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20231101.en_47661295_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
The Michigan English Test (MET) is a multilevel, modular English language examination, which measures English language proficiency in personal, public, occupational and educational contexts. It is developed by CaMLA, a not-for-profit collaboration between the University of Michigan and the University of Cambridge and has been in use since 2008.
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] |
20231101.en_47661295_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
The MET can be taken by learners at a range of levels, from upper beginners to lower advanced (Levels A2 to C1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)). It is recognized as official proof of English language ability in many countries around the world. It is a modular test, meaning that the test taker can choose to take one or more of the three modules of the test: Listening/Reading; Speaking; and Writing.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661295_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
The MET is available both as a digital and as a paper-and pencil test, and may be taken as either a 2-skill exam (Listening and Reading) or a 4-skill exam (Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking). The digital version of the MET can be taken either in a testing center, or at home, with a remote proctor.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661295_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
In the Listening/Reading test, each correct answer carries equal weight and there are no points deducted for wrong answers.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_47661295_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
The Listening/Reading test is available on a monthly basis (sometimes twice a month) and the Speaking/Writing tests are available on demand. New test forms are developed each time the exam is administered.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661295_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
Test takers have the option to purchase a Certificate of Achievement within four months of the test date. The Certificate of Achievement contains the same information as the Score Report and is professionally presented for display purposes.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661295_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
MET test scores are also linked to the proficiency levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR):
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661295_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
MET test scores do not show how many questions were answered correctly. They are calculated using item response theory to ensure that test scores are comparable across the different administered test forms. There is no pass or fail score.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661295_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
Test takers can take the MET as many times as they want, but are recommended to have at least eight weeks of language study between each attempt.
|
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1
] |
20231101.en_47661295_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
MET scores represent a test taker's English language proficiency at the time the test was taken. Language ability changes over time; therefore, organizations are advised to consider a test taker's experience with English since they took the test in addition to their test scores.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_47661295_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
The MET can be used for educational purposes, such as when finishing an English language course or seeking to meet English language graduation requirements at universities outside North America. It can also be used for employment purposes, such as applying for a job or a promotion that requires an English language qualification.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_47661295_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
The MET is not used as an admissions test for students applying to university and colleges in the US, Canada and the UK. CaMLA provides the Michigan English Language Assessment Battery (MELAB) for this purpose.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661295_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20English%20Test
|
Michigan English Test
|
In 2014, the MET was used by test takers with 25 different first language backgrounds (the largest being Albanian, Portuguese and Spanish). It is mainly used by test takers at school, university or in the early stages of their careers:
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_47661297_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranga%20Daku
|
Ranga Daku
|
Ranga Daku (Punjabi: ) is 1978 Pakistani Punjabi language biographical film directed by Arshad Mirza and produced by Ashiq Hussain. The film starred actors Sultan Rahi, Aasia, Afzaal Ahmed, Ilyas Kashmiri, and Adeeb, with Afzal Khan, Nasrullah Butt, and Sawan as guest actors along with child actors Aziz and Asif. This film is based on a true story from the British Raj period in British India.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661297_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranga%20Daku
|
Ranga Daku
|
The music of the film Ranga Daku (1978 film) was composed by the musician Wajahat Attre. The lyrics were written by Hazin Qadri and Khawaja Pervez, and sung by Noor Jehan and Naheed Akhtar.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661297_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranga%20Daku
|
Ranga Daku
|
Ranga Daku biographical film 1978, film Ranga Daku (1978) on Pakistan Film Magazine, Retrieved 28 October 2015
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Parareal is a parallel algorithm from numerical analysis and used for the solution of initial value problems.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
It was introduced in 2001 by Lions, Maday and Turinici. Since then, it has become one of the most widely studied parallel-in-time integration methods.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
In contrast to e.g. Runge-Kutta or multi-step methods, some of the computations in Parareal can be performed in parallel and Parareal is therefore one example of a parallel-in-time integration method. While historically most efforts to parallelize the numerical solution of partial differential equations focussed on the spatial discretization, in view of the challenges from exascale computing, parallel methods for temporal discretization have been identified as a possible way to increase concurrency in numerical software.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Because Parareal computes the numerical solution for multiple time steps in parallel, it is categorized as a parallel across the steps method.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
This is in contrast to approaches using parallelism across the method like parallel Runge-Kutta or extrapolation methods, where independent stages can be computed in parallel or parallel across the system methods like waveform relaxation.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Parareal can be derived as both a multigrid method in time method or as multiple shooting along the time axis.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Both ideas, multigrid in time as well as adopting multiple shooting for time integration, go back to the 1980s and 1990s.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Parareal is a widely studied method and has been used and modified for a range of different applications.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Ideas to parallelize the solution of initial value problems go back even further: the first paper proposing a parallel-in-time integration method appeared in 1964.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
The right hand side is assumed to be a smooth (possibly nonlinear) function. It can also correspond to the spatial discretization of a partial differential equation in a method of lines approach. We wish to solve this problem on a temporal mesh of equally spaced points , where and . Carrying out this discretisation we obtain a partitioned time interval consisting of time slices for .
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
The objective is to calculate numerical approximations to the exact solution using a serial time-stepping method (e.g. Runge-Kutta) that has high numerical accuracy (and therefore high computational cost). We refer to this method as the fine solver , which propagates an initial value at time to a terminal value at time . The goal is to calculate the solution (with high numerical accuracy) using such that we obtain
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
The problem with this (and the reason for attempting to solve in parallel in the first place) solution is that it is computationally infeasible to calculate in real-time.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Instead of using a single processor to solve the initial value problem (as is done with classical time-stepping methods), Parareal makes use of processors. The aim to is to use processors to solve smaller initial value problems (one on each time slice) in parallel. For example, in a MPI based code, would be the number of processes, while in an OpenMP based code, would be equal to the number of threads.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Parareal makes use of a second time-stepping method to solve this initial value problem in parallel, referred to as the coarse solver .
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
The coarse solver works the same way as the fine solver, propagating an initial value over a time interval of length , however it does so at much lower numerical accuracy than (and therefore at much lower computational cost).
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Having a coarse solver that is much less computationally expensive than the fine solver is the key to achieving parallel speed-up with Parareal.
|
[
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1
] |
20231101.en_47661313_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Firstly, run the coarse solver serially over the entire time interval to calculate an approximate initial guess to the solution:
|
[
24,
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0,
30,
-3,
-6,
7,
7,
-21,
37,
-5,
-10,
-4,
10,
-9,
-11,
16,
1,
9,
15,
14,
43,
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56,
20,
27,
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0,
7,
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12,
14,
10,
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9,
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15,
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30,
14,
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28,
56,
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4,
13,
39,
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7,
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4,
5,
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11,
28,
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13,
15,
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25,
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8,
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20,
6,
41,
44,
12,
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10,
8,
-1,
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12,
-13,
1,
7,
-3,
23,
2,
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-4,
15,
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42,
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52,
-17,
-19,
-18,
5,
-2,
-25,
-13,
-6,
58,
8,
26,
17
] |
20231101.en_47661313_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Next, run the fine solver on each of the time slices, in parallel, from the most up-to-date solution values:
|
[
31,
22,
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16,
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6,
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36,
39,
32,
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28,
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16,
22,
-3,
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8,
40,
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8,
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25,
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26,
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29,
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5,
19,
4,
20,
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39,
1,
37,
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45,
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17,
6,
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20,
34,
11,
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6,
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-40,
-48,
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5,
13,
-7,
-53,
29,
47,
-12,
19,
30,
15,
-11,
-17,
-18,
7,
-53,
-11,
8,
8,
17,
-25,
-25,
-7,
1,
32,
-8,
-28,
13,
24,
-34,
44,
45,
10,
-52,
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27,
9,
1,
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67,
17,
9,
27,
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18,
-3,
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25,
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46,
40,
-40,
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-22,
-5,
2,
-31,
-30,
-56,
10,
-6,
26,
45,
23,
-6,
37,
-2,
-30,
-28,
-41,
-27,
5,
-29,
22,
22,
6,
-5,
35,
-34,
22,
-17,
5,
48,
-6,
42,
-10,
0,
11,
6,
19,
-18,
-11,
-22,
30,
13,
19,
23
] |
20231101.en_47661313_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
At this stage, one can use a stopping criterion to determine whether the solution values are no longer changing each iteration. For example, one may test this by checking if
|
[
5,
36,
20,
-1,
6,
-23,
-20,
1,
19,
-12,
33,
3,
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53,
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12,
11,
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49,
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30,
4,
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19,
19,
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26,
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4,
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31,
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25,
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28,
31,
5,
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6,
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1,
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37,
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0,
31,
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29,
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3,
8,
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13,
22,
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6,
9,
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1,
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6,
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2,
35,
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
and some tolerance . If this critertion is not satisfied, subsequent iterations can then be run by applying the fine solver in parallel and then the predictor-corrector. Once the criterion is satisfied, however, the algorithm is said to have converged in iterations. Note that other stopping criterion do exist and have been successfully tested in Parareal.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Parareal should reproduce the solution that is obtained by the serial application of the fine solver and will converge in a maximum of iterations.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
For Parareal to provide speedup, however, it has to converge in a number of iterations significantly smaller than the number of time slices, i.e. .
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_22
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
In the Parareal iteration, the computationally expensive evaluation of can be performed in parallel on processing units.
|
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3
] |
20231101.en_47661313_23
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
By contrast, the dependency of on means that the coarse correction has to be computed in serial order.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_24
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Typically, some form of Runge-Kutta method is chosen for both coarse and fine integrator, where might be of lower order and use a larger time step than .
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_25
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
If the initial value problem stems from the discretization of a PDE, can also use a coarser spatial discretization, but this can negatively impact convergence unless high order interpolation is used.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_26
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Although in applications these assumptions can be too restrictive, the model still is useful to illustrate the trade offs that are involved in obtaining speedup with Parareal.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_27
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
First, assume that every time slice consists of exactly steps of the fine integrator and of steps of the coarse integrator.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_28
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
This includes in particular the assumption that all time slices are of identical length and that both coarse and fine integrator use a constant step size over the full simulation.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_29
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Second, denote by and the computing time required for a single step of the fine and coarse methods, respectively, and assume that both are constant.
|
[
13,
33,
7,
-50,
-10,
8,
-7,
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7,
26,
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_30
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
This is typically not exactly true when an implicit method is used, because then runtimes vary depending on the number of iterations required by the iterative solver.
|
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-3,
42,
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50,
6,
29,
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-4,
43,
24,
28,
17,
7,
39,
12,
-9,
23,
13,
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14,
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-7,
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33,
22,
-47,
-11,
-12,
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48,
-4,
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-4,
-4,
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-7,
21,
10,
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-15,
-15,
-16,
14,
11,
-8,
7,
11,
32,
15,
15,
24,
11,
10,
-10,
23,
5,
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-42,
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-31,
11,
-2,
4,
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2,
21,
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24,
15,
17,
13,
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39,
7,
50,
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3,
-2,
6,
17,
26,
18,
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-40,
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13,
5,
21,
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26,
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41,
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17,
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17,
15,
4,
7,
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16,
2,
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11,
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20,
16,
6,
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12,
18,
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48,
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15,
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11,
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3,
37,
70,
1,
4,
5,
38,
52,
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15,
2,
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10,
4,
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11,
25,
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24,
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12,
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35,
9,
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20,
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3,
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1,
29,
19,
13,
8,
1,
46,
1,
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9,
2,
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29,
40,
30,
28,
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10,
15,
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41,
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-1,
-34,
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39,
-24,
-3,
-35,
24,
32,
8,
-8
] |
20231101.en_47661313_31
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Under these two assumptions, the runtime for the fine method integrating over time slices can be modelled as
|
[
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20,
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25,
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22,
25,
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24,
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38,
25,
9,
15,
29,
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24,
11,
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5,
15,
20,
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7,
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18,
14,
16,
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12,
14,
13,
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3,
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6,
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35,
37,
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7,
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5,
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9,
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3,
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7,
12,
12,
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30,
30,
40,
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7,
17,
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0,
11,
-6,
-23,
23,
-1,
53,
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17,
15,
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8,
25,
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34,
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14,
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3,
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36,
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5,
8,
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0,
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2,
0,
19,
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28,
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21,
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35,
42,
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20,
18,
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1,
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28,
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26,
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26,
17,
35,
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35,
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45,
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1,
25,
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17,
30,
27,
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15,
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38,
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30,
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36,
1,
21,
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18,
8,
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19,
34,
7,
3,
18,
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11,
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44,
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23,
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6,
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-13,
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21,
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-9,
33,
0,
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46,
55,
16,
30,
22,
39,
16,
-19,
10,
-3,
-19,
8,
16,
-18,
21,
-13,
-56,
28,
-17,
6,
-32,
-26,
-11,
43,
-10,
29,
10,
-11,
-11,
4,
-4,
-26,
3,
2,
60,
4,
-12,
28,
-1,
-24,
-25,
1,
1,
-45,
7,
-37,
17,
20,
22,
-29,
-31,
1,
-30,
-1,
-11,
-28,
-30,
-49,
3,
11,
42,
-4,
2,
6,
15,
0,
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-40,
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-25,
29,
-3,
29,
34,
7,
20,
32,
-63,
22,
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-36,
0,
-25,
70,
-15,
11,
-24,
-13,
29,
-14,
-38,
-30,
12,
25,
7,
14
] |
20231101.en_47661313_32
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
These two bounds illustrate the trade off that has to be made in choosing the coarse method: on the one hand, it has to be cheap and/or use a much larger time step to make the first bound as large as possible, on the other hand the number of iterations has to be kept low to keep the second bound large.
|
[
0,
24,
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52,
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25,
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_33
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
The vanilla version of Parareal has issues for problems with imaginary eigenvalues. It typically only converges toward the very last iterations, that is as approaches , and the speedup is always going to be smaller than one. So either the number of iterations is small and Parareal is unstable or, if is large enough to make Parareal stable, no speedup is possible. This also means that Parareal is typically unstable for hyperbolic equations. Even though the formal analysis by Gander and Vandewalle covers only linear problems with constant coefficients, the problem also arises when Parareal is applied to the nonlinear Navier–Stokes equations when the viscosity coefficient becomes too small and the Reynolds number too large. Different approaches exist to stabilise Parareal, one being Krylov-subspace enhanced Parareal.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_34
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
There are multiple algorithms that are directly based or at least inspired by the original Parareal algorithm.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_35
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
Early on it was recognised that for linear problems information generated by the fine method can be used to improve the accuracy of the coarse method . Originally, the idea was formulated for the parallel implicit time-integrator PITA, a method closely related to Parareal but with small differences in how the correction is done. In every iteration the result is computed for values for . Based on this information, the subspace
|
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-8
] |
20231101.en_47661313_36
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
is defined and updated after every Parareal iteration. Denote as the orthogonal projection from to . Then, replace the coarse method with the improved integrator .
|
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24,
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11,
2
] |
20231101.en_47661313_37
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
As the number of iterations increases, the space will grow and the modified propagator will become more accurate. This will lead to faster convergence. This version of Parareal can also stably integrate linear hyperbolic partial differential equations. An extension to nonlinear problems based on the reduced basis method exists as well.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_38
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
A method with improved parallel efficiency based on a combination of Parareal with spectral deferred corrections (SDC) has been proposed by M. Minion. It limits the choice for coarse and fine integrator to SDC, sacrificing flexibility for improved parallel efficiency. Instead of the limit of , the bound on parallel efficiency in the hybrid method becomes
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_39
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
with being the number of iterations of the serial SDC base method and the typically greater number of iterations of the parallel hybrid method. The Parareal-SDC hybrid has been further improved by addition of a full approximation scheme as used in nonlinear multigrid. This led to the development of the parallel full approximation scheme in space and time (PFASST). Performance of PFASST has been studied for PEPC, a Barnes-Hut tree code based particle solver developed at Juelich Supercomputing Centre. Simulations using all 262,144 cores on the IBM BlueGene/P system JUGENE showed that PFASST could produce additional speedup beyond saturation of the spatial tree parallelisation.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_40
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
The multigrid reduction in time method (MGRIT) generalises the interpretation of Parareal as a multigrid-in-time algorithms to multiple levels using different smoothers. It is a more general approach but for a specific choice of parameters it is equivalent to Parareal. The XBraid library implementing MGRIT is being developed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661313_41
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareal
|
Parareal
|
ParaExp uses exponential integrators within Parareal. While limited to linear problems, it can produce almost optimal parallel speedup.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661316_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobara%20Phir%20Se
|
Dobara Phir Se
|
Dobara Phir Se is a 2016 Pakistani romantic drama film directed by Mehreen Jabbar who co-produced it as well, written by Bilal Sami and a production of ARY Films. The film is produced by Salman Iqbal and co-produced by Mohammad Jerjees Seja. The film stars Ali Kazmi, Hareem Farooq, Adeel Hussain, Tooba Siddiqui, Sanam Saeed, Atiqa Odho, Shaz Khan, and child actor, Musa Khan. The film was released on 25 November 2016.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661316_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobara%20Phir%20Se
|
Dobara Phir Se
|
Film's story revolves around a character of a divorced Pakistani woman based in New York City who meets an ambitious Hammad (Adeel Hussain). The film explores their relationship and eventual challenges as they begin to grow feelings for one another.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661316_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobara%20Phir%20Se
|
Dobara Phir Se
|
The director announced film title in July 2015 that she is about to start this project soon. The film is produced by distribution company ARY Films. The director revealed film's cast and crew on 18 August 2015 in her tweet.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661316_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobara%20Phir%20Se
|
Dobara Phir Se
|
Film shooting began on 23 August in New York City. On 28 August, a scene was short over Bridge Street Bridge. In the last week of August, scenes were shot at Jennings Beach and Lake Mohegan. First spell of film ended in New York at end of September's first week.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Jeremy Corbyn, the Member of Parliament for Islington North, stood as a candidate in the 2015 British Labour Party leadership election, in a successful campaign that made him the leader of the Labour Party.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
His campaign was announced in an article for the Islington Tribune on 3 June 2015. Corbyn pledged to stand on a "clear anti-austerity platform" and because he wanted to "give Labour Party members a voice" in the debate.
|
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10
] |
20231101.en_47661318_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Commentators in the media widely predicted that Corbyn would struggle to pass the threshold of 35 nominations from Labour MPs required to become a candidate. However, he managed narrowly—and at the last minute—to secure sufficient support from parliamentary colleagues, with 36 nominations in total. Around 12 of the MPs who nominated him actually supported other candidates, but "lent" him their support in order to widen the contest. Corbyn was reported to say: "We had two minutes to spare, it was easy."
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
He was originally seen as a rank-outsider, given odds of 200/1 to win by bookmakers in June 2015. However, following a series of televised and radio debates with the other three candidates, Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper and Liz Kendall, Corbyn received the highest number of supporting nominations from Constituency Labour Parties, winning over 100 by the end of July. Corbyn went on to gain the support of six of the Labour Party's fourteen affiliated trade unions, including the UK's two largest trade unions, Unite and UNISON,
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
On 12 September 2015 Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party in a landslide victory, with 59.5% of first-preference votes.
|
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44
] |
20231101.en_47661318_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn's proposed economic policies, referred to as "Corbynomics" by some in the media, are reported to be "heavy influenced" from a blog created by political economist Richard Murphy. Corbyn's economic platform has been endorsed by a number of prominent economists, including David Blanchflower, a former member of the Bank of England's monetary policy committee, and Steve Keen. They were among 41 academics who signed a letter to The Guardian which argued: "The accusation is widely made that Jeremy Corbyn and his supporters have moved to the extreme left on economic policy. But this is not supported by the candidate's statements or policies. His opposition to austerity is actually mainstream economics, even backed by the conservative International Monetary Fund". The Nobel-Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz said he was unsurprised at support for anti-austerity campaigners like Corbyn following the "disappointment" of policies pursued by New Labour. Robert Skidelsky offered a qualified endorsement of Corbyn's proposals to carry out QE through a National Investment Bank.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn's economic proposals have received some criticism, namely from the economist John Van Reenen at the London School of Economics, the BBC Economics Editor Robert Peston The Economist, the Financial Times The Daily Telegraph, the free-market Centre for Policy Studies, Shadow Chancellor Chris Leslie, former Foreign Secretary David Miliband, Shadow Business Secretary Chuka Umunna and the three other leadership candidates.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn proposed to have the Bank of England create money to invest in housing and public transport, described by Corbyn as "people's quantitative easing". This would aim to turn the UK into a high-skill, high-tech economy and to build more council houses in order to lower long-term housing benefit costs. To achieve this, the Bank would purchase bonds for a state-owned "National Investment Bank".
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Opponents have claimed it would increase the risk of investing in the UK, meaning that the government would have to pay higher interest rates on its debt. It would also clash with Article 123 of the EU's Lisbon Treaty, which prevents central banks from printing money to finance government spending, and could cause a legal battle with the European Court of Justice.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
In an interview with The Independent on Sunday on 9 August 2015, Corbyn said: "I think we should talk about what the objectives of the party are, whether that's restoring Clause Four as it was originally written or it's a different one. But we shouldn't shy away from public participation, public investment in industry and public control of the railways." The Independent has cited opinion polls to suggest that many of Corbyn's policies, such as the renationalisation of railways and energy companies, have polled popularly with the general public.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn claims renationalisation would save money by both joining up a fragmented market, thereby reducing duplication in the privatised rail market (estimated by Ian Taylor as costing up to £1.2 billion in a 2012 report) and keeping what is currently profit for the energy and train operating companies. Both the energy and the train operating companies claim that they make a low return on their money (3.9% for the energy companies and 3.4% for the train companies) and a City analysis cited by The Guardian and Financial Times newspapers, of the nationalisation policies advocated by Corbyn, indicates a figure of at least £124 billion would be needed to purchase controlling shares in the "Big Six" national energy providers plus the National Grid.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
In June 2015, Corbyn set out his plan for "tax justice", which included a more progressive tax system, raising the top rate of income tax, finding up to £120 billion which he claims is lost through tax avoidance and evasion, by investing £1 billion in HMRC, and reducing the £93 billion which companies receive in tax relief according to Kevin Farnsworth, a senior lecturer from York University, an amount including railway and energy subsidies, regional development grants, relief on investment and government procurement from the private sector.
|
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54
] |
20231101.en_47661318_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Jolyon Maugham QC, who had previously advised Ed Miliband on tax policy, criticised the plans and claimed to have found a £100 billion "black hole".
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn stated in August 2015, that "every child deserves the chance to learn a musical instrument, act on a stage, and develop their creative imagination" and that a Corbyn-led Labour Party would re-invest in cultural programs and arts education. He also condemned the £82 million cuts that the Coalition government had made between 2010 and 2015, arguing in favor of "an alternative programme for the arts". In September 2015, Corbyn announced a policy entitled "Arts for Everyone" detailing his plans to expand the arts and creative industries, including proposals to establish a Cabinet Committee dedicated to the issue, a "National Creative Apprenticeship Service" and guidelines on the minimum standards of artists' pay.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn unveiled his arts policy document at a rally in Dalston, appearing alongside screenwriter Frank Cottrell Boyce and actress Julie Hesmondhalgh. However, the arts columnist of The Daily Telegraph, Rupert Christiansen attacked the proposals as not being properly funded.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
In July 2015, Corbyn authored an article for LabourList in which he put the case for creating a "National Education Service", for decent skills, opportunities and "learning from cradle to grave". Comparing the right to education with the right to health, the principle on which the NHS was founded in 1946, Corbyn proposed introducing universal childcare, the abolition of tuition fees and the restoration of maintenance grants and increased funding for adult skills training.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn's environmental policy, set out in his "Protecting Our Planet" manifesto, involves developing a "resource-efficient, green economy", creating one million new green climate jobs, "leading an end to the era of fossil fuels" and transitioning to renewable energy, ending the Conservative government's policy of hydraulic fracking, addressing climate change and air pollution, conserving ecosystems and protecting the welfare of animals. Corbyn's platform has been welcomed by high-profile figures in the Green Party, including former leader Caroline Lucas and Molly Scott Cato and by The Ecologist magazine.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
In an interview with the Financial Times, in August 2015, Corbyn pledged to renationalise the Big Six energy companies and to also bring the National Grid into the public sector. In response to the announcement, financial analysts at Jefferies Group LLC published a report estimating that the cost of such policies could reach £185 billion. On the same day that his energy policies were announced, Corbyn also told Greenpeace's Energy Desk website that he would consider re-opening the South Wales coalfield, a suggestion that drew some criticism from some environmentalists and from Yvette Cooper, one of Corbyn's opponents for the leadership, who accused him of making "false promises".
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn has long campaigned against the "creeping privatisation" of NHS services. For example, he has been critical of the Blair government's use of private finance initiatives as a source of public sector procurement, particularly its involvement in the construction of NHS hospitals. He has suggested that the Treasury should bail out hospitals struggling to pay off debt resulting from PFI deals. Corbyn has also released a policy document on addressing the lack of funding for care and the stigma and discrimination facing those that experience mental health problems.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn has spoken of the socio-economic and cultural benefits of immigration to the United Kingdom, particularly of multiculturalism and the high number of immigrant workers employed by the National Health Service. He also condemned the Labour Party's 2015 election manifesto pledge to reduce levels of immigration as "appalling". Corbyn has accused David Cameron of using "incendiary language" when he accused a "swarm" of people as the cause of the Calais migrant crisis and also described the Home Office's response to the Syrian refugee crisis as "heartless and powerless", during the Sky News debate in September 2015.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_20
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
At the Second Reading of the Welfare Reform and Work Bill in July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 other Labour MPs to oppose the bill, describing it as "rotten and indefensible", whilst the other three candidates abstained. In August 2015, he called on Iain Duncan Smith to resign as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions after it emerged that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work by Work Capability Assessments between 2011 and 2014. At the Guardian Live leadership hustings, Corbyn condemned the reforms that had taken place since 2010, pledged that he would defend the welfare state as leader and insisted that politicians should show "a heart" when addressing issues of poverty and homelessness
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
In August 2015, when asked by Glasgow's Herald newspaper if he would describe himself as a British unionist, Corbyn replied "No, I would describe myself as a socialist. I would prefer the UK to stay together, yes, but I recognise the right of people to take the decision on their own autonomy and independence". He also criticised the decision by Scottish Labour to work with Conservatives in the Better Together campaign, and said that he had not actively participated in the referendum campaign. Corbyn also stated his belief that economic inequality exists across the UK, and that Labour should unite people on the basis of a "radical economic strategy".
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_22
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
On the subject of forming alliances with the SNP after the 2020 general election Corbyn was the only leadership candidate who confirmed he would be open to working with the party, saying to Aaron Bastani of Novara Media that "If there isn't a Labour majority but a minority and we've got to work with other parties – probably on the basis of a day-to-day arrangement or ... a supply arrangement then do that"
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_23
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn also stated his opposition to meeting the NATO requirement of 2% of GDP spending on defence, arguing at the Daily Mirror hustings event, in August 2015, that NATO "should have been wound up in 1990" when the Cold War ended. However this position was criticised by Ben Judah in The Independent, and by fellow candidate Andy Burnham, who said he would resign from a Corbyn shadow cabinet over such a policy.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_24
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
On the 70th Anniversary of the Hiroshima bombing, Corbyn released a policy document detailing his opposition to the renewal of the Trident missile system, citing his support for unilateral nuclear disarmament. Corbyn suggested that the 11,000 jobs supported by Trident could be replaced by "socially productive" jobs in renewable energy, railways and housing.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_25
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
In September 2015, it was reported that Corbyn had been advised, by members of his campaign team, to put his controversial positions on NATO and the renewal of Trident "on the back-burner" in order to unify the party and prevent high-profile, moderate shadow ministers, such as Burnham and Chuka Umunna, from resigning.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_26
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
In June 2015, following a series of unsuccessful talks between the Syriza-led government of Greece and its creditors to agree the terms of a third bailout deal, Corbyn accused the latter of being "determined to navigate [Greece] against the rocks, for daring to vote for a better future". At a party hustings in Warrington, in July 2015, Corbyn speculated that, should David Cameron be unable to protect workers' rights and environmental protection laws in his negotiations with European leaders, he would be prepared to support a 'No' vote in the proposed referendum on EU membership. His words were met with criticism from the other leadership candidates, notably Liz Kendall, who responded by saying that the party ought to be "unashamedly pro-EU".
|
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9
] |
20231101.en_47661318_27
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
In August 2015, Nigel Farage, Leader of the UK Independence Party, wrote in The Daily Telegraph, inviting Corbyn to join him to campaign in favour of withdrawing from the EU. Corbyn has, however, re-affirmed his pro-Europeanism and support for the UK remaining a member of the European Union.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_28
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn is a prominent member of Stop the War Coalition and the Palestine Solidarity Campaign. He holds an 'anti-interventionist' position on foreign affairs, opposing current British action against Islamic State in the Syrian, Libyan and Iraqi conflicts. He has also campaigned for the recognition of the State of Palestine and been a long-standing critic of the Israeli government. At a public meeting organised by The Jewish Chronicle in July 2015, Corbyn called for an arms embargo against Israel. In an interview with The Daily Telegraph in September 2015, the Hamas Deputy Foreign Minister, Ghazi Hamad, praised Corbyn for his "sympathetic" stance on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. However, Corbyn's views on the conflict have also been criticised by The Jewish Chronicle and Joan Ryan, the Chairman of Labour Friends of Israel.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_29
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
In August 2015, Corbyn stated that if he became Labour leader, he would issue a public apology, on behalf of the Labour Party, for its role in the 2003 invasion of Iraq by Britain, and for the resulting deaths of 179 British soldiers and thousands of Iraqi civilians. Corbyn also suggested that, should the Chilcot Inquiry find former Prime Minister Tony Blair guilty of war crimes, he should stand trial.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_30
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
In an appearance on Question Time in July 2015, Corbyn suggested that the growth of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant may have been aided by Britain's arms sales to authoritarian Gulf states such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Bahrain.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_31
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
In August 2015, several publications queried Corbyn's connection with people and organisations accused of antisemitism such as Raed Salah and Paul Eisen of Deir Yassin Remembered. Corbyn rejoined that when he met Salah, he was unaware that he had been convicted of racial incitement, and that he had not made antisemitic comments during their conversation about Israel. He also confirmed that he had attended DYR events and made limited cash donations but has "no contact now whatsoever" with the DYR director, previously exposed as a Holocaust denier. Corbyn described Holocaust denial as "obviously vile" and his office released a statement to say he is "proud to represent a multicultural constituency of people from all over the world and to speak at every opportunity of understanding between Christian, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and other faiths."
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_32
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
The Jewish Chronicle described Corbyn's response as unsatisfactory but leading Jewish critics of Israel defended Corbyn a week later in an open letter to the newspaper. Fellow MP Diane Abbott also said that "there will always be people who are less than savoury in liberation movements" and suggested that Corbyn is being smeared by people trying to make him guilty by association: "the British establishment is frozen with fear about the prospect of his victory".
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_33
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn raised the possibility in August 2015 of introducing women-only carriages on public transport, as well as a 24-hour hotline for women to report cases of harassment. He said that although his aim was to "make public transport safer for everyone from the train platform, to the bus stop to the mode of transport itself", he would consult women on whether such carriages would be welcome, after the idea was suggested to him.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_34
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
His proposal was condemned by all three rival Leadership candidates, Yvette Cooper, Andy Burnham and Liz Kendall, with Cooper stating that Corbyn's plan was "turning the clock back instead of tackling the problem", while Conservative Women's Minister Nicky Morgan said she was "uncomfortable with the idea", which sounded like "segregation".
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_35
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
On 21 July 2015, a YouGov poll for The Times, sampling the voting intentions of current Labour Party members, projected Corbyn to win the leadership election, with 43% of first preferences and 53% of the final redistributed total. The surge in popularity was reported to have greatly surprised even Corbyn himself. On 11 August, The Times published the results of its second YouGov poll, indicating that Corbyn was on course for a "decisive victory"; it claimed that support for Corbyn had increased further to 57% and that he would therefore win on first preferences. The Guardian reported a Survation poll showing that, after being shown a short video of all four candidates, more voters from both the wider electorate and previous Labour, Liberal Democrat and UK Independence Party (UKIP) voters indicated a preference for Corbyn.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_36
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
However, on 15 August, The Independent on Sunday reported a ComRes poll it had commissioned of the general public, revealing that if Corbyn were to become Labour Leader, voters believed it would reduce Labour's chances of winning the next election, whilst the election of David Miliband, who was defeated by his brother in 2010, would stand the best chance of Labour winning the next election.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47661318_37
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Jeremy%20Corbyn%20Labour%20Party%20leadership%20campaign
|
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign
|
Corbyn was announced to have been elected Leader of the Labour Party, at a conference held in central London, with over 59% of first-preference votes. Following this result, a new group called Momentum was formed. Momentum describes itself as a grassroots political advocacy group which grew out of the Jeremy Corbyn for Labour Leader campaign which describes itself as "a network of people and organisations that will continue the energy and enthusiasm of Jeremy's campaign". The idea was denounced by Labour critics of the leader as part of an attempt to mobilise factionally, leading to the deselection of moderate MPs and councillors "who are not judged politically correct by the veteran Bennite organisers behind Momentum". Momentum had about 60,000 supporters, charges no membership fee, organises mostly through social media and has around 50 local groups across the UK.
|
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] |
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