
"sand flies",
"parasitic diseases",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"infectious disease control",
"insect vectors",
"zoology",
"bangladesh",
"infectious diseases",
"agrochemicals",
"zoonos... | Control of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand fly in Bangladesh: A cluster randomized controlled trial | journal.pntd.0005890 | null | [
[
"Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) [known as kala-azar in the Indian sub-continent] is a parasitic disease present in South-East Asia since before the early 1800’s [1] .",
"VL appears to have spread along the Ganges and the Brahmaputra rivers , the major transport routs of Bengal and Bangladesh .",
"In th... | [
"A number of studies on visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) vector control have been conducted during the past decade , sometimes came to very different conclusion .",
"The present study on a large sample investigated different options which are partially unexplored including: ( 1 ) indoor residual spraying ( IRS ) wit... | [
"Integrated vector management ( IVM ) is of the important elements in the Regional Visceral Leishmaniasis ( VL ) elimination strategy .",
"VL supposed to be eliminated from the Region ( Bangladesh , India and Nepal ) by 2015 which is extended up to 2017 .",
"There are several factors are responsible for not ach... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"oncology/sarcomas",
"virology/animal models of infection",
"virology/mechanisms of resistance and susceptibility, including host genetics",
"infectious diseases/viral infections",
"virology/viruses and cancer"
] | Polyoma Virus-Induced Osteosarcomas in Inbred Strains of Mice: Host Determinants of Metastasis | journal.ppat.1000733 | null | [
[
"Invasion and metastasis are major factors underlying cancer morbidity and mortality [1] .",
"Mouse models have been developed for many types of human cancer though not all present the same biological behavior as human tumors with respect to invasion and metastasis .",
"Some models are of spontaneous ... | [
"The mouse polyoma virus induces a broad array of solid tumors in mice of many inbred strains .",
"In most strains tumors grow rapidly but fail to metastasize .",
"An exception has been found in the Czech-II/Ei mouse in which bone tumors metastasize regularly to the lung .",
"These tumors resemble human osteo... | [
"The oncogenic mouse polyoma virus and its mutants have previously been used to investigate viral determinants of tumor induction using a standard inbred mouse strain as a common host .",
"Here we use wild type virus to investigate the role of the host genetic background , focusing on two host strains that differ... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"blood cells",
"hiv infections",
"medicine and health sciences",
"immune cells",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"antiviral therapy",
"pathogens",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"cloning",
"neuroscience",
"learning and memory",
"retroviruses",
"viruses",
"immunodeficiency viruses",
... | CD4+ T Cells Expressing PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 Contribute to HIV Persistence during ART | journal.ppat.1005761 | null | [
[
"Although antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) is highly effective at suppressing HIV replication , viral reservoirs persist despite treatment and lead to rapid viral rebound when ART is interrupted [1–4] .",
"A major step to achieve natural control of HIV replication after ART cessation would be to eliminate ,... | [
"HIV persists in a small pool of latently infected cells despite antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) .",
"Identifying cellular markers expressed at the surface of these cells may lead to novel therapeutic strategies to reduce the size of the HIV reservoir .",
"We hypothesized that CD4+ T cells expressing immune chec... | [
"The persistence of HIV in a small pool of long-lived latently infected resting CD4+ T cells is a major barrier to viral eradication .",
"Identifying cellular markers that are preferentially expressed at the surface of latently infected cells may lead to novel therapeutic strategies to cure HIV infection .",
"W... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"children",
"medicine and health sciences",
"education",
"cancer treatment",
"sociology",
"geographical locations",
"tropical diseases",
"social sciences",
"clinical oncology",
"parasitic diseases",
"oncology",
"age groups",
"clinical medicine",
"pharmaceutics",
"neglected tropical disea... | Successful Control of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in School Age Children in Burkina Faso and an Example of Community-Based Assessment via Lymphatic Filariasis Transmission Assessment Survey | journal.pntd.0004707 | null | [
[
"Soil-transmitted helminthiasis ( STH ) , one of the major neglected tropical diseases ( NTDs ) , is caused by a group of nematodes , namely hookworms ( Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus ) , Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trchiura .",
"Chronic infection with these parasites can cause malnut... | [
"Burkina Faso is endemic with soil-transmitted helminth infections .",
"Over a decade of preventive chemotherapy has been implemented through annual lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) mass drug administration ( MDA ) for population aged five years and over , biennial treatment of school age children with albendazole tog... | [
"Burkina Faso is a West African country endemic with soil-transmitted helminth infections ( STH ) .",
"Mass treatment with albendazole has been implemented for over a decade in the country through annual mass drug administration ( MDA ) for lymphatic filariasis for population aged five years and over , biennial t... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"viruses",
"infectious diseases",
"public health and epidemiology",
"birds",
"ecology",
"virology",
"microbiology",
"evolutionary biology"
] | Spatial, Temporal, and Species Variation in Prevalence of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Migratory Birds | journal.ppat.0030061 | null | [
[
"Birds of wetlands and aquatic environments such as the Anseriformes ( particularly ducks , geese , and swans ) and Charadriiformes ( particularly gulls , terns , and shorebirds ) are thought to constitute the major natural reservoir for avian influenza A virus [1 , 2] .",
"Influenza A viruses of all hema... | [
"Although extensive data exist on avian influenza in wild birds in North America , limited information is available from elsewhere , including Europe .",
"Here , molecular diagnostic tools were employed for high-throughput surveillance of migratory birds , as an alternative to classical labor-intensive methods of... | [
"Significant gaps in our knowledge of the ecology of avian influenza in wild migratory birds have become apparent during recent outbreaks of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza , in particular in relation to the risk of virus spread by wild birds .",
"An eight-year surveillance study , which included more than... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"medicine and health sciences",
"body fluids",
"ixodes",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"pathogens",
"geographical locations",
"microbiology",
"vertebrates",
"animals",
"mammals",
"health care",
"fleas",
"ticks",
"bacteria",
"bacterial pathogens",
"south americ... | Risk Factors for Bartonella species Infection in Blood Donors from Southeast Brazil | journal.pntd.0004509 | null | [
[
"Bartonella species are fastidious alpha-proteobacteria with worldwide distribution .",
"To date , at least 15 species have been associated with human infections , with at least eight species also capable of infecting dogs and cats .",
"Several blood-sucking arthropods have been suggested or confirmed... | [
"Bacteria from the genus Bartonella are emerging blood-borne bacteria , capable of causing long-lasting infection in marine and terrestrial mammals , including humans .",
"Bartonella are generally well adapted to their main host , causing persistent infection without clinical manifestation .",
"However , these ... | [
"Bacteria from the genus Bartonella are capable of causing long-lasting infection .",
"Despite the fact that these bacteria may cause several diseases such as cat scratch disease , trench fever , and infection of cardiac valves , which can be fatal , they may also cause asymptomatic infection in humans .",
"Sev... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Material and Methods"
] | [
"microbiology",
"viral structure",
"electron cryo-microscopy",
"membrane fusion",
"microscopy",
"glycoproteins",
"cellular structures and organelles",
"research and analysis methods",
"viral packaging",
"viral replication",
"virions",
"cell membranes",
"biochemistry",
"cell biology",
"vi... | Cryo-electron Microscopy Structure of the Native Prototype Foamy Virus Glycoprotein and Virus Architecture | journal.ppat.1005721 | null | [
[
"Spuma or foamy viruses ( FV ) are the only members of the Spumaretrovirinae subfamily of the Retroviridae .",
"As such they share many similarities in their life cycle with the Orthoretrovirinae as well as some features with the more distant Hepadnaviridae [1] .",
"FVs infect nearly all mammals and t... | [
"Foamy viruses ( FV ) belong to the genus Spumavirus , which forms a distinct lineage in the Retroviridae family .",
"Although the infection in natural hosts and zoonotic transmission to humans is asymptomatic , FVs can replicate well in human cells making it an attractive gene therapy vector candidate .",
"Her... | [
"Foamy viruses ( FVs ) , which belong to the retroviral genus Spumavirus , are endemic to non-human primates and can be transmitted to humans .",
"They are considered as potential vectors for gene therapy due to their broad cell tropism and their apparent apathogenicity in natural hosts and humans .",
"In order... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"genome sequencing",
"genomics",
"mathematics",
"statistics",
"genetics",
"statistical methods",
"population genetics",
"biology",
"evolutionary biology",
"evolutionary genetics",
"genetics and genomics"
] | The Statistics of Bulk Segregant Analysis Using Next Generation Sequencing | journal.pcbi.1002255 | null | [
[
"Bulk segregant analysis ( BSA; [1] ) is a QTL mapping technique for identifying genomic regions containing genetic loci affecting a trait of interest .",
"Starting with a segregating population from a genetic cross , individuals are assayed for the focal trait and two pools ( bulks ) of segregants are cr... | [
"We describe a statistical framework for QTL mapping using bulk segregant analysis ( BSA ) based on high throughput , short-read sequencing .",
"Our proposed approach is based on a smoothed version of the standard statistic , and takes into account variation in allele frequency estimates due to sampling of segreg... | [
"Quantitative or complex phenotypes are traits that are under the control of multiple genes and environmental factors .",
"Identifying the parts of the genome that contribute to variation in complex traits ( Quantitative Trait Loci or QTLs ) , and ultimately the genes and alleles that are mechanistically responsi... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"oncology",
"medicine",
"infectious diseases",
"viral persistence and latency",
"virology",
"viruses and cancer",
"oncology agents",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"viral diseases",
"epstein-barr virus infectious mononucleosis"
] | A Novel Persistence Associated EBV miRNA Expression Profile Is Disrupted in Neoplasia | journal.ppat.1002193 | null | [
[
"Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) , a member of the gamma-herpesvirus family , is the most common virus in the human population[1] .",
"It infects nearly 95% of adults and persists latently for the lifetime of healthy hosts .",
"In the generally accepted model of EBV persistence , the virus initiates infect... | [
"We have performed the first extensive profiling of Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) miRNAs on in vivo derived normal and neoplastic infected tissues .",
"We describe a unique pattern of viral miRNA expression by normal infected cells in vivo expressing restricted viral latency programs ( germinal center: Latency II an... | [
"miRNAs are small ( ∼22 bp ) RNAs .",
"They play central roles in many cellular processes .",
"Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) is an important human pathogen that establishes persistent infection in nearly all humans and is associated with several common forms of cancer .",
"To achieve persistent infection , the v... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"cytokines",
"statistical mechanics",
"immunity to infections",
"immunology",
"algorithms",
"mathematics",
"inflammation",
"theoretical biology",
"biology",
"nonlinear dynamics",
"immune response",
"immune system",
"physics",
"systems biology",
"computer science",
"computer modeling",
... | Network Topologies and Dynamics Leading to Endotoxin Tolerance and Priming in Innate Immune Cells | journal.pcbi.1002526 | null | [
[
"Innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells constitute the first layer of host defense .",
"Like policemen constantly patrolling the streets for criminal activity , these cells are responsible for initiating the first attack against invading pathogens [1] , [2] .",
"For example , usin... | [
"The innate immune system , acting as the first line of host defense , senses and adapts to foreign challenges through complex intracellular and intercellular signaling networks .",
"Endotoxin tolerance and priming elicited by macrophages are classic examples of the complex adaptation of innate immune cells .",
... | [
"Inflammation is a fundamental response of animals to pathogen invasion .",
"Among the first responders are macrophage cells , which identify and respond to multiple challenges .",
"Their responses must be carefully regulated to kill invading pathogens without causing too much damage to host cells .",
"Excess... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods",
"Supporting Information"
] | [
"neurological disorders",
"neuroscience",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Characterization of Sleep in Zebrafish and Insomnia in Hypocretin Receptor Mutants | journal.pbio.0050277 | Zebrafish sleep, and have the receptor for the wake-inducing molecule hypocretin. While mutation in this receptor causes narcolepsy in mammals, in fish, sleep is fragmented, demonstrating differences in sleep control in vertebrates. | [
[
"The function of sleep is disputed , with hypotheses ranging from energy conservation to synaptic remodeling and memory consolidation , with the possibility of disparate functions across evolution [1 , 2] .",
"One approach to this question is to study sleep and sleep regulatory networks in organisms amend... | [
"Sleep is a fundamental biological process conserved across the animal kingdom .",
"The study of how sleep regulatory networks are conserved is needed to better understand sleep across evolution .",
"We present a detailed description of a sleep state in adult zebrafish characterized by reversible periods of imm... | [
"Sleep disorders are common and poorly understood .",
"Further , how and why the brain generates sleep is the object of intense speculations .",
"In this study , we demonstrate that a bony fish used for genetic studies sleeps and that a molecule , hypocretin , involved in causing narcolepsy , is conserved .",
... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | The Risk of Nosocomial Transmission of Rift Valley Fever | journal.pntd.0004314 | null | [
[
"Rift Valley fever ( RVF ) is a zoonotic disease caused by an RNA virus in the genus Phlebovirus , family Bunyaviridae .",
"RVF virus is transmitted to humans primarily by mosquito bites and by direct contact with infected animal body fluids [1] .",
"First described in Kenya in 1910 , the disease has ... | [
"In 2000 , we investigated the Rift Valley fever ( RVF ) outbreak on the Arabian Peninsula—the first outside Africa—and the risk of nosocomial transmission .",
"In a cross-sectional design , during the peak of the epidemic at its epicenter , we found four ( 0 . 6% ) of 703 healthcare workers ( HCWs ) IgM seroposi... | [
"Rift Valley fever ( RVF ) is a zoonosis that is primarily transmitted to humans via infected mosquito bites .",
"Although most acute RVF infection results in a nonspecific febrile illness , 1% of cases develop hemorrhage and 50% of these may result in death .",
"Person-to-person transmission has not been descr... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"learning",
"invertebrates",
"medicine and health sciences",
"neurochemistry",
"chemical compounds",
"anesthesiology",
"social sciences",
"neuroscience",
"learning and memory",
"animals",
"organic compounds",
"hormones",
"animal models",
"developmental biology",
"drosophila melanogaster"... | Genetic Dissection of Aversive Associative Olfactory Learning and Memory in Drosophila Larvae | journal.pgen.1006378 | null | [
[
"Experience leaves traces of memory in the nervous system .",
"This assists organisms to predict and adapt to events in their environment .",
"Both invertebrates and vertebrates possess a variety of different learning mechanisms [1 , 2] .",
"Associative learning , for instance , enables animals to... | [
"Memory formation is a highly complex and dynamic process .",
"It consists of different phases , which depend on various neuronal and molecular mechanisms .",
"In adult Drosophila it was shown that memory formation after aversive Pavlovian conditioning includes—besides other forms—a labile short-term component ... | [
"Learning and memory helps organisms to predict and adapt to events in their environment .",
"Gained experience leaves traces of memory in the nervous system .",
"Yet , memory formation in vertebrates and invertebrates is a highly complex and dynamic process that consists of different phases , which depend on v... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"rna interference",
"polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis",
"blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis",
"membrane proteins",
"fungi",
"immunoprecipitation",
"chaperone proteins",
"mitochondria",
"epigenetics",
"bioenergetics",
"co-immunoprecipitation",
"cellular structures and organelles",... | A trypanosomal orthologue of an intermembrane space chaperone has a non-canonical function in biogenesis of the single mitochondrial inner membrane protein translocase | journal.ppat.1006550 | null | [
[
"The parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of the devastating human sleeping sickness and of nagana in cattle [1] .",
"However , besides its clinical and economic importance , T . brucei is also an interesting model to investigate variations of basic cell biological processes [2 , ... | [
"Mitochondrial protein import is essential for Trypanosoma brucei across its life cycle and mediated by membrane-embedded heterooligomeric protein complexes , which mainly consist of trypanosomatid-specific subunits .",
"However , trypanosomes contain orthologues of small Tim chaperones that escort hydrophobic pr... | [
"Trypanosoma brucei and its relatives are prominent pathogens causing human and animal diseases , which mainly affect developing countries .",
"The single mitochondrion of trypanosomes is essential across its entire life cycle .",
"Most organellar proteins are imported by hetero-oligomeric protein complexes in ... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"infectious diseases/urological infections",
"biochemistry",
"infectious diseases/bacterial infections",
"microbiology/microbial physiology and metabolism",
"microbiology/cellular microbiology and pathogenesis"
] | Fitness of Escherichia coli during Urinary Tract Infection Requires Gluconeogenesis and the TCA Cycle | journal.ppat.1000448 | null | [
[
"Traditional studies of bacterial pathogenesis have focused on pathogen-specific virulence properties including toxins , adhesins , secretion , and iron acquisition systems , and mechanisms to avoid the innate and adaptive immune response .",
"Examining bacterial metabolism during the course of an infecti... | [
"Microbial pathogenesis studies traditionally encompass dissection of virulence properties such as the bacterium's ability to elaborate toxins , adhere to and invade host cells , cause tissue damage , or otherwise disrupt normal host immune and cellular functions .",
"In contrast , bacterial metabolism during inf... | [
"Bacteria that cause infections often have genes known as virulence factors that are required for bacteria to cause disease .",
"Studying virulence factors such as toxins , adhesins , and secretion and iron-acquisition systems is a fundamental part of understanding infectious disease mechanisms .",
"In contrast... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"steatosis",
"anatomical pathology",
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"immunology",
"cytopathology",
"liver diseases",
"animal models",
"model organisms",
"signs and symptoms",
"gastroenterology and hepatology",
"experimental organism systems",
"research a... | Adipose tissue deficiency of hormone-sensitive lipase causes fatty liver in mice | journal.pgen.1007110 | null | [
[
"Disorders of lipid accumulation such as obesity and fatty liver ( hepatic steatosis ) are among the greatest risk factors for health in developed countries [1–4] .",
"Hepatic steatosis is linked to the development of liver fibrosis , cirrhosis and cancer [5 , 6] and is rapidly increasing in prevalence [7... | [
"Fatty liver is a major health problem worldwide .",
"People with hereditary deficiency of hormone-sensitive lipase ( HSL ) are reported to develop fatty liver .",
"In this study , systemic and tissue-specific HSL-deficient mice were used as models to explore the underlying mechanism of this association .",
"... | [
"Fatty liver is a major complication of obesity and of type 2 diabetes mellitus .",
"It carries a high risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer .",
"In fatty liver , triglycerides accumulate to high levels in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes .",
"Triglycerides are degraded by lipolysis , which has been most studied in ... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genetics and genomics",
"saccharomyces cerevisiae",
"computational biology"
] | Predicting Gene Expression from Sequence: A Reexamination | journal.pcbi.0030243 | null | [
[
"Developing computational strategies for predicting transcription factor binding sites ( TFBSs ) and transcription regulatory networks has been a central problem in computational biology for more than a decade .",
"Reviews on this problem and various proposed methods can be found in [1–3] .",
"A popul... | [
"Although much of the information regarding genes' expressions is encoded in the genome , deciphering such information has been very challenging .",
"We reexamined Beer and Tavazoie's ( BT ) approach to predict mRNA expression patterns of 2 , 587 genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the information in their res... | [
"Through binding to certain sequence-specific sites upstream of the target genes , a special class of proteins called transcription factors ( TFs ) control transcription activities , i . e . , expression amounts , of the downstream genes .",
"The DNA sequence patterns bound by TFs are called motifs .",
"It has ... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"plant science",
"plant biology",
"plant pathogens",
"plant pathology",
"plant genetics",
"biology",
"plant physiology"
] | Transportin-SR Is Required for Proper Splicing of Resistance Genes and Plant Immunity | journal.pgen.1002159 | null | [
[
"In eukaryotes , the nuclear envelope forms a barrier between the cytoplasm and the nucleus .",
"Trafficking of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope occurs through the nuclear pore complex ( NPC ) [1] .",
"Previous studies on MOS3 [2] , MOS6 [3] , MOS7 [4] and MOS11 [5] have revealed the importa... | [
"Transportin-SR ( TRN-SR ) is a member of the importin-β super-family that functions as the nuclear import receptor for serine-arginine rich ( SR ) proteins , which play diverse roles in RNA metabolism .",
"Here we report the identification and cloning of mos14 ( modifier of snc1-1 , 14 ) , a mutation that suppre... | [
"Plant immune receptors encoded by Resistance ( R ) genes play essential roles in defense against pathogens .",
"Multiple R genes are alternatively spliced .",
"How plants regulate the splicing of these R genes is unclear .",
"In this study , we identified MOS14 as an important regulator of two R genes , SNC1... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Nodular Worm Infections in Wild Non-human Primates and Humans Living in the Sebitoli Area (Kibale National Park, Uganda): Do High Spatial Proximity Favor Zoonotic Transmission? | journal.pntd.0004133 | null | [
[
"Emerging zoonotic diseases are a serious threat to public health and animal conservation .",
"This is especially true for apes , whose close phylogenetic relationship with humans increases the risk of zoonotic transmission between them .",
"Although humans have always shared habitats with non-human p... | [
"Nodular Oesophagostomum genus nematodes are a major public health concern in some African regions because they can be lethal to humans .",
"Their relatively high prevalence in people has been described in Uganda recently .",
"While non-human primates also harbor Oesophagostomum spp .",
", the epidemiology of... | [
"Nodular worms frequently infect primates , pigs and ruminants .",
"These intestinal nematodes induce inflammatory masses in the colon wall that cause severe abdominal pain , diarrhea , weight loss , and potential death .",
"Through microscopic and molecular analyses , we studied the presence of nodular worms i... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"evolutionary biology",
"ecology"
] | The Worldwide Variation in Avian Clutch Size across Species and Space | journal.pbio.0060303 | Why do some bird species lay only one egg in their nest, and others ten? An analysis combining comparative and macroecological approaches across more than half of all bird species explains the global variation in this trait with high confidence. | [
[
"There is enormous variation in life-history among species and across regions , which ecologists have long sought to explain [1–3] .",
"One trait of particular interest is the number of eggs laid per nest ( clutch size ) by birds , which is central to avian reproductive effort and probably the best-record... | [
"Traits such as clutch size vary markedly across species and environmental gradients but have usually been investigated from either a comparative or a geographic perspective , respectively .",
"We analyzed the global variation in clutch size across 5 , 290 bird species , excluding brood parasites and pelagic spec... | [
"Why do some bird species lay only one egg in their nest , and others ten ?",
"The clutch size of birds is one of the best-studied life-history traits of animals .",
"Nevertheless , research has so far focused either on a comparative approach , relating clutch size to other biological traits of the species , su... | 2008 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics and genomics/gene discovery",
"nutrition",
"genetics and genomics/complex traits",
"public health and epidemiology/epidemiology",
"public health and epidemiology/social and behavioral determinants of health",
"genetics and genomics/medical genetics"
] | Modeling of Environmental Effects in Genome-Wide Association Studies Identifies SLC2A2 and HP as Novel Loci Influencing Serum Cholesterol Levels | journal.pgen.1000798 | null | [
[
"Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) have identified more than 38 larger genetic regions which influence blood levels of total cholesterol ( TC ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) and triglycerides ( TG ) [1]–[3] .",
"These studies modele... | [
"Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) have identified 38 larger genetic regions affecting classical blood lipid levels without adjusting for important environmental influences .",
"We modeled diet and physical activity in a GWAS in order to identify novel loci affecting total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , H... | [
"In this article we report a genome-wide association study on cholesterol levels in the human blood .",
"We used a Swedish cohort to select genetic polymorphisms that showed the strongest association with cholesterol levels adjusted for diet and physical activity .",
"We replicated several genetic loci in other... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"animal models",
"developmental biology",
"model organisms",
"molecular cell biology",
"genetics",
"biology",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Antagonistic Regulation of Apoptosis and Differentiation by the Cut Transcription Factor Represents a Tumor-Suppressing Mechanism in Drosophila | journal.pgen.1002582 | null | [
[
"It has been a long-standing paradigm that impaired cell fate commitment is a key initiator of cancer development [1] , [2] , since cancer cells display reduced differentiation properties compared to normal cells , while tumor formation can be suppressed by inducing the terminal cell fate in cancer cells [3] ... | [
"Apoptosis is essential to prevent oncogenic transformation by triggering self-destruction of harmful cells , including those unable to differentiate .",
"However , the mechanisms linking impaired cell differentiation and apoptosis during development and disease are not well understood .",
"Here we report that ... | [
"Apoptosis is a highly conserved cellular function to remove excessive or unstable cells in diverse developmental processes and disease-responses .",
"An important example is the elimination of cells unable to differentiate , which have the potential to generate tumors .",
"Despite the significance of this proc... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | Conserved piRNA Expression from a Distinct Set of piRNA Cluster Loci in Eutherian Mammals | journal.pgen.1005652 | null | [
[
"In animal RNA interference ( RNAi ) pathways , the Argonaute ( AGO ) and Piwi proteins are deeply conserved from humans to basal animals like cnidarians and poriferans [1 , 2] .",
"Likewise , several AGO-bound microRNAs ( miRNAs ) are also deeply conserved across bilaterians [3] , but Piwi-interacting RN... | [
"The Piwi pathway is deeply conserved amongst animals because one of its essential functions is to repress transposons .",
"However , many Piwi-interacting RNAs ( piRNAs ) do not base-pair to transposons and remain mysterious in their targeting function .",
"The sheer number of piRNA cluster ( piC ) loci in ani... | [
"Animal genomes from flies to humans contain many hundreds of non-coding elements called Piwi-interacting RNAs ( piRNAs ) cluster loci ( piC loci ) .",
"Some of these elements generate piRNAs that direct the silencing of transposable elements , which are pervasive genetic parasites .",
"However , we lack an und... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"urea",
"medicine and health sciences",
"chemical compounds",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"ureases",
"enzymes",
"pathogens",
"enzymology",
"microbiology",
"carbohydrates",
"staphylococcus aureus",
"organic compounds",
"glucose",
"basic amino acids",
"amino acids",
"kidneys",
... | Urease is an essential component of the acid response network of Staphylococcus aureus and is required for a persistent murine kidney infection | journal.ppat.1007538 | null | [
[
"Bacterial pathogens often encounter acidic environments within host tissues and employ several direct and indirect defense measures [1] .",
"Direct measures include the utilization of proton pumps and generation of alkaline compounds such as ammonia to neutralize pH . Indirect methods such as damage repa... | [
"Staphylococcus aureus causes acute and chronic infections resulting in significant morbidity .",
"Urease , an enzyme that generates NH3 and CO2 from urea , is key to pH homeostasis in bacterial pathogens under acidic stress and nitrogen limitation .",
"However , the function of urease in S . aureus niche colon... | [
"Urease has been reported to be crucial to bacteria in environmental adaptation , virulence , and defense against host immunity .",
"Although the function of urease in S . aureus is not clear , recent evidence suggests that urease is important for acid resistance in various niches .",
"Our study deciphered a fu... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"parasite groups",
"plasmodium",
"dna-binding proteins",
"plasmodium falciparum",
"parasitic protozoans",
"sequence assembly tools",
"parasitology",
"apicomplexa",
"protozoans",
"genome analysis",
"sequence motif analysis",
"epigenetics",
"chromatin",
"research and analysis methods",
"se... | Plasmodium falciparum Nucleosomes Exhibit Reduced Stability and Lost Sequence Dependent Nucleosome Positioning | journal.ppat.1006080 | null | [
[
"The human malaria parasite , Plasmodium falciparum , yearly responsible for an estimated 600 , 000 deaths ( WHO Report 2014 ) , has the AT-richest genome sequenced to date .",
"The AT-content averages 80 . 6% genome wide , but reaches up to 90% in introns and intergenic regions [1] .",
"P . falciparu... | [
"The packaging and organization of genomic DNA into chromatin represents an additional regulatory layer of gene expression , with specific nucleosome positions that restrict the accessibility of regulatory DNA elements .",
"The mechanisms that position nucleosomes in vivo are thought to depend on the biophysical ... | [
"Nucleosomes are not positioned randomly on DNA but on preferential sites with respect to the underlying DNA sequence .",
"Histones belong to the most conserved eukaryotic proteins , as sequence dependent nucleosome positioning is an essential regulatory feature of nucleosomes , determining the accessibility of r... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"immune cells",
"immunity to infections",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"adaptive immunity",
"immune defense",
"animal models of infection",
"t cells",
"microbial pathogens",
"biology",
"immune response",
"viral persistence and latency",
"immunity",
"virology",
"co-infections"
] | Exhausted CD8 T Cells Downregulate the IL-18 Receptor and Become Unresponsive to Inflammatory Cytokines and Bacterial Co-infections | journal.ppat.1002273 | null | [
[
"Memory CD8 T cells typically develop following a short period of antigenic activation , which occurs during acute infections with intracellular pathogens .",
"A hallmark of these memory T cells is their ability to rapidly respond following re-exposure to their original inducing antigen [reviewed in 1 , 2... | [
"During many chronic infections virus-specific CD8 T cells succumb to exhaustion as they lose their ability to respond to antigenic activation .",
"Combinations of IL-12 , IL-18 , and IL-21 have been shown to induce the antigen-independent production of interferon ( IFN ) -γ by effector and memory CD8 T cells .",... | [
"Ongoing viral infections can corrupt the immune defense system .",
"One way in which this occurs is by the induction of exhaustion in the host's anti-viral CD8 T cells , a key component of the immune response .",
"Investigating the causes and consequences of T cell exhaustion will likely provide insights into ... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"physics",
"medicine",
"diagnostic medicine",
"clinical neurophysiology",
"electromyography",
"computational neuroscience",
"physiology",
"biology",
"biophysics",
"neuroscience",
"biomechanics"
] | Challenges and New Approaches to Proving the Existence of Muscle Synergies of Neural Origin | journal.pcbi.1002434 | null | [
[
"The muscle synergy hypothesis has received considerable attention in the neuroscience community ( see [1] for a review ) .",
"It posits that the central nervous system ( CNS ) activates muscles using the flexible combination of a small number of patterns .",
"This hypothesis is commonly motivated as ... | [
"Muscle coordination studies repeatedly show low-dimensionality of muscle activations for a wide variety of motor tasks .",
"The basis vectors of this low-dimensional subspace , termed muscle synergies , are hypothesized to reflect neurally-established functional muscle groupings that simplify body control .",
... | [
"How the brain and spinal cord control the body is a fundamental question of critical scientific and clinical importance .",
"The preferred experimental approach to answer this question has been to infer the neural control strategy by analyzing recordings of muscle activity and limb mechanics collected while anim... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"biochemistry",
"infectious diseases",
"bacterial diseases",
"mycobacterium",
"drugs and devices",
"biology",
"metabolism",
"lipid metabolism"
] | Clofazimine Modulates the Expression of Lipid Metabolism Proteins in Mycobacterium leprae-Infected Macrophages | journal.pntd.0001936 | null | [
[
"Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae ( M . leprae ) , which is a typical intracellular pathogen that parasitizes tissue macrophages ( histiocytes ) and Schwann cells of the peripheral nerves of the dermis .",
"Although its prevalence has declined over the last several de... | [
"Mycobacterium leprae ( M . leprae ) lives and replicates within macrophages in a foamy , lipid-laden phagosome .",
"The lipids provide essential nutrition for the mycobacteria , and M . leprae infection modulates expression of important host proteins related to lipid metabolism .",
"Thus , M . leprae infection... | [
"Leprosy , caused by Mycobacterium leprae ( M . leprae ) , is an ancient infectious disease that remains the leading infectious cause of disability .",
"After infection , M . leprae lives inside host macrophages that contain a large amount of lipids , which is thought to be an essential microenvironment for M . l... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"physiology",
"computational biology",
"evolutionary biology",
"drosophila",
"biophysics",
"neuroscience"
] | Fly Photoreceptors Demonstrate Energy-Information Trade-Offs in Neural Coding | journal.pbio.0050116 | Evidence from single-neuron recordings supports the law of diminishing returns, i.e., high performance eyes in larger, faster flies have less efficient photoreceptors than those of their small, sluggish counterparts. | [
[
"The balance between cost and benefit plays an important role in directing the evolution of biological systems [1 , 2] .",
"Costs and benefits are many and various; for example , the elongated tail of the male long-tailed widow bird is very effective at attracting females , but it also makes the male more... | [
"Trade-offs between energy consumption and neuronal performance must shape the design and evolution of nervous systems , but we lack empirical data showing how neuronal energy costs vary according to performance .",
"Using intracellular recordings from the intact retinas of four flies , Drosophila melanogaster , ... | [
"Many animals show striking reductions or enlargements of sense organs or brain regions according to their lifestyle and habitat .",
"For example , cave dwelling or subterranean animals often have reduced eyes and brain regions involved in visual processing .",
"These differences suggest that although there are... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [] | Regulation of Early Steps of GPVI Signal Transduction by Phosphatases: A Systems Biology Approach | journal.pcbi.1004589 | null | [
[
"Platelets , small anuclear cells , are quiescent in undamaged blood vessels .",
"They respond to injury by activating , triggering blood to clot .",
"Whilst platelet activation is essential to prevent excessive bleeding at sites of injury , their inappropriate activation , for example as a consequenc... | [
"We present a data-driven mathematical model of a key initiating step in platelet activation , a central process in the prevention of bleeding following Injury .",
"In vascular disease , this process is activated inappropriately and causes thrombosis , heart attacks and stroke .",
"The collagen receptor GPVI is... | [
"Platelets are blood cells that , upon injury , trigger the blood to clot .",
"Following blood vessel damage platelets encounter the extracellular matrix protein collagen to which they respond .",
"They become activated , aggregating to form a major component of blood clots .",
"The platelet collagen receptor... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"developmental biology",
"cell biology",
"physiology",
"in vitro",
"diabetes and endocrinology",
"molecular biology"
] | All β Cells Contribute Equally to Islet Growth and Maintenance | journal.pbio.0050163 | The pancreatic β cell pool is found to be homogeneous with respect to replicative capacity. This suggests that all β cells are candidates for the in vitro expansion required for replacement therapies. | [
[
"Stem cells are defined by an ability to self-renew and differentiate into a variety of cell types .",
"Some adult organs , including the intestine , skin , blood , and parts of the brain , are maintained by stem cells [1–5] .",
"In cases where the differentiated cells are postmitotic , such as erythr... | [
"In healthy adult mice , the β cell population is not maintained by stem cells but instead by the replication of differentiated β cells .",
"It is not known , however , whether all β cells contribute equally to growth and maintenance , as it may be that some cells replicate while others do not .",
"Understandin... | [
"The β cells of the pancreas are responsible for insulin production and their destruction results in type I diabetes .",
"β cell maintenance , growth , and regenerative repair is thought to occur predominately , if not exclusively , through the replication of existing β cells , not via an adult stem cell .",
"I... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"taxonomy",
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"pathogens",
"bacillus",
"microbiology",
"prokaryotic models",
"phylogenetics",
"data management",
"phylogenetic analysis",
"experimental organism systems",
"genome analysis",
"sequence motif analysis",
"molec... | Transient Duplication-Dependent Divergence and Horizontal Transfer Underlie the Evolutionary Dynamics of Bacterial Cell–Cell Signaling | journal.pbio.2000330 | null | [
[
"The evolution of signaling complexity often occurs by diversification and repeated utilization of signal transduction pathways [1–6] .",
"This generally requires two processes: the acquisition of homologous copies of the pathway's components and the co-diversification of interacting components to ensure ... | [
"Evolutionary expansion of signaling pathway families often underlies the evolution of regulatory complexity .",
"Expansion requires the acquisition of a novel homologous pathway and the diversification of pathway specificity .",
"Acquisition can occur either vertically , by duplication , or through horizontal ... | [
"Many molecular pathways are found multiple times in a given organism , where they are often reutilized for different functions .",
"Such expansion of a family of pathways requires two main evolutionary processes—acquisition of additional copies of the pathway's genes and divergence of interaction specificity to ... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"population genetics",
"molecular genetics",
"gene expression",
"biology",
"biophysics",
"molecular biology",
"physics",
"rna",
"nucleic acids",
"genetics",
"computational biology",
"molecular cell biology",
"genetics and genomics",
"human genetics"
] | Extent, Causes, and Consequences of Small RNA Expression Variation in Human Adipose Tissue | journal.pgen.1002704 | null | [
[
"A world of noncoding RNA molecules has been uncovered in the last decades , expanding our understanding of functional elements in the genome [1] .",
"After it was found that the small ( ∼15–30 nt ) noncoding RNAs can directly modulate protein levels [2] , [3] , and via that , almost any cellular process ... | [
"Small RNAs are functional molecules that modulate mRNA transcripts and have been implicated in the aetiology of several common diseases .",
"However , little is known about the extent of their variability within the human population .",
"Here , we characterise the extent , causes , and effects of naturally occ... | [
"Genetic information is transmitted to the cell only through RNA molecules .",
"A special class of RNAs is comprised of the small ( up to 30 nucleotide ) ones , known to be potent regulators of various cellular processes .",
"At the same time , they have not been as widely studied as messenger RNAs—we do not kn... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"computational biology/evolutionary modeling",
"infectious diseases/hiv infection and aids"
] | Dynamic Correlation between Intrahost HIV-1 Quasispecies Evolution and Disease Progression | journal.pcbi.1000240 | null | [
[
"Within an HIV-1 infected individual , the HIV-1 population evolves under host immune response selection pressures [1]–[3] .",
"Development of genetic diversity within the host results from a high virus replication error frequency ( 3 . 4×10−5 mutations site−1generation−1 [4] ) coupled with an in vivo vir... | [
"Quantifying the dynamics of intrahost HIV-1 sequence evolution is one means of uncovering information about the interaction between HIV-1 and the host immune system .",
"In the chronic phase of infection , common dynamics of sequence divergence and diversity have been reported .",
"We developed an HIV-1 sequen... | [
"Saturation of sequence divergence and a decline of diversity in later stages of infection have been commonly observed during HIV-1 infection , although the length of the time to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) is highly variable among patients .",
"To explain this common feature , we developed a simp... | 2008 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | In Vivo Approaches Reveal a Key Role for DCs in CD4+ T Cell Activation and Parasite Clearance during the Acute Phase of Experimental Blood-Stage Malaria | journal.ppat.1004598 | null | [
[
"The spleen is a primary site for the control of blood-borne infectious diseases in humans and rodents [1] , [2] .",
"Although splenic phagocytic activity has been well documented in vitro[3]-[5] and ex vivo [3] , [6]-[8] , few studies have reported on the in vivo three-dimensional ( 3D ) interactions bet... | [
"Dendritic cells ( DCs ) are phagocytes that are highly specialized for antigen presentation .",
"Heterogeneous populations of macrophages and DCs form a phagocyte network inside the red pulp ( RP ) of the spleen , which is a major site for the control of blood-borne infections such as malaria .",
"However , th... | [
"Malaria is a significant health issue , particularly in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world .",
"The red pulp ( RP ) of the spleen is a major site for the control of blood-borne infections such as malaria .",
"Macrophages and dendritic cells ( DCs ) form a complex phagocyte network inside the spl... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"cell motility",
"growth control",
"ecology and environmental sciences",
"animal genetics",
"medicine and health sciences",
"gene function",
"developmental biology",
"model organisms",
"organism development",
"nutrition",
"molecular genetics",
"morphogenesis",
"research and analysis methods"... | Identification of Late Larval Stage Developmental Checkpoints in Caenorhabditis elegans Regulated by Insulin/IGF and Steroid Hormone Signaling Pathways | journal.pgen.1004426 | null | [
[
"The development of multicellular organisms requires the coordinated differentiation and morphogenesis of multiple cell types that interact to form functional tissues and organs .",
"In favorable environmental conditions , development proceeds in a largely stereotyped pattern .",
"When faced with adve... | [
"Organisms in the wild develop with varying food availability .",
"During periods of nutritional scarcity , development may slow or arrest until conditions improve .",
"The ability to modulate developmental programs in response to poor nutritional conditions requires a means of sensing the changing nutritional ... | [
"Organisms in the wild often face long periods in which food is scarce .",
"This may occur due to seasonal effects , loss of territory , or changes in predator-to-prey ratio .",
"During periods of scarcity , organisms undergo adaptations to conserve resources and prolong survival .",
"When nutrient deprivatio... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"biology",
"genomics",
"evolutionary biology",
"microbiology",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Mapping the Hsp90 Genetic Interaction Network in Candida albicans Reveals Environmental Contingency and Rewired Circuitry | journal.pgen.1002562 | null | [
[
"Hsp90 is an essential and highly conserved molecular chaperone in all eukaryotes that specializes in folding metastable client proteins , many of which are signal transducers [1] , [2] .",
"Together with co-chaperones , Hsp90 interacts dynamically with client proteins regulating their stability and activ... | [
"The molecular chaperone Hsp90 regulates the folding of diverse signal transducers in all eukaryotes , profoundly affecting cellular circuitry .",
"In fungi , Hsp90 influences development , drug resistance , and evolution .",
"Hsp90 interacts with ∼10% of the proteome in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae... | [
"Hsp90 is an essential and conserved molecular chaperone in eukaryotes that assists with folding diverse proteins , especially regulators of cellular signaling .",
"By activating signaling in response to environmental cues , Hsp90 has a profound impact on myriad aspects of biology .",
"In fungi , Hsp90 influenc... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | Mechanical Coupling between Endoderm Invagination and Axis Extension in Drosophila | journal.pbio.1002292 | A study of the mechanism of axis extension in developing Drosophila embryos reveals that apical constriction leading to invagination of the posterior endoderm produces a tensile force that pulls the extending germband. | [
[
"During development , many tissues extend in one orientation while narrowing in the orthogonal one .",
"These so-called convergence and extension movements elongate the anteroposterior axis in bilateral animals during gastrulation , where they have been most studied [1–4] .",
"Defects in convergence a... | [
"How genetic programs generate cell-intrinsic forces to shape embryos is actively studied , but less so how tissue-scale physical forces impact morphogenesis .",
"Here we address the role of the latter during axis extension , using Drosophila germband extension ( GBE ) as a model .",
"We found previously that c... | [
"Embryos change shape dramatically during development .",
"The genetic programs that drive the active behavior of cells underlying these changes are well understood , but little is known about how movements of neighboring tissues influence the shaping of a given tissue .",
"We address this question for the ante... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | Circumventing Y. pestis Virulence by Early Recruitment of Neutrophils to the Lungs during Pneumonic Plague | journal.ppat.1004893 | null | [
[
"The recruitment of neutrophils is a fundamental component of the initial phase of the innate immune response to bacterial lung infections , as demonstrated by the selective depletion of neutrophils and the consequences on pathogen clearance from the lungs [1] .",
"In response to infection , neutrophils a... | [
"Pneumonic plague is a fatal disease caused by Yersinia pestis that is associated with a delayed immune response in the lungs .",
"Because neutrophils are the first immune cells recruited to sites of infection , we investigated the mechanisms responsible for their delayed homing to the lung .",
"During the firs... | [
"The pathogen Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of pneumonic plague , as well as a potential bioweapon .",
"The nature of this disease involves an initial non-inflammatory phase where the influx of neutrophils to the lungs is suppressed , allowing bacterial propagation in this organ .",
"Using the mouse mo... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"children",
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"respiratory infections",
"pathogens",
"microbiology",
"cryptosporidium",
"parasitic diseases",
"parasitic protozoans",
"pulmonology",
"pediatrics",
"diarrhea",
"age groups",
"protozoans",
"signs and symptom... | Natural History of Cryptosporidiosis in a Longitudinal Study of Slum-Dwelling Bangladeshi Children: Association with Severe Malnutrition | journal.pntd.0004564 | null | [
[
"Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under age five worldwide , with cryptosporidiosis estimated to be second only to rotavirus as the leading cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhea [1–3] .",
"Cryptosporidium spp .",
"are enteric protozoa , with 26 described species , but ... | [
"Cryptosporidiosis is a common cause of infectious diarrhea in young children worldwide , and is a significant contributor to under-five mortality .",
"Current treatment options are limited in young children .",
"In this study , we describe the natural history of Cryptosporidium spp .",
"infection in a birth ... | [
"Diarrheal disease is a leading cause of death in young children worldwide .",
"Cryptosporidium species are responsible for a large proportion of global burden of diarrhea .",
"This study describes the natural history of cryptosporidiosis in a birth cohort of impoverished Bangladeshi children .",
"Children we... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"protein interactions",
"dna-binding proteins",
"cloning",
"mutation",
"polymerases",
"dna replication",
"gene types",
"dna",
"molecular biology techniques",
"research and analysis methods",
"proteins",
"molecular evolution",
"molecular biology",
"biochemistry",
"point mutation",
"nucl... | Mutations Affecting Potassium Import Restore the Viability of the Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase III holD Mutant | journal.pgen.1006114 | null | [
[
"Chromosome replication is performed in Escherichia coli by a replicase called the DNA Polymerase III holoenzyme ( Pol III HE ) and composed of 9 different polypeptides [1] .",
"DNA synthesis is realized by the core polymerase , composed of a polymerase subunit ( α , encoded by dnaE ) , associated with a ... | [
"Mutants lacking the ψ ( HolD ) subunit of the Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase III holoenzyme ( Pol III HE ) have poor viability , but a residual growth allows the isolation of spontaneous suppressor mutations that restore ΔholD mutant viability .",
"Here we describe the isolation and characterization of two supp... | [
"Replication polymerases are responsible for genome duplication; they are ubiquitous and show high levels of functional and structural conservation across all species .",
"The HolC-HolD ( χψ ) complex is a component of the replicative polymerase in the model bacteria Escherichia coli , and is crucial for normal g... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"immune cells",
"diagnostic radiology",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"granulomas",
"immunology",
"corticosteroid therapy",
"database searching",
"neuroscience",
"physiological processes",
"mathematics",
"signs and symptoms",
"statistics (mathematics)",... | Albendazole and Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Solitary Cysticercus Granuloma: A Network Meta-analysis | journal.pntd.0004418 | null | [
[
"Neurocysticercosis ( NCC ) , a parasitic disease of the nervous system caused by Taenia solium ( pork tapeworm ) , is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide [1 , 2] .",
"The disease is widely prevalent around the world , and has pleomorphic clinical and radiologic manifestations [1] .",
"Soli... | [
"Solitary cysticercus granuloma ( SCG ) is the commonest form of neurocysticercosis in the Indian subcontinent and in travelers .",
"Several different treatment options exist for SCG .",
"We conducted a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials ( RCTs ) to identify the best treatment option t... | [
"Neurocysticercosis is an infection of the central nervous system by the larva of Taenia solium ( pork tapeworm ) .",
"It is a leading cause of epilepsy in the world .",
"The disease takes many different forms , each with different optimal treatment .",
"In this study , we focused on the treatment of solitary... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results and Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"cell biology",
"microbiology",
"biophysics"
] | Cooperative Retraction of Bundled Type IV Pili Enables Nanonewton Force Generation | journal.pbio.0060087 | To make its way into cells,Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the pathogen that causes gonorrhea, may exert nanonewton forces through cooperative bundling of pilus fibers. | [
[
"Type IV pili ( Tfp ) are bacterial appendages with important biological functions , including motility , DNA transformation , and virulence [1] .",
"Among the most-studied Tfp are those elaborated by N . gonorrhoeae , which display Tfp over its entire surface .",
"The N . gonorrhoeae Tfp is a helical... | [
"The causative agent of gonorrhea , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , bears retractable filamentous appendages called type IV pili ( Tfp ) .",
"Tfp are used by many pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria to carry out a number of vital functions , including DNA uptake , twitching motility ( crawling over surfaces ) , and att... | [
"Type IV pili are filamentous appendages borne by a large number of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria .",
"They play crucial roles in basic microbial processes such as surface motility , virulence , and DNA exchange .",
"Neisseria gonorrhoeae , the causative agent of gonorrhea , can extend and retract these... | 2008 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"computational biology/macromolecular structure analysis",
"computational biology/systems biology",
"biotechnology/small molecule chemistry"
] | The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drugome and Its Polypharmacological Implications | journal.pcbi.1000976 | null | [
[
"The construction and analysis of molecular interaction networks provides a powerful means to understand the complexity of biological systems and to reveal hidden relationships between drugs , genes , proteins , and diseases .",
"In particular , the study of drug-target networks may facilitate an improved... | [
"We report a computational approach that integrates structural bioinformatics , molecular modelling and systems biology to construct a drug-target network on a structural proteome-wide scale .",
"The approach has been applied to the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M . tb ) , the causative agent of one of t... | [
"The worldwide increase in multi-drug resistant TB poses a great threat to human health and highlights the need to identify new anti-tubercular agents .",
"We have developed a computational strategy to link the structural proteome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative agent of tuberculosis , to all struct... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"blood cells",
"white blood cells",
"immune cells",
"cell biology",
"animal cells",
"t cells",
"biology and life sciences",
"cellular types",
"immunology",
"immune response"
] | Random Migration and Signal Integration Promote Rapid and Robust T Cell Recruitment | journal.pcbi.1003752 | null | [
[
"Pathogens are enormously diverse .",
"They differ in tissue localization , epitope expression , virulence , and many other factors .",
"Still , our immune system has to swiftly cope with invading pathogens to ensure our survival .",
"Intriguing evidence from rather different infection models like... | [
"To fight infections , rare T cells must quickly home to appropriate lymph nodes ( LNs ) , and reliably localize the antigen ( Ag ) within them .",
"The first challenge calls for rapid trafficking between LNs , whereas the second may require extensive search within each LN .",
"Here we combine simulations and e... | [
"Each of the immune system's T lymphocytes recognizes a highly specific molecular pattern , and only a very few T cells are capable of detecting any given infection .",
"These rare cells are at first scattered throughout the body when a pathogen invades the host .",
"To mount an immune response , they need to c... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"infectious diseases/protozoal infections",
"immunology/immunity to infections",
"microbiology/parasitology",
"immunology/innate immunity"
] | UNC93B1 Mediates Host Resistance to Infection with Toxoplasma gondii | journal.ppat.1001071 | null | [
[
"Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread obligate intracellular protozoan parasite , which establishes itself in the brain and muscle tissues , persisting for life in humans and other vertebrate hosts [1] .",
"One of the most distinctive aspects of T . gondii life cycle is the establishment of an often benign c... | [
"UNC93B1 associates with Toll-Like Receptor ( TLR ) 3 , TLR7 and TLR9 , mediating their translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endolysosome , hence allowing proper activation by nucleic acid ligands .",
"We found that the triple deficient ‘3d’ mice , which lack functional UNC93B1 , are hyper-suscepti... | [
"One third of the human population in the world is chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii .",
"While the majority of infected individuals are asymptomatic , toxoplasmosis is a major cause of congenital disease , abortion , and a life-threatening opportunistic disease in immunocompromised individuals .",
"E... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"bacteriology",
"biofilms",
"cell death",
"invertebrates",
"plant anatomy",
"cell processes",
"microbiology",
"animals",
"plant science",
"mathematics",
"population biology",
"probability density",
"leaves",
"biophysics",
"probability theory",
"physics",
"population metrics",
"bact... | Bacterial surface colonization, preferential attachment and fitness under periodic stress | journal.pcbi.1006815 | null | [
[
"Early bacterial surface colonization that takes place prior to the development of mature biofilm , is a critical stage during which cells attempt to establish a sustainable population [1] .",
"There is growing evidence that this is not a random process wherein cells arbitrarily attach to surfaces and gro... | [
"Early bacterial surface colonization is not a random process wherein cells arbitrarily attach to surfaces and grow; but rather , attachment events , movement and cellular interactions induce non-random spatial organization .",
"We have only begun to understand how the apparent self-organization affects the fitne... | [
"A vast portion of bacterial life on Earth takes place on surfaces .",
"In many of these surfaces cells collectively organize into biofilms that are known to provide them protection from various environmental stresses .",
"Early bacterial colonization of surfaces , prior to the development of mature biofilm , i... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"biology",
"genomics",
"molecular cell biology",
"genetics and genomics"
] | PIWI Associated siRNAs and piRNAs Specifically Require the Caenorhabditis elegans HEN1 Ortholog henn-1 | journal.pgen.1002616 | null | [
[
"MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) , PIWI-interacting RNAs ( piRNAs ) and small interfering RNAs ( siRNAs ) are distinct classes of ∼20–30 nt regulatory RNAs .",
"Each acts as a guide to direct an Argonaute-containing effector complex to target mRNAs [1] .",
"The features required for small RNA-target interactions... | [
"Small RNAs—including piRNAs , miRNAs , and endogenous siRNAs—bind Argonaute proteins to form RNA silencing complexes that target coding genes , transposons , and aberrant RNAs .",
"To assess the requirements for endogenous siRNA formation and activity in Caenorhabditis elegans , we developed a GFP-based sensor f... | [
"RNA interference ( RNAi ) is the process in which endogenous small RNA pathways are exploited by researchers to direct RNA silencing of particular genes .",
"Plants and animals use endogenous RNA silencing pathways for protection against viruses and transposable elements and to regulate genes during development ... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"enzyme-linked immunoassays",
"body fluids",
"tropical diseases",
"geographical locations",
"biomarkers",
"parasitic diseases",
"parasitic protozoans",
"protozoans",
"leishmania",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"immunologic techniques",
"research and analysis ... | Evaluation of methods for detection of asymptomatic individuals infected with Leishmania infantum in the state of Piauí, Brazil | journal.pntd.0007493 | null | [
[
"Visceral Leishmaniasis ( VL ) is classified by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease due to high mortality rates , low attention given by the public sector and high endemicity in poor regions around world [1] .",
"At a global level , ninety percent of VL cases were reported in sev... | [
"Visceral Leishmaniasis in humans presents with fever , anemia , and splenomegaly and can be lethal if not treated .",
"Nevertheless , the majority of Leishmania infantum-infected individuals does not manifest symptoms and remain so provided they are not immunosuppressed .",
"In this work , the performance of d... | [
"Infections with Leishmania infantum occurring in humans can become clinically manifest as active visceral leishmaniasis [VL] , more frequently so in individuals with compromised immune systems and the disease can be fatal if left untreated .",
"However , many individuals living in endemic areas who are infected ... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | E3 Ubiquitin Ligase NEDD4 Promotes Influenza Virus Infection by Decreasing Levels of the Antiviral Protein IFITM3 | journal.ppat.1005095 | null | [
[
"Interferon ( IFN ) -induced transmembrane protein 3 ( IFITM3 ) is a 15 kDa protein that restricts cellular infection by influenza virus [1 , 2 , 3] .",
"IFITM3 is active against all strains of influenza virus that have been tested to date , regardless of serotype or species of origin [1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6] ... | [
"Interferon ( IFN ) -induced transmembrane protein 3 ( IFITM3 ) is a cell-intrinsic factor that limits influenza virus infections .",
"We previously showed that IFITM3 degradation is increased by its ubiquitination , though the ubiquitin ligase responsible for this modification remained elusive .",
"Here , we d... | [
"IFITM3 is critical for limiting the severity of influenza virus infections in humans and mice .",
"Optimal antiviral activity of IFITM3 is achieved when it is present at high levels within cells .",
"Our results indicate that the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 decreases baseline IFITM3 levels by ubiquitinating IFIT... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"animal models",
"systems biology",
"animal genetics",
"cancer genetics",
"model organisms",
"mouse",
"genetics",
"biology",
"gene networks",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Allelic Variation and Differential Expression of the mSIN3A Histone Deacetylase Complex Gene Arid4b Promote Mammary Tumor Growth and Metastasis | journal.pgen.1002735 | null | [
[
"Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women in the United States [1] .",
"Because the vast majority of breast cancer related mortality is attributable to disseminated metastatic disease , a clear need exists to identify factors that modulate breast cancer metastatic progressi... | [
"Accumulating evidence suggests that breast cancer metastatic progression is modified by germline polymorphism , although specific modifier genes have remained largely undefined .",
"In the current study , we employ the MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse model and the AKXD panel of recombinant inbred mice to identify AT–... | [
"A person's individual genetic background influences not only the likelihood of developing breast cancer , but also the likelihood of that cancer becoming metastatic .",
"The identification of metastasis susceptibility genes using human samples is rendered impractical by the high degree of genetic diversity among... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"neuroscience",
"cognitive neuroscience",
"systems science",
"mathematics",
"probability distribution",
"algebra",
"computer and information sciences",
"consciousness",
"dynamical systems",
"differential equations",
"probability theory",
"eigenvectors",
"linear algebra",
"information theor... | Informational structures: A dynamical system approach for integrated information | journal.pcbi.1006154 | null | [
[
"Dynamical Systems and Graph Theory are naturally coupled since any real phenomenon is usually described as a complex graph in which the evolution of time produces changes in specific measures on nodes or links among them [1 , 2] .",
"In this work , the starting point is any structural network , including... | [
"Integrated Information Theory ( IIT ) has become nowadays the most sensible general theory of consciousness .",
"In addition to very important statements , it opens the door for an abstract ( mathematical ) formulation of the theory .",
"Given a mechanism in a particular state , IIT identifies a conscious expe... | [
"In this paper we introduce a space-time continuous version for the level of integrated information of a network on which a dynamics is defined .",
"The concept of integrated information comes from the IIT of consciousness .",
"By a strict mathematical formulation , we complement the existing IIT theoretical fr... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | Parp3 Negatively Regulates Immunoglobulin Class Switch Recombination | journal.pgen.1005240 | null | [
[
"During immune responses , B cells diversify the antibody repertoire through mechanisms involving the generation of programmed DNA damage .",
"Somatic hypermutation ( SHM ) introduces mutations in the immunoglobulin ( Ig ) variable ( V ) region genes , thereby modifying antibody affinity for its cognate a... | [
"To generate highly specific and adapted immune responses , B cells diversify their antibody repertoire through mechanisms involving the generation of programmed DNA damage .",
"Somatic hypermutation ( SHM ) and class switch recombination ( CSR ) are initiated by the recruitment of activation-induced cytidine dea... | [
"During infections , B cells diversify the antibodies they produce by two mechanisms: somatic hypermutation ( SHM ) and class switch recombination ( CSR ) .",
"SHM mutates the regions encoding the antigen-binding site , generating high-affinity antibodies .",
"CSR allows B cells to switch the class of antibody ... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"taeniasis",
"infectious diseases",
"helminth infections",
"veterinary diseases",
"zoonoses",
"medicine and health sciences",
"neurocysticercosis",
"epidemiology",
"cysticercosis",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"biology and life sciences",
"tropical diseases",
"parasitic diseases",
"veter... | Incidence of Human Taenia solium Larval Infections in an Ecuadorian Endemic Area: Implications for Disease Burden Assessment and Control | journal.pntd.0002887 | null | [
[
"Human cysticercosis ( CC ) is a parasitic disease caused by the development of the metacestode larval stage of Taenia solium ( cysticercus ) in the muscles , the central nervous system ( causing neurocysticercosis ( NCC ) ) , the subcutaneous tissue and the eyes ( causing subcutaneous and ocular cysticercosi... | [
"Human cysticercosis is a zoonotic disease causing severe health disorders and even death .",
"While prevalence data become available worldwide , incidence rate and cumulative incidence figures are lacking , which limits the understanding of the Taenia solium epidemiology .",
"A seroepidemiological cohort study... | [
"Human cysticercosis is a neglected zoonotic parasitic disease causing severe health disorders such as epilepsy and even death .",
"Cysticercosis is related to poverty , inadequate hygiene conditions and traditional pig farming .",
"The present study describes the dynamic nature of human Taenia solium larval in... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"parasitic cell cycles",
"cell cycle and cell division",
"trypanosoma congolense",
"cell processes",
"parasitic diseases",
"parasitic protozoans",
"parasitology",
"trypanosoma brucei",
"developmental biology",
"protozoans",
"proteins",
"life cycles",
"bioche... | A gene expression comparison of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the bloodstream of the mammalian host reveals species-specific adaptations to density-dependent development | journal.pntd.0006863 | null | [
[
"African trypanosomes are responsible for Human African Trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) and Animal African Trypanosomiasis ( AAT ) in sub Saharan Africa[1] .",
"The human disease is caused by two sub-species of Trypanosoma brucei , T . b .",
"rhodesiense and T . b .",
"gambiense , whilst Trypanosoma bruce... | [
"In the bloodstream of mammalian hosts Trypanosoma brucei undergoes well-characterised density-dependent growth control and developmental adaptation for transmission .",
"This involves the differentiation from proliferative , morphologically ‘slender’ forms to quiescent ‘stumpy’ forms that preferentially infect t... | [
"Animal African trypanosomiases are important diseases of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa .",
"Two of the responsible parasite species are Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense , both being blood-borne parasites transmitted by tsetse flies .",
"In T . brucei there is a well-characterised developmental e... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"neuroscience/neurodevelopment",
"neuroscience/theoretical neuroscience"
] | Increased Brain Signal Variability Accompanies Lower Behavioral Variability in Development | journal.pcbi.1000106 | null | [
[
"During neurodevelopment , behavioural performance tends to improve in terms of speed and accuracy .",
"This improvement usually entails a decrease in trial-to-trial variability as performance approaches ceiling e . g . [1] , [2] .",
"A fundamental question is whether the neuronal dynamics that mediat... | [
"As the brain matures , its responses become optimized .",
"Behavioral measures show this through improved accuracy and decreased trial-to-trial variability .",
"The question remains whether the supporting brain dynamics show a similar decrease in variability .",
"We examined the relation between variability ... | [
"Intuitive notions of brain–behavior relationships would suggest that because children show more variability in behavior , their brains should also be more variable .",
"We demonstrate that this is not the case .",
"In measuring brain signal variability with EEG and behavior in a simple face recognition task , ... | 2008 |
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