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20231101.en_13217972_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
When in August 1791 Mozart arrived in Prague to supervise the performance of his new opera La clemenza di Tito (K. 621), he was "already very ill". During this visit, Niemetschek wrote, "he was pale and expression was sad, although his good humour was often shown in merry jest with his friends." Following his return to Vienna (mid September 1791), Mozart's condition gradually worsened. For a while, he was still able to work and completed his Clarinet Concerto (K. 622), worked toward the completion of his Requiem (K. 626), and conducted the premiere performance of The Magic Flute (K. 620) on 30 September. Still, he became increasingly alarmed and despondent about his health. An anecdote from Constanze is related by Niemetschek:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Constanze attempted to cheer her husband by persuading him to give up work on the Requiem for a while, encouraging him instead to complete the "Freimaurerkantate" (K. 623), composed to celebrate the opening of a new Masonic temple for Mozart's own lodge. The strategy worked for a time – the cantata was completed and successfully premiered on 18 November. He told Constanze he felt "elated" over the premiere. Mozart is reported to have stated, "Yes I see I was ill to have had such an absurd idea of having taken poison, give me back the Requiem and I will go on with it."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Mozart's worst symptoms of illness soon returned, together with the strong feeling that he was being poisoned. He became bedridden on 20 November, suffering from swelling, pain and vomiting.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
From this point on, scholars all agreed that Mozart was indeed very sick. He died about two weeks later, at his home in Vienna, on 5 December, at 12:55 am.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
The view that Mozart was in near-steady decline and despair during the last several months of his life has been met with much skepticism in recent years. Cliff Eisen supervised the reissue of Abert's biography in 2007 in a new edition, supplementing it with numerous footnotes. While generally deferential to Abert, Eisen expresses sharp criticism in the footnoting of the section leading up to Mozart's death:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
In the main biography article of the Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia, Ruth Halliwell writes of the decline-and-despair account:
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
As for why Constanze might have been "prompted by complicated motives both personal and financial" (Eisen), Halliwell contends that "Constanze and Sophie were not objective witnesses, because Constanze's continuing quest for charity gave her reasons to disseminate sentimental and sensationalist views." By "charity" Halliwell may be referring to the many benefit concerts from which Constanze received income in the years following Mozart's death, as well as, perhaps, the pension she received from the Emperor; see discussion below as well as Constanze Mozart.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Christoph Wolff, in a 2012 book entitled Mozart at the Gateway to his Fortune, disputes the view that Mozart's last years represented a steady slide to despair and the grave; he also disagrees with interpretations of the music as reflecting late-life despair (for example) "the hauntingly beautiful autumnal world of [Mozart's] music written in 1791".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
An early rumor was that Mozart had been poisoned by his colleague Antonio Salieri; however, this has been proved untrue because the symptoms displayed by Mozart's illness did not indicate poisoning. Despite denying the allegation, Salieri was greatly affected by the accusations and widespread public belief that he had contributed to Mozart's death, which contributed to his nervous breakdowns in later life.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Beyond the Salieri theory, other theories involving murder by poison have been put forth, blaming the Masons, Jews, or both. One such theory was the work of Mathilde Ludendorff, wife of the German general Erich Ludendorff (who were both anti-Semitic). Historian William Stafford describes such accounts as outlandish conspiracy theories.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
In the parish register, the entry concerning Mozart's death states he died of "severe miliary fever" – "miliary" referring to the appearance of millet-sized bumps on the skin. This does not name the actual disease.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Mozart had health problems throughout his life, suffering from smallpox, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, typhoid fever, rheumatism, and gum disease. Whether these played any role in his demise cannot be determined.
|
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31,
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9,
10,
-32
] |
20231101.en_13217972_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Conjectures as to what killed Mozart are numerous. The following survey is arranged in rough chronological order.
|
[
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25,
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21,
3,
-9
] |
20231101.en_13217972_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Some ascribe Mozart's death to medical malpractice on the part of his physician, Dr. Closset. His sister-in-law Sophie Weber, in her 1825 account, makes the implication. Borowitz summarizes:
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
A 1994 article in Neurology suggests Mozart died of a subdural hematoma. A skull believed to be Mozart's was saved by the successor of the gravedigger who had supervised Mozart's burial, and later passed on to anatomist Josef Hyrtl, the municipality of Salzburg, and the Mozarteum museum (Salzburg). Forensic reconstruction of soft tissues related to the skull reveals substantial concordance with Mozart's portraits. Examination of the skull suggested a premature closure of the metopic suture, which has been suggested on the basis of his physiognomy. A left temporal fracture and concomitant erosions raise the question of a chronic subdural hematoma, which would be consistent with several falls in 1789 and 1790 and could have caused the weakness, headaches, and fainting Mozart experienced in 1790 and 1791. Additionally, an episode of aggressive bloodletting used to treat suspected rheumatic fever on the night of December 4, 1791, could have decompensated such a lesion, leading to his death on the following day.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
In a 2000 publication, a team of two physicians (Faith T. Fitzgerald, Philip A. Mackowiak) and a musicologist (Neal Zaslaw) reviewed the historical evidence and tentatively opted for a diagnosis of rheumatic fever.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
A suggestion is that Mozart died as a result of his hypochondriasis and his predilection for taking patent medicines containing antimony. In his final days, this was compounded by further prescriptions of antimony to relieve the fever he clearly suffered.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
A 2006 article in a UK medical journal considered several theories for Mozart's death and, based on his letters from his last year, dismisses syphilis and other chronic diseases. The attending physicians wrote he died with fever and a rash, and a physician they consulted wrote later "this malady attacked at this time a great many of the inhabitants and not for a few of them it had the same fatal conclusions and the same symptoms as in the case of Mozart." The article's conclusion was "death came as a result of an acute infectious illness."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_22
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
In 2009, British, Viennese and Dutch researchers performed epidemiological research combined with a study of other deaths in Vienna at the time of Mozart's death. They concluded that Mozart may have died of a streptococcal infection leading to an acute nephritic syndrome caused by poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. In Austria this disease was also called "Wassersucht" (dropsy/edema).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_23
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
In a journal article from 2011, it was suggested that vitamin D deficiency could have played a role in Mozart's underlying medical conditions leading to his death.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_24
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
The funeral arrangements were made by Mozart's friend and patron Baron Gottfried van Swieten. Describing his funeral, the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians states, "Mozart was buried in a common grave, in accordance with contemporary Viennese custom, at the St. Marx Cemetery outside the city on 7 December." Otto Jahn wrote in 1856 that Salieri, Süssmayr, van Swieten and two other musicians were present.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_25
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
The common belief that Mozart was buried in a pauper's grave is without foundation. The "common grave" referred to above is a term for a grave belonging to a citizen not of the aristocracy. It was an individual grave, not a communal grave; but after ten years the city had the right to dig it up and use it for a later burial. The graves of the aristocracy were spared such treatment.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_26
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Another reason why Mozart was buried in this manner besides Viennese custom was Mozart's disdain for complex burials and rites he viewed as "superstitious".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_27
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
A description of Mozart's funeral, attributed to Joseph Deiner, appeared in the Vienna Morgen-Post of 28 January 1856:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_28
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
As Slonimsky notes, the tale was widely adopted and incorporated into Mozart biographies, but Deiner's description of the weather is contrary to records kept of the previous day. The diarist Karl Zinzendorf recorded on 6 December that there had been "mild weather and frequent mist". The Vienna Observatory kept weather records and recorded for 6 December a temperature ranging from 37.9 to 38.8 degrees Fahrenheit (2.8 °C–3.8 °C), with "a weak east wind at all ... times of the day".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_29
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Following her husband's death, Constanze addressed the issue of providing financial security for her family; the Mozarts had two young children, and Mozart had died with outstanding debts. She successfully appealed to the Emperor on 11 December 1791 for a widow's pension due to her as a result of Mozart's service to the Emperor as a part-time chamber composer. Additionally, she organized a series of concerts of Mozart's music and the publication of many of her husband's works. As a result, Constanze became financially secure over time.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_30
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Soon after the composer's death a Mozart biography was started by Friedrich Schlichtegroll, who wrote an early account based on information from Mozart's sister, Nannerl. Working with Constanze, Franz Niemetschek wrote a biography as well. Much later, Constanze assisted her second husband, Georg Nikolaus von Nissen, on a more detailed biography published in 1826. See Biographies of Mozart.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_31
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Mozart's musical reputation rose following his death; 20th-century biographer Maynard Solomon describes an "unprecedented wave of enthusiasm" for his work after he died, and a number of publishers issued editions of his compositions.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_32
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
What may have been Mozart's skull was exhumed in 1801, and in 1989–1991 it was examined for identification by several scientists.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_33
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Individuals present at the time of Mozart's death eventually committed their memories to writing, either on their own or through interviews by others. The stories they told are often contradictory, which may be due in part to some of the events not being recorded until the 1820s, when the witnesses' memories might have faded.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_34
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Benedikt Schack, Mozart's close friend for whom he wrote the role of Tamino in The Magic Flute, told an interviewer that on the last day of Mozart's life, he participated in a rehearsal of the Requiem in progress. Schack's questionable account appeared in an obituary for Schack which was published in the 25 July 1827 issue of the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_35
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
The widely repeated claim that, on his deathbed, Mozart dictated passages of the Requiem to his pupil Süssmayr is strongly discounted by Solomon, who notes that the earliest reference for this claim dates to 1856. However, Süssmayr's handwriting is in the original manuscript of the Requiem and Sophie Weber did claim to recall that Mozart gave instructions to Süssmayr.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_36
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
An 1840 letter from the composer Ignaz von Seyfried states that on his last night, Mozart was mentally occupied with the currently running opera The Magic Flute. Mozart is said to have whispered the following to Constanze in reference to her sister Josepha Hofer, the coloratura soprano who premiered the role of the Queen of the Night:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_37
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Solomon, while noting that Mozart's biographers often left out the "crueler memories" surrounding his death, stated, "Constanze Mozart told Nissen that just before the end Mozart asked her what [his physician] Dr. Closset had said. When she answered with a soothing lie, he said, 'It isn't true,' and he was very distressed: 'I shall die, now when I am able to take care of you and the children. Ah, now I will leave you unprovided for.' And as he spoke these words, 'suddenly he vomited—it gushed out of him in an arc—it was brown, and he was dead.'" Mozart's older, seven-year-old, son Karl was present at his father's death and later wrote, "Particularly remarkable is in my opinion the fact that a few days before he died, his whole body became so swollen that the patient was unable to make the smallest movement, moreover, there was stench, which reflected an internal disintegration which, after death, increased to the extent that an autopsy was impossible."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217972_38
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart
|
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|
Eisen, Cliff and Simon P. Keefe (2006) The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217985_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C4%8Diamiestis
|
Kapčiamiestis
|
Kapčiamiestis traces its history dating back in the early 16th century, then a manor was built. In 1777 a parish-school was opened here.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217985_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C4%8Diamiestis
|
Kapčiamiestis
|
The town had an important Jewish community. The Germans entered the town on 22 June 1941. On 15 September 1941, all of the Jews were taken under high security to Lazdijai. There they were put into a ghetto established in Katkishes, one kilometer outside of Lazdijai, where Jews from neighboring villages were interned. On 3 November 1941 the Jews of Kapčiamiestis were murdered with the rest of the ghetto inhabitants. Kapčiamiestis was devastated by World War II, after which most of the historical buildings were destroyed.
|
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52
] |
20231101.en_13217990_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
The White Shoal Light is a lighthouse located west of the Mackinac Bridge in Lake Michigan. It is an active aid to navigation. It is also the tallest lighthouse on the Great Lakes.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
The period between 1852 and the beginning of the 20th century saw great activity on the Great Lakes by the United States Lighthouse Board. Between 1852 and 1860 26 new lights were built. Even as the United States Civil War and its aftermath slowed construction, a dozen new lights were still lit in that decade. In the 1870s, 43 new lights were built on the Lakes. The 1880s saw more than one hundred lights constructed.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
As the new century began, on the Great Lakes the Lighthouse Board operated 334 major lights, 67 fog horns and 563 buoys.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
During the 19th century design of Great Lakes lights slowly evolved. Until 1870 the most common design was to build a keeper's dwelling with the light on the dwelling's roof or on a relatively small square tower attached to the house. In the 1870s, so as to raise lights to a higher focal plane, conical brick towers, usually between 80 and 100 feet tall were constructed. In the 1890s steel lined towers began to replace the older generation of brick building. See Big Sable Point Light for a striking transition and transformation.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
The White Shoal Light was the culmination of a 40-year effort from 1870 to 1910, when engineers began to build lights on isolated islands, reefs, and shoals that were significant navigational hazards. To that time, Light ships were the only practical way to mark the hazards, but were dangerous for the sailors who manned them, and were difficult to maintain. "Worse, regardless of the type of anchors used lightships could be blown off their expected location in severe storms, making them a potential liability in the worst weather when captains would depend on the charted location of these lights to measure their own ship's distance from dangerous rocks." See, United States lightship Huron (LV-103).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
Successively, using underwater crib designs, the Board built on a shoal the Waugoshance Light (1851), and demonstrated a "new level of expertise" in constructing of the Spectacle Reef Light (1874), Stannard Rock Light (1882) and Detroit River (Bar Point Shoal) (also known as the Detroit River Entrance Light) (1885). "The long and expensive process of building lights" in remote and difficult sites "ended in nationally publicized engineering projects that constructed" Rock of Ages (1908) and the White Shoal (1910) lights.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
In the first three decades of the 20th century the Lighthouse Board and the new Lighthouse Service continued to build new lights on the Great Lakes. For 1925, the Board had under its auspices around the Great Lakes 433 major lights, ten lightships, 129 fog signals and about 1,000 buoys. Of these 1,771 navigational aids, 160 stations had resident keepers, as most navigational aids were automated. By 1925 nearly all of the Great Lakes lighthouses that exist today had been constructed, except for Poe Reef Light, Gravelly Shoal Light, and Manning Memorial Light. Another is the William Livingtone Memorial Light, and the Great Lakes light, namely Tri-Centennial Light of Detroit.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
This is part of a larger pattern of building 14 reef lights around Michigan, which was intended to help ships navigate through and around the shoals and hazards around the Straits of Mackinac.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
Construction of the crib style light began in 1908 and the light was commissioned on September 1, 1910. Final cost of light construction was $225,000.00 (although $250,000 was budgeted for this project). In addition to a fog signal, it also had a submersible bell that would toll the number "23" to warn off mariners. This early 20th Century technological innovation was an audible precursor to a mid Century innovation using radar, RACON, which was later installed at this location.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
Because of growing freighter traffic in and through the Straits of Mackinac, this light was part of a larger plan to build lighthouses to protect ships and mariners in the area. This is one of the first three "lightship stations" of the Great Lakes. Its construction, along with Waugoshance Light, was a "major engineering feat" because of its distance and isolation from land. Until 1910, Lightship LV56 served at White Shoal. Construction for this light began in 1908: the crib pier being built in St. Ignace, and transported by ship. The keeper house was accompanied by a fog signal building that housed a diaphone, that has since been removed.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
The massive original lens was a 2nd Order Fresnel Lens manufactured by Barbier, Benard & Turenne of Paris. It had a "two-sided design known as a bi-valve configuration, with each side "featuring 7 refracting and 15 reflecting prisms." The lens floated on a bed of Mercury and was powered by a clockwork mechanism suspended in the tower. It had a range of up to and generated 1.2 million candle power. Similar lights were installed at Grosse Point Light (the only remaining 2nd Order Fresnel still in operation on the Great Lakes) and Rock of Ages Light. It was automated in 1976. The original lens is on display at the Whitefish Point Light Museum.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
It is the sole "aluminum-topped" lighthouse on the Great Lakes; most of the other lanterns are cast iron.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
The highly visible diagonal Daymark paint job, sometimes described as red and white 'candy cane stripe', is the only 'barber pole' lighthouse in the United States. However, black and white helical daymarks do appear on Cape Hatteras Light and St. Augustine Light.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
The White Shoal Light is the prominent design element in the "Save Our Lights" license plate for the State of Michigan; the sale of which helps fund lighthouse preservation. Michigan is the only state that supports lighthouse preservation with a program that includes annual grants from the state to local preservation groups. Thus, there are many organizations and their volunteers working hard to save and restore lighthouses. The Michigan Lighthouse Conservancy is a state preservation society, and the Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association is also based in the state.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
White Shoal Light is one of over 150 past and present lighthouses in Michigan. Michigan has more lighthouses than any other state. See Lighthouses in the United States.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
Because of its unique form and coloration, it is often the subject of photographs, drawings, and even of needlepoint illustrations.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
A scaled-down replica of this light was built on Lake Havasu at Lake Havasu City, Arizona. Located on the Lake Havasu Island Golf Course, the light is operational and was dedicated on November 2, 2008.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
It was sponsored by the families of John & Janet Roe & Eric & Sundin; built by Jack Hensley and Members of the Lake Havasu Lighthouse Club, dedicated "To the memory of Eric Sundin." It is located at , and has a red light that flashes sixty times per minute. See also List of lighthouses in the United States. It is considered to be iconic, and has been the subject of memorabilia.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
The best way to see the light is through the White Shoal Light Historical Preservation Society, the current owners/caretakers of the light. They offer a variety of boat tours that are short or lasting 6 hours or more including meals, on-site options and overnight stays as a way to support the preservation of the lighthouse; these began on July 22, 2019.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
A private boat is another way to see this light close up. Other commercial options would include Shepler's Ferry Service out of Mackinaw City offers periodic lighthouse cruises in the summer season. Its "westbound Lighthouse Tour" – three hours more or less – includes passes by various lights, including White Shoal Light, Waugoshance Light (which it replaced), Wilderness State Park, Gray's Reef Light (originally built in 1891), and St. Helena Island Light. A so-called grand lighthouse excursion is a yearly event sponsored through the Great Lakes Lightkeeper Association, and includes these and many other lights. Schedules and rates are available from Shepler's.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
The lighthouse sold at auction through the GSA in September 2016. The winning bid of $110,009 was placed by the White Shoal Light Historical Preservation Society based in Traverse City, Michigan.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217990_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Shoal%20Light%2C%20Michigan
|
White Shoal Light, Michigan
|
Murphy, L.A., "Investigation of Foundation Stability at White Shoal Light Station, Lake Michigan." Coast Guard Engineers Digest No. 96 (Jan-Feb, 1956), pp. 34–38.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217997_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Claudel%20%28musical%29
|
Camille Claudel (musical)
|
Camille Claudel is a musical with a book and lyrics by Nan Knighton and music by Frank Wildhorn, their second musical. It is based on the life of the real-life French sculptor and graphic artist Camille Claudel. The musical premiered at Goodspeed Musicals in 2003.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217997_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Claudel%20%28musical%29
|
Camille Claudel (musical)
|
The show's opening scene is in 1913, when Camille was removed from society, then flashes back to 1881 and onward. The plot focuses on Claudel's career and her tempestuous relationship with Auguste Rodin, for whom she was a source of inspiration, a model, a confidante, and a lover. The show opens with Camille's love for her true passion - sculpting ("In the Stone"). The musical features Camille's sometimes troubling relationship with both her father (who had actually helped her) and brother, Paul Claudel. Despite not being a male, she insists she be allowed to be enrolled at Le Salon ("Not a Man"), yet she still manages to work and learn under Rodin. Act 1 concludes with Camille deciding she no longer needs Rodin, and attempts to live and create on her own, only to have Rodin tell her that she would be nothing without him ("Taking Back My Life").
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217997_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Claudel%20%28musical%29
|
Camille Claudel (musical)
|
Act II opens with Rodin reflecting on what he has done, and ailing with amiss for Camille ("A Trembling Man"). Camille now spends a lot of time with her father, and the two discuss older times and are at harmony ("Snow Falls"). When Paul realizes Camille's downward spiral into the unknown and her relations with Rodin, he attempts to save her and turn her to God, such as he had had his own conversion ("Field of Angels"). Instead, Camille cannot seem to understand why no one believes in her - including her family ("What's Never Been Done Before"). Rodin eventually rekindles his love with Camille, but the love is never returned ("Learning How to Love You"). After several more years, Camille's family decides that she is no longer stable (both emotionally and financially); they announce that her father has passed days earlier, and she is devastated that they did not tell her. Although she fights with Paul that she is not meant to be there, Paul and her mother send her to an insane asylum, where she comes to peace with the news of her father ("Snow Falls (Reprise)"). At the end of Act II, which switches to modern times, where Camille, now alone, reflects on the life she has lived ("Gold").
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217997_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Claudel%20%28musical%29
|
Camille Claudel (musical)
|
Goodspeed Musicals in staged a "developmental run" in August and September 2003. Directed by Gabriel Barre and choreographed by Mark Dendy, the cast featured Linda Eder in the title role, Michael Nouri as Auguste Rodin, Matt Bogart as Paul Claudel and Milo O'Shea as Camille's father.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217997_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Claudel%20%28musical%29
|
Camille Claudel (musical)
|
The musical was presented in a "chamber-style" form; the cast was minimum, and they attempted to do the most they could with small scale sets. Orchestrations (by Kim Scharnberg) were also on a smaller scale. Instead of bringing in statues, they used dancers to perform, and many of the scenes were strictly dancing for the statues (sometimes accompanied by music). The Waltz was one of these. There were also many book-scenes/moments, more than a common Wildhorn musical. The creators have denounced calling this a "tragedy," but rather a celebration of the life of Camille.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217997_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Claudel%20%28musical%29
|
Camille Claudel (musical)
|
In 2004 it was presented in the form of a 45-minute reading at The National Alliance for Musical Theatre's 16th Annual Festival of New Musicals.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217997_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Claudel%20%28musical%29
|
Camille Claudel (musical)
|
A studio demo recording was made in 2004, with no plans for a release. That demo also included songs recorded in 2001 with Linda Eder as Camille and Guy LeMonnier as Rodin.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_13217997_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Claudel%20%28musical%29
|
Camille Claudel (musical)
|
The musical had been consistently worked upon, with hopes for productions in Europe and regional theatres across the United States. However, in 2007, author Nan Knighton said that while there were certain opportunities still available, there were no immediate plans to bring Camille anywhere.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217997_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Claudel%20%28musical%29
|
Camille Claudel (musical)
|
The world premiere of the newly rewritten Camille Claudel was to be presented by the Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virginia from March 24 to April 19, 2020. Directed by Eric D. Schaeffer and choreographed by Mathew Gardiner, the show was to feature Teal Wicks as Camille Claudel, Hugh Panaro as Augustine Rodin, Bobby Smith as M. Claudel, and Donna Migliaccio as Mme. Claudel. However, the world premiere at the Signature Theatre was postponed to the 2020/21 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217997_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Claudel%20%28musical%29
|
Camille Claudel (musical)
|
The world premiere song list follows. Although several changes have been made, many of the songs remain intact.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217997_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Claudel%20%28musical%29
|
Camille Claudel (musical)
|
No cast recording have been released. In 2004, a studio demo recording was made, starring Linda Eder and the majority of the world premiere cast. While it was originally thought that the recording would be released (nearly all of Wildhorn's musicals have released a concept album prior to a major production), this did not happen.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13217997_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Claudel%20%28musical%29
|
Camille Claudel (musical)
|
The musical features the Linda Eder single "Gold," which was included on two of her solo albums: Gold and Broadway, My Way. The song was performed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, UT, and was covered by Brandi Burkhardt at several European concerts with Frank Wildhorn.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218025_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt (February 16, 1876 near English, Indiana – March 7, 1956 in Shelbyville, Indiana) was an American educationist, a university professor and a writer. A representative of the efficiency minded thinkers, he specialized in the field of the curriculum.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218025_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
His parents were James and Martha Bobbitt, he was born in the small town of English, Indiana on February 16, 1876. Bobbitt graduated in 1901 from the Indiana University. He first worked in several rural schools in Indiana.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218025_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
From 1903 to 1907, Bobbitt was a teacher at the Philippine Normal School in Manila. He went to the Philippines as part of a member of a committee sent to draw up an elementary school curriculum for the islands. They had the freedom to form an original curriculum to fit the needs of the population. At first they put together American textbooks which they had been familiar with in United States schools, but a director of education in the Philippines made them look this over. When they saw that their idea did not fit with the social realities, they discarded their original plan. This time they drew up a plan with a variety of things to help the people gain health, make a living, and enjoy self-realization. They got away from the American textbooks and found activities derived from the Philippine culture. This is when Bobbitt realized that there were more useful solutions to forming a curriculum than just using traditional beliefs.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218025_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
Bobbitt went on and received a PhD from Clark University in 1909. From 1909 until his retirement in 1941, Bobbitt worked as faculty at the University of Chicago.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218025_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
In 1937, Sarah Annis Bobbitt sued Franklin Bobbitt, citing "extreme cruelty", requesting a dissolution of their marriage, as well as a restraining order, due to allegations of physical beatings, verbal abuse, and molestations.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218025_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
Later, Franklin Bobbitt remarried another woman named Mabel Deiwert in 1941, until his death in 1956.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218025_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
He felt that the curriculum was a way to prepare students for their future roles in the new industrial society. He influenced the curriculum by showing how teaching classical subjects should be replaced by teaching subjects that correspond to social needs. In 1918, Bobbitt wrote The Curriculum: a summary of the development concerning the theory of the curriculum. This became an official specialization in the education sciences. The entrance point of a curriculum was, according to Bobbitt, to see which results have to be accomplished.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218025_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
Bobbitt felt that the curriculum has to adapt to the needs of an individual and to the needs of the new industrial society, people should not be taught what they would never use. They should only learn those skills which were necessary to fulfill their personal tasks. Education was according to Bobbitt primarily a preparation for adulthood and not for childhood or youth. This resulted in an early differentiation in education. Bobbitt was not a supporter of coeducation. In his view girls had a very different future than boys, so they did not need the same sort of education.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218025_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
Bobbitt created five steps for curriculum making: (a) analysis of human experience, (b) job analysis, (c) deriving objectives, (d) selecting objectives, and (e) planning in detail. The first step was about separating all of human experience into major fields. This was followed by step two, where the fields were broken down into more specific activities. The third step was to form the objective from the abilities needed to perform the activities. Next is the fourth step, where the objectives are selected from to find ones that would serve as the basis for planning activities for the students. The last step was to lay out activities, experiences, and opportunities that would be needed to obtain the objectives.
|
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49
] |
20231101.en_13218025_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
Besides a change in the content of the curriculum, Bobbitt was also calling for the elimination of conventional school subjects. He preferred subjects that were themselves areas of living, such as citizenship and leisure (p97). Bobbitt also believed that schools were charged to provide society with what it needed as determined by scientific analyses (p100).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218025_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
Bobbitt realized that there were too many activities (for example related to citizenship, health, spare time, parentship, work related activities and languages) to fit in any curriculum. A part of those activities were well taught by socialization: the so-called undirected experiences. This is why the curriculum has to aim at the particular subjects that are not sufficiency learned as a result of normal socialization, these subjects were described as shortcomings.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218025_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
Bobbitt Franklin; Social Efficiency Movement. Retrieved November 4, 2008, from a hypertext history of Instructional Design Web site.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218025_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bobbitt
|
John Franklin Bobbitt
|
Prof. Franklin Bobbitt Sued by Wife; Accused of Beatings. (1937, October 26). Chicago Daily Tribune, p. 3.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218038_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey%20Zhekov
|
Andrey Zhekov
|
Andrey Zhekov (; born March 12, 1980) is a former Bulgarian volleyball player and current head coach of Levski Volley. He entered the national team in 1998 at the age of 18. 190 cm tall and weighing 82 kg Zhekov is the former setter of the Bulgarian national team. Club Champion of Bulgaria with the teams of Levski Volley and Slavia Sofia. Zhekov is married and has two children.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218071_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadius%20Placidus%20Magnus%20Felix
|
Arcadius Placidus Magnus Felix
|
Arcadius Placidus Magnus Felix (floruit 511) was a Roman politician who was appointed consul during the reign of Theodoric the Great.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218071_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadius%20Placidus%20Magnus%20Felix
|
Arcadius Placidus Magnus Felix
|
He belonged to an ancient and noble family from Gaul; he lost his father in his youth, inheriting his wealth.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218071_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadius%20Placidus%20Magnus%20Felix
|
Arcadius Placidus Magnus Felix
|
Theodoric bestowed on him at least one noteworthy office, as in 511 he was already vir illustris. That same year he was appointed consul in the West, while Secundinus was appointed consul by the Eastern court; the formal announcement was preserved by Cassiodorus (Variae, 2.1). Another letter to him from Theodoric has survived, which is assumed to have been written in the same year, asking him not to pay some debts claimed by the charioteers of the Hippodrome of Milan (Variae, 3.39).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218071_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadius%20Placidus%20Magnus%20Felix
|
Arcadius Placidus Magnus Felix
|
"Secundinus 5", Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992, , p. 986.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218110_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullich
|
Tullich
|
Tullich (, ) is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is known as the birthplace of St. Nathalan and also as the site of some noted Pictish stones.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218110_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullich
|
Tullich
|
The church is the site of a ruined church, built in around 1400. It has been suggested that the medieval church was constructed on the same site as a 7th-century chapel established by Nathalan.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218111_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0gelmir
|
Víðgelmir
|
Víðgelmir () is a lava tube situated in the Hallmundarhraun lava field (formed around 900 AD) in west Iceland, around 2 km southeast of Fljótstunga farm in Hvítársíða, Borgarfjörður. The roof of the lava tube has collapsed, creating two large openings near its north end which are the only known entrances. Víðgelmir is 1585 m long and the largest part of the cave passage is 15.8 m high and 16.5 m wide, making it by far the largest of its kind in Iceland. The cave has a wide entrance but narrows down in some places. An iron gate was installed at the first constriction in 1991 to preserve those of the delicate lava formations or speleothems which hadn't already been destroyed. Evidence of human habitation, probably dating to the Viking Age, has been discovered in the cave and is preserved in the National Museum of Iceland. Long stretches of the cave floor are very rough and shouldn't be navigated without a guide. Access and guided tours are provided at nearby Fljótstunga.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218111_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0gelmir
|
Víðgelmir
|
Lava tubes are formed when a low-viscosity lava flow develops a continuous and hard crust which then thickens and forms a roof above the molten lava stream. When the eruption subsides, the still-molten lava moving beneath the crust will continue to drain downhill, leaving an open lava tube. Many other lava tubes have been discovered in Hallmundarhraun, most notably Surtshellir and Stefánshellir.
|
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-17,
-43,
-7,
51,
6,
40,
-19,
7,
34
] |
20231101.en_13218136_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Kerry%20senior%20Gaelic%20football%20team%20captains
|
List of Kerry senior Gaelic football team captains
|
This article chronologically lists players who have captained the senior Kerry county football team in the Munster Senior Football Championship and the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. If a player captained Kerry in multiple games in a year but that captaincy was broken by an absence from the starting line up, then there will be separate entries for that player for that year.
|
[
4,
2,
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36,
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30,
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16,
24,
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12,
10,
1,
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5,
11,
28,
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19,
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16,
0,
20,
10,
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57,
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36,
17,
24,
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19,
7,
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26,
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1,
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33,
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37,
9,
3,
16,
15,
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6,
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37,
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10,
21,
1,
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31,
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43,
24,
6,
10,
4,
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8,
2,
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9,
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19,
31,
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11,
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50,
9,
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16,
15,
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11,
11,
3,
29,
56,
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-10,
-23,
-30,
19,
13,
8,
-16,
23,
-9,
15,
-3,
14,
-28,
19,
31,
12,
22,
33,
-41,
-26,
5,
2,
34,
16,
2,
-39,
31,
38,
1,
-4,
-4,
-26,
2,
-2,
-17,
-7,
4,
2,
19,
20,
-10,
18,
-32,
36,
-19,
-38,
50,
-17,
-7,
-14,
-19,
-13,
-9,
24,
-37,
13,
-15,
25,
-33,
-24,
33,
-13,
19,
-4,
-50,
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23,
6,
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18,
-30,
-15,
3,
-26,
-6,
-19,
-14,
3,
-35,
-31,
2,
-28,
-36,
44,
31,
-18,
-43,
20,
10,
33,
-41
] |
20231101.en_13218136_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Kerry%20senior%20Gaelic%20football%20team%20captains
|
List of Kerry senior Gaelic football team captains
|
The list is confined to players who started games as captain, it does not list players that were nominated as county captain but did not command a starting place. Unlike other counties the captain is chosen from the club that has won the Kerry Senior Football Championship.
|
[
-1,
-18,
6,
-18,
21,
13,
-28,
11,
4,
26,
40,
40,
-2,
21,
-26,
-25,
-1,
0,
-36,
-20,
-9,
48,
-24,
-39,
28,
-2,
5,
-25,
-7,
5,
4,
6,
-9,
22,
-16,
-31,
-12,
-38,
-24,
32,
-1,
-25,
6,
-20,
26,
-39,
-11,
-12,
-24,
-28,
34,
-19,
-2,
2,
-15,
-6,
9,
-5,
17,
-3,
-20,
-25,
-56,
73,
0,
-14,
4,
-65,
-1,
-24,
-28,
-27,
-41,
-12,
37,
2,
-8,
-3,
-37,
13,
-14,
59,
29,
-43,
-15,
14,
24,
0,
15,
-3,
-30,
8,
-27,
-1,
15,
2,
48,
20,
-5,
5,
24,
-23,
23,
1,
-10,
11,
31,
4,
-14,
-15,
-4,
-26,
18,
-12,
7,
-28,
36,
-17,
15,
20,
53,
49,
19,
-35,
41,
66,
-12,
-19,
-33,
15,
16,
-71,
11,
5,
-60,
28,
-26,
18,
-14,
-2,
12,
4,
17,
0,
-20,
5,
-14,
-29,
-42,
-4,
9,
-5,
12,
-28,
-12,
26,
3,
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11,
-24,
-30,
-12,
-5,
2,
14,
1,
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41,
-1,
55,
24,
22,
9,
49,
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18,
-14,
31,
14,
22,
14,
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39,
38,
47,
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14,
1,
17,
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26,
29,
11,
22,
22,
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1,
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16,
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5,
5,
6,
7,
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8,
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18,
10,
48,
26,
18,
51,
7,
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-2,
11,
16,
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34,
-43,
9,
33,
28,
-33,
-21,
-5,
22,
33,
-37,
20,
-22,
-23,
-38,
4,
1,
27,
3,
0,
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] |
20231101.en_13218136_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Kerry%20senior%20Gaelic%20football%20team%20captains
|
List of Kerry senior Gaelic football team captains
|
2020: David Clifford 2019: Gavin White 2018: Shane Murphy 2017: Fionn Fitzgerald and Johnny Buckley
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218137_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Killers%20%28Bukowski%20short%20story%29
|
The Killers (Bukowski short story)
|
"The Killers" is a short-story by Charles Bukowski collected in his 1973 collection South of No North, originally published by John Martin's Black Sparrow Press. The story elucidates Bukowski's publicly acknowledged artistic debt to Ernest Hemingway, the writer who had the most influence on American writers of Bukowksi's generation. Like Hemingway's "The Killers", Bukowski's story of the same name has as its thematic trope murder in a nihilistic universe. Unlike Hemingway, the killers actually accomplish their act in the time-frame of the story.
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20231101.en_13218137_1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Killers%20%28Bukowski%20short%20story%29
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The Killers (Bukowski short story)
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Bukowski's authorial point of view in his version of "The Killers" also is influenced by Hemingway, as he sees it as a logical outgrowth of the attitude expressed by Hemingway's fictional alter-ego Nick Adams at the end of the 1927 "Killers":
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] |
20231101.en_13218137_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Killers%20%28Bukowski%20short%20story%29
|
The Killers (Bukowski short story)
|
Bukowski's fiction is full of attempts to escape the Los Angeles of his childhood and teen-years, all of which are doomed to failure as his fictional alter-ego, Henry Chinaski, finds the same appalling corruption everywhere he travels. In Bukowski's "The Killers", there is no escape for the murderers who are the protagonists of the story, mirroring the doomed boxer Ole Andreson in Hemingway's original.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13218140_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bleeding%20%28song%29
|
The Bleeding (song)
|
"The Bleeding" is a song by American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch. It is the lead single from the band's first album The Way of the Fist (2007), released through Firm Music.
|
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