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20231101.en_13198678_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staven
|
Staven
|
Staven is a municipality in the district Mecklenburgische Seenplatte, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198680_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponholz
|
Sponholz
|
Sponholz is a municipality in the district Mecklenburgische Seenplatte, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198685_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbeck
|
Schönbeck
|
Schönbeck is a municipality in the district Mecklenburgische Seenplatte, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. This is the headquarters of German beer-making in the northeastern part of Germany.
|
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47
] |
20231101.en_13198687_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priepert
|
Priepert
|
Priepert is a municipality in the ocean Mecklenburgische Seenplatte, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is flying River Havel in between the trees of Großer Priepertsee and Ellbogensee.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198691_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragsdorf
|
Pragsdorf
|
Pragsdorf is a municipality in the district Mecklenburgische Seenplatte, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation is a historical document signed on November 7, 1775, by John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, royal governor of the British colony of Virginia. The proclamation declared martial law and promised freedom for slaves of American Patriots who left their owners and joined the British army, becoming Black Loyalists. The same right was offered to indentured servants. Most relevant historians agree that the proclamation was chiefly designed for practical rather than moral reasons.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
Formally proclaimed on November 15, its publication prompted between 800 and 2000 slaves (from both Patriot and Loyalist owners) to run away and enlist with Dunmore. It also raised a furor among Virginia's slave-owning elites (again of both political persuasions), to whom the possibility of a slave rebellion was a major fear. The proclamation ultimately failed in meeting Dunmore's objectives; he was forced out of the colony in 1776, taking about 300 former slaves with him. The 1779 Philipsburg Proclamation applied to all the colonies. During the course of the war, between 80,000 and 100,000 slaves escaped from the plantations.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, originally from Scotland, was the royal governor of the Colony of Virginia from 1771 to 1775. During his tenure, he worked proactively to extend Virginia's western borders past the Appalachian Mountains, despite the British Royal Proclamation of 1763. He notably defeated the Shawnee nation in Dunmore's War, gaining land south of the Ohio River. As a widespread dislike for the British crown (as a result of the American Revolution) became apparent, however, Dunmore changed his attitude towards the colonists; he became frustrated with the lack of respect towards the British Crown. Dunmore's popularity worsened after, following orders, he attempted to prevent the election of representatives to the Second Continental Congress.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
On April 21, 1775, he seized colonial ammunition stores, an action that resulted in the formation of an angry mob. The colonists argued that the ammunition belonged to them, not to the British Crown. That night, Dunmore angrily swore, "I have once fought for the Virginians and by God, I will let them see that I can fight against them." This was one of the first instances that Dunmore overtly threatened to institute martial law. While he had not formally passed any rulings, news of his plan spread through the colony rapidly. A group of slaves offered their services to the royal governor not long after April 21. Though he ordered them away, the colonial slaveholders remained suspicious of his intentions.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
As colonial protests became violent, Dunmore fled the Governor's Palace in Williamsburg and took refuge aboard the frigate HMS Fowey at Yorktown on June 8, 1775. For several months, Dunmore replenished his forces and supplies by conducting raids and inviting slaves to join him. When Virginia's House of Burgesses decided that Dunmore's departure indicated his resignation, he drafted a formal proclamation now named after him, signing it on November 7. It was publicly proclaimed a week later.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
In the official document, he declared martial law and adjudged all revolutionaries as traitors to the British Crown. Furthermore, the document declared "all indentured servants, Negroes, or others...free that are able and willing to bear arms..." Dunmore expected such a revolt to have several effects. Primarily, it would bolster his own forces, which, cut off from reinforcements from British-held Boston, numbered only around 300. Secondarily, he hoped that such an action would create a fear among the colonists of a general slave uprising and would force them to abandon the revolution.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
The Virginia Convention was outraged and responded on December 14, 1775, with an unambiguous declaration that all fugitive slaves would be executed:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
Newspapers such as The Virginia Gazette published the proclamation in full, and patrols were organized to look for any slaves attempting to take Dunmore up on his offer. The Gazette not only criticized Dunmore for offering freedom to only those slaves belonging to revolutionaries who were willing to serve him, but also questioned whether he would be true to his word, suggesting that he would sell the escaped slaves in the West Indies. The paper therefore cautioned slaves to "Be not then...tempted by the proclamation to ruin your selves." Since very few slaves were literate, this was more a symbolic move than anything. It was also noted that Dunmore himself was a slaveholder.
|
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20231101.en_13198715_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
On December 4, the Continental Congress recommended to Virginian colonists that they resist Dunmore "to the uttermost..." On December 13, the Virginia Convention responded in kind with a proclamation of its own, declaring that any slaves who returned to their masters within ten days would be pardoned, but those who did not would be hanged without the benefit of clergy.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
Estimates of the number of slaves that reached Dunmore vary, but generally range between 800 and 2,000. The escaped slaves Dunmore accepted were enlisted into what was known as Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment. The only notable battle in which Dunmore's regiment participated was the Battle of Great Bridge in early December 1775, which was a decisive British loss.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
Dunmore's strategy was ultimately unsuccessful as his forces were decimated by a smallpox outbreak less than a year later. When Dunmore ultimately left the colony in 1776 he took 300 of the former slaves with him.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
In 1779, British General Sir Henry Clinton issued the Philipsburg Proclamation, which freed slaves owned by revolutionaries throughout the rebel states, even if they did not enlist in the British Army. It resulted in a significantly larger number of runaways. It is estimated that up to 100,000 attempted to leave their owners and join the British over the course of the entire war. At the end of the war, the British relocated about 3,000 former slaves to Nova Scotia.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
Gilbert, Alan. Black Patriots and Loyalists: Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence (University of Chicago Press, 2012)
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
Piecuch, Jim. Three Peoples, One King: Loyalists, Indians, and Slaves in the Revolutionary South, 1775–1782 (Univ of South Carolina Press, 2008)
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198715_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore%27s%20Proclamation
|
Dunmore's Proclamation
|
Quarles, Benjamin. "Lord Dunmore as Liberator," William and Mary Quarterly (1958) 15#4 pp. 494–507 in JSTOR
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198716_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Association%20of%20Ugly%20People
|
World Association of Ugly People
|
The World Association of Ugly People (in Italian Club dei Brutti) is an organization dedicated to fighting for the recognition of ugly people, in a society that places a high value on physical beauty. The group's motto is "A person is what he is and not what he looks like".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198716_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Association%20of%20Ugly%20People
|
World Association of Ugly People
|
The club claims to have a history in Piobbico, Italy, from 1879. It was launched again in 1963 as a marriage agency for the town's single women.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198716_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Association%20of%20Ugly%20People
|
World Association of Ugly People
|
The World Association of Ugly People club campaigns against discrimination in the workplace based on looks. It attempts to make society more aware of ugly people's problems. It also helps people overcome their phobias and, in some cases, to find partners.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198716_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Association%20of%20Ugly%20People
|
World Association of Ugly People
|
In 2007, the group unveiled a monument dedicated to ugly people in Piobbico's town square. The monument depicts an unknown person looking at his reflection in a mirror.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198716_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Association%20of%20Ugly%20People
|
World Association of Ugly People
|
The club's emblem is the head of a wild boar. The club's crest features a reclining man smoking a pipe with the slogan: "Ugliness is a virtue, beauty is slavery".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198716_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Association%20of%20Ugly%20People
|
World Association of Ugly People
|
The club's patron is Vulcan from Roman mythology. At birth Vulcan was so ugly that his mother threw him over a cliff. He survived and became a skilled blacksmith. For providing Achilles with superior weapons, he was admitted to Mount Olympus where he married the beautiful Venus, goddess of love.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198716_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Association%20of%20Ugly%20People
|
World Association of Ugly People
|
The members of the World Association of Ugly People elect their president annually during the Festival of the Ugly. This event is hosted by the small town of Piobbico in the Marche region of Italy every year on the first Sunday of September.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198716_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Association%20of%20Ugly%20People
|
World Association of Ugly People
|
Every year until 2007, Telesforo Iacobelli won the top prize and was president of the club, owing to his dedication to the organization. Also, he has a small nose in a culture where large noses are considered beautiful. On August 21, 2006, Iacobelli died.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198716_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Association%20of%20Ugly%20People
|
World Association of Ugly People
|
In 2010, the Association provided inspiration for the song "Club Dei Brutti" by the English band Idiot Savant.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198746_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topper%20Shutt
|
Topper Shutt
|
Charles "Topper" Shutt is Chief Meteorologist at WUSA Channel 9 in Washington, D.C., and forecaster for WHUR-FM.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198746_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topper%20Shutt
|
Topper Shutt
|
In 1981, Shutt began his television weather career with CNN in Atlanta, Georgia, working as a weather producer and substitute weather anchor. In 1984,he moved on to a weekday weather anchor position at WTVK-TV (now WVLT-TV) in Knoxville, Tennessee. He spent a year, from 1987 to 1988, as weekend weather anchor at WFMY-TV in Greensboro, North Carolina. In 1988, he joined WFMY sister station WUSA, also at that time beginning to supply to forecasts to WHUR-FM. In 1992, he co-founded Automated Weather Source, a network of weather stations that reported real-time observations to be used on broadcast television. Between 1994 and 2000 he served as occasional stand-in for CBS This Morning weather anchors Mark McEwen and Craig Allen.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198746_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topper%20Shutt
|
Topper Shutt
|
Shutt also served on the National Science Foundation review panel for the National Science Education Standards.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198746_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topper%20Shutt
|
Topper Shutt
|
Topper Shutt was a childhood resident of the Washington area, Shutt graduated from Landon School in Bethesda, Maryland before attending Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut with a major in history. He went on to the University of Tennessee and the University of North Carolina at Asheville to study Meteorology.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198752_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabel
|
Jabel
|
Jabel is a municipality in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198758_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic%20Dorogov%27s%20Stimulator
|
Antiseptic Dorogov's Stimulator
|
Antiseptic Dorogov's Stimulator (, ASD) is an antiseptic drug invented by A. V. Dorogov in the 1940s in the former USSR.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198758_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic%20Dorogov%27s%20Stimulator
|
Antiseptic Dorogov's Stimulator
|
ASD was originally invented by Russian researcher A. V. Dorogov in the 1940s and initially kept secret and allowed only for army and special services use. Since the 1990s it has been produced in a biochemical factory in Armavir and registered in Russia as official drug for animal-only usage and recommended for skin diseases in pigs and cows.
|
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1,
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] |
20231101.en_13198758_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic%20Dorogov%27s%20Stimulator
|
Antiseptic Dorogov's Stimulator
|
Attributed strong anti-carcinogenic and anti-viral properties, the production process is described as "thermal processing of animal-origin tissues." The final product is a dark fluid with a very strong and specific odour. Available in two fractions - "third", denser, is to be administered on skin, "second" fraction - orally.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting, sometimes known as abrasive blasting, is the operation of forcibly propelling a stream of abrasive material against a surface under high pressure to smooth a rough surface, roughen a smooth surface, shape a surface or remove surface contaminants. A pressurised fluid, typically compressed air, or a centrifugal wheel is used to propel the blasting material (often called the media). The first abrasive blasting process was patented by Benjamin Chew Tilghman on 18 October 1870.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
There are several variants of the process, using various media; some are highly abrasive, whereas others are milder. The most abrasive are shot blasting (with metal shot) and sandblasting (with sand). Moderately abrasive variants include glass bead blasting (with glass beads) and plastic media blasting (PMB) with ground-up plastic stock or walnut shells and corncobs. Some of these substances can cause anaphylactic shock to individuals allergic to the media. A mild version is sodablasting (with baking soda). In addition, there are alternatives that are barely abrasive or nonabrasive, such as ice blasting and dry-ice blasting.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Sand blasting is also known as abrasive blasting, which is a generic term for the process of smoothing, shaping and cleaning a hard surface by forcing solid particles across that surface at high speeds; the effect is similar to that of using sandpaper, but provides a more even finish with no problems at corners or crannies. Sandblasting can occur naturally, usually as a result of particles blown by wind causing aeolian erosion, or artificially, using compressed air. An artificial sandblasting process was patented by Benjamin Chew Tilghman on 18 October 1870. Thomas Wesley Pangborn perfected the idea and added compressed air in 1904.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting equipment typically consists of a chamber in which sand and air are mixed. The mixture travels through a hand-held nozzle to direct the particles toward the surface or work piece. Nozzles come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials. Boron carbide is a popular material for nozzles because it resists abrasive wear well.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Wet abrasive blasting uses water as the fluid moving the abrasives. The advantages are that the water traps the dust produced, and lubricates the surface. The water cushions the impact on the surface, reducing the removal of sound material.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
One of the original pioneers of the wet abrasive process was Norman Ashworth who found the advantages of using a wet process as a strong alternative to dry blasting. The process is available in all conventional formats including hand cabinets, walk-in booths, automated production machinery and total loss portable blasting units. Advantages include the ability to use extremely fine or coarse media with densities ranging from plastic to steel and the ability to use hot water and soap to allow simultaneous degreasing and blasting. The reduction in dust also makes it safer to use siliceous materials for blasting, or to remove hazardous material such as asbestos, radioactive or poisonous products.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Process speeds are generally not as fast as conventional dry abrasive blasting when using the equivalent size and type of media, in part because the presence of water between the media and the substrate being processed creates a lubricating cushion that can protect both the surface and the media, reducing breakdown rates. Reduced impregnation of blasting material into the surface, dust reduction and the elimination of static cling can result in a very clean surface.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Wet blasting of mild steel will result in immediate or 'flash' corrosion of the blasted steel substrate due to the presence of water. The lack of surface recontamination also allows the use of single equipment for multiple blasting operations—e.g., stainless steel and mild steel items can be processed in the same equipment with the same media without problems.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
A variant of wet blasting is vapor blasting (or vapour blasting; U.K.). In this process pressurized air is added to the water in the nozzle producing a high-speed mist, called "vapor". This process is even milder than wet blasting, allowing mating surfaces to be cleaned while retaining their ability to mate.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Bead blasting is the process of removing surface deposits by applying fine glass beads at a high pressure without damaging the surface. It is used to clean calcium deposits from pool tiles or any other surfaces, remove embedded fungus, and brighten grout color. It is also used in auto body work to remove paint. In removing paint for auto body work, bead blasting is preferred over sand blasting, as sand blasting tends to create a greater surface profile than bead blasting. Bead blasting is often used in creating a uniform surface finish on machined parts. It is additionally used in cleaning mineral specimens, most of which have a Mohs hardness of 7 or less and would thus be damaged by sand.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
In wheel blasting, a spinning wheel propels the abrasive against an object. It is typically categorized as an airless blasting operation because there is no propellant (gas or liquid) used. A wheel machine is a high-power, high-efficiency blasting operation with recyclable abrasive (typically steel or stainless-steel shot, cut wire, grit, or similarly sized pellets). Specialized wheel blast machines propel plastic abrasive in a cryogenic chamber and is usually used for deflashing plastic and rubber components. The size of the wheel blast machine, and the number and power of the wheels vary considerably depending on the parts to be blasted as well as on the expected result and efficiency. The first blast wheel was patented by Wheelabrator in 1932. In China, the first blast wheel was built around the 1950s, Qinggong Machinery is one of the earliest manufacturers of blast wheel.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Micro-abrasive blasting is dry abrasive blasting process that uses small nozzles (typically 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm diameter) to deliver a fine stream of abrasive accurately to a small part or a small area on a larger part. Generally the area to be blasted is from about 1 mm2 to only a few cm2 at most. Also known as pencil blasting, the fine jet of abrasive is accurate enough to write directly on glass and delicate enough to cut a pattern in an eggshell. The abrasive media particle sizes range from 10 micrometres up to about 150 micrometres. Higher pressures are often required.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
The most common micro-abrasive blasting systems are commercial bench-mounted units consisting of a power supply and mixer, exhaust hood, nozzle, and gas supply. The nozzle can be hand-held or fixture mounted for automatic operation. Either the nozzle or part can be moved in automatic operation.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Automated blasting is simply the automation of the abrasive blasting process. Automated blasting is frequently just a step in a larger automated procedure, usually involving other surface treatments such as preparation and coating applications. Care is often needed to isolate the blasting chamber from mechanical components that may be subject to dust fouling.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
In this type of blasting, air and dry ice are used. Surface contaminants are dislodged by the force of frozen carbon dioxide particles hitting at high velocity, and by slight shrinkage due to freezing which disrupts adhesion bonds. The dry ice sublimates, leaving no residue to clean up other than the removed material. Dry ice is a relatively soft material, so is less destructive to the underlying material than sandblasting.
|
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2
] |
20231101.en_13198770_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Bristle blasting, unlike other blasting methods, does not require a separate blast medium. The surface is treated by a brush-like rotary tool made of dynamically tuned high-carbon steel wire bristles. Repeated contact with the sharp, rotating bristle tips results in localized impact, rebound, and crater formation, which simultaneously cleans and coarsens the surface.
|
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13
] |
20231101.en_13198770_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Vacuum blasting is a method that generates very little dust and spill, as the blast tool does dry abrasive blasting and collects used blast media and loosened particles from the surface to be treated, simultaneously. Blast media consumption is relatively low with this method, as the used blast media is automatically separated from dust and loosened particles, and reused several times.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Mobile dry abrasive blast systems are typically powered by a diesel air compressor. The air compressor provides a large volume of high pressure air to a single or multiple "blast pots". Blast pots are pressurized, tank-like containers, filled with abrasive material, used to allow an adjustable amount of blasting grit into the main blasting line. The number of blast pots is dictated by the volume of air the compressor can provide. Fully equipped blast systems are often found mounted on semi-tractor trailers, offering high mobility and easy transport from site to site. Others are hopper-fed types making them lightweight and more mobile.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
In wet blasting, the abrasive is introduced into a pressurized stream of water or other liquid, creating a slurry. Wet blasting is often used in applications where the minimal dust generation is desired. Portable applications may or may not recycle the abrasive.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
A blast cabinet is essentially a closed loop system that allows the operator to blast the part and recycle the abrasive. It usually consists of four components; the containment (cabinet), the abrasive blasting system, the abrasive recycling system and the dust collection. The operator blasts the parts from the outside of the cabinet by placing his arms in gloves attached to glove holes on the cabinet, viewing the part through a view window, turning the blast on and off using a foot pedal or treadle. Automated blast cabinets are also used to process large quantities of the same component and may incorporate multiple blast nozzles and a part conveyance system.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
There are three systems typically used in a blast cabinet. Two, siphon and pressure, are dry and one is wet:
|
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19
] |
20231101.en_13198770_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
A siphon blast system (suction blast system) uses the compressed air to create vacuum in a chamber (known as the blast gun). The negative pressure pulls abrasive into the blast gun where the compressed air directs the abrasive through a blast nozzle. The abrasive mixture travels through a nozzle that directs the particles toward the surface or workpiece. Nozzles come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials. Tungsten carbide is the liner material most often used for mineral abrasives. Silicon carbide and boron carbide nozzles are more wear resistant and are often used with harder abrasives such as aluminium oxide. Inexpensive abrasive blasting systems and smaller cabinets use ceramic nozzles.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_22
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
In a pressure blast system, the abrasive is stored in the pressure vessel then sealed. The vessel is pressurized to the same pressure as the blast hose attached to the bottom of the pressure vessel. The abrasive is metered into the blast hose and conveyed by the compressed gas through the blast nozzle.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_23
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Wet blast cabinets use a system that injects the abrasive/liquid slurry into a compressed gas stream. Wet blasting is typically used when the heat produced by friction in dry blasting would damage the part.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_24
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
A blast room is a much larger version of a blast cabinet. Blast operators work inside the room to roughen, smooth, or clean surfaces of an item depending on the needs of the finished product. Blast rooms and blast facilities come in many sizes, some of which are big enough to accommodate very large or uniquely shaped objects like rail cars, commercial and military vehicles, construction equipment, and aircraft.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_25
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Each application may require the use of many different pieces of equipment, however, there are several key components that can be found in a typical blast room:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_26
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
An enclosure or containment system, usually the room itself, designed to remain sealed to prevent blast media from escaping
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_27
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
A dust collection system which filters the air in the room and prevents particulate matter from escaping
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_28
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
A material recycling or media reclamation system to collect abrasive blasting media so it can be used again; these can be automated mechanical or pneumatic systems installed in the floor of the blast room, or the blast media can be collected manually by sweeping or shoveling the material back into the blast pot
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_29
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Additional equipment can be added for convenience and improved usability, such as overhead cranes for maneuvering the workpiece, wall-mounted units with multiple axes that allow the operator to reach all sides of the workpiece, and sound-dampening materials used to reduce noise levels.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_30
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
In the early 1900s, it was assumed that sharp-edged grains provided the best performance, but this was later shown to be incorrect.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_31
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Mineral Silica sand can be used as a type of mineral abrasive. It tends to break up quickly, creating large quantities of dust, exposing the operator to the potential development of silicosis, a debilitating lung disease. To counter this hazard, silica sand for blasting is often coated with resins to control the dust. Using silica as an abrasive is not allowed in Germany, Belgium, Russia, Sweden and United Kingdom for this reason. Silica is a common abrasive in countries where it is not banned.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_32
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Garnet Garnet is more expensive than silica sand, but if used correctly, will offer equivalent production rates while producing less dust and no safety hazards from inhaling the dust. Magnesium sulphate, or kieserite.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_33
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Agricultural Typically, crushed nut shells or fruit kernels. These soft abrasives are used to avoid damaging the underlying material such when cleaning brick or stone, removing graffiti, or the removal of coatings from printed circuit boards being repaired.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_34
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Synthetic This category includes corn starch, wheat starch, sodium bicarbonate, and dry ice. These "soft" abrasives are also used to avoid damaging the underlying material such when cleaning brick or stone, removing graffiti, or the removal of coatings from printed circuit boards being repaired. Soda blasting uses baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) which is extremely friable, the micro fragmentation on impact exploding away surface materials without damage to the substrate. Additional synthetic abrasives include process byproducts (e.g., copper slag, nickel slag, and coal slag), engineered abrasives (e.g., aluminium oxide, silicon carbide or carborundum, glass beads, ceramic shot/grit), and recycled products (e.g., plastic abrasive, glass grit).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_35
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Metallic Steel shot, steel grit, stainless steel shot, cut wire, copper shot, aluminium shot, zinc shot.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_36
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Many coarser media used in sandblasting often result in energy being given off as sparks or light on impact. The colours and size of the spark or glow varies significantly, with heavy bright orange sparks from steel shot blasting, to a faint blue glow (often invisible in sunlight or brightly lit work areas) from garnet abrasive.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_37
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Cleaning operations using abrasive blasting can present risks for workers' health and safety, specifically in portable air blasting or blast room (booth) applications. There is a large amount of dust created through abrasive blasting from the substrate and abrasive. Although many abrasives used in blasting rooms are not hazardous in themselves, (steel shot and grit, cast iron, aluminum oxide, garnet, plastic abrasive and glass bead), other abrasives (silica sand, copper slag, nickel slag, and staurolite) have varying degrees of hazard (typically free silica or heavy metals). However, in all cases their use can present serious danger to operators, such as burns due to projections (with skin or eye lesions), falls due to walking on round shot scattered on the ground, exposure to hazardous dusts, heat exhaustion, creation of an explosive atmosphere, and exposure to excessive noise. Blasting rooms and portable blaster's equipment have been adapted to these dangers. Blasting lead-based paint can fill the air with lead particles which can be harmful to the nervous system.
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_38
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
In the US the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates engineered solutions to potential hazards, however silica sand continues to be allowed even though most commonly used blast helmets are not sufficiently effective at protecting the blast operator if ambient levels of dust exceed allowable limits. Adequate levels of respiratory protection for blast operations in the United States is approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_39
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Positive pressure blast hood or helmet – The hood or helmet includes a head suspension system to allow the device to move with the operator's head, a view window with replaceable lens or lens protection and an air-feed hose.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_40
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Grade‑D air supply (or self-contained oil-less air pump) – The air feed hose is typically attached to a grade‑D pressurized air supply. Grade‑D air is mandated by OSHA to protect the worker from hazardous gases. It includes a pressure regulator, air filtration and a carbon monoxide monitor/alarm. An alternative method is a self-contained, oil-less air pump to feed pressurized air to the blast hood/helmet. An oil-less air pump does not require an air filter or carbon monoxide monitor/alarm, because the pressurized air is coming from a source that cannot generate carbon monoxide.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_41
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Body protection – Body protection varies by application but usually consists of gloves and overalls or a leather coat and chaps. Professionals would wear a cordura/canvas blast suit (unless blasting with steel abrasives, in which case they would use a leather suit).
|
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3
] |
20231101.en_13198770_42
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
In the past, when sandblasting was performed as an open-air job, the worker was exposed to risk of injury from the flying material and lung damage from inhaling the dust. The silica dust produced in the sandblasting process would cause silicosis after sustained inhalation of the dust. In 1918, the first sandblasting enclosure was built, which protected the worker with a viewing screen, revolved around the workpiece, and used an exhaust fan to draw dust away from the worker's face. Silicosis is still a risk when the operator is not completely isolated from the sandblasting apparatus.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_43
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting also may present secondary risks, such as falls from scaffolding or confinement in a small space. Carbon monoxide poisoning is another potential risk, from the use of small gasoline-powered engines in abrasive blasting.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_44
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Several countries and territories now regulate sandblasting such that it may only be performed in a controlled environment using ventilation, protective clothing and breathing air supply.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_45
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Many consumers are willing to pay extra for jeans that have the appearance of being used. To give the fabrics the right worn look sandblasting is used. Sandblasting has the risk of causing silicosis to the workers, and in Turkey, more than 5,000 workers in the textile industry suffer from silicosis, and 46 people are known to have died from it. Silicosis was shown to be very common among former denim sandblasters in Turkey in 2007. A 2015 study confirmed that silicosis is almost inevitable among former sandblasters. Sweden's Fair Trade Center conducted a survey among 17 textile companies that showed very few were aware of the dangers caused by manually sandblasting jeans. Several companies said they would abolish this technique from their own production.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_46
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
In 2013, research claimed that in China some factories producing worn-look jeans are involved in varied non-compliance with health and safety regulations.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_47
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
The lettering and engraving on most modern cemetery monuments and markers is created by abrasive blasting.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_48
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting can also be used to produce three-dimensional signage. This type of signage is considered to be a higher-end product as compared to flat signs. These signs often incorporate gold leaf overlay and sometimes crushed glass backgrounds which is called smalts. When sandblasting wood signage it allows the wood grains to show and the growth rings to be raised, and is a popular way to give a sign a traditional carved look. Sandblasting can also be done on clear acrylic glass and glazing as part of a store front or interior design.
|
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31
] |
20231101.en_13198770_49
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting can be used to refurbish buildings or create works of art (carved or frosted glass). Modern masks and resists facilitate this process, producing accurate results.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_50
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting techniques are used for cleaning boat hulls, as well as brick, stone, and concrete work. Sandblasting is used for cleaning industrial as well as commercial structures, but is rarely used for non-metallic workpieces.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198770_51
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblasting
|
Sandblasting
|
Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook, Vol. 1: Machining, 4th Edition, 1983. Society of Manufacturing Engineers
|
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1
] |
20231101.en_13198772_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20America
|
Value America
|
Value America or VA was a dot-com company founded in Nevada in 1996 by Craig Winn and Rex Scatena, and relocated to Charlottesville, Virginia in February 1998. Its business model involved connecting customers on the Web directly to manufacturers, with the intent of providing better pricing and faster shipping (a just-in-time model similar to those used by Wal-Mart and Dell). Customers could order a wide range of products from VA's website, then VA would transmit the orders directly to the manufacturers, and the manufacturers would then package the products and ship them directly to the customer. Winn referred to this concept as "convergence commerce". Value America was backed by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen's Vulcan Ventures and FedEx co-founder Frederick W. Smith.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198772_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20America
|
Value America
|
Value America's initial public offering in April 1999 was a success: on the first day the stock closed at $55 a share, valuing the three-year-old profitless company at $2.4 Billion.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198772_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20America
|
Value America
|
VA was plagued by communications problems with the manufacturers they worked with. At the time, the idea of selling directly to customers without a distributor involved was still new and not well tested among the large consumer products companies VA represented, and since VA had no warehouses, traditional supply lines couldn't be used. Shipments would be delayed, go missing, and arrive badly packed or with the wrong product inside. Billing was also a problem, and charge backs were difficult to perform due to the mishandling of shipped goods. VA was also harmed by problems with rebates on computers requiring the acceptance of long-term Internet access contracts, a problem that also affected several mainstream retailers and which attracted the attention of the Federal Trade Commission. Also, many of the products Value America was trying to sell were easily available in many other places, making it difficult for them to compete by methods other than low prices. Towards the end of 1999, VA decided to lower its aims, drastically reducing its product catalog and focusing on information technology products and office supplies, items that were sourced from traditional distributors. As the company floundered, Winn and executives continued to enjoy the 'dot-com lifestyle', spending large amounts of money on expensive perquisites such as private jets, company BMWs, masseuses, catering as well as plans for a large campus that were never executed.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198772_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20America
|
Value America
|
By 2000, Value America was failing due to the negative effect that the communication problems had on their customer service. The stock had fallen to 72 cents and Value America filed to reorganize under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code on August 11, 2000. The remains of the company (in particular the custom supply chain management system they had commissioned) were sold to IT product distributor Merisel in October 2000.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198772_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20America
|
Value America
|
The company's life was charted in the 2001 book dot.bomb: My Days and Nights at an Internet Goliath by its Senior Vice-President David Kuo.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198772_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20America
|
Value America
|
Founder Craig Winn self-published the book In the Company of Good and Evil arguing that others are to blame for the firm's failure.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198779_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenhof%2C%20Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
|
Altenhof, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
|
Altenhof is a municipality in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198786_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchholz%2C%20Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
|
Buchholz, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
|
Buchholz () is a municipality in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198789_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Hyndman
|
Alex Hyndman
|
Hyndman was born in Grantham but grew up in Australia where she was educated at St Aloysius College, Adelaide. She moved back to the UK and attended King Edward VII School (Melton Mowbray), before reading English Literature at Royal Holloway, University of London and Journalism at De Montfort University.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198789_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Hyndman
|
Alex Hyndman
|
Alex began her broadcasting career in 2001 with the Lincs FM Group working as a broadcast journalist, before joining GCap Media and IRN as a newsreader, editor and journalist.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13198789_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Hyndman
|
Alex Hyndman
|
She joined Sky News Radio in 2004 as a newsreader and journalist before becoming a presenter for Sky Sports News and Sky News Three years later, she began presenting for the now-defunct sports news channel Setanta Sports News.
|
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7,
12,
-2,
28,
-1,
-28,
1,
-10,
-6,
14,
4,
-18,
-23,
-31,
-11,
17,
-5,
10,
-6,
21,
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4,
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7,
16,
1,
-31,
-14,
-3,
8,
15,
-13,
27,
-29,
-17,
-32,
-32,
7,
17,
-6,
1,
4,
-12,
-22,
42,
28,
-21,
-18,
34,
-24,
4,
-38,
22,
31,
51,
3,
8,
30,
-20,
-44,
5,
2,
1,
-36,
-2,
-19,
-3,
-45,
1,
9,
-18,
12,
12,
21,
-12,
-12,
26,
20,
2,
36,
35,
18,
16,
23,
-24,
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62,
-41,
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-13,
14,
13,
4,
-12,
23,
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-5,
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15,
-3,
7,
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13,
-1,
-3,
-68,
3,
-23,
-45,
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10,
36,
18,
13,
4,
4,
15,
-39,
15,
-30,
2,
-18,
-7,
5,
-21,
11,
-18,
-24,
3,
5,
-22,
1,
3,
-5,
54,
-13,
12,
12,
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-6,
29,
3,
-33,
4,
13,
-34,
21,
4,
24,
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10,
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32,
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55,
23,
9,
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16,
15,
43,
6,
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29,
-63,
40,
-35,
-6,
-21,
-5,
-3,
-17,
13,
20
] |
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