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400 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the emission mechanism and the origin and structure of magnetic fields in gamma - ray burst ( grb ) jets are among the most important open questions concerning the nature of the central engine of grbs . in spite of extensive observational efforts ,
these qu... | * ; * ? ? ?
observations suggest that the burst is produced by internal dissipation within the relativistic jet that is launched from the center of the explosion , and the afterglow is the synchrotron emission of electrons accelerated in a collisionless shock driven by the interaction of the jet with the surrounding me... |
401 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we give an explicit formula for the cohomology of a right angled artin group with group ring coefficients in terms of the cohomology of its defining flag complex . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: let @xmath0 be a ... | ( see for example @xcite , @xcite and @xcite . ) here we refine the understanding of the end topology of right angle artin groups by giving an explicit formula for the cohomology of @xmath3 with group ring coefficients in terms of the cohomology of @xmath1 and links of simplices in @xmath1 .
if @xmath5 is a simplicial ... |
402 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we introduce the notion of a _ conjugation - free geometric presentation _ for a fundamental group of a line arrangement s complement , and we show that the fundamental groups of the following family of arrangements have a conjugation - free geometric present... | since @xmath6 is a plane curve , the fundamental groups of complements of curves can be used also for computing the fundamental groups of complements of hypersurfaces in @xmath7 . a different need for fundamental groups computations
arises in the search for more examples of zariski pairs @xcite . |
403 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: narrow - band spectral imaging with sub - pixel resolution of the _ chandra_-acis archival observation of the ulirg merger arp 220 strongly suggests two compton thick nuclei , spatially coincident with the infrared and radio emitting nuclear clusters , and se... | * ; * ? ? ?
* ) active galactic nucleus ( agn ) . |
404 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we reexamine the invariance of two - photon transition matrix elements and corresponding two - photon rabi frequencies under the `` gauge '' transformation from the length to the velocity gauge .
it is shown that gauge invariance , in the most general sense... | lamb @xcite has shown that if one insists on using ordinary schrdinger wave functions in off - resonant one - photon transition matrix elements , then the length gauge form has to be used for the laser field . here ,
we refer to off - resonant transitions as those where the frequency of the incident radiation is not e... |
405 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we have shown that non - zero @xmath0 is generated in a see - saw type softly broken @xmath1 symmetric model through a single parameter perturbation in @xmath2 in a single element .
we have explored all possible 9 cases to study the neutrino mixing angles c... | after this paper , a lot of work have done with this symmetry @xcite-@xcite .
after introduction of tri - bi maximal mixing pattern ( @xmath16 , @xmath17 , @xmath18)@xcite , people have tried to fit this mixing pattern through the @xmath1 symmetry . in an well motivated extension of the standard model through the inclu... |
406 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: constrained density functional theory ( cdft ) is used to evaluate the energy level alignment of a benzene molecule as it approaches a graphene sheet . within cdft the problem is conveniently mapped onto evaluating total energy differences between different c... | clearly the electronic structure of the interface between these two parts plays a crucial role in determining the final device performance and needs to be understood carefully .
in particular it is important to determine how charge transfers between the organic and the inorganic component and the energies at which the ... |
407 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: using first - principles plane - wave calculations study of electronic and magnetic properties of hypothetical two - dimensional structure of li@xmath0n compound have been conducted .
calculations show , that electronic properties of this this structure can... | shortly after , experimental techniques allowed fabrication of other new two - dimensional materials , like bn and mos@xmath3 honeycomb structures @xcite .
the discovery of such stable two - dimensional materials triggered search for similar structures made from different compounds . |
408 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: this paper studies _ the nash stability _ in hedonic coalition formation games .
we address the following issue : for a general problem formulation , is there any utility allocation method ensuring a nash - stable partition ?
we propose the definition of ... | on the other hand , a coalition formation game is called to be _ hedonic _ if * _ the gain of any player depends solely on the members of the coalition to which the player belongs _ , and * _ the coalitions form as a result of the preferences of the players over their possible coalitions set_. accordingly , the s... |
409 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: within mean - field theory we calculate the scaling functions associated with critical casimir forces for a system consisting of two spherical colloids immersed in a binary liquid mixture near its consolute point and facing a planar , homogeneous substrate . ... | these latter effects can lead , e.g. , to a strengthening or weakening of the total force acting on a particle surrounded by more than a single other one , a change of sign of that force , or the appearance of stable or unstable configurations .
many - body effects appear in rather diverse systems such as nuclear matte... |
410 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a class of potential backgrounds for higgs boson searches in the @xmath0 channel at both the tevatron and large hadron collider is presented . backgrounds from @xmath1 production with _ external _ conversion of the on - shell photon in detector material to an... | the dominant background in this channel comes from electroweak pair production of @xmath9-bosons , @xmath11 .
this background is substantially larger than the higgs boson signal . |
411 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we discuss the lift of certain d6-antid6-brane systems to m - theory .
these are purely gravitational configurations with a bolt singularity .
when reduced along a trivial circle , and for large bolt radius , the bolt is related to a non - supersymmetric ... | we shall primarily be concerned with the geometry describing these configurations , its evolution as branes and antibranes annihilate each other and some similarities between the qualitative patterns that we find in this evolution and some recent results on the evolution due to the condensation of localised closed stri... |
412 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: molecular hydrogen is the most abundant molecule in the universe . a large fraction of h@xmath0 forms by association of hydrogen atoms adsorbed on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( pahs ) , where formation rates depend crucially on the h sticking probability... | the sticking of h atoms onto dust grains can also be an important mechanism to cool interstellar gas ( @xcite ) . in the past decades
, a plethora of laboratory experiments and theoretical models have been developed to understand how h@xmath2 forms . |
413 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a clock steps a computer through a cycle of phases . for the propagation of logical symbols from one computer to another , each computer must mesh its phases with arrivals of symbols from other computers .
even the best atomic clocks drift unforeseeably in ... | the si second is then `` defined '' by the resonance that `` would be found '' at absolute zero temperature ( implying zero radiation ) . for a clock using cesium 133 atoms ,
this imagined resonance is declared by the general conference of weights and measures to be 9 192 631 770 hz , so that the si second is that numb... |
414 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: cracks are created by massive breakage of molecular or atomic bonds .
the latter , in its turn , leads to the highly localized loss of material , which is the reason why even closed cracks are visible by a naked eye .
thus , fracture can be interpreted as... | these laws are built qualitatively as follows : traction increases up to a maximum and then goes down to zero via increasing separation ( barenblatt , 1959 ; needleman , 1987 ; rice and wang , 1989 , tvergaard and hutchinson , 1992 ; camacho and ortiz , 1996 ; de borst , 2001 ; xu and needleman , 1994 ; roe and siegmun... |
415 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider an anderson impurity model in which the locally correlated orbital is coupled to a host with a gapped density of states .
single - particle dynamics are studied , within a perturbative framework that includes both explicit second - order perturb... | below some characteristic kondo temperature @xmath1 , a complex many - body state develops in which the impurity spin is completely screened by the host metal , leading at low energies to a ` local ' fermi - liquid and universal transport properties .
being a low - energy phenomenon , the kondo effect is of course cruc... |
416 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the signatures at the large hadron collider of a minimal model where the dark matter particle is a majorana fermion that couples to the standard model via one or several coloured mediators .
we emphasize the importance of the production chann... | this decade is being especially prolific in experimental results in the three search strategies . indeed
, various experiments currently in operation are setting strong limits on the wimp parameter space and ruling out regions where a dark matter signal could be expected , notably xenon100 @xcite and lux @xcite in di... |
417 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: let @xmath0 be a vector space over a field or skew field @xmath1 , and let @xmath2 be its subspace .
we study the canonical form problem for bilinear or sesquilinear forms @xmath3 and linear mappings @xmath4 @xmath5 @xmath6 @xmath7 we solve it over @xmath8 ... | define the @xmath19-by-@xmath19 matrices @xmath20 @xmath21 [ @xcite ] [ bilin ] ( a ) every square complex matrix is congruent to a direct sum , determined uniquely up to permutation of summands , of matrices of the form @xmath22 in which @xmath23 , @xmath24 , and @xmath25 is determined up to replacement by @xmath26... |
418 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the large and rapidly varying electric and magnetic fields induced by the spectator systems moving at ultrarelativistic velocities induce a charge splitting of directed flow , @xmath0 , of positive and negative pions in the final state of the heavy ion collis... | special attention is put on tracing the utility of both observables for studying the longitudinal evolution of the expanding matter created in the collision .
a phenomenological model analysis is presented , aimed at explaining the space - time features of pion production which we deduced from the observed electromagne... |
419 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the decay of the @xmath0 boson into supersymmetric particles is studied .
we investigate how these supersymmetric modes affect the current limits from the tevatron and project the expected sensitivities at the lhc .
employing three representative supersym... | these extra @xmath7 s are broken at some intermediate energy scales between the gut and the electroweak scales .
phenomenologically , the most interesting option is the breaking of these @xmath7 s at around tev scales , giving rise to extra neutral gauge bosons observable at the tevatron and the large hadron collider (... |
420 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we describe numerical simulations , using the particle - in - cell ( pic ) and hybrid - pic code lsp [ t. p. hughes et al .
, phys .
rev .
st accel .
beams * 2 * , 110401 ( 1999 ) ] , of the head - on merging of two laboratory supersonic plasma ... | recently initiated experiments @xcite at los alamos national laboratory ( lanl ) aim to form and study astrophysically relevant collisionless shocks via the head - on merging of two supersonic plasma jets , each with order 10-cm spatial scale size .
compared to most other modern collisionless shock experiments which us... |
421 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the kloe experiment at the da@xmath0ne @xmath1-factory has performed a new precise measurement of the pion form factor using initial state radiation events , with photons emitted at small polar angle .
results based on an integrated luminosity of 240 pb@xma... | . in particular , the pion form factor , @xmath8 , defined via @xmath9 , accounts for @xmath10 of the central value and for @xmath11 of the uncertainty in @xmath7 .
the kloe experiment already published @xcite a measurement of @xmath8 with the method described below , using an integrated luminosity of 140 pb@xmath2... |
422 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a fuzzy circle and a fuzzy 3-sphere are constructed as subspaces of fuzzy complex projective spaces , of complex dimension one and three , by modifying the laplacians on the latter so as to give unwanted states large eigenvalues .
this leaves only states co... | even @xmath0 is not ideal since it has curvature effects that drop off as power corrections rather than exponentially as in the case of toroidal geometries .
the fuzzy approach does , however , have the advantage of preserving continuous symmetries such as the @xmath5 symmetry of a round @xmath6 and does not suffer fro... |
423 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we measure the projected rotational velocities of the late b - type hypervelocity stars hvs7 and hvs8 from high resolution spectroscopy to be 60 @xmath0 17 km s@xmath1 and 260 @xmath0 70 km s@xmath1 .
the slow rotation of hvs7 is in principle consistent w... | * ; * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ? |
424 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present an exactly solvable model of a classical dielectric medium that gives an unambiguous local decomposition of field and charge motion and their contribution to the conserved quantities .
the result is a set of four branches to the dispersion law th... | however , the driving and damping are due to fields that are being changed by the motion of the charges and it is easy to get lost in the rather formal definitions of the `` macroscopic '' variables @xmath2 and @xmath3 . if we were to construct a complete basis of the system one might wonder how there can be any dam... |
425 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report on a new experimental platform for the measurement of absolute scattering cross - sections .
the target atoms are trapped in an optical dipole trap and are exposed to an incident particle beam .
the exponential decay of the atom number directly ... | the achievable temperature of @xmath0 100@xmath1k corresponds to an energy spread of only 10nev .
the above mentioned experiments focus on charged reaction products which can be detected with a position sensitive micro - channel plate . |
426 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a new , improved split - step backward euler ( ssbe ) method is introduced and analyzed for stochastic differential delay equations(sddes ) with generic variable delay .
the method is proved to be convergent in mean - square sense under conditions ( assumpt... | we remark that @xmath27 in ( [ y*n ] ) depends on how memory values are handled on non - grid points .
generally there are two ways , the first is to use piecewise constant interpolation , corresponding to @xmath28 , and the second to use piecewise linear interpolation . in later development , we prefer to assume @xmat... |
427 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we develop an approach to liquid thermodynamics based on collective modes .
we perform extensive molecular dynamics simulations of noble , molecular and metallic liquids and provide the direct evidence that liquid energy and specific heat are well - describ... | these systems are amenable to perturbation treatment giving corrections to the non - interacting case @xcite .
perturbation approaches have been widely explored to calculate liquid thermodynamic properties but have not been able to agree with experiments . |
428 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the combination of a vortex line in a one - dimensional optical lattice with fermions bound to the vortex core makes up an ultracold superstring . we give a detailed derivation of the way to make this supersymmetric string in the laboratory .
in particular ... | has been observed @xcite .
bosonic atoms confined in one - dimensional tubes by means of a two - dimensional optical lattice where shown to realize the lieb - liniger gas @xcite . |
429 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the effects of cluster diffusion on the submonolayer island density @xmath0 and island - size distribution @xmath1 ( where @xmath2 is the density of islands of size @xmath3 at coverage @xmath4 ) are studied for the case of irreversible growth of compact islan... | in addition , it has been shown that in the absence of cluster - diffusion and in the pre - coalescence regime the island - size distribution ( isd ) satisfies the scaling form , @xcite @xmath48 where @xmath27 is the average island size , and the scaling function @xmath49 depends on the critical island size.@xcite h... |
430 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: there are several physical processes to remove gas from galaxies in clusters , with subsequent starvation and star formation quenching : tidal interactions between galaxies , or tidal stripping from the cluster potential itself , interactions with the hot int... | however , they are acting simultaneously with the others , and relative roles are hard to disentangle
. since they are efficient only when the cluster is formed , and the icm gathered , have they enough time to act ? or have tides acted before ? |
431 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: by proving graph theoretical versions of green - stokes , gauss - bonnet and poincar - hopf , core ideas of undergraduate mathematics can be illustrated in a simple graph theoretical setting . in this pedagogical exposition
we present the main proofs on a s... | it is a subgraph generated by the set of vertices directly connected to @xmath8 .
denote by @xmath9 the set of complete @xmath10 subgraphs of @xmath11 . |
432 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: ieee 802.15.4 standard is designed for low power and low data rate applications with high reliability .
it operates in beacon enable and non - beacon enable modes . in this work ,
we analyze delay , throughput , load , and end - to - end delay of non - be... | are being densely populated with sensors .
one area of increasing interest is the adaptation of technology to operate in and around human body . |
433 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider the problem of hypothesis testing in the situation when the first hypothesis is simple and the second one is local one - sided composite .
we describe the choice of the thresholds and the power functions of the score function test , of the gener... | the case of composite alternative is more difficult to treat and here the asymptotic solution is available in the regular case .
it is possible , using , for example , the score function test ( sft ) , to construct the asymptotically ( locally ) most powerful test . |
434 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: measurements of the de haas - van alphen effect have been carried out on the heavy fermion anti - ferromagnet cerhin@xmath0 at temperatures between 25 mk and 500 mk under pressure .
we present some preliminary results of our measurements to track the evolut... | cerhin@xmath0 is an anti - ferromagnet .
the fs of cerhin@xmath0 was the subject of one of our recent publications.@xcite in order to confirm the link between the superconducting state and fs dimensionality , the fs as a function of pressure in cerhin@xmath0 should be measured . |
435 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the study of high energy nuclear collisions has entered a new stage with rhic ; it therefore seems a good time to ask what we have learned from the experimental results obtained up to now .
i recall what we had expected to find when the sps and ags programs... | then hagedorn @xcite arrived at a limiting temperature by postulating a self - similar hadronic resonance composition : a resonance consists of resonances which consist of resonances , and so on .
the resulting excitation spectrum was later also derived in the dual resonance model @xcite . with the advent of the quar... |
436 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we demonstrate that gravitationally lensed quasars are easily recognized using image subtraction methods as time variable sources that are spatially extended . for galactic latitudes
@xmath0 , lensed quasars dominate the population of spatially extended var... | @xcite for a recent study ) , radio imaging surveys of flat - spectrum radio sources ( see browne et al .
@xcite ) , or searches for anomalous , higher redshift emission lines in galaxy spectra ( see bolton et al . |
437 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: @xmath0-mode of polarized anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background is a unique and nearly direct probe of primordial inflation , which can constrain the amplitude of the primordial gravity waves .
however , its detection and precise measurement is ma... | this amplitude is expressed by the tensor - to - scalar ratio , @xmath2 , defined as the relative power of primordial gravity waves with respect to that of the scalar perturbations at some pivot scale @xmath8 , chosen here to be equal to @xmath9 mpc@xmath10 .
currently , the most stringent upper bound on @xmath2 using ... |
438 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: salkuyeh proposed the picard - hss iteration method to solve the absolute value equation ( ave ) , which is a class of non - differentiable np - hard problem . to further improve its performance ,
a nonlinear hss - like iteration method is proposed .
comp... | recently , these problems have been investigated in the literature @xcite .
the ave ( [ eq:1 ] ) arises in linear programs , quadratic programs , bimatrix games and other problems , which can all be reduced to a linear complementarity problem ( lcp ) @xcite , and the lcp is equivalent to the ave ( [ eq:1 ] ) . |
439 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present the current status of cosmic shear studies and their implications on cosmological models .
theoretical expectations and observational results are discussed in the framework of standard cosmology and cdm scenarios .
the potentials of the next ge... | it is therefore possible to study the universe through a new window which directly probes dark matter instead of light and allows cosmologists to measure cosmological parameters and dark matter power spectrum from weak gravitational distortion .
let us assume that the shape of galaxies can be simply characterize by the... |
440 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we numerically investigate the excitation and temporal evolution of oscillations in a two - dimensional coronal arcade by including the three - dimensional propagation of perturbations .
the time evolution of impulsively generated perturbations is studied b... | the possibility of inferring some plasma parameters , otherwise difficult to measure , and of improving the existing theoretical models is open ; see @xcite for a review .
magnetohydrodynamics ( mhd ) is the underlying theory of coronal seismology and it is believed that all these observed oscillations and waves can be... |
441 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the social connections people form online affect the quality of information they receive and their online experience .
although a host of socioeconomic and cognitive factors were implicated in the formation of offline social ties , few of them have been emp... | strong ties are characterized by high frequency of interaction and emotional intimacy that can be found in relationships between family members or close friends .
people connected by strong ties share mutual friends @xcite , forming cohesive social bonds that are essential for providing emotional and material support ... |
442 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a detailed analysis of the ionisation state and heavy element abundances in the intergalactic medium ( igm ) .
the civ doublet is shown by 30 % of the 182 selected optically thin clouds in 10 qso lines of sight .
direct metallicy calculations h... | the detection of ions different from civ in optically thin clouds is made complicated by harder observational conditions , whereas the still too poor knowledge of the ionisation mechanisms which determine the ion abundances in those clouds has often discouraged attempts of metal content estimations as a function of red... |
443 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: content delivery success in wireless caching helper networks depends mainly on cache - based channel selection diversity and network interference . for given channel
fading and network geometry , both channel selection diversity and network interference dyn... | motivated by this , caching or pre - fetching some popular video contents at the network edge such as mobile hand - held devices or small cells ( termed as _ local caching _ ) has been considered as a promising technique to alleviate the network traffic load .
as the cache - enabled edge node plays a similar role as a ... |
444 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a coamoeba is the image of a subvariety of a complex torus under the argument map to the real torus .
we describe the structure of the boundary of the coamoeba of a variety , which we relate to its logarithmic limit set .
detailed examples of lines in thr... | coamoebae were introduced by passare in a talk in 2004 , and they appear to have many beautiful and interesting properties .
for example , coamoebae of @xmath1-discriminants in dimension two are unions of two non - convex polyhedra @xcite , and a hypersurface coamoeba has an associated arrangement of codimension one t... |
445 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we first show that a large amount of metal - poor gas is stripped from the small magellanic cloud ( smc ) and fallen into the large magellanic cloud ( lmc ) during the tidal interaction between the smc , the lmc , and the galaxy over the last 2 gyrs .
we pr... | 2003 , g03 ; grocholski et al .
2006 , g06 ) . |
446 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present simulations of triton s post - capture orbit that confirm the importance of kozai - type oscillations in its orbital elements . in the context of the tidal orbital evolution model , these variations require average pericenter distances much higher ... | however , @xcite noted that the criteria for non - disruptive capture are much stricter than @xcite calculated . if the original regular satellites of neptune and uranus were similar , a collision with the largest moons ( preferred due to their cross - sections ) would disrupt triton , with re - accretion on an orbit i... |
447 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the akari and spitzer satellites provided an unique opportunity to observe a variety of stars , which are considered as departing from the asymptotic giant branch ( agb ) and have started their post - agb evolution recently .
most of these stars are absent ... | the physical mechanism responsible for the change of the spherically - symmetric to an axially - symmetric , or in some cases point - symmetric wind is strongly debated .
observations of masers in transition objects often reveal that this morphological change takes place at a very early stage in the post - agb phase ( ... |
448 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: this paper continues a study initiated in @xcite , on the localization transition of a lattice free field on @xmath0 interacting with a quenched disordered substrate that acts on the interface when its height is close to zero .
the substrate has the tendenc... | an important question which arises is thus whether the results concerning the phase transition obtained for a model with homogeneous interactions referred to as _ the pure system _ ( e.g. the onsager solution of the two dimensional ising model ) remain valid when a system where randomness of a very small amplitude is ... |
449 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we propose the concept of a terahertz ( thz ) uncooled bolometer based on n - type and p - type graphene layers ( gls ) , constituting the absorbing regions , connected by an array of undoped graphene nanoribbons ( gnrs ) .
the gls absorb the thz radiation ... | the interband absorption prevails over the intraband ( drude ) absorption .
however , in the terahertz ( thz ) range , especially at low thz frequencies , the drude absorption can dominate . |
450 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: energies of @xmath0 ( @xmath1 ) and @xmath2 states in neutral ag and ag - like ions with nuclear charges @xmath3 are calculated using relativistic many - body perturbation theory . reduced matrix elements , oscillator strengths , transition rates and lifetime... | third - order rmbpt calculations of @xmath21 transition amplitudes in ag - like ions up to @xmath8=60 were previously performed by @xcite . in the present paper , we extend the calculations of @xcite to obtain energies , reduced matrix elements , oscillator strengths , and transition rates for the 17 possible @xmath4 a... |
451 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: although some of the properties of the caustics in planetary microlensing have been known , our understanding of them is mostly from scattered information based on numerical approaches . in this paper
, we conduct a comprehensive and analytic analysis of th... | the planetary perturbation occurs when the source star passes close to the caustic .
the caustic represents the set of source positions at which the magnification of a point source becomes infinite . |
452 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report on _ nustar _ , _ xmm - newton _ and _ swift _ observations of the gamma - ray binary 1fgl j1018.6@xmath05856 .
we measure the orbital period to be @xmath1 days using _ swift _ data spanning 1900 days .
the orbital period is different from the ... | since most of the energy output of a gamma - ray binary is in the gamma - ray band , current theoretical studies focus on explaining the high energy emission properties .
the gamma - ray emission models can be categorized into two classes : microquasar models ( e.g. , * ? ? ? |
453 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: searching for the ultra high energy cosmic rays and neutrinos of @xmath0 is of great cosmological importance .
a powerful technique is to search for the erenkov radio emission caused by uhecr or uhe neutrinos impinging on the lunar regolith .
we examine i... | later , dagkesamanski and zheleznykh @xcite noted that uhe particles impinging on the lunar regolith at @xmath9 10 m-20 m deep layers of the moon will give rise to radio pulses of nanosecond ( ns ) durations .
the large surface area of the moon effectively provides a large surface area for detection of the rare uhe p... |
454 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we examine a new multiverse scenario in which the component universes interact .
we focus our attention to the process of true " vacuum nucleation in the false vacuum within one single element of the multiverse .
it is shown that the interactions lead to... | through quantum cosmology arguments @xcite ? is the string landscape scenario compatible with predictability @xcite ?
do the universes of the multiverse interact @xcite ( see also ref . |
455 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: mesoscopic hydrodynamic equations are solved to investigate the dynamics of nanodroplets positioned near a topographic step of the supporting substrate .
our results show that the dynamics depends on the characteristic length scales of the system given by t... | such heterogeneities may substantially change the wetting behavior of these surfaces @xcite , which is not necessarily detrimental with respect to envisaged applications .
certain topographically structured surfaces are superhydrophobic or superhydrophilic . in the first case droplets roll off these substrates ( instea... |
456 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the use of the multiple optimised parameter estimation and data compression algorithm ( moped ) for data compression and faster evaluation of likelihood functions . since moped only guarantees maintaining the fisher matrix of the likelihood at ... | , however , its compression of the data and consequent much faster likelihood evaluation does provide orders of magnitude improvement in runtime . in @xcite ,
the authors demonstrate the method by analysing the spectra of galaxies and in @xcite they illustrate the benefits of moped for estimation of the cmb power spe... |
457 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: due to its proximity , the mass of the supermassive black hole in the nucleus of andromeda galaxy ( m31 ) , the most massive black hole in the local group of galaxies , has been measured by several methods involving the kinematics of a stellar disk that surro... | however , @xcite , using observations from the _ hubble space telescope _ ( _ hst _ ) , showed that the galaxy possesses a double nucleus , the two components being called p1 ( the brightest one ) and p2 ( located , approximately , at the center of the bulge ) .
these two components are separated by about @xmath5 . |
458 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: recent literature on the aharonov - bohm effect has raised fundamental questions on the classical correspondence of this effect and the physical reality of the electromagnetic potentials in quantum mechanics .
reappraisal on feynman s approach to the classi... | arbitrariness in choosing the potentials in classical electrodynamics embodied in the gauge transformation @xmath0 and the consequent invariance of the lorentz - maxwell theory unambiguously demonstrate the fact that the potentials are just auxiliary mathematical tools in the classical theory .
the principle of gauge i... |
459 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: motivated by recent scanning tunneling and photoemission spectroscopy measurements on self - organized gold chains on a germanium surface we reinvestigate the local single - particle spectral properties of luttinger liquids . in the first part we use the boso... | is cut off by @xmath4 and one finds the scaling behavior @xmath5 with a @xmath2-dependent scaling function @xmath6 in which the two energy scales @xmath1 and @xmath4 only enter via their ratio @xcite .
these results were exclusively obtained using bosonization within the tomonaga - luttinger ( tl ) model @xcite . us... |
460 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the motion of two attractively interacting atoms in an optical lattice is investigated in the presence of a scattering potential .
the initial wavefunction can be prepared by using tightly bound exact two - particle eigenfunction for vanishing scattering po... | the bound two - particle states in the lattice approach case without lattice for suitable parameters , this can be used to quantitatively test the @xmath0-particle predictions of ref .
@xcite via exact numerics on the two - particle level for which a soliton is simply a dimer . |
461 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: transverse momentum integrated multiplicities in the central region of @xmath0 collisions at lhc energies satisfy koba - nielsen - olesen scaling .
we attempt to relate this finding to multiplicity distributions of soft gluons .
kno scaling emerges if the... | a semi - hard `` saturation scale '' @xmath5 emerges ; it corresponds to the transverse momentum where the phase space density of produced gluons is of order @xmath6 .
the mean multiplicity per unit rapidity in high - energy collisions is then @xmath7 . |
462 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report on the detection in sloan digital sky survey data of a @xmath0-long tidal stream of stars , extending from ursa major to cancer .
the stream has no obvious association with the orbit of any known cluster or galaxy .
the contrast of the detected ... | moreover , such tidal tails are dynamically very cold @xcite , making them useful for constraining not only the global galactic potential , but also its lumpiness @xcite .
substantial tidal streams have now been found associated with at least two of the eight globular clusters in the sdss area ; pal 5 @xcite and ngc 54... |
463 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we propose algorithms , based on the multi - scale entanglement renormalization ansatz , to obtain the ground state of quantum critical systems in the presence of boundaries , impurities , or interfaces . by exploiting the theory of minimal updates [ ref . : ... | ( it does not rely on fourier space analysis ) and it is a _ non - perturbative _ approach ( that is , it can handle interactions of any strength ) . as a result
, it has a wide range of applicability , from quantum criticality @xcite to emergent topological order @xcite , from frustrated antiferromagnets @xcite to int... |
464 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: high-@xmath0 galaxy redshift surveys open up exciting possibilities for precision determinations of neutrino masses and inflationary models .
the high-@xmath0 surveys are more useful for cosmology than low-@xmath0 ones owing to much weaker non - linearities... | fluctuations in different cosmic fluids ( dark matter , photons , baryons , and neutrinos ) imprint characteristic features in their power spectra , owing to their interaction properties , thermal history , equation of state , and speed of sound .
a remarkable example is the acoustic oscillation in the photon - baryon ... |
465 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the changes in the fermi surface with electron doping in the lafeaso@xmath0f@xmath1 superconductors with density - functional supercell calculations using the linearized augmented planewave ( lapw ) method .
the supercell calculations with explicit... | one important question is what happens to the electronic structure when the extra electrons are added to the system via the fluorine dopants .
a number of band structure studies have been performed to date to address these questions ; however , most of them use either the simple rigid - band picture of shifting the fer... |
466 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: an adequate characterization of the dynamics of hamiltonian systems at physically relevant scales has been largely lacking .
here we investigate this fundamental problem and we show that the finite - scale hamiltonian dynamics is governed by effective dynam... | `` asymptotic '' means in the limit of large time scales and small length scales .
but in realistic situations , the time and length scales are limited . in the case of hyperbolic systems , this is not a constraint because the ( statistical ) self - similarity of the underlying invariant sets guarantees the fast conver... |
467 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: highly variable @xmath0-ray pulses and x - ray flares in grb light curves can result from external shocks rather than central engine activity under the assumption that the grb blast - wave shell does not spread .
acceleration of cosmic rays to @xmath1 ev en... | approximately @xmath3% of the swift grbs display rapid x - ray declines , and an additional @xmath4% display features unlike simple blast wave model predictions @xcite .
we make three points in this paper : 1 . |
468 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a bayesian compressive sensing framework is developed for video reconstruction based on the color coded aperture compressive temporal imaging ( cacti ) system . by exploiting the three dimension ( 3d ) tree structure of the wavelet and discrete cosine transfo... | the number of high - speed frames recovered from a coded - exposure measurement depends on the speed of video modulation . within the cacti framework
, modulating the video @xmath1 times per second corresponds to moving the mask @xmath1 pixels within the integration time @xmath0 . |
469 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we introduce the class of intermediate mass binaries named double periodic variables ( dpvs ) , characterized by orbital photometric variability ( ellipsoidal or eclipsing ) in time scales of few days and a long photometric cycle lasting roughly 33 times the ... | after the discovery of additional variability in v393sco ( pilecki & szczygiel 2007 ) , we recognized it as the first dpv in our galaxy .
later we found that in the past an additional long cycle was also reported for the galactic dpv aumon ( lorenzi 1985 ) . |
470 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we discuss the possibilities of the basel models in its lowest temperature boundary ( t@xmath0@xmath12500 k for cool giants ) to provide the t@xmath0 of agb stars .
we present the first step of our work , by comparing our predictions for the agb star r forn... | although they are highly variable , their determination from static models such as assumed in the basel library can be justified as a first approximation . in order to explore the capabilities of the basel library ( lejeune , cuisinier & buser 1997 , 1998 and references therein , see also lastennet , lejeune & cuisinie... |
471 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study nonlinear random resistor diode networks at the transition from the non percolating to the directed percolating phase .
the resistor - like bonds and the diode - like bonds under forward bias voltage obey a generalized ohm s law , @xmath0 . based o... | the irregular medium is given by a , say hypercubic , lattice in which bonds between nearest neighboring sites are randomly occupied with a probability @xmath4 .
the influence corresponds to an external current @xmath5 , which is injected at a terminal site @xmath6 and withdrawn at another terminal site @xmath7 . |
472 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the environments of quasars such as number distribution of galaxies using a semi - analytic model which includes both galaxy and quasar formations based on the hierarchical clustering scenario .
we assume that a supermassive black hole is fue... | is required .
it has become widely accepted that quasars are fueled by accretion of gas onto supermassive black holes ( smbhs ) in the nuclei of host galaxies since @xcite proposed this idea on quasars . |
473 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the entropy of an ergodic source is the limit of properly rescaled 1-block entropies of sources obtained applying successive non - sequential recursive pairs substitutions @xcite,@xcite . in this paper
we prove that the cross entropy and the kullback - leib... | merhav showed how to estimate the kl divergence between two sources , using the parsing scheme of lz77 algorithm @xcite on two finite length realizations .
they proved the consistence of the method by showing that the estimate of the divergence for two markovian sources converges to their relative entropy when the leng... |
474 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we explore the spectral properties of the time - dependent maxwell s equations for a plane interface between a metamaterial represented by the drude model and the vacuum , which fill respectively complementary half - spaces .
we construct explicitly a gener... | thanks to these negative electromagnetic coefficients , waves can propagate at the interface between such a negative material and a usual dielectric material @xcite .
these waves , often called _ surface plasmon polaritons _ , are localized near the interface and allow then to propagate signals in the same way as in an... |
475 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: when integrals in the standard tremaine - weinberg method are evaluated for the case of a realistic model of a doubly barred galaxy , their modifications introduced by the second rotating pattern are in accord with what can be derived from a simple extension ... | 1995 ) , therefore fairly old stars must contribute to their light .
the relative orientation of the two bars in doubly barred galaxies is random , therefore it is likely that the bars rotate with different pattern speeds . |
476 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: under the assumptions that molecular clouds are nearly spatially and temporally isothermal and that the density peaks ( `` cores '' ) within them are formed by turbulent fluctuations , we argue that cores can not reach a hydrostatic ( or magneto - static ) st... | 1987 ) , or finite - central density structures , truncated at some finite radius and confined by the pressure of some external medium , generally assumed to be at higher temperatures and lower densities than the isothermal core ( ebert 1955 ; bonnor 1956 ) .
more recently , the equilibria of non - axisymmetric configu... |
477 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the numerical convergence of smoothed particle hydrodynamics ( sph ) can be severely restricted by random force errors induced by particle disorder , especially in shear flows , which are ubiquitous in astrophysics .
the increase in the number @xmath0 of ne... | the core of sph is the density estimator : the fluid density is _ estimated _ from the masses @xmath3 and positions @xmath4 of the particles via ( the symbol @xmath5 denotes an sph _ estimate _ ) @xmath6 where @xmath7 is the _ smoothing kernel _ and @xmath8 the _ smoothing scale _ , which is adapted for each particle s... |
478 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report a detailed examination of the fine structure inside flare ribbons and the temporal evolution of this fine structure during the x2.5 solar flare that occurred on 2004 november 10 .
we examine elementary bursts of the @xmath0 ( @xmath11550 ) emissio... | statistical studies of solar flares have also shown that various kinds of physical parameters of flares , like peak intensity , flare duration , waiting time of soft x - ray ( sxr ) emissions between discrete events , are well described with power - law distributions ( e.g. * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ? |
479 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the quantum phase transition between abelian and non - abelian phases in an extended kitaev spin model on the honeycomb lattice , where the periodic boundary condition is applied by placing the lattice on a torus .
our analytical results show that ... | recently , it was shown @xcite that the topological quantum phase transition in the kitaev spin model can be characterized by nonlocal - string order parameters . in an appropriate dual representation
, this order parameter can become local and the basic concept of landau theory of continuous phase transition is also ... |
480 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: dilute fermi systems with large @xmath0-wave scattering length @xmath1 exhibit universal properties if the interparticle spacing @xmath2 greatly exceeds the range of the underlying two - body interaction potential . in this regime
, @xmath2 is the only rele... | a feshbach resonance arises due to the coupling of two born - oppenheimer potential curves coupled through a hyperfine hamiltonian , and requires , in general , a multi - channel description . for @xmath0-wave
interacting systems , feshbach resonances can be classified as broad or narrow @xcite . whether a resonance i... |
481 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: scattering of two baryons in the large-@xmath0 gross - neveu model via the time - dependent dirac - hartree - fock approach has recently been solved in closed analytical form . here , we generalize this result to scattering processes involving any number and ... | however , it exhibits many non - trivial features characteristic for relativistic quantum fields such as covariance , renormalizability , asymptotic freedom , dimensional transmutation , spontaneous symmetry breaking , interacting dirac sea .
it is also one of the few models known where most of the non - perturbative q... |
482 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: wikipedia is a free internet encyclopedia with an enormous amount of content .
this encyclopedia is written by volunteers with various backgrounds in a collective fashion ; anyone can access and edit most of the articles .
this open - editing nature may g... | the emergence of information technology has opened a new era of publishing traditional encyclopedias on the world wide web @xcite , which offers a variety of references and up - to - date information .
although these new media can reduce the publication price , encyclopedia editing is still costly . |
483 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the sign change of the slope of the directed flow of baryons has been predicted as a signal for a first order phase transition within fluid dynamical calculations .
recently , the directed flow of identified particles has been measured by the star collabora... | as they are achieved at the large hadron collider ( lhc ) and the relativistic heavy ion collider ( rhic ) , the slope of the traditional directed flow is close to zero at midrapidity due to the almost perfect transparency of the colliding nuclei .
the small negative slope of charged particles ( mostly pions ) at top r... |
484 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a phenomenological theory of the interplay between nematic order and superconductivity in the vicinity of a vortex induced by an applied magnetic field .
nematic order can be strongly enhanced in the vortex core . as a result
, the vortex cores... | recently , the structure of the vortex cores in the mixed state of clean fese films was studied by means of scanning tunneling microscopy ( stm ) @xcite .
strong anisotropy was observed in the zero bias conductance map around the cores , which have an eccentricity of the order of unity . |
485 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: accelerator neutrino oscillation experiments seek to make precision measurements of the neutrino flavor oscillations @xmath0 in order to determine the mass hierarchy of neutrinos and to search for cp violation in neutrino oscillations .
these experiments ar... | uncertainties on differences between these cross - sections for muon and electron neutrinos will contribute to experimental uncertainties in these flavor oscillation measurements .
interactions of the charged - current with fundamental fermions , such as @xmath8 , have no uncertainties in the differences between the re... |
486 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: graphical model learning and inference are often performed using bayesian techniques . in particular , learning is usually performed in two separate steps .
first , the graph structure is learned from the data ; then the parameters of the model are estimate... | nodes and the corresponding variables are usually referred to interchangeably .
the _ edges _ |
487 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: within the borel qcd sum rule approach at finite baryon density we study the role of the four - quark condensates for the modifications of the vector mesons @xmath0 , @xmath1 and @xmath2 in nuclear matter .
we find that in - medium modifications of the @xma... | there are indeed various theoretical indications concerning an important sensitivity of the meson spectral density on the partial restoration of the chiral symmetry in a hot / dense nuclear medium .
for instance , at finite temperature the vector and axial - vector meson correlators become mixed in accordance with in -... |
488 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we use galaxies detected in a deep ultraviolet xmm - newton optical monitor image and a model that predicts uv galaxy counts based on local counts and evolution parameters to constrain galaxy evolution to z=1.2 .
the 17 square 2000 ( uvw2 filter ) image wa... | measurements of galaxy number counts in the ultraviolet have been made by @xcite using the foca balloon - borne uv telescope , @xcite and @xcite using hst archival fields .
these data have been interpreted with models that predict number counts based on galaxy spectral energy distributions ( sed s ) and luminosity func... |
489 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the possible existence of deconfined quark matter in the interior of neutron stars using the nambu jona - lasinio model to describe the quark phase .
we find that typical neutron stars with masses around 1.4 solar masses do not possess any deconfi... | such transitions have received much attention in heavy ion physics as well as in the context of neutron stars which provide a unique environment to study cold matter at supernuclear densities @xcite . even though a deconfinement phase transition seems intuitively evident at large enough densities , from a theoretical p... |
490 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the main purpose of this article is to extend some of the ideas from schubert calculus to the more general setting of hamiltonian torus actions on compact symplectic manifolds with isolated fixed points . given a generic component @xmath0 of the moment map , ... | if @xmath16 is * generic * , that is , if @xmath17 for each weight @xmath18 in the symplectic representation @xmath19 for every @xmath20 in the fixed set @xmath21 , then @xmath22 is a morse function with critical set @xmath21 . given @xmath23 , the negative tangent bundle
@xmath24 is a representation with no fixed sub ... |
491 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study physics concerning the cosmological constant problem in the framework of effective field theory and suggest that a dominant part of dark energy can originate from gravitational corrections of vacuum energy , under the assumption that the classical gr... | the third one is that the experimental value of @xmath5 is estimated as @xmath6gev@xmath7 where @xmath8 is the newton constant , and @xmath9 . ] from the observation that the expansion of present universe is accelerating @xcite .
the energy density defined by @xmath10 is referred as @xmath11dark energy density , and ... |
492 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: present and planned experiments motivate new theoretical study of properties of light unflavoured pseudoscalar meson decays .
an overview including details on two - loop calculation in @xmath0 limit is given .
chiral perturbation theory , radiative dec... | the @xmath1 meson being the lightest meson can not decay to other hadronic states .
its dominant decay mode ( with more than 98% probability ) is @xmath7 and is connected with the adler - bell - jackiw triangle anomaly @xcite . |
493 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider the hypothesis of a limiting minimal curvature in gravity as a way to construct a class of theories exhibiting late - time cosmic acceleration .
guided by the minimal curvature conjecture ( mcc ) we are naturally lead to a set of scalar tensor t... | this is the possibility we consider in this paper .
our goal is to construct a toy model that represents a late - time accelerating universe using a new , possibly fundamental , principle . |
494 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: most nuclear physics ranges from insensitive to relatively insensitive to many - nucleon forces .
the dominant ingredient in calculations of nuclear properties is the nucleon - nucleon potential .
three - nucleon forces nevertheless play an important role... | since that time we have relied on field - theoretic techniques , phenomenology , and sophisticated symmetry arguments to construct 3nfs , and the most modern and advanced experimental facilities have recently been used to validate these forces . in a very real sense
we are fortunate that three - nucleon potentials a... |
495 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the measurement of doppler velocity shifts in spectra is a ubiquitous theme in astronomy , usually handled by computing the cross - correlation of the signals , and finding the location of its maximum .
this paper addresses the problem of the determination ... | the sdss has also obtained spectra for about 200,000 galactic stars , and it is now being extended at lower galactic latitudes by segue with at least as many spectra ( rockosi 2005 , yanny 2005 ) .
another ongoing galactic survey , rave , is expected to collect high - resolution spectra for a million stars by 2011 ( st... |
496 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: recent experimental results on the partonic structure of the photon and on the color singlet exchange in strong interaction processes are reviewed . at the lep @xmath0 and hera @xmath1 colliders , complementary and consistent measurements
have been achieved... | photons are emitted by the leptons which gives access to the partonic structure of almost real photons @xcite as well as highly virtual photons .
the measurements to obtain information on the partonic state of the photons discussed here are 1 . the photon structure function from deep inelastic electron |
497 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a new scheme for modeling the broad line region in active galactic nuclei .
it involves photoionization calculations applied to a number of variable emission lines at _ all times_. we demonstrate how fitting all lines simultaneously provide stron... | extensive monitoring campaigns , during the last decade , have produced several high quality data sets .
they include the time dependence of the multi - wavelength continuum , as well as the change in line fluxes and line profiles as a function of time ( for a review see , horne these proceedings , peterson 1993 , net... |
498 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we define a volume limited sample of over 14,000 early - type galaxies ( etgs ) selected from data release six of the sloan digital sky survey .
the density of environment of each galaxy is robustly measured . by comparing narrow band spectral line indices ... | , de la rosa et al .
2007 , gallazzi et al . 2006 , jimenez et al . |
499 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study some generic properties of partially hyperbolic symplectic systems with 2d center .
we prove that @xmath0 generically , every hyperbolic periodic point has a transverse homoclinic intersection for the maps close to a direct / skew product of an ano... | is called a _ heteroclinic intersection _ ( a _ homoclinic intersection _ if @xmath11 ) .
note that the intersection @xmath9 may not be _ transverse _ |
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