headings list | keywords list | title stringlengths 20 281 | id stringlengths 20 20 | toc stringlengths 57 522 ⌀ | sections list | abstract list | summary list | year stringclasses 13
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"sequencing techniques",
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"togaviruses",
"chikungunya infection",
"pathogens",
"geographical locations",
"microbiology",
"tropical diseases",
"alphaviruses",
"viruses",
"genome sequencing",
"chikungunya virus",
"rna viruse... | Genomic, epidemiological and digital surveillance of Chikungunya virus in the Brazilian Amazon | journal.pntd.0007065 | null | [
[
"In August 2014 , local transmission of chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) was detected in Brazil for the first time , with cases being reported nearly simultaneously in Oiapoque ( Amapá state , north Brazil ) and Feira de Santana ( Bahia state , northeast Brazil ) , two municipalities separated by >2000 km distance... | [
"Since its first detection in the Caribbean in late 2013 , chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) has affected 51 countries in the Americas .",
"The CHIKV epidemic in the Americas was caused by the CHIKV-Asian genotype .",
"In August 2014 , local transmission of the CHIKV-Asian genotype was detected in the Brazilian Amazo... | [
"Until the end of 2017 , Brazil notified the highest number of infections caused by chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) in the Americas .",
"We investigated a large CHIKV outbreak in Boa vista municipality in the Brazilian Amazon region .",
"Rapid portable genome sequencing of 20 novel isolates and subsequent genetic a... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"gene regulation",
"pathogens",
"regulatory proteins",
"cell processes",
"cell cycle and cell division",
"microbiology",
"dna-binding proteins",
"dna transcription",
"viruses",
"virus effects on host gene expression",
"immu... | Activation of E2F-dependent transcription by the mouse cytomegalovirus M117 protein affects the viral host range | journal.ppat.1007481 | null | [
[
"Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites .",
"As such , they rely on suitable host cells for their replication .",
"While some viruses can infect and replicate in cells from various tissues and different host species , others are highly adapted to their natural host and have a narrow host range [... | [
"Cytomegaloviruses ( CMVs ) have a highly restricted host range as they replicate only in cells of their own or closely related species .",
"To date , the molecular mechanisms underlying the CMV host restriction remain poorly understood .",
"However , it has been shown that mouse cytomegalovirus ( MCMV ) can be... | [
"Human CMV is an opportunistic pathogen causing morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals .",
"It is a highly species-specific virus that replicates only in cells from humans or chimpanzees , but not in cells from mice or other laboratory animals .",
"Mouse cytomegalovirus ( MCMV ) , the most com... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | HLA Class-II Associated HIV Polymorphisms Predict Escape from CD4+ T Cell Responses | journal.ppat.1005111 | null | [
[
"The human immunodeficiency virus-1 ( HIV-1 ) has the capacity to escape pressure exerted upon it by a number of factors including antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) , antibody and CD8+ T cells [1–4] .",
"Escape implies a level of viral suppression sufficient to provide selection pressure for mutant genomes t... | [
"Antiretroviral therapy , antibody and CD8+ T cell-mediated responses targeting human immunodeficiency virus-1 ( HIV-1 ) exert selection pressure on the virus necessitating escape; however , the ability of CD4+ T cells to exert selective pressure remains unclear .",
"Using a computational approach on HIV gag/pol/... | [
"In HIV , CD4+ T cells are best known as the primary targets of infection .",
"Although emerging data has suggested a more active role in viral pathogenesis , the CD4+ T cell population remains relatively understudied .",
"Using a novel computational approach , we predicted 29 different epitopes with mutations ... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"infectious diseases",
"clinical immunology"
] | Aedes Mosquito Saliva Modulates Rift Valley Fever Virus Pathogenicity | journal.pntd.0002237 | null | [
[
"Rift Valley fever virus ( RVFV ) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne virus which causes epizootics and associated human epidemics throughout Africa [1] , [2] .",
"First identified in Kenya in 1931 [3] , RVFV is now considered an endemic zoonotic agent in sub-Saharan Africa causing explosive outbreaks in animals... | [
"Rift Valley fever ( RVF ) is a severe mosquito-borne disease affecting humans and domestic ruminants .",
"Mosquito saliva contains compounds that counteract the hemostatic , inflammatory , and immune responses of the host .",
"Modulation of these defensive responses may facilitate virus infection .",
"Indeed... | [
"Rift Valley fever is an endemic and epidemic zoonosis in Africa and the Arabic Peninsula .",
"In humans , in the most severe cases the viral infection causes fulminant hepatitis associated with haemorrhagic fever , permanent blindness or severe encephalitis .",
"Despite the importance of vector transmission in... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"velocity",
"medicine and health sciences",
"tangents",
"classical mechanics",
"engineering and technology",
"signal processing",
"condensed matter physics",
"anisotropy",
"geometry",
"autocorrelation",
"regression analysis",
"mathematics",
"statistics (mathematics)",
"algebra",
"materia... | Error Correction and the Structure of Inter-Trial Fluctuations in a Redundant Movement Task | journal.pcbi.1005118 | null | [
[
"During the repeated execution of goal-directed movements , statistical variability is always observed from one trial to the next , and this motor variability has long been a major focus of movement neuroscience [1–3] .",
"It is generally believed that these inter-trial fluctuations contain crucial inform... | [
"We study inter-trial movement fluctuations exhibited by human participants during the repeated execution of a virtual shuffleboard task .",
"Focusing on skilled performance , theoretical analysis of a previously-developed general model of inter-trial error correction is used to predict the temporal and geometric... | [
"During the repeated execution of precision movement tasks , humans face two formidable challenges from the motor system itself: dimensionality and noise .",
"Human motor performance involves biomechanical , neuromotor , and perceptual degrees of freedom far in excess of those theoretically needed to prescribe ty... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"immune physiology",
"enzyme-linked immunoassays",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"body fluids",
"pathogens",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"vertebrates",
"cloning",
"animals",
"mammals",
"viruses",
"primates",
"animal models",
"rna viruses",
"ex... | Impact of prior flavivirus immunity on Zika virus infection in rhesus macaques | journal.ppat.1006487 | null | [
[
"Zika virus ( ZIKV ) , is a flavivirus originally isolated from a sentinel rhesus macaque in the Zika forest of Uganda in 1947 [1] and a human in Nigeria in 1953 [2] .",
"Transmission occurs primarily in a human-mosquito cycle , though ZIKV can also be transmitted sexually and from mother to fetus [3] .",... | [
"Studies have demonstrated cross-reactivity of anti-dengue virus ( DENV ) antibodies in human sera against Zika virus ( ZIKV ) , promoting increased ZIKV infection in vitro .",
"However , the correlation between in vitro and in vivo findings is not well characterized .",
"Thus , we evaluated the impact of heter... | [
"Zika virus ( ZIKV ) is a mosquito-borne , emerging flavivirus .",
"In addition to asymptomatic or mild febrile manifestations , ZIKV infection in humans is associated with comparatively rare congenital and neurological abnormalities .",
"Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated cross-reactivity of antibodie... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"ion channel gating",
"medicine and health sciences",
"action potentials",
"markov models",
"depolarization",
"membrane potential",
"electrophysiology",
"neuroscience",
"simulation and modeling",
"ion channels",
"mathematics",
"cardiology",
"research and analysis methods",
"sensory physiol... | Modeling effects of voltage dependent properties of the cardiac muscarinic receptor on human sinus node function | journal.pcbi.1006438 | null | [
[
"The cardiac muscarinic receptor ( M2R ) plays a crucial role in regulating heart rate variability and vulnerability to atrial arrhythmia by modulating the acetylcholine ( ACh ) activated K+ current IK , ACh .",
"Cardiac KACh channels are heteromultimers composed of two G-protein-coupled inward rectifier ... | [
"The cardiac muscarinic receptor ( M2R ) regulates heart rate , in part , by modulating the acetylcholine ( ACh ) activated K+ current IK , ACh through dissociation of G-proteins , that in turn activate KACh channels .",
"Recently , M2Rs were noted to exhibit intrinsic voltage sensitivity , i . e . their affinity... | [
"Heart rate regulation is dependent upon a delicate interplay between parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve activity at the level of the sinus node .",
"Acetylcholine slows the heart rate by activating the M2 muscarinic receptor ( M2R ) that , in turn , opens the acetylcholine-activated potassium channel ( IK , A... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Material and methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"blood cells",
"innate immune system",
"medicine and health sciences",
"immune cells",
"body fluids",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"diagnostic radiology",
"immune physiology",
"cytokines",
"immunology",
"pleurae",
"developmental biology",
"signs and symptoms",
"molecular developmen... | IL-4 receptor dependent expansion of lung CD169+ macrophages in microfilaria-driven inflammation | journal.pntd.0007691 | null | [
[
"Human filarial infections are caused by nematodes of the Onchocercidae family .",
"These parasites are transmitted by hematophagous arthropods and have a life cycle consisting of four larval stages ( L1 to L4 ) with a moult occurring at the end of each larval stage , and an adult stage comprising separat... | [
"Lung disease is regularly reported in human filarial infections but the molecular pathogenesis of pulmonary filariasis is poorly understood .",
"We used Litomosoides sigmodontis , a rodent filaria residing in the pleural cavity responsible for pleural inflammation , to model responses to human filarial infection... | [
"Filarial infections are tropical diseases caused by nematodes of the Onchocercidae family .",
"Infections due to filariae regularly induce pulmonary manifestations , however lung pathogenesis of human filarial infections is poorly understood .",
"Litomosoides sigmodontis is a rodent filaria living in the pleur... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Model",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"public health and epidemiology/epidemiology",
"public health and epidemiology/infectious diseases",
"infectious diseases/epidemiology and control of infectious diseases",
"computational biology"
] | FluTE, a Publicly Available Stochastic Influenza Epidemic Simulation Model | journal.pcbi.1000656 | null | [
[
"Mathematical and computer models of epidemics have contributed to our understanding of the spread of infectious disease and the measures needed to contain or mitigate them [1]–[9] .",
"Detailed computer simulations will play an important role in evaluating containment and mitigation strategies for future... | [
"Mathematical and computer models of epidemics have contributed to our understanding of the spread of infectious disease and the measures needed to contain or mitigate them .",
"To help prepare for future influenza seasonal epidemics or pandemics , we developed a new stochastic model of the spread of influenza ac... | [
"Computer simulations can provide valuable information to communities preparing for epidemics .",
"These simulations can be used to investigate the effectiveness of various intervention strategies in reducing or delaying the peak of an epidemic .",
"We have made a detailed influenza epidemic simulator for the U... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"mutagenesis",
"cellular stress responses",
"cancer genetics",
"genetic mutation",
"model organisms",
"mutation types",
"genetics",
"yeast and fungal models",
"biology",
"saccharomyces cerevisiae",
"molecular cell biology"
] | Oxidative Stress and Replication-Independent DNA Breakage Induced by Arsenic in Saccharomyces cerevisiae | journal.pgen.1003640 | null | [
[
"Arsenic is a toxic element ubiquitously present in the environment .",
"Carcinogenic properties of arsenic have been known for a long time and chronic exposure to arsenic in humans has been implicated in numerous types of cancer , including skin , lung , liver , kidney and bladder cancer [1] .",
"On ... | [
"Arsenic is a well-established human carcinogen of poorly understood mechanism of genotoxicity .",
"It is generally accepted that arsenic acts indirectly by generating oxidative DNA damage that can be converted to replication-dependent DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) , as well as by interfering with DNA repair ... | [
"Arsenic is a highly toxic compound which causes several types of cancer in humans .",
"However , precise mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis remain elusive and are still a matter of debate .",
"For example , the oxidative stress theory of arsenic proposes that arsenic generates reactive oxygen species produci... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"infectious diseases",
"dengue fever",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"arboviral infections",
"infectious disease control",
"vectors and hosts"
] | Limited Dengue Virus Replication in Field-Collected Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia | journal.pntd.0002688 | null | [
[
"Dengue is one of the most common and widespread vector-borne diseases in the world , with up to 380 million infections estimated to occur annually [1] .",
"The causative agent , dengue virus ( DENV ) , has expanded its geographic range in the last two decades , with more than 100 countries now affected .... | [
"Dengue is one of the most widespread mosquito-borne diseases in the world .",
"The causative agent , dengue virus ( DENV ) , is primarily transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti , a species that has proved difficult to control using conventional methods .",
"The discovery that A . aegypti transinfected with ... | [
"Almost half of the world's population is at risk of contracting dengue virus , particularly in the tropics and sub-tropics .",
"The virus is transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti , a cosmopolitan species that has proved difficult to control using traditional methods .",
"A new biocontrol strategy has been ... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | Sae2 Function at DNA Double-Strand Breaks Is Bypassed by Dampening Tel1 or Rad53 Activity | journal.pgen.1005685 | null | [
[
"Programmed DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) are formed during meiotic recombination and rearrangement of the immunoglobulin genes in lymphocytes .",
"Furthermore , potentially harmful DSBs can arise by exposure to environmental factors , such as ionizing radiations and radiomimetic chemicals , or by fai... | [
"The MRX complex together with Sae2 initiates resection of DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) to generate single-stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) that triggers homologous recombination .",
"The absence of Sae2 not only impairs DSB resection , but also causes prolonged MRX binding at the DSBs that leads to persistent Tel1- a... | [
"Genome instability is one of the most pervasive characteristics of cancer cells and can be due to DNA repair defects and failure to arrest the cell cycle .",
"Among the many types of DNA damage , the DNA double strand break ( DSB ) is one of the most severe , because it can cause mutations and chromosomal rearra... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods and materials"
] | [
"phosphorylation",
"medicine and health sciences",
"enzyme-linked immunoassays",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"hela cells",
"cervical cancer",
"pathogens",
"gene regulation",
"biological cultures",
"cancers and neoplasms",
"microbiology",
"oncology",
"viruses",
"protein expression"... | Autocrine STAT3 activation in HPV positive cervical cancer through a virus-driven Rac1—NFκB—IL-6 signalling axis | journal.ppat.1007835 | null | [
[
"Human papillomaviruses ( HPV ) are a leading cause of squamous cell carcinomas of the ano-genital and oropharyngeal epithelium [1] .",
"High-risk HPVs ( HR-HPV ) , exemplified by HPV16 and 18 , are responsible for >99% of cervical , and between 30–70% of oropharyngeal cancers [2] .",
"HR-HPVs encode ... | [
"Persistent human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection is the leading cause of cervical cancer .",
"Although the fundamental link between HPV infection and oncogenesis is established , the specific mechanisms of virus-mediated transformation are not fully understood .",
"We previously demonstrated that the HPV enco... | [
"Persistent infection with HPV is the predominant cause of anogenital and oral cancers .",
"Transformation requires the re-wiring of signalling pathways in infected cells by virus encoded oncoproteins .",
"At this point , a comprehensive understanding of the full range of host pathways necessary for HPV-mediate... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genetics and genomics/functional genomics",
"plant biology/plant-environment interactions",
"evolutionary biology/plant genetics and gene expression",
"ecology/spatial and landscape ecology",
"plant biology/plant genetics and gene expression",
"genetics and genomics/population genetics"
] | A Coastal Cline in Sodium Accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana Is Driven by Natural Variation of the Sodium Transporter AtHKT1;1 | journal.pgen.1001193 | null | [
[
"Uncovering the genetic polymorphisms that underlie adaptation to environmental gradients is a critical goal in evolutionary biology , and will lead to a better understanding of both the types of genetic changes and the gene functions involved .",
"Such understanding will not only provide insight into how... | [
"The genetic model plant Arabidopsis thaliana , like many plant species , experiences a range of edaphic conditions across its natural habitat .",
"Such heterogeneity may drive local adaptation , though the molecular genetic basis remains elusive .",
"Here , we describe a study in which we used genome-wide asso... | [
"The unusual geographical distribution of certain animal and plant species has provided puzzling questions to the scientific community regarding the interrelationship of evolutionary and geographic histories for generations .",
"With DNA sequencing , such puzzles have now extended to the geographical distribution... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"infectious diseases",
"molecular cell biology",
"leishmaniasis",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"parasitic diseases",
"parasitology"
] | Generation of Leishmania Hybrids by Whole Genomic DNA Transformation | journal.pntd.0001817 | null | [
[
"Leishmaniasis is a complex of diseases caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania for which there is an estimated 12 million people infected in tropical and subtropical areas of the world [1] .",
"The clinical manifestations of the disease are often correlated with the infecting Leishmania species and r... | [
"Genetic exchange is a powerful tool to study gene function in microorganisms .",
"Here , we tested the feasibility of generating Leishmania hybrids by electroporating genomic DNA of donor cells into recipient Leishmania parasites .",
"The donor DNA was marked with a drug resistance marker facilitating the sele... | [
"Leishmania spp .",
"are pathogenic protozoa characterized by a substantial diversity in pathogenesis and virulence despite their considerable synteny at the genome level .",
"The existence of genetic exchange was recently proven experimentally in the sand fly vector where hybrid parasites were isolated and gen... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"kala-azar",
"medicine and health sciences",
"body fluids",
"immune physiology",
"immunology",
"tropical diseases",
"parasitic diseases",
"parasitic protozoans",
"lymph nodes",
"protozoans",
"leishmania",
"lymphatic system",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"dna",
"cellular structures and ... | Sensitive and less invasive confirmatory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) | journal.pntd.0006264 | null | [
[
"Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) , also known as kala-azar , is a vector-borne disease caused by parasitic protozoa of the Leishmania donovani complex , which are transmitted by female sandflies .",
"VL affects mainly children and young adults , and can be fatal if left untreated .",
"It is characterize... | [
"Confirmatory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) , as well as diagnosis of relapses and test of cure , usually requires examination by microscopy of samples collected by invasive means , such as splenic , bone marrow or lymph node aspirates .",
"This causes discomfort to patients , with risks of bleeding ... | [
"Tissue aspiration , either from spleen , bone marrow or lymph node , remains the Gold Standard for parasitological confirmation in patients suspected of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) , and is often used for detection of relapses , and as a test of cure .",
"The procedure is invasive , with risks of severe compli... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"vesicles",
"tropical diseases",
"parasitic diseases",
"animal models",
"routes of administration",
"model organisms",
"pharmaceutics",
"experimental organism systems",
"drug administration",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"pharmacology",
"oral administration"... | Progress in the pharmacological treatment of human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis: Compounds and therapeutic targets | journal.pntd.0006422 | null | [
[
"In human infections , established E . granulosus cysts ( or metacestodes ) can develop and reach the mature , fertile state .",
"Protoscoleces are then produced from the germinative layer inside the cyst .",
"Spillage of viable protoscoleces after spontaneous or traumatic cyst rupture or during surgi... | [
"Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis are helmintic zoonotic diseases caused by infections with the larval stages of the cestode parasites Echinococcus granulosus and E . multilocularis , respectively .",
"Both diseases are progressive and chronic , and often fatal if left unattended for E . multilocularis ."... | [
"Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis ( CE and AE ) , caused by the larval stages of the helminths Echinococcus granulosus and E . multilocularis , respectively , are progressive and chronic diseases affecting more than 1 million people worldwide .",
"Both are considered orphan and neglected diseases by the W... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"immunology/cellular microbiology and pathogenesis",
"immunology/immune response",
"gastroenterology and hepatology/biliary tract",
"immunology/innate immunity",
"microbiology/innate immunity",
"infectious diseases/protozoal infections",
"immunology/immunity to infections",
"infectious diseases/gastro... | NF-kappaB p65-Dependent Transactivation of miRNA Genes following Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Stimulates Epithelial Cell Immune Responses | journal.ppat.1000681 | null | [
[
"The protozoan parasite , Cryptosporidium parvum , is a causative agent of human gastrointestinal disease worldwide [1] .",
"C . parvum infects the gastrointestinal epithelium to produce a self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals but is potentially life-threatening in immunocompromised person... | [
"Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium and causes diarrheal disease worldwide .",
"Innate epithelial immune responses are key mediators of the host's defense to C . parvum .",
"MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level an... | [
"MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are newly identified small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level .",
"While much of our understanding of the cellular processes modulated by miRNAs has come from studies on development and tumorigenesis , the role of miRNAs in immune responses is now ... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | A Ribonucleoprotein Complex Protects the Interleukin-6 mRNA from Degradation by Distinct Herpesviral Endonucleases | journal.ppat.1004899 | null | [
[
"The posttranscriptional fate of mRNA , including translation , subcellular localization , and stability , is tightly controlled through complex networks of RNA-protein interactions .",
"Many mRNA regulatory elements are located in the 3’ untranslated region ( UTR ) , where they recruit factors that contr... | [
"During lytic Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) infection , the viral endonuclease SOX promotes widespread degradation of cytoplasmic messenger RNA ( mRNA ) .",
"However , select mRNAs escape SOX-induced cleavage and remain robustly expressed .",
"Prominent among these is interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) ,... | [
"During replication of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) , the vast majority of mRNAs in the cytoplasm are cleaved and degraded by the viral nuclease SOX .",
"However , some mRNAs escape this fate , including the transcript encoding the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-6 .",
"Here , we discover that ... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"plant science",
"plant evolution",
"genetics",
"plant genetics",
"population genetics",
"epigenetics",
"biology",
"dna modification",
"evolutionary biology"
] | Extensive Natural Epigenetic Variation at a De Novo Originated Gene | journal.pgen.1003437 | null | [
[
"DNA mutations are the main known source of heritable phenotypic variation , but epimutations , such as heritable changes of gene expression associated with gain or loss of DNA methylation , are also a source of phenotypic variability .",
"Indeed , several stable DNA methylation variants affecting a wide ... | [
"Epigenetic variation , such as heritable changes of DNA methylation , can affect gene expression and thus phenotypes , but examples of natural epimutations are few and little is known about their stability and frequency in nature .",
"Here , we report that the gene Qua-Quine Starch ( QQS ) of Arabidopsis thalian... | [
"Epigenetics is defined as the study of heritable changes in gene expression that are not linked to changes in the DNA sequence .",
"In plants , these heritable variations are often associated with differences in DNA methylation .",
"So far , very little is known about the extent and stability of epigenetic var... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Analysis of Nematode Motion Using an Improved Light-Scatter Based System | journal.pntd.0003523 | null | [
[
"Understanding nematodes , the most numerous multicellular organisms known , is important for the advancement of both basic biological knowledge and improving global health .",
"The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , for example , has been a model for investigating the fundamentals of genetics ... | [
"The detailed assessment of nematode activity and viability still remains a relatively undeveloped area of biological and medical research .",
"Computer-based approaches to assessing the motility of larger nematode stages have been developed , yet these lack the capability to detect and analyze the more subtle an... | [
"Assessment of the health and number of nematodes still relies heavily on subjective monitoring of their motion .",
"Although less-subjective techniques exist that utilize the motility as the primary indicator , the current approaches tend to be designed for use with larger worms and not for early developmental s... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"physiology/immunity to infections",
"microbiology/immunity to infections",
"pathology/pathophysiology",
"immunology/immunomodulation",
"infectious diseases/fungal infections",
"physiology/respiratory physiology",
"respiratory medicine/respiratory infections",
"infectious diseases/hiv infection and ai... | Immune Modulation with Sulfasalazine Attenuates Immunopathogenesis but Enhances Macrophage-Mediated Fungal Clearance during Pneumocystis Pneumonia | journal.ppat.1001058 | null | [
[
"Pneumocystis ( Pc ) is an opportunistic fungal respiratory pathogen that causes life-threatening pneumonia in patients suffering from defects in cell-mediated immunity , including those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) and immunosuppression secondary to chemotherapy or organ transplantation .... | [
"Although T cells are critical for host defense against respiratory fungal infections , they also contribute to the immunopathogenesis of Pneumocystis pneumonia ( PcP ) .",
"However , the precise downstream effector mechanisms by which T cells mediate these diverse processes are undefined .",
"In the current st... | [
"Pneumocystis is a fungal respiratory pathogen that causes life-threatening pneumonia ( PcP ) in immunosuppressed patients .",
"PcP remains an infectious complication of AIDS and cancer , and is emerging in previously unrecognized clinical settings .",
"Despite dramatic advances in health care and the availabil... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Comparative Phylogenetic Studies on Schistosoma japonicum and Its Snail Intermediate Host Oncomelania hupensis: Origins, Dispersal and Coevolution | journal.pntd.0003935 | null | [
[
"In China schistosomiasis in humans is caused by infection with the parasitic blood-fluke Schistosoma japonicum ( Trematoda: Digenea ) .",
"Schistosomiasis causes major public health problems in China and the Philippines[1] .",
"Despite over 45 years of integrated control efforts , approximately one m... | [
"Schistosoma japonicum causes major public health problems in China and the Philippines; this parasite , which is transmitted by freshwater snails of the species Oncomelania hupensis , causes the disease intestinal schistosomiasis in humans and cattle .",
"Researchers working on Schistosoma in Africa have describ... | [
"Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by a parasitic worm transmitted to humans by certain species of freshwater snails .",
"In spite of several decades of intensive coordinated control schistosomiasis still infects around 1 million people in China .",
"In order to understand the potential for spread of the dise... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Involvement of PSMD10, CDK4, and Tumor Suppressors in Development of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma of Syrian Golden Hamsters Induced by Clonorchis sinensis and N-Nitrosodimethylamine | journal.pntd.0004008 | null | [
[
"The Chinese liver fluke , Clonorchis sinensis Looss 1907 , is widely distributed in East Asia with some heavily endemic zones in China , Taiwan , Vietnam , Russia , and the Republic of Korea .",
"In 2009 , C . sinensis was reclassified as a group-I biocarcinogen for human cholangiocarcinoma ( CCA ) by th... | [
"Clonorchis sinensis is a group-I bio-carcinogen for cholangiocarcinoma ( CCA ) .",
"Although the epidemiological evidence links clonorchiasis and CCA , the underlying molecular mechanism involved in this process is poorly understood .",
"In the present study , we investigated expression of oncogenes and tumor ... | [
"Clonorchis sinensis is a helminth parasite and a carcinogenic agent for cholangiocarcinoma ( CCA ) or bile duct cancer in humans .",
"Though a large and compelling body of evidence suggests an association between C . sinensis and CCA , the mechanism underlying at the genetic/proteomic level is little known .",
... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Model",
"Results and Discussion"
] | [
"variant genotypes",
"alleles",
"genetic mapping",
"epistasis",
"mathematics",
"statistics (mathematics)",
"dna",
"evolutionary adaptation",
"discrete mathematics",
"combinatorics",
"fitness epistasis",
"evolutionary genetics",
"genetic loci",
"biochemistry",
"permutation",
"confidence... | Evolution at ‘Sutures’ and ‘Centers’: Recombination Can Aid Adaptation of Spatially Structured Populations on Rugged Fitness Landscapes | journal.pcbi.1005247 | null | [
[
"Sexual recombination has long been a puzzling evolutionary strategy ( see [1 , 2] ) .",
"Recombination has the potential to create novel high-fitness genotypes in a population , but also to destroy high-fitness lineages by recombining them with genetically distinct lineages .",
"Whether recombination... | [
"Epistatic interactions among genes can give rise to rugged fitness landscapes , in which multiple “peaks” of high-fitness allele combinations are separated by “valleys” of low-fitness genotypes .",
"How populations traverse rugged fitness landscapes is a long-standing question in evolutionary biology .",
"Sexu... | [
"For a novel genotype to establish in a population , it must ( 1 ) be created , and ( 2 ) not be subsequently lost .",
"Recombination is a double-edged sword in this process , potentially fostering creation , but also hastening loss as the novel genotype is being recombined with other genotypes , especially when ... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"genome evolution",
"genome sequencing",
"coevolution",
"genome complexity",
"comparative genomics",
"biology",
"evolutionary genetics",
"genetic drift",
"adaptation",
"natural selection",
"genetics",
"genomics",
"evolutionary biology",
"evolutionary processes",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Within-Genome Evolution of REPINs: a New Family of Miniature Mobile DNA in Bacteria | journal.pgen.1002132 | null | [
[
"Short repetitive sequences are a feature of most genomes and have consequences for genome function and evolution [1] , [2] .",
"Often attributable to the proliferation of selfish elements [3] , [4] , short repeats also arise from amplification processes , such as replication slippage [5] and via selectio... | [
"Repetitive sequences are a conserved feature of many bacterial genomes .",
"While first reported almost thirty years ago , and frequently exploited for genotyping purposes , little is known about their origin , maintenance , or processes affecting the dynamics of within-genome evolution .",
"Here , beginning w... | [
"DNA sequences that copy themselves throughout genomes , and make no specific contribution to reproductive success , are by definition “selfish . ”",
"Such DNA is a feature of the genomes of all organisms and evident by virtue of its repetitive nature .",
"In bacteria the predominant repetitive sequences are sh... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"immunodeficiency viruses",
"host cells",
"immunity",
"virology",
"innate immunity",
"viral transmission and infection",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"host-pathogen interaction"
] | SAMHD1-Deficient CD14+ Cells from Individuals with Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome Are Highly Susceptible to HIV-1 Infection | journal.ppat.1002425 | null | [
[
"Cells of the myeloid lineage are more refractory to HIV-1 infection than T-cells [1]–[4] .",
"HIV-2 and SIV from sooty mangabeys ( SIVsm ) but not HIV-1 encode the accessory protein Vpx [5] that provides a replication advantage in human myeloid cells [6] , [7] .",
"Moreover , Vpx deficient HIV-2/SIVs... | [
"Myeloid blood cells are largely resistant to infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) .",
"Recently , it was reported that Vpx from HIV-2/SIVsm facilitates infection of these cells by counteracting the host restriction factor SAMHD1 .",
"Here , we independently confirmed that Vpx interacts ... | [
"Lentiviral accessory proteins play important roles in antagonizing host proteins aimed at suppressing HIV-1 replication at a cellular level .",
"The SIV/HIV-2 protein Vpx counteracts SAMHD1 , a previously unknown antiviral factor within myeloid blood cells , rendering these cells permissive to primate immunodefi... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"vesicular stomatitis virus",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"hela cells",
"gene regulation",
"pathogens",
"messenger rna",
"biological cultures",
"microbiology",
"polyribosomes",
"viruses",
"virus effects on host gene expression",
"rna viruses",
"cell... | Global analysis of polysome-associated mRNA in vesicular stomatitis virus infected cells | journal.ppat.1007875 | null | [
[
"Infection of mammalian cells by vesicular stomatitis virus ( VSV ) results in a profound shut-off of host cell gene expression .",
"This host cell shut-off occurs at the level of mRNA transcription through inhibition of RNA polymerase II by the viral-encoded matrix protein ( M ) [1–3] .",
"The M prot... | [
"Infection of mammalian cells with vesicular stomatitis virus ( VSV ) results in the inhibition of cellular translation while viral translation proceeds efficiently .",
"VSV RNA synthesis occurs entirely within the cytoplasm , where during transcription the viral polymerase produces 5 mRNAs that are structurally ... | [
"Viruses co-opt the host translational machinery and frequently suppress host cell protein synthesis .",
"Many positive-strand RNA viruses manipulate initiation factors while bypassing their need for viral protein production using internal ribosome entry sites .",
"Negative-strand RNA viruses and DNA viruses pr... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"chemical compounds",
"helminths",
"hookworms",
"animals",
"organic compounds",
"necator americanus",
"organisms",
"mutation",
"ascaris",
"ascaris lumbricoides",
"molecular biology techniques",
"research and analysis methods",
"artificial gene amplification and extension",... | PCR-RFLP screening of polymorphisms associated with benzimidazole resistance in Necator americanus and Ascaris lumbricoides from different geographical regions in Brazil | journal.pntd.0006766 | null | [
[
"Soil-transmitted helminth infections represent important , neglected , tropical diseases that affect approximately one-fourth of the global population .",
"Notably , 820 million people are infected with Ascaris lumbricoides , and 439 million people are infected with hookworms ( Necator americanus or Ancy... | [
"Ascaris lumbricoides and Necator americanus are soil-transmitted parasites with global geographic distribution , and they represent some of the most common and neglected infections in the world .",
"Periodic treatment with mass drug administration ( MDA ) in endemic areas is the recommended action put forth by t... | [
"The soil-transmitted helminths Ascaris lumbricoides and the hookworms ( Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale ) are the most prevalent intestinal helminths of humans .",
"The standard approach for geohelminth control is large-scale preventive chemotherapy predominantly using benzimidazoles through mass dr... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"science policy",
"biology",
"veterinary science"
] | Methodology for Definition of Yellow Fever Priority Areas, Based on Environmental Variables and Multiple Correspondence Analyses | journal.pntd.0001658 | null | [
[
"Brazil has an extended enzootic or endemic area for sylvatic yellow fever ( YF ) , where cases of the disease are annually reported .",
"The highest frequency of the disease occurs between January and April , when high levels of rainfall and an increase in the vector population coincide with greater agri... | [
"Yellow fever ( YF ) is endemic in much of Brazil , where cases of the disease are reported every year .",
"Since 2008 , outbreaks of the disease have occurred in regions of the country where no reports had been registered for decades , which has obligated public health authorities to redefine risk areas for the ... | [
"Yellow fever ( YF ) is an infectious disease , transmitted by mosquitoes , and very common in North and Middle East region of Brazil , where cases of the disease are reported every year .",
"Since 2008 , outbreaks of the disease have occurred in regions of the country where no reports had been registered for dec... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"inflammation",
"immunity",
"virology",
"immunology",
"biology",
"microbiology"
] | IL-1β Signaling Promotes CNS-Intrinsic Immune Control of West Nile Virus Infection | journal.ppat.1003039 | null | [
[
"West Nile virus ( WNV ) is a single stranded , positive sense RNA virus of the flaviviridae family , and is a prototypical Flavivirus related to Yellow fever virus , Tick borne encephalitis virus , Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) and Dengue virus [1]–[2] , all of which are major public health threats .",... | [
"West Nile virus ( WNV ) is an emerging flavivirus capable of infecting the central nervous system ( CNS ) and mediating neuronal cell death and tissue destruction .",
"The processes that promote inflammation and encephalitis within the CNS are important for control of WNV disease but , how inflammatory signaling... | [
"Since its introduction into North America in 1999 , West Nile virus ( WNV ) has emerged as a leading cause of viral encephalitic disease in the United States .",
"While low level inflammation is important for clearance of WNV , high levels of inflammation are associated with increased disease .",
"The goal of ... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"protons",
"carbohydrate metabolism",
"medicine and health sciences",
"enzymes",
"enzymology",
"glucose metabolism",
"physiological processes",
"enzyme metabolism",
"evolutionary adaptation",
"enzyme chemistry",
"proteins",
"metabolic pathways",
"nucleons",
"physics",
"biochemistry",
"... | Laboratory evolution reveals a two-dimensional rate-yield tradeoff in microbial metabolism | journal.pcbi.1007066 | null | [
[
"Growth rate and yield are basic features of microbial life that are widely implicated in cell fitness , adaptation , and evolution [1] .",
"The specific growth rate , μ , represents the number of doublings of bacterial density per unit time [10] .",
"The yield , Y , is the ratio between μ and the rat... | [
"Growth rate and yield are fundamental features of microbial growth .",
"However , we lack a mechanistic and quantitative understanding of the rate-yield relationship .",
"Studies pairing computational predictions with experiments have shown the importance of maintenance energy and proteome allocation in explai... | [
"This study reconciles multiple existing microbial rate-yield tradeoff theories with experimental data .",
"There is great interest in developing quantitative descriptions of the relationship between growth rate and growth yield [1] .",
"However , some reported experiments [2–4] in the literature do not agree w... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"biochemistry",
"neurological disorders",
"neurology",
"genetics",
"biology",
"molecular cell biology",
"neuroscience",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Loss of Prohibitin Membrane Scaffolds Impairs Mitochondrial Architecture and Leads to Tau Hyperphosphorylation and Neurodegeneration | journal.pgen.1003021 | null | [
[
"The dynamic behavior of mitochondria that constantly divide and fuse is pivotal to maintain their pleiotropic activities and their distribution within cells .",
"Conserved protein machineries in the outer and inner membrane of mitochondria mediate membrane fusion events , ensure cristae formation and reg... | [
"Fusion and fission of mitochondria maintain the functional integrity of mitochondria and protect against neurodegeneration , but how mitochondrial dysfunctions trigger neuronal loss remains ill-defined .",
"Prohibitins form large ring complexes in the inner membrane that are composed of PHB1 and PHB2 subunits an... | [
"Mitochondria are the major site of cellular ATP production and are essential for the survival of neurons .",
"High ATP levels are required to sustain neuronal activities and axonal transport of macromolecules and organelles .",
"The functional integrity of mitochondria depends on fusion and fission of their me... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results and Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"hepatitis c",
"biomacromolecule-ligand interactions",
"medicine",
"biochemistry",
"infectious diseases",
"infectious hepatitis",
"hepatitis",
"gastroenterology and hepatology",
"immunology",
"biology",
"viral diseases",
"liver diseases",
"immunoglobulins"
] | Structural Basis of HCV Neutralization by Human Monoclonal Antibodies Resistant to Viral Neutralization Escape | journal.ppat.1003364 | null | [
[
"An estimated 180 million people worldwide are infected with Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) .",
"Only about 20% of the infected individuals are able to spontaneously clear the virus during acute infection leading to chronic infection in 80% of the cases .",
"Chronic HCV infection is a major cause of liver ... | [
"The high mutation rate of hepatitis C virus allows it to rapidly evade the humoral immune response .",
"However , certain epitopes in the envelope glycoproteins cannot vary without compromising virus viability .",
"Antibodies targeting these epitopes are resistant to viral escape from neutralization and unders... | [
"We report here the crystal structures of two neutralization-escape-resistant human monoclonal antibodies in complex with their peptide epitope .",
"Recognition of the hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) by the humoral immune response is hampered by the high variability of the envelope glycoproteins .",
"However , the co... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"decision making",
"experimental design",
"social sciences",
"limbs (anatomy)",
"neuroscience",
"biomechanics",
"research design",
"cognitive psychology",
"cognition",
"vision",
"research and analysis methods",
"curve fitting",
"musculoskeletal system",
"m... | What makes a reach movement effortful? Physical effort discounting supports common minimization principles in decision making and motor control | journal.pbio.2001323 | null | [
[
"Should I rather bring the groceries from the car trunk to the kitchen in 1 trip or in 2 trips ?",
"Even in a seemingly simple decision like this , multiple decision parameters are at odds .",
"When doing a single trip , this bothersome task will certainly be finished more quickly but will require an ... | [
"When deciding between alternative options , a rational agent chooses on the basis of the desirability of each outcome , including associated costs .",
"As different options typically result in different actions , the effort associated with each action is an essential cost parameter .",
"How do humans discount ... | [
"Economic choice in humans and animals can be understood as a weighing of benefits ( e . g . , reward ) against costs ( e . g . , effort , delay , risk ) , leading to a preference for the behavioral option with highest expected utility .",
"The costs of the action associated with a choice can thereby affect its u... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"decision making",
"infectious disease epidemiology",
"geographical locations",
"neuroscience",
"simulation and modeling",
"cognition",
"global health",
"infectious disease control",
"mathematical modeling",
"research and analysis methods",
"public and occupatio... | Model-Informed Risk Assessment and Decision Making for an Emerging Infectious Disease in the Asia-Pacific Region | journal.pntd.0005018 | null | [
[
"EVD was first identified in Zaire in 1976 and there have since been at least twenty-five outbreaks in Africa .",
"The 2014 West African outbreak—first reported in Guinea and subsequently becoming established in Liberia and Sierra Leone—is the largest to date .",
"Symptoms of EVD include vomiting , di... | [
"Effective response to emerging infectious disease ( EID ) threats relies on health care systems that can detect and contain localised outbreaks before they reach a national or international scale .",
"The Asia-Pacific region contains low and middle income countries in which the risk of EID outbreaks is elevated ... | [
"Low and middle income countries face a serious challenge when confronting emerging infectious disease ( EID ) threats .",
"Their risk of experiencing outbreaks can be greater than in many high income countries , while their capacity to respond effectively may be constrained by competing demands on limited health... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"protons",
"medicine and health sciences",
"mitochondrial dna",
"population genetics",
"skeletal muscles",
"vertebrates",
"animals",
"mammals",
"primates",
"mutation",
"forms of dna",
"mitochondria",
"dna",
"population biology",
"bioenergetics",
"cellular structures and organelles",
... | Peculiar combinations of individually non-pathogenic missense mitochondrial DNA variants cause low penetrance Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy | journal.pgen.1007210 | null | [
[
"Since the identification of the first causal mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) point mutation [1] , the mutational landscape of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy ( LHON ) has become increasingly complex .",
"In particular , LHON pathogenic mutations are frequently homoplasmic and , in some cases , their path... | [
"We here report on the existence of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy ( LHON ) associated with peculiar combinations of individually non-pathogenic missense mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) variants , affecting the MT-ND4 , MT-ND4L and MT-ND6 subunit genes of Complex I .",
"The pathogenic potential of these mtDNA ha... | [
"Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy ( LHON ) is a common cause of maternally inherited vision loss .",
"In the large majority of cases LHON is due to mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) point mutations , clearly distinct from common polymorphisms normally found in the general population , affecting the mitochondrial fun... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [] | Human metapneumovirus activates NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome via its small hydrophobic protein which plays a detrimental role during infection in mice | journal.ppat.1007689 | null | [
[
"The inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes responsible for caspase-1 activation [1] .",
"Once activated , caspase-1 proteolytically cleaves interleukin ( IL ) -1β and IL-18 precursors ( pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 ) , leading to the release of mature forms [2 , 3] .",
"Among identified inflam... | [
"NOD-like receptor protein 3 ( NLRP3 ) inflammasome activation triggers caspase-1 activation-induced maturation of interleukin ( IL ) -1β and IL-18 and therefore is important for the development of the host defense against various RNA viral diseases .",
"However , the implication of this protein complex in human ... | [
"Human metapneumovirus ( HMPV ) , a negative-stranded , enveloped RNA virus , is recognized as one of the leading causes of acute respiratory disease in children since its discovery in 2001 .",
"Nevertheless , there is currently no licensed vaccine for the prevention of HMPV infection and treatment modalities are... | 2019 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"computational biology/literature analysis",
"genetics and genomics/gene discovery",
"genetics and genomics/complex traits",
"genetics and genomics/bioinformatics",
"genetics and genomics/genetics of disease",
"computational biology/genomics",
"immunology/autoimmunity",
"computational biology/systems ... | Identifying Relationships among Genomic Disease Regions: Predicting Genes at Pathogenic SNP Associations and Rare Deletions | journal.pgen.1000534 | null | [
[
"An emerging challenge in genomics is the ability to examine multiple disease regions within the human genome , and to recognize a subset of key genes that are involved in a common cellular process or pathway .",
"This is a key task to translate experimentally ascertained disease regions into meaningful u... | [
"Translating a set of disease regions into insight about pathogenic mechanisms requires not only the ability to identify the key disease genes within them , but also the biological relationships among those key genes .",
"Here we describe a statistical method , Gene Relationships Among Implicated Loci ( GRAIL ) ,... | [
"Modern genetic studies , including genome-wide surveys for disease-associated loci and copy number variation , provide a list of critical genomic regions that play an important role in predisposition to disease .",
"Using these regions to understand disease pathogenesis requires the ability to first distinguish ... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"immune cells",
"immunity to infections",
"immunology",
"bacterial diseases",
"adaptive immunity",
"immune defense",
"infectious diseases",
"tuberculosis",
"t cells",
"biology",
"immune response",
"antigen processing and recognition",
"immunity"
] | Memory T Cells in Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Are Directed against Three Antigenic Islands and Largely Contained in a CXCR3+CCR6+ Th1 Subset | journal.ppat.1003130 | null | [
[
"Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of death from infectious disease .",
"Current diagnostics do not distinguish active and latent infection , and the only available vaccine has limited efficacy .",
"Hence , there is an urgent need for both novel vaccines and diagnostic strategies .",
"Human ... | [
"An understanding of the immunological footprint of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MTB ) CD4 T cell recognition is still incomplete .",
"Here we report that human Th1 cells specific for MTB are largely contained in a CXCR3+CCR6+ memory subset and highly focused on three broadly immunodominant antigenic islands , al... | [
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most life-threatening pathogens of all time , having infected one-third of the present human population .",
"There is an urgent need for both novel vaccines and diagnostic strategies .",
"Here , we were able to identify the targets most dominantly recognized by latently... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"learning",
"invertebrates",
"cell physiology",
"medicine and health sciences",
"reproductive system",
"social sciences",
"teachers",
"neuroscience",
"animals",
"learning and memory",
"animal signaling and communication",
"animal models",
"drosophila melanogaster",
"model organisms",
"co... | Drosophila species learn dialects through communal living | journal.pgen.1007430 | null | [
[
"The ability to interpret environmental information is a phenomenon found throughout all life forms .",
"From bacteria to plants and to mammals , communication occurs within as well as between species .",
"In some cases , information that is being shared can be highly specific , such as in the case of... | [
"Many species are able to share information about their environment by communicating through auditory , visual , and olfactory cues .",
"In Drosophila melanogaster , exposure to parasitoid wasps leads to a decline in egg laying , and exposed females communicate this threat to naïve flies , which also depress egg ... | [
"In this study , we find that many different Drosophila species never having been exposed to parasitoid wasps can trigger caspase activation in the ovary and depress egg-laying when placed next to flies that had visual experience with wasps .",
"Interestingly , when teacher flies of one species are placed with a ... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods",
"Supporting Information"
] | [
"developmental biology",
"zea",
"computational biology",
"biophysics",
"drosophila"
] | Small Regulatory RNAs May Sharpen Spatial Expression Patterns | journal.pcbi.0030233 | null | [
[
"Morphogenesis proceeds by sequential divisions of a developing embryo into domains , each expressing a distinct set of genes .",
"Each combination of genes is associated with a particular cell identity .",
"At advanced stages of development , most genes that define cell identity are either highly exp... | [
"The precise establishment of gene expression patterns is a crucial step in development .",
"Formation of a sharp boundary between high and low spatial expression domains requires a genetic mechanism that exhibits sensitivity , yet is robust to fluctuations , a demand that may not be easily achieved by morphogens... | [
"Early embryonic development depends on robust patterning along the axes of the embryo .",
"At the cellular level , neighboring segments are often identified via the concentrations of several gene products: the expression of such a gene may , for example , be high in the cells of one segment , and negligible in t... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Material and Methods"
] | [
"infectious diseases/fungal infections",
"genetics and genomics/gene function",
"microbiology/microbial growth and development"
] | Biofilm Matrix Regulation by Candida albicans Zap1 | journal.pbio.1000133 | The zinc-responsive transcription factor Zap1 has a striking role in fungal biofilm formation and is reported to regulate matrix formation. | [
[
"A biofilm is a community of surface-associated microorganisms embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances .",
"Biofilms are common microbial growth forms in nature and are a leading cause of human infection [1] .",
"These infections are seeded from biofilms present on implanted medical... | [
"A biofilm is a surface-associated population of microorganisms embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances .",
"Biofilms are a major natural growth form of microorganisms and the cause of pervasive device-associated infection .",
"This report focuses on the biofilm matrix of Candida albicans , t... | [
"A biofilm is a surface-associated population of microbes that is embedded in a cement of extracellular compounds .",
"This cement is known as matrix .",
"The two main functions of matrix are to protect cells from their surrounding environment , preventing drugs and other stresses from penetrating the biofilm ,... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Material and methods"
] | [
"blood cells",
"flow cytometry",
"inflammatory diseases",
"innate immune system",
"medicine and health sciences",
"immune cells",
"forkhead box",
"immune physiology",
"cytokines",
"cd coreceptors",
"immunology",
"animal models",
"developmental biology",
"model organisms",
"experimental o... | The Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell population requires IL-4Rα signaling to control inflammation during helminth infections | journal.pbio.2005850 | null | [
[
"Regulatory T ( Treg ) cells , the central component in the regulation of the immune system , play a pivotal role in the maintenance of self-tolerance and immune homeostasis [1] .",
"Research on the molecular bases of Treg cells’ function has revealed the X-linked transcription factor forkhead box P3 ( Fo... | [
"Forkhead box P3 ( Foxp3+ ) regulatory T ( Treg ) -cell function is controlled by environmental cues of which cytokine-mediated signaling is a dominant component .",
"In vivo , interleukin-4 ( IL-4 ) -mediated signaling via IL-4 receptor alpha ( IL-4Rα ) mediates Treg cell transdifferentiation into ex-Foxp3 T hel... | [
"Host soluble mediators such as cytokines play a key role in the regulation of the immune response .",
"Forkhead box P3 ( Foxp3+ ) regulatory T ( Treg ) cells , which are involved in maintaining self-tolerance and immune system homeostasis , are influenced by cytokines , including interleukin-4 ( IL-4 ) .",
"Ho... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | γδ T Cells Confer Protection against Murine Cytomegalovirus (MCMV) | journal.ppat.1004702 | null | [
[
"Human CMV ( HCMV ) is a universally distributed pathogen that infects 50–90% of the world's population .",
"Asymptomatic in healthy people , HCMV infection may lead to increased morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals .",
"Overall survival following transplantation is decreased when ... | [
"Cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) is a leading infectious cause of morbidity in immune-compromised patients .",
"γδ T cells have been involved in the response to CMV but their role in protection has not been firmly established and their dependency on other lymphocytes has not been addressed .",
"Using C57BL/6 αβ and/or ... | [
"γδ T cells are unconventional T lymphocytes that play a unique role in host protection against pathogens .",
"Human Cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) is a widespread virus that can cause severe organ disease such as hepatitis and pneumonitis in immune-compromised patients .",
"Our decade-long study conveys compelling e... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"developmental biology",
"growth control",
"cell fate determination",
"embryology",
"mutation",
"anatomy",
"gene expression",
"genetics",
"biology and life sciences",
"morphogenesis",
"pattern formation",
"cell differentiation",
"digestive system",
"gene function"
] | The Formation of Endoderm-Derived Taste Sensory Organs Requires a Pax9-Dependent Expansion of Embryonic Taste Bud Progenitor Cells | journal.pgen.1004709 | null | [
[
"Taste buds consist of a group of clustered sensory cells and have been identified in all vertebrates .",
"In the mammalian tongue , taste buds develop in different types of taste papillae: in fungiform papillae ( FUP ) distributed over the anterior dorsum of the tongue , in circumvallate papillae ( CVP )... | [
"In mammals , taste buds develop in different regions of the oral cavity .",
"Small epithelial protrusions form fungiform papillae on the ectoderm-derived dorsum of the tongue and contain one or few taste buds , while taste buds in the soft palate develop without distinct papilla structures .",
"In contrast , t... | [
"Gustatory perception is an evolutionary ancient sense , and the ability to discriminate toxic and digestible substances is vitally important for all organisms .",
"In mammals , taste perception occurs in taste buds , groups of sensory cells that are housed in various types of taste papillae in the oral cavity ."... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"research design",
"medicine and health sciences",
"plant science",
"survey methods",
"survey research",
"infectious disease epidemiology",
"epidemiology",
"plant pathology",
"biology and life sciences",
"research and analysis methods"
] | Risk Factors for Bunyavirus-Associated Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, China | journal.pntd.0003267 | null | [
[
"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ( SFTS ) is an emerging disease that is caused by a novel bunyavirus , as referred to as SFTS virus ( SFTSV ) [1] .",
"To date , the disease has only been reported in mainland China , Japan and Korea [2] , [3] and which is characterized by high fever , thromboc... | [
"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ( SFTS ) is an emerging disease that is caused by a novel bunyavirus , referred to as SFTS virus .",
"During January 2011 to December 2011 we conducted a case-control study in Henan , Hubei and Shandong Provinces of China to determine the risk factors for SFTS .",
"C... | [
"Since 2009 , an emerging infectious disease which was identified as the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ( SFTS ) was reported in rural areas of Hubei , Shandong and Henan provinces in China .",
"A novel bunyavirus designated severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus ( SFTSV ) had been id... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O139: Isolation from Cholera Patients and Asymptomatic Household Family Members in Bangladesh between 2013 and 2014 | journal.pntd.0004183 | null | [
[
"During 1992–93 , V . cholerae O139 was first recognized in Bangladesh , India and other countries in Southeast Asia as a causative agent of epidemic cholera [1–3] .",
"Prior to this , the O1 serogroup was considered the sole cause of cholera epidemics [4] .",
"The isolation of O139 from clinical case... | [
"Cholera is endemic in Bangladesh , with outbreaks reported annually .",
"Currently , the majority of epidemic cholera reported globally is El Tor biotype Vibrio cholerae isolates of the serogroup O1 .",
"However , in Bangladesh , outbreaks attributed to V . cholerae serogroup O139 isolates , which fall within ... | [
"Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 is thought to be the sole causative agent for cholera in Bangladesh and most of the high risk developing countries .",
"Whilst historically Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 has been seen to cause sporadic disease , the overall numbers of reported O139 clinical cases are low , with none... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | Experimental Evolution of an RNA Virus in Wild Birds: Evidence for Host-Dependent Impacts on Population Structure and Competitive Fitness | journal.ppat.1004874 | null | [
[
"RNA viruses pose some of the most complex , persistent and challenging problems facing public health and medicine .",
"The ongoing outbreaks of avian influenza A ( H7N9 ) virus ( Orthomyxoviridae ) in China [1] , Ebola virus ( Filoviridae ) in West Africa [2] , and chikungunya virus ( CHIKV , Togaviridae... | [
"Within hosts , RNA viruses form populations that are genetically and phenotypically complex .",
"Heterogeneity in RNA virus genomes arises due to error-prone replication and is reduced by stochastic and selective mechanisms that are incompletely understood .",
"Defining how natural selection shapes RNA virus p... | [
"Viruses are constantly emerging into new areas and pose significant challenges to public health .",
"Chikungunya and West Nile viruses ( WNV ) , both mosquito-borne RNA viruses , are quintessential examples of how increased globalization has facilitated the expansion of viruses into new territories .",
"Rapid ... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"leptospirosis",
"medicine",
"bacterial diseases",
"infectious diseases",
"animal types",
"urban ecology",
"veterinary diseases",
"veterinary epidemiology",
"wildlife",
"ecology",
"zoonotic diseases",
"biology",
"veterinary science",
"microbial ecology"
] | Ecology of Leptospira interrogans in Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) in an Inner-City Neighborhood of Vancouver, Canada | journal.pntd.0002270 | null | [
[
"Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) are the source of a number of zoonotic pathogens responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in cities around the world [1] .",
"Additionally , the incidence and distribution of many rat-associated zoonoses appears to be increasing , likely due to increasing urba... | [
"Leptospira interrogans is a bacterial zoonosis with a worldwide distribution for which rats ( Rattus spp . ) are the primary reservoir in urban settings .",
"In order to assess , monitor , and mitigate the risk to humans , it is important to understand the ecology of this pathogen in rats .",
"The objective of... | [
"Urban Norway rats are the source of a number of zoonotic pathogens responsible for significant human illness .",
"Leptospira interrogans is one of these pathogens , and although infection in rats is asymptomatic , humans infected through exposure to the bacterium in rat urine can develop fever , renal failure , ... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Model",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"computational biology"
] | Individualization as Driving Force of Clustering Phenomena in Humans | journal.pcbi.1000959 | null | [
[
"Many biological systems exhibit collective patterns , which emerge through simple interactions of large numbers of individuals .",
"A typical example is agglomeration phenomena .",
"Such clustering dynamics have been found in systems as different as bacterial colonies [1] , gregarious animals like co... | [
"One of the most intriguing dynamics in biological systems is the emergence of clustering , in the sense that individuals self-organize into separate agglomerations in physical or behavioral space .",
"Several theories have been developed to explain clustering in , for instance , multi-cellular organisms , ant co... | [
"Modern societies are characterized by a large degree of pluralism in social , political and cultural opinions .",
"In addition , there is evidence that humans tend to form distinct subgroups ( clusters ) , characterized by opinion consensus within the clusters and differences between them .",
"So far , however... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"livestock",
"evolutionary biology",
"geographical locations",
"eritrea",
"molecular genetics",
"molecular biology techniques",
"genotyping",
"bacteria",
"africa",
"research and analysis methods",
"artificial gene amplification and extension",
"actinobacteria",
"molecular biology",
"evolut... | Genetic profiling of Mycobacterium bovis strains from slaughtered cattle in Eritrea | journal.pntd.0006406 | null | [
[
"Mycobacterium bovis ( M . bovis ) is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis ( BTB ) , achronic , infectious and contagious disease that also affects other domestic animals as well as humans [1 , 2] .",
"Although BTB is prevalent in dairy cattle in Eritrea as shown by Omer et al . ( 2001 ) [3] and Ghe... | [
"Mycobacterium bovis ( M . bovis ) is the main causative agent for bovine tuberculosis ( BTB ) and can also be the cause of zoonotic tuberculosis in humans .",
"In view of its zoonotic nature , slaughterhouse surveillance , potentially resulting in total or partial condemnation of the carcasses and organs , is co... | [
"The livestock sector plays a major role in poverty and hunger reduction in the vast majority of Africa , as a source of food , cash income , manure , draught power , transportation , savings , insurance and social status .",
"However , for livestock to play this vital role , the impact of diseases of economic an... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Biodistribution and Trafficking of Hydrogel Nanoparticles in Adult Mosquitoes | journal.pntd.0003745 | null | [
[
"Arthropod vectors and pest species are of enormous public health , agricultural , and economic importance .",
"Control of these arthropods is predicated to a large extent on chemical insecticides .",
"Ominously , many vector and pest species have developed or are developing resistance to conventional... | [
"Nanotechnology offers great potential for molecular genetic investigations and potential control of medically important arthropods .",
"Major advances have been made in mammalian systems to define nanoparticle ( NP ) characteristics that condition trafficking and biodistribution of NPs in the host .",
"Such in... | [
"Emerging insecticide resistance in disease vectors is of great public health concern .",
"Discovery of new targets and novel strategies for insecticidal interventions to control vector borne diseases is a public health imperative .",
"Nanotechnology offers great potential for molecular genetic investigations a... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"evolutionary biology/genomics",
"genetics and genomics/comparative genomics",
"molecular biology/dna repair",
"evolutionary biology/evolutionary and comparative genetics"
] | Repair-Mediated Duplication by Capture of Proximal Chromosomal DNA Has Shaped Vertebrate Genome Evolution | journal.pgen.1000469 | null | [
[
"Environmental agents and normal cellular metabolic processes produce DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) that can lead to cell death if not repaired [1] .",
"Eukaryotic cells have evolved DSB repair mechanisms that can be classified into two broad categories: homologous recombination ( HR ) and non-homolog... | [
"DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) are a common form of cellular damage that can lead to cell death if not repaired promptly .",
"Experimental systems have shown that DSB repair in eukaryotic cells is often imperfect and may result in the insertion of extra chromosomal DNA or the duplication of existing DNA at th... | [
"The repair of DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) is essential for the maintenance of genome integrity .",
"The mechanisms by which DSBs are repaired have been the subject of intense experimental investigations .",
"It has emerged that several imperfect repair pathways exist in eukaryotes that have the potential... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"enzyme-linked immunoassays",
"immune physiology",
"immunology",
"biological cultures",
"microbiology",
"cloning",
"gastroenterology and hepatology",
"molecular biology techniques",
"antibodies",
"immunologic techniques",
"hybridomas",
"research and analysis m... | Frequent Use of the IgA Isotype in Human B Cells Encoding Potent Norovirus-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies That Block HBGA Binding | journal.ppat.1005719 | null | [
[
"Norwalk virus , the prototype of human noroviruses ( NoVs ) , was the first virus identified in 1972 as a causative agent for acute gastroenteritis [1] .",
"NoVs are the leading cause of epidemic acute and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis responsible for about 19–21 million cases of infection leading to... | [
"Noroviruses ( NoV ) are the most common cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis and cause local outbreaks of illness , especially in confined situations .",
"Despite being identified four decades ago , the correlates of protection against norovirus gastroenteritis are still being elucidated .",
"Recent st... | [
"Human noroviruses ( HuNoV ) have become the major etiologic agent of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis .",
"There are currently no licensed vaccines or drugs to prevent or treat NoV infection .",
"HuNoV infects people of all ages and , even though infection is characteristically acute and self-limiti... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"cell death",
"carbohydrate metabolism",
"autophagic cell death",
"medicine and health sciences",
"liver",
"vesicles",
"enzyme-linked immunoassays",
"cell processes",
"glucose metabolism",
"liver diseases",
"immunoprecipitation",
"gastroenterology and hepatology",
"immunologic techniques",
... | Downregulation of SIRT1 signaling underlies hepatic autophagy impairment in glycogen storage disease type Ia | journal.pgen.1006819 | null | [
[
"Glycogen storage disease type Ia ( GSD-Ia , MIM232200 ) is caused by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-α ( G6Pase-α or G6PC ) , an enzyme expressed primarily in liver , kidney , and intestine [1] .",
"G6Pase-α catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate ( G6P ) to glucose and phosphate in the ter... | [
"A deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-α ( G6Pase-α ) in glycogen storage disease type Ia ( GSD-Ia ) leads to impaired glucose homeostasis and metabolic manifestations including hepatomegaly caused by increased glycogen and neutral fat accumulation .",
"A recent report showed that G6Pase-α deficiency causes impai... | [
"GSD-Ia is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in G6Pase-α , a key enzyme in maintaining blood glucose levels between meals .",
"Despite strong compliance to dietary therapies , GSD-Ia patients continue manifesting metabolic aberrations including excessive accumulation of glycogen and... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"infectious diseases/protozoal infections",
"immunology/immunity to infections",
"immunology/immune response",
"immunology/leukocyte activation"
] | The Liver Plays a Major Role in Clearance and Destruction of Blood Trypomastigotes in Trypanosoma cruzi Chronically Infected Mice | journal.pntd.0000578 | null | [
[
"A main feature of human and murine infections by Trypanosoma cruzi , the etiological agent of Chagas disease , is the rarity of spontaneous cure .",
"Despite the generation of a potent anti-parasite immune response , that allows the control of parasitemia at the end of the acute phase , a small number of... | [
"Intravenous challenge with Trypanosoma cruzi can be used to investigate the process and consequences of blood parasite clearance in experimental Chagas disease .",
"One hour after intravenous challenge of chronically infected mice with 5×106 trypomastigotes , the liver constituted a major site of parasite accumu... | [
"Chagas disease , a Latin American illness caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , has only rare spontaneous cure , and in most patients a small number of parasites persists for life in the blood and tissues , leading to chronic disorders such as cardiomyopathy .",
"In a murine model of chronic T . c... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Material and methods"
] | [
"blood cells",
"medicine and health sciences",
"immune cells",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"pathogens",
"immunology",
"tropical diseases",
"microbiology",
"shigella",
"epithelial cells",
"bacterial diseases",
"signs and symptoms",
"gastroenterology and hepatology",
"neglected trop... | Role of a fluid-phase PRR in fighting an intracellular pathogen: PTX3 in Shigella infection | journal.ppat.1007469 | null | [
[
"The first line of immune defense against pathogens is guaranteed by the recognition of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns ( PAMPs ) by Pattern Recognition Receptors ( PRRs ) .",
"The family of PRRs includes secreted , membrane-bound and cytosolic PRRs [1] .",
"Pathogenic organisms use sophisticat... | [
"Shigella spp .",
"are pathogenic bacteria that cause bacillary dysentery in humans by invading the colonic and rectal mucosa where they induce dramatic inflammation .",
"Here , we have analyzed the role of the soluble PRR Pentraxin 3 ( PTX3 ) , a key component of the humoral arm of innate immunity .",
"Mice ... | [
"Soluble pattern recognition molecules , PRMs , are components of the humoral arm of innate immunity .",
"The long pentraxin 3 , PTX3 , is a prototypic soluble PRM that is produced in response to primary inflammatory signals .",
"Shigella spp .",
"are human entero-pathogens which invade colonic and rectal muc... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"cell motility",
"medicine and health sciences",
"ccr5 coreceptor",
"molecular dynamics",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"immunology",
"homeostatic mechanisms",
"sodium",
"physiological processes",
"signs and symptoms",
"homeostasis",
"coreceptors",
"g protein coupled receptors",
"re... | Evolution of chemokine receptors is driven by mutations in the sodium binding site | journal.pcbi.1006209 | null | [
[
"Directed cell migration is fundamental for life because this process is involved in key biological processes such as embryonic development , organogenesis , immune surveillance , host defense , and wound repair .",
"Leukocyte migration and tissue localization during homeostatic and inflammatory condition... | [
"Chemokines and their receptors ( members of the GPCR super-family ) are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes and diseases; thus , understanding the specificity of the chemokine receptor family could help develop new receptor specific drugs .",
"Here , we explore the evolutionary mechanisms that ... | [
"The chemokine-receptor system is involved in a broad array of pathologies , including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases , allergies , cancer metastasis , and HIV infection .",
"It is an attractive , but difficult , target for drug development and a deeper understanding of the structure-function relationships ... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [] | Experimental Malaria in Pregnancy Induces Neurocognitive Injury in Uninfected Offspring via a C5a-C5a Receptor Dependent Pathway | journal.ppat.1005140 | null | [
[
"Each year , an estimated 125 million pregnancies worldwide are at risk of malaria infection [1] .",
"Plasmodium falciparum infections during pregnancy are more frequent , and associated with higher parasite burdens and worse clinical outcomes than those of non-pregnant individuals [2 , 3] .",
"MIP ha... | [
"The in utero environment profoundly impacts childhood neurodevelopment and behaviour .",
"A substantial proportion of pregnancies in Africa are at risk of malaria in pregnancy ( MIP ) however the impact of in utero exposure to MIP on fetal neurodevelopment is unknown .",
"Complement activation , in particular ... | [
"A growing body of evidence has established the importance of the in utero environment on neurodevelopment and long-term cognitive and behavioral outcomes .",
"These data suggest factors that disrupt the tightly regulated in utero environment can modify normal neurodevelopmental processes .",
"Approximately 125... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Network-Based Isoform Quantification with RNA-Seq Data for Cancer Transcriptome Analysis | journal.pcbi.1004465 | null | [
[
"Application of next generation sequencing technologies to mRNA sequencing ( RNA-Seq ) is a widely used approach in transcriptome study [1–3] .",
"Compared with microarray technologies , RNA-Seq provides information for expression analysis at transcript level and avoids the limitations of cross-hybridizat... | [
"High-throughput mRNA sequencing ( RNA-Seq ) is widely used for transcript quantification of gene isoforms .",
"Since RNA-Seq data alone is often not sufficient to accurately identify the read origins from the isoforms for quantification , we propose to explore protein domain-domain interactions as prior knowledg... | [
"New sequencing technologies for transcriptome-wide profiling of RNAs have greatly promoted the interest in isoform-based functional characterizations of a cellular system .",
"Elucidation of gene expressions at the isoform resolution could lead to new molecular mechanisms such as gene-regulations and alternative... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"biotechnology",
"bacteriology",
"microbial mutation",
"microbiology",
"cloning",
"complementary dna cloning",
"molecular cloning",
"molecular biology techniques",
"mutagenesis and gene deletion techniques",
"bacterial genes",
"dna cloning",
"microbial genomics",
"applied microbiology",
"b... | Functional Characterisation of Germinant Receptors in Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes Presents Novel Insights into Spore Germination Systems | journal.ppat.1004382 | null | [
[
"Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes are closely related anaerobic spore-forming bacteria .",
"C . botulinum is a dangerous pathogen that forms the deadly botulinum neurotoxin .",
"This is the most potent toxin known , as little as 30–100 ng can be fatal [1] .",
"Eight distinct types ... | [
"Clostridium botulinum is a dangerous pathogen that forms the highly potent botulinum toxin , which when ingested causes a deadly neuroparalytic disease .",
"The closely related Clostridium sporogenes is occasionally pathogenic , frequently associated with food spoilage and regarded as the non-toxigenic equivalen... | [
"Clostridium botulinum is a dangerous pathogen that forms the deadly botulinum neurotoxin .",
"Strains of C . botulinum are present in the environment as spores .",
"Under suitable conditions , the dormancy of the bacterial spore is broken , and germination occurs .",
"Germination is initiated following the r... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | miR-1/133a Clusters Cooperatively Specify the Cardiomyogenic Lineage by Adjustment of Myocardin Levels during Embryonic Heart Development | journal.pgen.1003793 | null | [
[
"The mammalian heart is the earliest functional organ of the embryo .",
"Ventricular contractions continuously provide blood supply to the developing embryo despite major morphological and functional reorganization of the heart during embryogenesis [1] .",
"Coordination of this complex task is accompl... | [
"miRNAs are small RNAs directing many developmental processes by posttranscriptional regulation of protein-coding genes .",
"We uncovered a new role for miR-1-1/133a-2 and miR-1-2/133a-1 clusters in the specification of embryonic cardiomyocytes allowing transition from an immature state characterized by expressio... | [
"miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs involved in posttranscriptional regulation of protein-coding genes .",
"In the mammalian genome , two distinct gene clusters code for miR-1 and miR-133a .",
"Primary sequences of mature miR-1 or miR-133a are identical and both gene clusters show similar expression in the heart ... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and methods"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"forkhead box",
"in situ hybridization",
"molecular probe techniques",
"cell differentiation",
"developmental biology",
"ureter",
"bioassays and physiological analysis",
"molecular biology techniques",
"embryos",
"research and analysis methods",
"embryology",
... | A SHH-FOXF1-BMP4 signaling axis regulating growth and differentiation of epithelial and mesenchymal tissues in ureter development | journal.pgen.1006951 | null | [
[
"The ureter is a pivotal component of the urinary system by warranting the efficient removal of the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder .",
"This task is accomplished by the compartmentalized organization of the straight tube into an outer flexible but rigid peristaltically active mesenchymal coat ... | [
"The differentiated cell types of the epithelial and mesenchymal tissue compartments of the mature ureter of the mouse arise in a precise temporal and spatial sequence from uncommitted precursor cells of the distal ureteric bud epithelium and its surrounding mesenchyme .",
"Previous genetic efforts identified a m... | [
"The mammalian ureter is a simple tube with a specialized multi-layered epithelium , the urothelium , and a surrounding coat of fibroblasts and peristaltically active smooth muscle cells .",
"Besides its important function in urinary drainage , the ureter represents a simple model system to study epithelial and m... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [] | Functional Assessment of Disease-Associated Regulatory Variants In Vivo Using a Versatile Dual Colour Transgenesis Strategy in Zebrafish | journal.pgen.1005193 | null | [
[
"Cis-regulatory elements ( CREs ) such as enhancers are vital functional regions of the genome which determine where , when and at what levels their target genes will be expressed [1] .",
"In keeping with their crucial role in the control of gene expression , CRE aberrations have been implicated as the ca... | [
"Disruption of gene regulation by sequence variation in non-coding regions of the genome is now recognised as a significant cause of human disease and disease susceptibility .",
"Sequence variants in cis-regulatory elements ( CREs ) , the primary determinants of spatio-temporal gene regulation , can alter transcr... | [
"Cis-regulatory elements ( CREs ) play a vital role in gene regulation by providing spatial and temporal specificity to the expression of their target genes .",
"Understanding how these regions of the genome work is of vital importance for human health as it has been demonstrated that genetic changes in these reg... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"pathogens",
"immunology",
"tropical diseases",
"microbiology",
"vertebrates",
"biological cultures",
"dogs",
"animals",
"mammals",
"vaccines",
"preventive medicine",
"viruses",
"rabies",
"rna viruses",
"cell cultur... | Reducing Cost of Rabies Post Exposure Prophylaxis: Experience of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan | journal.pntd.0004448 | null | [
[
"Rabies is a grave zoonotic infection transmitted to humans or animals by the bite of a rabid animal , usually a dog .",
"Dog rabies is almost non-existent in Europe , North America and Australia , but it mainly exists in the poorer strata of society in the developing world .",
"Animal and human rabie... | [
"Rabies is a uniformly fatal disease , but preventable by timely and correct use of post exposure prophylaxis ( PEP ) .",
"Unfortunately , many health care facilities in Pakistan do not carry modern life-saving vaccines and rabies immunoglobulin ( RIG ) , assuming them to be prohibitively expensive and unsafe .",... | [
"Rabies is a killer disease caused by the rabies virus that is present in the saliva of rabid animals , mainly the dog .",
"Once symptoms become apparent , death is inevitable .",
"However , rabies can be prevented if correct post exposure prophylaxis ( PEP ) is instituted as soon as possible after a dog bite a... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"united states",
"medicine and health sciences",
"physicians",
"medical doctors",
"medical personnel",
"hispanic people",
"tropical diseases",
"geographical locations",
"parasitic diseases",
"health care",
"ethnicities",
"north america",
"health care providers",
"texas",
"electrocardiogr... | Continuing evidence of Chagas disease along the Texas-Mexico border | journal.pntd.0006899 | null | [
[
"Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi .",
"Primarily transmitted by infected triatomine vector species in the Americas , congenital transmission , blood transfusion , organ transplantation , or ingestion of contaminated beverage/food products are also known t... | [
"Chagas disease is a chronic parasitic infection that progresses to dilated cardiomyopathy in 30% of human cases .",
"Public health efforts target diagnosing asymptomatic cases , as therapeutic efficacy diminishes as irreversible tissue damage progresses .",
"Physician diagnosis of Chagas disease cases in the U... | [
"Chagas disease is a parasitic infection , which in 30% of people results in chronic dilated organomegaly over the course of decades .",
"This progressive disease typically advances subclinically until end stage heart failure is established , at which point treatment is no longer efficacious .",
"Thus , current... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Coinjection with TLR2 Agonist Pam3CSK4 Reduces the Pathology of Leishmanization in Mice | journal.pntd.0003546 | null | [
[
"The prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major , a chronic disease leading to disfigurement and social stigmatization , is estimated to be at 2 million new cases each year [1] .",
"Recent data , however , demonstrate that this number is greatly underestimated [2] .",
"Current treat... | [
"Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major is an emergent , uncontrolled public health problem and there is no vaccine .",
"A promising prophylactic approach has been immunotherapy with Toll-like receptor ( TLR ) agonists to enhance parasite-specific immune responses .",
"We have previously reported th... | [
"Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a skin infection caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania major ( L . major ) .",
"The only available treatment option is chemotherapy , which is toxic and expensive .",
"Currently , there is no vaccine .",
"Although inoculation of virulent L . major ( leishmanization ) that provi... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"learning",
"invertebrates",
"cognitive neurology",
"medicine and health sciences",
"neurochemistry",
"chemical compounds",
"social sciences",
"neuroscience",
"organic compounds",
"learning and memory",
"animals",
"hormones",
"animal models",
"physiological processes",
"signal inhibition... | Suppression of Dopamine Neurons Mediates Reward | journal.pbio.1002586 | Transient suppression of a specific subset of dopamine neurons signals reward in the fruit fly Drosophila, suggesting that basal dopamine activity underlies behaviorally relevant valence coding. | [
[
"Dopamine plays a pivotal role in a wide range of motivation and learning [1–4] .",
"In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , phasic neurotransmission from specific dopamine neuron subsets mediate the reinforcing properties of salient unconditioned stimuli in associative learning [5–14] .",
"These d... | [
"Massive activation of dopamine neurons is critical for natural reward and drug abuse .",
"In contrast , the significance of their spontaneous activity remains elusive .",
"In Drosophila melanogaster , depolarization of the protocerebral anterior medial ( PAM ) cluster dopamine neurons en masse signals reward t... | [
"Dopamine neurons in the midbrain of mammals fire action potentials in response to rewarding stimuli , while punitive stimuli or omission of reward suppress their activity .",
"Different signs in the activity of dopamine neurons thus can encode appetitive and aversive values; however , how these bidirectional act... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and method",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"cystic echinococcosis",
"medicine and health sciences",
"diagnostic radiology",
"ultrasound imaging",
"chemical compounds",
"tropical diseases",
"geographical locations",
"parasitic diseases",
"organic compounds",
"surgical and invasive medical procedures",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"res... | Patients with cystic echinococcosis in the three national referral centers of Mongolia: A model for CE management assessment | journal.pntd.0006686 | null | [
[
"Cystic echinococcosis ( CE ) is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus .",
"The life cycle of E . granulosus is maintained between the dog as the definitive host and various livestock as the intermediate host .",
"Humans are considered as an aberrant intermediate hos... | [
"Mongolia is one of the endemic countries for cystic echinococcosis ( CE ) , a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus .",
"The goal of this study is to describe the current clinical management of CE in Mongolia , to capture the distribution of cyst stages of patients treated , and ... | [
"Cystic Echinococcosis ( CE ) is a zoonotic disease , commonly known as dog tapeworm .",
"The disease is distributed globally and predominantly affects rural populations with limited access to health care .",
"Following the expert consensus of the WHO-Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis ( WHO—IWGE ) patien... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"ecology and environmental sciences",
"medicine and health sciences",
"ecological niches",
"atmospheric science",
"population dynamics",
"geographical locations",
"sand flies",
"parasitic protozoans",
"organisms",
"protozoans",
"leishmania",
"habitats",
"population biology",
"insect vector... | Ecological niche modelling and predicted geographic distribution of Lutzomyia cruzi, vector of Leishmania infantum in South America | journal.pntd.0006684 | null | [
[
"World Health Organization data show that vector-borne diseases represent more than 17% of the global burden of all infectious diseases , causing more than 1 million deaths per year [1] .",
"The dynamics and intensity of transmission of pathogens exhibit significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity , es... | [
"In some transmission foci of Leishmania infantum in Brazil , Lutzomyia cruzi could be considered the main vector of this pathogen .",
"In addition , L . cruzi is a permissive vector of L . amazonensis .",
"Its geographical distribution seems to be restricted and limited to Cerrado and Pantanal biomes , which i... | [
"Leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases caused by Leishmania parasites which are transmitted to humans by the bites of infected female sand flies .",
"The sand fly Lutzomyia cruzi is the vector of Leishmania infantum , the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) , in some specific areas of Brazil .",
... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"veterinary diseases",
"mathematics",
"theoretical biology",
"pest control",
"applied mathematics",
"animal management",
"biology",
"population biology",
"veterinary science",
"agriculture"
] | Modeling the Control of Trypanosomiasis Using Trypanocides or Insecticide-Treated Livestock | journal.pntd.0001615 | null | [
[
"Across sub-Saharan Africa , a variety of Trypanosoma spp transmitted by tsetse flies ( Glossina spp ) cause human and animal trypanosomiases .",
"There are >10 , 000 cases/year of Human African Trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) [1] with an estimated burden of ∼1 . 3 million Disability Adjusted Life Years ( DALYs )... | [
"In Uganda , Rhodesian sleeping sickness , caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , and animal trypanosomiasis caused by T . vivax and T . congolense , are being controlled by treating cattle with trypanocides and/or insecticides .",
"We used a mathematical model to identify treatment coverages required to brea... | [
"In Uganda , cattle are an important reservoir for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , the causative agent of Rhodesian sleeping sickness ( human African trypanosomiasis ) , transmitted by tsetse flies Glossina fuscipes fuscipes , which feed on cattle , humans , and wild vertebrates , particularly monitor lizards .",
... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"cell biology/leukocyte signaling and gene expression",
"cell biology/membranes and sorting",
"public health and epidemiology/infectious diseases",
"infectious diseases/bacterial infections",
"microbiology/cellular microbiology and pathogenesis",
"microbiology/medical microbiology",
"infectious diseases... | Cholesterol-Dependent Anaplasma phagocytophilum Exploits the Low-Density Lipoprotein Uptake Pathway | journal.ppat.1000329 | null | [
[
"Cholesterol is an important component of biological membranes , and it is essential for many biological functions ranging from membrane trafficking to signal transduction in eukaryotic cells [1] .",
"However , excess cholesterol must be avoided in cells as well as in the blood stream , because it alters ... | [
"In eukaryotes , intracellular cholesterol homeostasis and trafficking are tightly regulated .",
"Certain bacteria , such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum , also require cholesterol; it is unknown , however , how this cholesterol-dependent obligatory intracellular bacterium of granulocytes interacts with the host cel... | [
"Maintenance of the cholesterol amount and transport within cells are essential for healthy human cell functions .",
"Most bacteria do not need cholesterol , but certain bacteria that infect human cells are dependent on host cell cholesterol for their infection .",
"How infected human cells deal with these chol... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methodology",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"learning",
"employment",
"social sciences",
"neuroscience",
"learning and memory",
"careers",
"trainees",
"research design",
"scientists",
"cognitive psychology",
"surveys",
"educational status",
"science and technology workforce",
"research and analysis methods",
"labor economics",
"... | Tracking the career development of scientists in low- and middle-income countries trained through TDR’s research capacity strengthening programmes: Learning from monitoring and impact evaluation | journal.pntd.0006112 | null | [
[
"The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases ( TDR ) , co-sponsored by UNICEF , UNDP , the World Bank and WHO , has a long track record in research capacity strengthening .",
"Created in 1975 to support research and research capacity strengthening in the fight against tropical dis... | [
"The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases ( TDR ) co-sponsored by UNICEF , UNDP , World Bank and WHO has been supporting research capacity strengthening in low- and middle-income countries for over 40 years .",
"In order to assess and continuously optimize its capacity strengthening ap... | [
"The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases ( TDR ) co-sponsored by UNICEF , UNDP , World Bank and WHO has been providing training grants to strengthen research capacity in low- and middle-income countries for over 40 years .",
"In order to assess to what extent TDR’s grants made a diffe... | 2017 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | First Outbreak Response Using an Oral Cholera Vaccine in Africa: Vaccine Coverage, Acceptability and Surveillance of Adverse Events, Guinea, 2012 | journal.pntd.0002465 | null | [
[
"Provision of safe water and proper sanitation are without doubt the long-term and only solution for cholera control [1] , [2] .",
"However , controlling cholera globally is far from being achieved; the disease burden is increasing with large-scale outbreaks reported in the past several years , such as th... | [
"Despite World Health Organization ( WHO ) prequalification of two safe and effective oral cholera vaccines ( OCV ) , concerns about the acceptability , potential diversion of resources , cost and feasibility of implementing timely campaigns has discouraged their use .",
"In 2012 , the Ministry of Health of Guine... | [
"Two safe and effective oral cholera vaccines are recommended by the World Health Organization for cholera prevention and control; however , concerns about the acceptability , potential diversion of resources , cost and feasibility of implementing timely campaigns has discouraged their use .",
"In 2012 , the Mini... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"computer science",
"mathematics",
"genetics",
"biology",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models for Multiple Groups of Rare and Common Variants: Jointly Estimating Group and Individual-Variant Effects | journal.pgen.1002382 | null | [
[
"Many common human diseases and complex traits are highly heritable and are believed to be influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors .",
"Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) represent a powerful way for discovering disease-associated factors and investigating the genetic architecture o... | [
"Complex diseases and traits are likely influenced by many common and rare genetic variants and environmental factors .",
"Detecting disease susceptibility variants is a challenging task , especially when their frequencies are low and/or their effects are small or moderate .",
"We propose here a comprehensive h... | [
"Complex diseases and traits are likely influenced by many common and rare genetic variants and environmental factors .",
"Next-generation sequencing technologies have provided unparalleled tools to sequence a large number of individuals , allowing for comprehensive studies of both common and rare variants .",
... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"tropical diseases",
"geographical locations",
"surgical and invasive medical procedures",
"health care",
"bacterial diseases",
"signs and symptoms",
"benin",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"patients",
"bacteria",
"africa",... | Report of a series of 82 cases of Buruli ulcer from Nigeria treated in Benin, from 2006 to 2016 | journal.pntd.0006358 | null | [
[
"Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is a neglected tropical disease that mainly affects the skin .",
"The disease results from infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans , an environmental bacterium .",
"BU is found in often swampy and humid areas .",
"The mode of transmission remains obscure to this day , although s... | [
"Nigeria is one of the countries endemic for Buruli ulcer ( BU ) in West Africa but did not have a control programme until recently .",
"As a result , BU patients often access treatment services in neighbouring Benin where dedicated health facilities have been established to provide treatment free of charge for B... | [
"Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is a neglected tropical disease that mainly affects the skin .",
"The disease results from infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans , an environmental bacterium .",
"In Benin , the BU treatment centres usually receive patients from Nigeria .",
"In 2014 , a study from one of the treatment cen... | 2018 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"biophysics/theory and simulation"
] | A Model for Genetic and Epigenetic Regulatory Networks Identifies Rare Pathways for Transcription Factor Induced Pluripotency | journal.pcbi.1000785 | null | [
[
"Cellular states are plastic , and even terminally differentiated cells ( e . g . , B-cells ) can be reprogrammed to pluripotency by ectopic expression of selected transcription factors [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] .",
"This finding raises the possibility of creating patient-specific stem cells... | [
"With relatively low efficiency , differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state by ectopic expression of a few transcription factors .",
"An understanding of the mechanisms that underlie data emerging from such experiments can help design optimal strategies for creating pluripotent cells for pat... | [
"Most cells in an organism have the same DNA .",
"Yet , different cell types express different proteins and carry out different functions .",
"These differences are reflected by cell epigenetics; i . e . , DNA in different cell types is packaged distinctly , making it hard to express certain genes while facilit... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results and Discussion"
] | [
"biochemistry/structural genomics",
"infectious diseases/neglected tropical diseases",
"biochemistry/biomacromolecule-ligand interactions",
"biochemistry/drug discovery"
] | Structural Characterization of CYP51 from Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei Bound to the Antifungal Drugs Posaconazole and Fluconazole | journal.pntd.0000651 | null | [
[
"Chagas Disease , a potentially lethal tropical infection , is caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi , which is spread by blood-sucking reduviid insects [1] .",
"It is the leading cause of heart failure in Latin America , with an estimated to 8–10 million people infected [2] .",
"The... | [
"Chagas Disease is the leading cause of heart failure in Latin America .",
"Current drug therapy is limited by issues of both efficacy and severe side effects .",
"Trypansoma cruzi , the protozoan agent of Chagas Disease , is closely related to two other major global pathogens , Leishmania spp .",
", responsi... | [
"Chagas Disease is caused by kinetoplastid protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi , whose sterols resemble those of fungi , in both composition and biosynthetic pathway .",
"Azole inhibitors of sterol 14α-demethylase ( CYP51 ) , such as fluconazole , itraconazole , voriconazole , and posaconazole , successfully treat fungal ... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"microbiology/environmental microbiology",
"microbiology/microbial growth and development"
] | The EpsE Flagellar Clutch Is Bifunctional and Synergizes with EPS Biosynthesis to Promote Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Formation | journal.pgen.1001243 | null | [
[
"In the environment , bacteria alternatively exist as planktonic individual cells or in cell aggregates known as biofilms [1] , [2] .",
"Planktonic cells can be either non-motile or motile by assembly and rotation of flagella .",
"Cell motility often promotes initial biofilm formation but ultimately m... | [
"Many bacteria inhibit motility concomitant with the synthesis of an extracellular polysaccharide matrix and the formation of biofilm aggregates .",
"In Bacillus subtilis biofilms , motility is inhibited by EpsE , which acts as a clutch on the flagella rotor to inhibit motility , and which is encoded within the 1... | [
"Bacteria form persistent and antibiotic-resistant cell aggregates known as biofilms .",
"Biofilms can form in environmental settings on plant and animal tissues , in industrial settings on pipes and the hulls of ships , and in clinical settings on catheters and medical devices .",
"Biofilms are characterized b... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"biotechnology",
"immunology/immunity to infections",
"virology/animal models of infection"
] | Protective Effect of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Pulmonary Vaccinia Infection | journal.ppat.1000153 | null | [
[
"In 1980 , the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated as a human disease [1] .",
"Nevertheless , potential bioterrorist release of Variola major , the causative agent for smallpox , and human infection with monkeypox or other zoonotic orthopoxviruses has heightened interest i... | [
"Innate immune responses are essential for controlling poxvirus infection .",
"The threat of a bioterrorist attack using Variola major , the smallpox virus , or zoonotic transmission of other poxviruses has renewed interest in understanding interactions between these viruses and their hosts .",
"We recently det... | [
"Toll-like receptors are a class of transmembrane proteins that detect the presence of infectious organisms and activate host innate and adaptive immune responses .",
"Vaccinia virus is the prototypic poxvirus , and it is used as both a model and a vaccine for the virus that causes smallpox .",
"We recently rep... | 2008 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"disease mapping",
"infectious diseases",
"environmental health",
"public health and epidemiology",
"pediatric epidemiology",
"child health",
"epidemiology",
"infectious disease epidemiology",
"neglected tropical diseases",
"spatial epidemiology",
"epidemiological methods",
"infe... | Mapping Helminth Co-Infection and Co-Intensity: Geostatistical Prediction in Ghana | journal.pntd.0001200 | null | [
[
"Parasitic infections caused by Schistosoma haematobium ( the aetiological agent of urinary schistosomiasis ) and hookworm ( a soil-transmitted helminth; STH ) are widely endemic among human populations in sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) [1] , [2] .",
"The geographical distribution of these infections is known... | [
"Morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium and hookworm infections is marked in those with intense co-infections by these parasites .",
"The development of a spatial predictive decision-support tool is crucial for targeting the delivery of integrated mass drug administration ( MDA ) to those most in need .",
"We... | [
"Urinary schistosomiasis and hookworm infections cause considerable morbidity in school age children in West Africa .",
"Severe morbidity is predominantly observed in individuals infected with both parasite types and , in particular , with heavy infections .",
"We investigated for the first time the distributio... | 2011 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | Clinical Epidemiology of Buruli Ulcer from Benin (2005-2013): Effect of Time-Delay to Diagnosis on Clinical Forms and Severe Phenotypes | journal.pntd.0004005 | null | [
[
"Buruli ulcer ( BU ) , caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans , is the third most common mycobacteriosis worldwide , after tuberculosis and leprosy [1] .",
"BU pathogenesis is mediated by mycolactone , a potent polyketide-derived macrolide that triggers apoptotic cell death [2] and is associated with the necrot... | [
"Buruli Ulcer ( BU ) is a neglected infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans that is responsible for severe necrotizing cutaneous lesions that may be associated with bone involvement .",
"Clinical presentations of BU lesions are classically classified as papules , nodules , plaques and edematous infilt... | [
"Buruli Ulcer ( BU ) is a neglected disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans .",
"Clinical presentations of BU lesions are classically classified as papules , nodules , plaques and edematous infiltration , ulcer or osteomyelitis .",
"Within these different clinical forms , lesions can be further classified as s... | 2015 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"livestock",
"medicine and health sciences",
"enzyme-linked immunoassays",
"ruminants",
"engineering and technology",
"vertebrates",
"parasitic diseases",
"animals",
"mammals",
"veterinary diagnostics",
"immunologic techniques",
"veterinary science",
"veterinary medicine",
"research and an... | Proteomic Identification of Immunodiagnostic Antigens for Trypanosoma vivax Infections in Cattle and Generation of a Proof-of-Concept Lateral Flow Test Diagnostic Device | journal.pntd.0004977 | null | [
[
"Trypanosoma vivax is a protozoan parasite of the genus trypanosomatidae spread primarily by biting insects .",
"Together with T . brucei and T . congolense , it is a causative agent of Animal African Trypanosomosis ( AAT ) in cattle .",
"T . vivax causes a severe version of AAT , often characterised ... | [
"Trypanosoma vivax is one of the causative agents of Animal African Trypanosomosis in cattle , which is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and transmitted primarily by the bite of the tsetse fly vector .",
"The parasite can also be mechanically transmitted , and this has allowed its spread to South America .",
"Diag... | [
"African Animal Trypanosomosis presents a significant problem for agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa and leads to large economic losses .",
"One of the main parasites responsible is Trypanosoma vivax .",
"Current diagnostic methods are either symptom-based or too costly and technologically demanding... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genetics and genomics/genetics of disease",
"neurological disorders/neurogenetics",
"neurological disorders/movement disorders",
"neuroscience/neurobiology of disease and regeneration"
] | Inactivation of hnRNP K by Expanded Intronic AUUCU Repeat Induces Apoptosis Via Translocation of PKCδ to Mitochondria in Spinocerebellar Ataxia 10 | journal.pgen.1000984 | null | [
[
"Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 ( SCA10 ) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease presented with progressive pancerebellar ataxia , leading to total disability [1]–[4] .",
"Approximately 60% of the SCA10 patients also suffer from epilepsy with complex partial seizures and generalized tonic-clon... | [
"We have identified a large expansion of an ATTCT repeat within intron 9 of ATXN10 on chromosome 22q13 . 31 as the genetic mutation of spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 ( SCA10 ) .",
"Our subsequent studies indicated that neither a gain nor a loss of function of ataxin 10 is likely the major pathogenic mechanism of ... | [
"In an earlier study , we showed that the mutation of spinocerebellar ataxia 10 ( SCA10 ) is an enormous expansion of a gene segment , which contains a tandemly repeated 5-base ( ATTCT ) unit .",
"Since SCA10 is the only known human disease that is proven to be caused by 5-base repeat expansion , it is important ... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods",
"Supporting Information"
] | [
"cell biology",
"genetics and genomics",
"arabidopsis (thale cress)",
"plant biology"
] | Zip4/Spo22 Is Required for Class I CO Formation but Not for Synapsis Completion in Arabidopsis thaliana | journal.pgen.0030083 | null | [
[
"During meiosis two successive chromosomal divisions follow a single S phase , allowing the transition from the sporophytic to the gametophytic state .",
"This ploidy reduction occurs during the first meiotic division , when homologous chromosomes are separated from each other .",
"For this to happen ... | [
"In budding yeast meiosis , the formation of class I interference-sensitive crossovers requires the ZMM proteins .",
"These ZMM proteins are essential in forming a mature synaptonemal complex , and a subset of these ( Zip2 , Zip3 , and Zip4 ) has been proposed to compose the core of synapsis initiation complexes ... | [
"During meiosis two successive chromosomal divisions follow a single S phase , resulting in the formation of four haploid cells , each with half of the parental genetic material .",
"This ploidy reduction occurs during the first meiotic division , when homologous chromosomes ( paternal and maternal ) are separate... | 2007 |
[
"Zika Virus and Microcephaly",
"Transmission Seasonality",
"Seasonally Timing Pregnancy"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"medicine and health sciences",
"microcephaly",
"pathology and laboratory medicine",
"maternal health",
"obstetrics and gynecology",
"pathogens",
"geographical locations",
"microbiology",
"animals",
"viruses",
"north america",
"seasons",
"developmental biology",
"women's... | Preventing Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy Using a Seasonal Window of Opportunity for Conception | journal.pbio.1002520 | Zika infection during pregnancy can result in microcephaly, fetal malformations, and miscarriage. A window of opportunity exists to reduce this risk by planning conception seasonally to align sensitive periods of gestation with the low-transmission season. | [
[
"The Zika virus ( ZIKV ) is a mosquito-transmitted virus—vectored by Aedes aegypti—spreading rapidly across the globe [1] .",
"Pregnant women infected with ZIKV risk severe fetal outcomes , including brain abnormalities—believed to be due to disruption of brain development caused by intrauterine infection... | [
"It has come to light that Zika virus ( ZIKV ) infection during pregnancy can result in trans-placental transmission to the fetus along with fetal death , congenital microcephaly , and/or Central Nervous System ( CNS ) malformations .",
"There are projected to be >9 , 200 , 000 births annually in countries with o... | [
"Scientific consensus has now been reached that intrauterine Zika virus ( ZIKV ) infection can result in infection of the fetus and subsequent fetal death , congenital microcephaly , and/or Central Nervous System ( CNS ) malformations .",
"Preliminary data suggest miscarriage and congenital Zika syndrome ( CZS ) ... | 2016 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"virology/virus evolution and symbiosis",
"virology/new therapies, including antivirals and immunotherapy"
] | Does Mutational Robustness Inhibit Extinction by Lethal Mutagenesis in Viral Populations? | journal.pcbi.1000811 | null | [
[
"Lethal mutagenesis is a proposed therapy for patients with viral infections .",
"The general approach is to increase the deleterious viral mutation rate enough so that the viral population will go extinct [1] .",
"Here , we analyze the risk that lethal mutagenesis therapy will fail as a result of the... | [
"Lethal mutagenesis is a promising new antiviral therapy that kills a virus by raising its mutation rate .",
"One potential shortcoming of lethal mutagenesis is that viruses may resist the treatment by evolving genomes with increased robustness to mutations .",
"Here , we investigate to what extent mutational r... | [
"The high mutation rate of RNA viruses , such as HIV , allows them to rapidly evolve resistance to host defenses and antiviral drugs .",
"A new approach to treating these viruses—lethal mutagenesis—turns the mutation rate of these viruses against them .",
"It uses mutagens to increase the viruses' mutation rate... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"public and occupational health",
"bacterial diseases",
"infectious diseases",
"medicine and health sciences",
"behavioral and social aspects of health",
"global health",
"biology and life sciences",
"immunology",
"infectious disease control",
"vaccination and immunization"
] | Using Mobile Health (mHealth) and Geospatial Mapping Technology in a Mass Campaign for Reactive Oral Cholera Vaccination in Rural Haiti | journal.pntd.0003050 | null | [
[
"In mass vaccination campaigns and other large-scale health interventions , healthcare providers are challenged to find a data collection system that allows timely , accurate , and efficient management of large volumes of data .",
"Traditional paper-based data collection systems have been used effectively... | [
"In mass vaccination campaigns , large volumes of data must be managed efficiently and accurately .",
"In a reactive oral cholera vaccination ( OCV ) campaign in rural Haiti during an ongoing epidemic , we used a mobile health ( mHealth ) system to manage data on 50 , 000 participants in two isolated communities ... | [
"The World Health Organization ( WHO ) recently endorsed the creation of a global oral cholera vaccine ( OCV ) stockpile as part of an integrated , strategic framework to address the re-emerging threat that cholera causes worldwide .",
"In conjunction , the WHO also called for continued monitoring and evaluation ... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry/replication and repair"
] | Global Conformational Dynamics of a Y-Family DNA Polymerase during Catalysis | journal.pbio.1000225 | High-resolution analysis of protein, and DNA conformational changes during DNA polymerization, established relationships between the enzymatic function and conformational dynamics of individual domains for a DNA polymerase. | [
[
"Elucidating the mechanism of enzyme catalysis encompasses the identification and characterization of each chemical and conformational intermediate occurring along the reaction pathway [1] .",
"Among the six families ( A , B , C , D , X , and Y ) of DNA polymerases , crystallographic studies have captured... | [
"Replicative DNA polymerases are stalled by damaged DNA while the newly discovered Y-family DNA polymerases are recruited to rescue these stalled replication forks , thereby enhancing cell survival .",
"The Y-family DNA polymerases , characterized by low fidelity and processivity , are able to bypass different cl... | [
"Faithful replication of genomic DNA by DNA polymerases is crucial for maintaining the genetic integrity of an organism .",
"If DNA becomes damaged , specialized lesion-bypass DNA polymerases are recruited to correct errors in the DNA .",
"A variety of kinetic and structural studies have established a minimal k... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"infectious diseases",
"tropical diseases (non-neglected)",
"malaria",
"parasitic diseases"
] | Increasing Incidence of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria following Control of P. falciparum and P. vivax Malaria in Sabah, Malaysia | journal.pntd.0002026 | null | [
[
"Malaria elimination is now a goal of many countries in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific , and large reductions in malaria prevalence have been achieved [1] .",
"However , significant challenges remain , and while the threat of artemisinin resistance has been the focus of much international concern ... | [
"The simian parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is a common cause of human malaria in Malaysian Borneo and threatens the prospect of malaria elimination .",
"However , little is known about the emergence of P . knowlesi , particularly in Sabah .",
"We reviewed Sabah Department of Health records to investigate the tren... | [
"The simian parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is a common cause of malaria in Malaysian Borneo; however , little is known about its emergence over time , particularly in Sabah .",
"We reviewed all available Sabah Department of health malaria notification records from 1992–2011 , and considered notifications of P . mal... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"veterinary science",
"biology"
] | Antibody Prevalence and Factors Associated with Exposure to Orientia tsutsugamushi in Different Aboriginal Subgroups in West Malaysia | journal.pntd.0002341 | null | [
[
"Scrub typhus is an acute febrile disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi , a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium which is transmitted through the bites of infected Leptotrombidium mites .",
"The disease is distributed throughout the Asia Pacific regions including Malaysia [1]–[3] .",
"Als... | [
"Limited data is available on the current status of scrub typhus infection in the aboriginal population in Malaysia .",
"This study was aimed to provide recent data on the degree of exposure of 280 individuals from seven aboriginal subgroups to Orientia tsutsugamushi ( causative agent of scrub typhus ) in West Ma... | [
"Scrub typhus has been recognized as a public health problem in the rural areas of Southeast Asia .",
"The aboriginal population , one of the most impoverished groups in the Malaysia , may be exposed to the bite of Leptotrombidium mites ( vector for scrub typhus ) due to their involvement in the agricultural acti... | 2013 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"genetics and genomics/genomics",
"genetics and genomics/complex traits",
"genetics and genomics/gene expression",
"genetics and genomics/functional genomics"
] | Polymorphic Cis- and Trans-Regulation of Human Gene Expression | journal.pbio.1000480 | Using genetic and molecular analyses, we identified over 1,000 polymorphic regulators that regulate expression levels of human genes. | [
[
"Expression levels of genes , like many phenotypes , vary among normal individuals .",
"Since gene expression underlies cellular characteristics and functions , variation in gene expression contributes to phenotypic diversity and differences in disease susceptibility .",
"Previously , we and others de... | [
"Expression levels of human genes vary extensively among individuals .",
"This variation facilitates analyses of expression levels as quantitative phenotypes in genetic studies where the entire genome can be scanned for regulators without prior knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms , thus enabling the identifica... | [
"Cellular characteristics and functions are determined largely by gene expression and expression levels differ among individuals , however it is not clear how these levels are regulated .",
"While many cis-acting DNA sequence variants in promoters and enhancers that influence gene expression have been identified ... | 2010 |
[
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"primates",
"neuroscience",
"rattus (rat)",
"computational biology"
] | Slowness and Sparseness Lead to Place, Head-Direction, and Spatial-View Cells | journal.pcbi.0030166 | null | [
[
"The brain needs to extract behaviorally relevant information from sensory inputs in order to successfully interact with the environment .",
"Position and head direction of an animal in the space surrounding it is part of this relevant information .",
"Neural representations of a rodent's spatial posi... | [
"We present a model for the self-organized formation of place cells , head-direction cells , and spatial-view cells in the hippocampal formation based on unsupervised learning on quasi-natural visual stimuli .",
"The model comprises a hierarchy of Slow Feature Analysis ( SFA ) nodes , which were recently shown to... | [
"Rats excel at navigating through complex environments .",
"In order to find their way , they need to answer two basic questions .",
"Where am I ?",
"In which direction am I heading ?",
"As the brain has no direct access to information about its position in space , it has to rely on sensory signals—from eye... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"rhizobium",
"none",
"in vitro",
"computational biology",
"bacteria"
] | Metabolic Reconstruction and Modeling of Nitrogen Fixation in Rhizobium etli | journal.pcbi.0030192 | null | [
[
"Free-living bacteria belonging to the Rhizobium genera are often symbiots associated with plants of the family leguminosae .",
"These bacteria differentiate and have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium when some compounds are exchanged between the bacteroid and its plant host [1–3] .",
... | [
"Rhizobiaceas are bacteria that fix nitrogen during symbiosis with plants .",
"This symbiotic relationship is crucial for the nitrogen cycle , and understanding symbiotic mechanisms is a scientific challenge with direct applications in agronomy and plant development .",
"Rhizobium etli is a bacteria which provi... | [
"Nitrogen fixation is an important process for improving plant development in crops .",
"Overall , it constitutes a central role in the nitrogen cycle which is essential to life .",
"In this work we were interested in understanding nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium etli from a genome-scale perspective .",
"Using... | 2007 |
[
"Introduction",
"Models",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine and health sciences",
"decision theory",
"infectious disease epidemiology",
"applied mathematics",
"systems science",
"mathematics",
"statistics (mathematics)",
"population modeling",
"veterinary science",
"infectious diseases",
"computer and information sciences",
"veterinary diseas... | Optimal Sampling Strategies for Detecting Zoonotic Disease Epidemics | journal.pcbi.1003668 | null | [
[
"The effectiveness of disease control measures often depend on when outbreaks are first discovered .",
"Early detection can significantly reduce the costs associated with disease eradication , human illnesses , and devastation of livestock or crops .",
"For example , the 2001 epidemic of foot and mout... | [
"The early detection of disease epidemics reduces the chance of successful introductions into new locales , minimizes the number of infections , and reduces the financial impact .",
"We develop a framework to determine the optimal sampling strategy for disease detection in zoonotic host-vector epidemiological sys... | [
"Outbreaks of zoonoses can have large costs to society through public health and agricultural impacts .",
"Because many zoonoses co-occur in multiple animal populations simultaneously , detection of zoonotic outbreaks can be especially difficult .",
"We evaluated how to design sampling strategies for the early ... | 2014 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"virology/vaccines",
"immunology/immunity to infections",
"virology/animal models of infection",
"virology/host antiviral responses"
] | Tentative T Cells: Memory Cells Are Quick to Respond, but Slow to Divide | journal.ppat.1000041 | null | [
[
"After virus infection , a small number of naïve virus-specific T cells begins a process of cell division and differentiation that results in the accumulation of a large number of effector T cells .",
"These cells become sufficiently numerous at around day 5 ( for CD8+ T cells ) or day 6 ( for CD4+ T cell... | [
"T cell memory is a cornerstone of protective immunity , and is the key element in successful vaccination .",
"Upon encountering the relevant pathogen , memory T cells are thought to initiate cell division much more rapidly than their naïve counterparts , and this is thought to confer a significant biological adv... | [
"Vaccines are the only medical products that should be administered to almost every human worldwide , and it is well-known that they act by inducing so-called “memory” cells that can protect against subsequent encounter with the related micro-organism .",
"Surprisingly , we do not understand precisely how these m... | 2008 |
[
"Introduction",
"Materials and Methods",
"Results/Discussion"
] | [
"computational biology/signaling networks",
"computational biology/systems biology",
"computational biology"
] | Steady-State Kinetic Modeling Constrains Cellular Resting States and Dynamic Behavior | journal.pcbi.1000298 | null | [
[
"Computational models help quantify the reaction dynamics and regulatory modes in complex biochemical systems [1]–[5] , particularly when a system is so intricate that its behavior cannot be predicted by intuition alone .",
"The building blocks for constructing large reaction networks are often available ... | [
"A defining characteristic of living cells is the ability to respond dynamically to external stimuli while maintaining homeostasis under resting conditions .",
"Capturing both of these features in a single kinetic model is difficult because the model must be able to reproduce both behaviors using the same set of ... | [
"Cells respond to extracellular signals through a complex coordination of interacting molecular components .",
"Computational models can serve as powerful tools for prediction and analysis of signaling systems , but constructing large models typically requires extensive experimental datasets and computation .",
... | 2009 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"animal models",
"drosophila melanogaster",
"animal genetics",
"model organisms",
"animal behavior",
"genetics",
"biology",
"evolutionary biology",
"evolutionary genetics",
"genetics and genomics",
"evolutionary developmental biology",
"gene function"
] | The Drosophila melanogaster Seminal Fluid Protease “Seminase” Regulates Proteolytic and Post-Mating Reproductive Processes | journal.pgen.1002435 | null | [
[
"Proteolysis regulators are a component of the seminal fluid of many animal taxa , including insects and other invertebrates [1]–[7] , fish [8]–[10] , birds [11] , [12] , and mammals [13]–[18] .",
"However , the mechanisms by which seminal proteases act , and most of the processes they affect , in mated f... | [
"Proteases and protease inhibitors have been identified in the ejaculates of animal taxa ranging from invertebrates to mammals and form a major protein class among Drosophila melanogaster seminal fluid proteins ( SFPs ) .",
"Other than a single protease cascade in mammals that regulates seminal clot liquefaction ... | [
"Proteases can destroy , activate , or otherwise modulate the function of other proteins .",
"In seminal fluid , many proteins have to be activated or degraded after mating; proteolysis is an effective way to accomplish this because seminal fluid proteins act outside of the cell , where most other regulatory proc... | 2012 |
[
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials and Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"genetics",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"genetics and genomics"
] | Structural and Functional Analysis of the CspB Protease Required for Clostridium Spore Germination | journal.ppat.1003165 | null | [
[
"The Gram-positive , spore-forming obligate anaerobe Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea worldwide [1]–[3] .",
"The symptoms of C . difficile-associated disease ( CDAD ) range from mild diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis and even death .",
"Although CDAD is primarily a ... | [
"Spores are the major transmissive form of the nosocomial pathogen Clostridium difficile , a leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea worldwide .",
"Successful transmission of C . difficile requires that its hardy , resistant spores germinate into vegetative cells in the gastrointestinal tract .",
"A cri... | [
"Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of health-care associated diarrhea worldwide .",
"C . difficile infections begin when its spores transform into vegetative cells during a process called germination .",
"In Clostridium sp .",
", germination requires that the spore cortex , a thick , protective layer... | 2013 |
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