text stringlengths 672 9.77k | entropy float64 0.13 5.62 | num_tokens int64 155 1.02k | num_pred_tokens int64 153 1.02k |
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als are curved in a mesiodistal and a buccolingual direction. Root canal cross-sections tend to be oval coronally and round apically.42 ENDODONTICS: PROBLEM-SOLVING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE than in the mandibular first premolar. The distal root tends to be more rounded than the mesial root. Clinical Points • The mesial can... | 1.492847 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
99. The Cshaped canal is more common in Mongoloid races. • C-shaped canals can be extremely difficult to instrument and clean effectively.
such as the use of an orthodontic band to allow effective clamp placement and prevent salivary leakage during preparation or between visits. the effectiveness of cleaning and shapin... | 1.793987 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
cutting. The depth of a cavity. Active caries tends to be light (Fig. 3. air tine is most effectively removed using a round bur in a slow-speed handpiece with waterspray.5 A probe can be used to test the hardness of caries. Figure 3. PULPAL DAMAGE DURING CROWN PREPARATION The preparation of teeth for metal-ceramic cro... | 1.864732 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
itself from microleakage by tubular sclerosis (Fig. A varnish can also be used to seal exposed dentine following crown preparation.PREPARATION PRIOR TO ENDODONTICS 49 age occurs around most restorative materials after placement. Varnish Copalite varnish can be used to seal the prepared cavity. formation of irritation ... | 1.739198 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
with a bonding agent. It can be used to build up a tooth prior to root canal treatment.14) and a longitudinally fractured tooth . It has been recommended that cavity margins are etched and sealed with a dentine-bonding agent following polishing of composite restorations to help prevent microleakage. from flowable to p... | 1.759081 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
band prior to root canal treatment.20 A collection of orthodontic bands. Teeth with subgingival cavity margins may benefit from the placement of a band to achieve a good coronal seal for root canal treatment. Excess cement is carefully removed. a band can be fitted.
They are manufactured to fit maxillary and mandibula... | 1.504868 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
coronal seal To improve visualization of cracks.
but will probably be slightly less effective.34. 3.37 Figure 3.36 A flat plastic inserted under the margin of a crown to remove it. Dallas. 3. Force is applied along the path of insertion of the crown. Forces should always be applied along the long axis of the plane of ... | 1.709355 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
removed using the same techniques as those for removing crowns. In this case. Alternatively. If the remaining section becomes cantilevered then the occlusion must be examined.43 Sectioning a bridge. Sectioning a Bridge Metal ceramic bridges can be sectioned through appropriate approximal contacts using a long tapered ... | 1.684879 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
Figure 3.48 The retention form of the crown preparation can be improved greatly with the use of seating grooves.
PREPARATION PRIOR TO ENDODONTICS
63
of an orthodontist. There can be difficulty providing a suitable provisional restoration, and in the long term it must be possible to restore the tooth, otherwise orthodo... | 1.424152 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
steel. They come with or without wings. Clamps are essential
Weybridge. OR USA). depending on the make (Figs.11).5 Nygard-Ostby frame. UK). The advantage of a winged clamp on a molar tooth is that both clamp and dam can be placed on the tooth simultaneously. When a wingless clamp is used on a molar tooth. Manufacturer... | 1.854317 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
speeds up placement (Fig.28). thereby fixing this side.23 The process is repeated on the opposite side. RUBBER DAM PLACEMENT Fitting rubber 4. 4. RUBBER DAM KIT The rubber dam can be pre-assembled and laid out before use. On occasions. Figure 4. .22 The bottom of the rubber dam sheet is then looped over the end of the... | 1.568897 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
9 A clamp has been placed on the most posterior tooth and the dam fitted over the teeth to be isolated. 5.
43). The rubber dam can be retained with clamps. . 3.43 A slit is cut between the holes. 4. A length of dental floss should be tied to the clamp.44). 1. An EW clamp could also have been used in such a situation. F... | 1.721892 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
Dentine pins may occasionally be required.50). . 3. If the teeth are to be used for overdentures. but should be placed sparingly. Figure 4. Gaps around the dam and pontic have been filled with caulking. Build the tooth up with glass ionomer or zinc phosphate cement and an orthodontic band. Figure 4. Use orthodontic se... | 1.766225 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
OLVING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE Bacterial colonies may form themselves into multilayered biofilms. or else the access cavity may be misdirected. ACCESS CAVITY PREPARATION Preoperative Radiograph A preoperative radiograph should normally be taken using a paralleling device. Estimate length 2.e. The Lid-off Approach to Acces... | 1.781253 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
Morrisburg. Figure 5. Figure 5.
Figure 5.9 An Endo-Z non end-cutting tungsten carbide bur is inserted into the pulp chamber to remove the 'lid' of the pulp chamber. .84 ENDODONTICS: PROBLEM-SOLVING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE Figure 5.12 The completed access cavity gives straight-line access to all the canals.10 The access i... | 1.799376 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
as the chelating agent softens the dentine indiscriminately and may lead to the iatrogenic formation of false canals and possibly perforation. Diamond burs are very effective for cutting through porcelain restorations.20 A radiograph of a 'C'-shaped canal in a mandibular second molar.g. while a fine cross-cut tungsten... | 1.600693 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
the coronal element of the root canal is prepared first. HAND INSTRUMENTS Endodontic research has shown how different instruments and materials behave within the confined space of the root canal system during instrumentation. such instruments are invaluable for tapering the root canal preparation predictably. Two cana... | 1.817413 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
redundant when it fails to deliver its promises! There are no secrets to effective root canal preparation: just practice. There is a non-linear increase in the diameter of tip sizes between consecutive instruments. stiffness and colour coding of endodontic files and reamers. The restoring force increases with Hand Fil... | 1.950511 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
al part of the root canal first has several significant advantages (Fig. Nickel-Titanium Orifice Openers These files are used to flare the coronal aspect of the root canal.32) • To provide a space for the placement of a root canal filling. 5. e.31 The Profile orifice openers (Dentsply). 5. PREPARATION TECHNIQUES The ai... | 1.748207 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
have moved laterally. or may occur as an iatrogenic error resulting from the incorrect use of hand instruments. The outer curve of the apical part of the root canal is frequently over-prepared with filing techniques. Stainless steel files need to be precurved when filing curved canals. and cut on the outstroke. The re... | 1.891111 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
ical region has been destroyed by chronic inflammatory resorption? (For instance. Troubleshooting with an Apex Locator No reading • Is the unit switched on? • Are the leads all connected and is the lip hook in place? • Are the batteries fully charged? Radiographic Techniques for Length Estimation Apex locators should n... | 1.742612 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
PREPARATION It is exacting and time-consuming to learn a new technique and become conversant with it. GatesGlidden burs and nickel-titanium orifice openers can be used. Bearn direction Figure 5. Practice on extracted teeth is invaluable before embarking on the treatment of a patient.40 Mandibular incisors. Rationale T... | 1.771389 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
a reverse balanced force action (Fig.08. Some instruments (e. discard if evident. If the file does not appear to be cutting. Listen for a 'click' as a bite of dentine is removed (the control phase).3 Tapers appropriate for various root canal situations . Crown-down Preparation Techniques The following crown-down hand ... | 1.912125 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
irrigant within the root canal system as each new file is introduced. Blockage Blockage can be avoided by: 1. This will keep dentine chips suspended in the irrigant so that they can be flushed from the root canal system during preparation. as they act as chelating agents. place a small amount of EDTA lubricant (Fig. I... | 1.862305 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
can be lost if dentine chips are compacted into the apical part of the root canal system during preparation.45 File-eze is an EDTA-based lubricant. Another method to bypass a ledge is to put a sharp curve at the tip of the file so that it overcomes the defect (Fig. Figure 5.
They have been shown to produce little tran... | 1.872552 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
channel is not created the tip may bind and fracture. Canal Curvature Nickel-titanium.06. rotating an instrument at a stationary position close to or at full working length results in alternating compression and strain in the file at the greatest point of its curvature.
allowing deeper penetration. Figure 5. A larger ... | 1.7429 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
European Society of Endodontology (1994). Saunders EM (1992). This will create a smooth flow to the preparation. Schilder H (1974).
Solutions ranging in strength from 0. The volume of solution used is probably more important than the concentration.2). 6. Medicaments are also invaluable in preventing the recolonization... | 1.666422 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
Fig. Figure 6.
but it is very effective for removing the smear layer. Figure 6. allowing penetration of the Figure 6.4 EDTA solution. Citric Acid Citric acid has been used in periodontal treatment for conditioning root surfaces. Gauge 27 needles are manufactured with a cut away tip to allow irrigant to pass out sideway... | 1.632835 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
periapical tissues • Dissolve remaining organic material • Counteract coronal microleakage. Indeed. The aspirator tip should be kept away from the access cavity to allow irrigant to flow into the pulp canal space.116 ENDODONTICS: PROBLEM-SOLVING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE results in a decrease in streaming.14). 6.14 The end... | 1.690644 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
in an anti-clockwise direction (Fig. Camphorated Phenol. Calcium hydroxide preparations come in different concentrations and in different formats. 6. The use of any of these materials can no longer be justified. Mixing the paste with calcium hydroxide has been advocated. The agent should be smeared on the walls of the... | 1.673622 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
• Root Filling Materials Obturation Techniques • Troubleshooting Obturation Techniques • Further Reading I NTRODUCTION Following through cleaning and shaping. The canal is dry. obturation of the root canal space was often delayed until there were signs of periapical healing. Many materials have been suggested as suita... | 1.784184 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
mutagenic. Surrey. Weybridge. ROOT FILLING MATERIALS It is no longer considered acceptable to obturate root canals with rigid materials such as silver points. Figure 7. Examples: • AH 26 (Dentsply. as the material is potentially highly irritant and carcinogenic and may spread systemically throughout the body. UK) • AH... | 1.715616 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
eful of gutta percha cones.8 Accessory gutta percha points in sizes A-D. Figure 7. 0. and the canal orifices can be completely obliterated with a 'mushroom' of accessory point bulging from the access cavity! (Figs. Costa Mesa.
All walls should be coated evenly with a thin layer.11 A customized cone has been rolled on a... | 1.66599 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
should be taken to verify that the filling is properly placed and adequately condensed without voids. 7. Finally.128 ENDODONTICS: PROBLEM-SOLVING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE to apply pressure to the gutta percha during cooling to counteract the shrinkage that occurs as the filling material undergoes phase changes on cooling.... | 1.629988 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
clinicians use ultrasonically energized spreader tips to achieve thermal condensation. salt bead sterilizer and carried to the root canal for use.
A short burst of heat is applied and the System B tip is removed. 'Tug-back' should be felt when the fit is correct. The System B tip is pre-measured. Apical pressure is ap... | 1.698185 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
used to compact the gutta percha following heating. Figure 7. . Figure 7. Figure 7.24 If the tip of the gutta percha point is too small it should be trimmed to correspond to the master apical file. which is then seated into place (Fig.
7.28). (Gutta percha may well be seen coating the plugger. TROUBLESHOOTING OBTURATI... | 1.692594 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
an FM tip should fit most 0. The preparation should be refined with Gates-Glidden burs. The continuous wave of obturation technique: 'centered' condensation .30 Crinkling of the gutta percha point is often caused by the tip hitting an obstruction. • It is important to select the correct size of spreader/ plugger. • Sp... | 1.836061 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
VING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE and expertise. to locate missed root canals. WHEN? Root canal retreatment may be considered when: • Persistent pain or symptoms develop in a tooth that has received root canal treatment • The existing root treatment is deficient technically • There have been procedural errors • A new coronal r... | 1.828951 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
chloroform. Gates-Glidden Burs.4) • Endosonics. Rotary nickel-titanium instruments can also be used to remove gutta percha.g. • Stieglitz forceps (Fig.1 40 ENDODONTICS: PROBLEM-SOLVING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE Heat Heat is a useful means of removing gutta percha from the coronal portion of a root canal. Rectified turpenti... | 1.754632 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
) and CT4 tip or sealer tip. Figure 8. the largest size possible should be used to help reduce the risk of file fracture. An endosonic file gently inserted alongside a point may loosen cement and dislodge it. then it should be preserved.10 With care it is possible to remove a silver point even when it is broken off at ... | 1.888095 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
unscrew it (Fig. If this is not possible. It should therefore only be used in the coronal third of the canal.1 44 ENDODONTICS: PROBLEM-SOLVING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE Figure 8. What Happens if the Instrument is not Removable? It is worth remembering that the pain experienced by a patient with a fractured instrument in a ... | 1.627864 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
Location is probably of greatest importance. The perforation site must be thoroughly cleaned with sodium hypochlorite before placement of the repair material. as do those away from canal orifices (Figs. As the jaws of the post puller open the post is withdrawn from the canal.
particularly if there has been periodontal... | 1.720974 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
The root filling material is finished at the level of the floor of the pulp chamber. MN. USA) have been shown to provide a good seal and can be used in conjunction with composite or amalgam cores. B) Temporary restorations for sealing the access cavity during root canal treatment. a layer of thermoplasticized gutta pe... | 1.830952 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
could be expected. How? Anterior Teeth Severely broken down anterior teeth usually require restoration for aesthetic reasons. Teeth that need to be reviewed before definitive restoration may have to be restored with a long-term temporary. This obviates the need for a temporary restoration and provides immediate corona... | 1.909959 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
restored with glass ionomer first and then cut back and the light cured composite filling material placed at a second appointment. This solution penetrates the layer of exposed collagen fibres to give an interface between the composite and dentine. (0. If the tooth requires a crown then the glass ionomer or composite ... | 1.855488 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
retention of the crown then a post and core is required. A post that fits the remaining tooth substance should therefore be used. Generally parallel-sided posts provide better retention than tapered posts. . Tooth reduction is similar to that of a metal-ceramic crown. Posts A post purely increases the retention of the... | 1.858668 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
light cured composite or glass ionomer. The composite is added in small increments to ensure complete polymerization and to prevent the adverse effects of contraction. The acrylic material is mixed and placed into position to build up the core. Figure 9. Using a Preformed Post Serrated posts are cemented into the root... | 1.762338 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
Cast Restorations The most conservative cast restoration is the partial veneer onlay. Figure 9. and indirect composite or porcelain restorations have not yet been tested in longterm clinical follow up studies.5 mm). crown preparation cannot always be carried out at the same visit (Fig. and the material must be thick e... | 1.842525 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
concerned with the appearance of metal. If the clinical crown height is small.0 mm).5-1. such as the buccal and occlusal surfaces of mandibular teeth.0-2.22-9. The teeth were restored with amalgam cores following root canal treatment.RESTORATION OF THE ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TOOTH 1 61 discussed for anterior teeth. 9.... | 1.694643 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
nsen JA. Ung B. I. Endodontically treated teeth as abutments. The crown preparation or post space should therefore be flushed with sodium hypochlorite before cementation to kill and dissolve any bacteria lining the walls. Bonding to dentine. American Journal of Dentistry 9: 34-36. Saunders EM (1994). Rydin E. Torabinej... | 1.595066 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
VING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE treatment. However. Indeed many of the historical indications (such as broken instruments. • Conventional root canal treatment or retreatment has been carried out but has not been successful • There is a strong possibility of failure with further nonsurgical treatment • Biopsy of a lesion is i... | 1.690924 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
Periosteal elevator Periosteal retractors Probes Front surface mirror Micro mirror College tweezers Rat tooth tissue forceps Surgical handpiece (slow-speed or highspeed, or both) Burs for surgical handpiece Bone curettes Periodontal curettes Ultrasonic handpiece Specialist ultrasonic tips for root-end cavity preparati... | 1.343615 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
2 weeks' healing.
Figure 10.8 A chronic periapical lesion has perforated the cortical plate (arrow).
Figure 10.7 The Impact Air handpiece; the exhaust is directed away from the surgical site to prevent air embolism.
Palisades Dental, Piscatoway, NJ, USA) (Figs. 10.7 and 10.8). The lesion is excised using a curette and... | 1.518149 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
have evidence of marginal periodontitis around several teeth or is the periodontal condition generally good? This may give an initial indication as to the likely source of the problem around a particular tooth. Patients should also be given an emergency telephone number. If the tooth is not root filled or if the root ... | 1.719235 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
most likely to be due to endodontic infection.16 In this case the second premolar was nonvital and had both endodontic and periodontal lesions associated with it.
Treatment Conventional root canal treatment should be started immediately. the canal is packed with calcium hydroxide as a temporary dressing between appoin... | 1.754131 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
this differentiates the lesion from an internal resorption • In the later stages a pink spot may be observed in the coronal tooth substance. Pathways of the Pulp. FURTHER READING Carr G. Light cured composite resin can be used. In: Cohen S. Endodontic-periodontal relations. International Endodontic journal 29: 150-155... | 1.860469 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
impaired or severed? This is particularly relevant in luxation injuries • Is it likely that the pulp has been contaminated by micro-organisms? Microorganisms can take many days to penetrate a significant distance into the healthy pulp in an immature tooth • Is the root fully developed? Note that immature teeth with la... | 1.96422 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
to preserve the pulp. Japan) prevents any interference with the setting of the Crown Fractures Enamel or Dentine Fractures Bacteria can enter the pulp through exposed dentinal tubules (resulting from a fracture into dentine) either immediately after the injury or at a later date. It has a very high Figure 11.
4 showin... | 1.666872 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
the fracture line. 11. if the fracture line is close to the gingival sulcus. 11. If infection intervenes. A nonvital coronal fragment is treated in a similar way to a nonvital tooth with an open apex. If the coronal portion is nonvital and infected. it may be possible to insert a 'plug' of calcium hydroxide at the fra... | 1.73375 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
alveolar time. Transient apical breakdown occurs in about 4% of mature luxated teeth. cease to respond to sensitivity testing and even have an apical radiolucent area. Frequently the pulp undergoes dystrophic calcification. some apical resorption may take place. External inflammatory or replacement resorption is freque... | 1.798557 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
incisor following its replantation and splinting (A).9). If revascularization occurs. Treatment The Nonvital Immature Tooth A tooth that has lost its vitality at a young age is likely to have a doubtful prognosis. Things to look for include: • A history of trauma • Signs of infection. although some teeth take up to 2 ... | 1.774274 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
resorption Inflammatory resorption Replacement resorption Pressure resorption Systemic-related resorption Idiopathic resorption. Using an acid etch technique and a dentine bonding agent. Internal resorption is covered in Chapter 10. The material takes several hours to set. hard tissue barrier has formed. such as with ... | 1.75867 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
replacement resorption is indicated by: • A history of trauma • A lack of physiological mobility • A resounding ringing note when the tooth is tapped • The tooth being in infraocclusion (which occurs sometimes) • Radiologically a root that looks moth-eaten or irregular in outline with a loss of periodontal ligament sp... | 1.838269 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
odontics 4: 232-237. There is a small outgrowth of tooth tissue from the crown (Fig. but it usually affects incisor teeth (Fig. Bakland LK.19 2 ENDODONTICS: PROBLEM-SOLVING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE Evaginated Teeth Evaginated teeth tend to occur in the premolar teeth of people of mongoloid descent. Treatment of traumatical... | 1.682024 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
may be difficult to locate. especially with hot stimuli. it is wise to check that there are no premature occlusal • Extensive or recurrent caries • Teeth with large deep restorations. Look for: • • • • • Exposed and sensitive dentine Caries Leaking restorations Recently placed restorations Cracks. Cold stimuli sometim... | 1.652371 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
the tooth is dressed with Fluctuant buccal calcium hydroxide. Sodium hypochlorite is used as an irrigant. ideally through the root canal (Fig. Radiologically there is usually widening of the periodontal ligament space. and a combination of paracetamol (500 mg six times daily) and ibuprofen (200 mg six times daily) sho... | 1.710649 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
Microleakage will allow recontamination of the root canal system. It may be necessary to remove the tooth completely from occlusion • Analgesics may be required: 200-400 mg Ibuprofen six times daily.8 Measuring the irrigating needle to prevent extrusion of sodium hypochlorite. cleaning and medication. Late flare-up (a... | 1.811711 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
sectioning 60. 93. anatomy 30 cermets 160 cervical resorption 175-7.103. 144 cancellous bone 30 cantilever bridge 151 carborundum disc 70.13 anastomoses 27 angulation of the crown 87 ankylosis 7. 46 hardness 47. 117. 104 apical periodontitis 25.159 plugger 55. anatomy 30 amalgam 159.
use in crown removal 58. 3.13 comp... | 1.768955 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
2 trauma 180-8 chisel. 7 periodontal pocketing 8 probing depth 8. 87. 52-3 crown-down preparation 100-2 apical preparation 101 coronal preparation 100-1 rationale 100 techniques 102-4 use of Greater Taper files for 102 crown tapper 58.161-2 partial cast metal 161. 7 . 112 evaginated teeth 192.
106. 14.141-4 apical posi... | 1.839795 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
8 filling the root canal 188 treatment 186-7 troubleshooting apical barrier induction 187-8 infective endocarditis as contraindication for surgical endodontics 166 patients at risk of 3 prevention 3 Intermediate Restorative Material (IRM) 147.126 condensed 140-1. 101. 158. 10.100.141 ledge formation using 104 overuse 9... | 1.682726 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
53-4 orthodontic extrusion 62-3 osteocytes 30 over-preparation 105 pain 24. 56.118 spiral fillers 119.41 mandibular third molar.118 reason for 116 technique 117-19 mesio-occlusal cavities 158-9 mesio-occlusal-distal cavities 158-9 cast restorations 159 plastic restorations 159 metal shell crowns 56.20 4 I NDEX lymphade... | 1.712228 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
00-6 instruments for apical preparation 107. 89 pulpitis 47. 91 material 91 restoring force 91-2 taper 92 tip design 91 tip sizes 91 recapitulation 97 recementing a cast restoration or post crown 164 reciprocating action 97 replacement resorption 189-90.190 resin sealers 123 resorption cervical 175-7. 157 in posterior ... | 1.809028 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
154 internal bleaching 153. 8. 148 post removal 144-7 preparation of root canals 148 reason for 137-8 silver points and fractured instruments 141-4 single cone gutta-percha removal 139-40 technique 138 Thermafil 141 ti ming 138 reversible pulpitis 24. 23 root canals anatomy 28-30.59 severely broken-down teeth 159-63 s... | 1.753527 | 1,012 | 1,010 |
ناهمگنی رفتاری در قیمت سهام
کد مقاله سال انتشار مقاله انگلیسی ترجمه فارسی تعداد کلمات 10821 2007 33 صفحه PDF سفارش دهید محاسبه نشده Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت) Journal : Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Volume 31, Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 1938–1970 چکیده انگلیسی
We estimate a... | 1.174381 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
990s, the increased portfolio diversification could at least partly account for the decrease in the equity premium and the unprecedented increase in market valuations. A third, fundamental explanation for the surge of the stock market that has been proposed is a shift in corporate practice from paying dividends to repu... | 1.442752 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
ash flow ratios, of the asset pricing model with heterogeneous beliefs introduced by Brock and Hommes, 1997 and Brock and Hommes, 1998. Agents are boundedly rational and have heterogeneous beliefs about future payoffs of a risky asset. Beliefs about future cash flows are homogeneous and correct, but agents disagree on ... | 1.450779 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
In particular, we have chosen a very simple fundamental process, the static Gordon growth model with constant growth rate of dividends or earnings and constant discount rate, allowing only for one jump in the estimated risk premium based on dividends in 1950, as in Fama and French (2002). For deviations of this simple... | 1.698182 | 1,024 | 1,022 |
Never mind the headline of the recent
Chronicle advice column—"Be Hard to Get Along With," by Scott Hippensteel—which left me wondering what kind of person would be intentionally hard to get along with. (I think we all know the answer to that.)
It was the tease that caught my attention: "Growing problems of classroom d... | 1.519275 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
PROLOR Biotech (NYSEMKT:PBTH) is developing long-acting versions of existing therapeutic proteins using a CTP technology that the company licensed from Washington University. CTP stands for Carboxyl Terminal Peptide - an amino acid sequence that attaches to a wide variety of proteins to stabilize and prolong its useful... | 1.745299 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
Diabetics: Don’t tip-toe around good foot care Nerve damage can cause people with diabetes to lose feeling in their feet. Here's what you can do to minimize your risk.
A diabetic may not realize that they have cut their foot or developed a blister. These cuts and blisters may be slow to heal or may not heal at all, whi... | 1.395738 | 1,015 | 1,013 |
Does your child drool at the sight of cold coffee topped with whipped cream and chocolate syrup? Does your child insist on adding coffee to his glass of milk every morning? A report in The Journal of Pediatrics reveals that 75% children consume coffee on a daily basis. Here, we look at whether children should consume c... | 1.493924 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
CategoriesActorBookCareer / jobCartoon / MangaCelebritiesChildren / kidsEQ testsFanFan fictionFunGameHealthIQ testsKnowledgeLanguageMovieMusicPersonalityPlay gamesPurity testsRelationship / LoveSportThink / MemoryTV ShowYouTubeOnly for MenOnly for WomenUser quizzesNew testsCreateDevelop a quizMy testsWrite fanfictionAl... | 1.962467 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
new products; the process of converting applications for new technologies into marketable products.Product developmentBrainstormingNew product development17The first filter in the product development process, which eliminates ideas that are inconsistent with the organizations new product strategy or are obviously inap... | 1.396649 | 1,014 | 1,012 |
Like the earth, do other planets have magnetism?
Every electron, by nature, is a magnet. If there are electrons there has to be magnetism.So I think there will be magnetism in other planets also.
Mars seems to have almost no magnetic field at all, and the same for Venus. Mercury is the only inner planet besides us that... | 2.002158 | 1,023 | 1,021 |
Your vehicle's disc brake system consists of a number of components including pads, calipers and rotors as well as mechanisms for lubricating the parts. When you press down on the brake pedal, the calipers squeeze the brake pads against the rotors and your automobile begins to slow down and stop. The rotors eventually ... | 1.578635 | 1,024 | 1,021 |
Turns out we have a mouse in our house. Yes, a mouse. Just like in the Dr. Suess book. Who knows, maybe even mice.
I had noticed soon after we moved in and I’d put everything in place in the kitchen that under the sink were some little black seed-looking things. At first, I thought it was dirt dropping off of the brush... | 1.645633 | 1,024 | 1,022 |
Please note: The Frank Talk articles listed below contain historical material. The data provided was current at the time of publication. For current information regarding any of the funds mentioned in these presentations, please visit the appropriate fund performance page.
Gold Is Crushing It So Far this Year March 2, ... | 1.520619 | 1,019 | 1,017 |
What does "All Natural" really mean, and will bulking up on proteins help you get into buff shape? Check out the slideshow above to discover the ten most misleading food health claims.
Image Credit: Getty Images
1. All Natural
In theory, the term "all natural" should convey a glowing halo of wholesome goodness, with qu... | 1.46451 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
of gluten or wheat you consume may increase your energy levels or help you feel better digestively, but keep an eye on how much gluten-free bread, cookies, cakes, and chips you eat. Just because they're sans gluten, that doesn't give you license to eat with abandon. Look for healthy carbohydrates that are naturally gl... | 1.586056 | 1,019 | 1,017 |
Don’t Make Me Laugh: The Fed and Kept Media
Morgan Reynolds — January 30, 2006 Printer friendly copy of this article available here. It was Sunday morning and I was trying to digest some of the Arkansas Democrat Gazette along with my coffee and the best pork sausage in the state. Turning to the business page the headli... | 1.986325 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
2 percent annually. So what? I have a 190-pound weight target and I haven’t been close in three decades. • “In theory, Bernanke should be able to keep the economy moving along at a healthy pace the same way Fed chairmen always have, by adjusting short-term interest rates up or down.” Why should a central planning board... | 1.942582 | 1,024 | 1,022 |
New home closings in the Hagerstown, MD market slid year-over-year in June, and the decline was by a larger percentage than the May 2016. New home closings moved from 21 a year earlier to 8 after the figure moved from 9 in May 2015 to 8 in May 2016.
A total of 125 new homes were sold during the 12 months that ended in ... | 1.415586 | 1,019 | 1,017 |
June 18, 2013 For Autistic Kids, Brain’s Reward Center Poorly Connected With Voices And Emotion April Flowers for redOrbit.com - Your Universe Online
Regions of the brain tailored to respond to human voices are poorly connected to reward-processing circuits in autistic persons, according to a new study led by Stanford ... | 1.264096 | 1,008 | 1,006 |
Change is inevitable, organizational change has become a common practice within an organization, but too often changes are made as a reaction to outer impulses, crisis, and demands. This is the bureaucracy’s way of meeting the challenges. How to understand the mentalities behind the change as the first step, especially... | 1.962601 | 1,024 | 1,022 |
My parents always tell me that the biggest purchase they made in their lives was buying our house. For a long time, I thought that my parents were simply talking about their utilities bills and maintenance fees, when they were actually talking about their mortgage.
I knew that a mortgage was one of the many fees relate... | 1.49221 | 1,020 | 1,018 |
President Bush has yet to name his nominee to succeed Alberto Gonzales as attorney general, but whoever he or she is will have their work cut out for them.
The new attorney general will inherit a wounded institution marred by scandal, desertions by senior staff, extremely low morale and a host of thorny issues, ranging... | 1.415564 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
The lifeboat project was initiated after weaknesses were discovered last year on six free-fall lifeboats on the Kristin platform in the Norwegian Sea and the Veslefrikk B platform in the North Sea. The boats sustained superstructure damage during testing. Alf Morten Sirevaag, senior engineer in Statoil, has headed the ... | 1.51299 | 1,024 | 1,021 |
How To Budget for Your Coffee Shop Business Congratulations! If you are exploring how to start you own coffee shop or coffee stand, you’re at the right place.
In addition to helping you figure out your coffee shop budget, we are dedicated to providing you with some great “starter information” and real-world expertise t... | 1.896595 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
dreamed about opening your own coffee shop, you will have probably kicked around some ideas in your head about the
kind of coffee business you want. Your coffee business concept will impact your startup costs considerably. Whether you want a coffee stand or if you want a full-fledged café and bookstore, the startup cos... | 1.736436 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
an additional 1, 2, or 3 extra months to simply get your county health department to sign off and give you the green light to open your business if certain things aren’t up to code.
Will you have enough to cover three months of your rental lease without making a single sale? Consider the costs of any potential delays.... | 1.973071 | 1,024 | 1,023 |
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