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20231101.en_47675585_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
Most Welsh slate quarries were steep excavations into the mountains of Snowdonia, North Wales. They were worked as a series of horizontal levels or lefals, served by small gauge railways, hauled by men, horses or locomotives. These levels were linked by a series of inclined planes. The inclines were worked by gravity: slate was quarried from the upper levels and descended the inclines on small rail wagons under its own weight. Slate was worked on the middle levels of the quarry, sawn into slabs or split into roofing slates. Waste could be dumped from these levels to form large waste pits. Finished or part-finished slates were then lowered to the lowest level by a further incline and then taken to market by a narrow gauge railway.
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
Some larger quarries were worked by quarrymen who lived in barracks on site during the week, others lived in villages below the quarry and travelled each day. Part of this journey was to ascend the inclines each morning, usually hauled up in empty wagons. Descending after work was a long, although downhill, walk.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
At Graig Ddu Quarry near Blaenau Ffestiniog, quarrymen living in Manod found a way to speed their homeward journey. Rather than walking back down the inclines, they would use their car gwyllt to ride down them.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
Craig Ddu had four inclines, with many workers in the sawing and dressing sheds below the upper incline. When the hooter of Oakeley Quarry sounded for the end of work at 4pm, there was a rush downhill to catch the bus from Bethania, along the valley to the other villages. The men could descend 1,000 feet, a distance of 1,800 yards including the walk between the two inclines, in around eight minutes: "50 miles an hour we went"
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
After arriving at the foot of the last incline, the cars would be dropped into an empty wagon which would be raised back up the inclines during the next working day.
|
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45,
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
A further, lower, incline passed down through Bethania to the GWR slate loading sidings, although this was not part of the quarrymen's route home.
|
[
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
Although quite widely known, the car gwyllt remained limited to the single quarry at Craig Ddu. This was due to the layout of the two main inclines: long enough to make the time-saving worthwhile, but also shallow enough to keep speed manageable and with a shallow run-out area at their foot.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
This novel mode of transport became a matter of interest outside the quarries and in 1935 it formed part of Pathé News' newsreel film Railway Curiosities.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
Craig Ddu continued in operation until the end of the 1930s and the outbreak of WWII. It re-opened briefly during the war, to supply roofing slates for the repair of blitzed housing.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
The car gwyllt was invented around 1870 by the quarry blacksmith, Edward Ellis. In later years they were made by Edward Jones, an independent smith living on Manod Road, who charged 5 shillings. Each quarryman had their own car and so an early purchase with a new starter's tal mawr would be a new car gwyllt.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
The inclines were cable-hauled with two tracks running over four rails, so there were a series of cable rollers down the middle of each track. The cars avoided these by running between the two tracks, using just their inner rails. Rather than the near-universal two foot gauge of Welsh slate railways, this spacing was around three foot.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
Their construction was a wooden plank, around two feet long. It rode on a single double-flanged wheel, with a V-shaped iron slipper on the rear of the plank. It was balanced by an iron outrigger to one side, with a pipe-shaped roller over its end. This wide roller also allowed for slight variations in gauge. To control the car there was a hand brake. Pulling upwards on this applied an iron brake to the tread of the wheel. Despite the simplicity of the idea, the cars were not unsophisticated in their manufacture. Most was made by the smith, but the cast wheel was made by a foundry in Porthmadog. The brake linkage comprised several pieces, each hand-forged. The brake handle was detachable and fitted over the main lever. It was decoratively forged with a lightweight curve. When not in use it was carried in the quarryman's pocket, a primitive form of anti-theft measure. This could have tragic consequences; one of the few fatal accidents was to children in the 1920s who crashed into a slate wagon through not having the brake handle. For reasons of safety, later operation of the cars became more organised, a responsible mine foreman leading the descent as 'captain', and setting a maximum speed. At times cavalcades of up to two hundred cars would descend in close procession.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
The name "car gwyllt" has been applied to a small number of other Welsh rail vehicles. On the Padarn Railway, both the hand-cranked and foot cranked "Velocipede" cars used the name. On the Hendre-Ddu Tramway "car gwyllt" referred to small gravity carriages used by quarrymen.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675585_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20gwyllt
|
Car gwyllt
|
On the Mount Washington Cog Railway, built from 1866, the construction workers made use of a sliding wooden device, the "Devil's shingle". The rack railway has a ruling grade of 25% and speeds of had been reached before a fatal accident in 1906 led to the slideboards being banned.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675669_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norellius
|
Norellius
|
Norellius is an extinct genus of scleroglossan lizard from the Early Cretaceous Öösh Formation of Mongolia. It is known from a well-preserved skull that was collected by an American Museum of Natural History expedition to Mongolia in 1923 and cataloged as AMNH FR 21444. After its initial cataloging, the specimen was not mentioned again in the scientific literature until 2004, when it was recognized as belonging to a potential early relative of modern groups of squamates such as gekkotans, amphisbaenians, dibamids, and snakes. AMNH FR 21444 was more fully described in a 2006 study that used high-resolution computed tomography to examine the skull and its braincase, and was described as a new genus and species, Norellius nyctisaurops, in 2015. The genus name honors paleontologist Mark Norell. The 2006 study incorporated the specimen into a phylogenetic analysis and found it to be a basal member of an evolutionary grouping called Gekkonomorpha, a stem-based taxon that includes living geckos and legless lizards (pygopodids) and all taxa more closely related to them than to any other living lizard. Norellius lies outside the node-based taxon Gekkota, a more strictly-defined subgroup of Gekkonomorpha that includes geckos, pygopodids, and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor. Therefore, while Norellius is more closely related to geckos and pygopodids than it is to any other living group of lizards, it branched off before the most recent common ancestor of these two groups. Below is a cladogram showing the position of Norellius according to this phylogeny:
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675692_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines%20men%27s%20national%20basketball%20team%20major%20competition%20results
|
Philippines men's national basketball team major competition results
|
The Philippines men's national basketball team () represents the Philippines in international basketball competitions. It is managed by the Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas (Basketball Federation of the Philippines or simply SBP). A 1936 founding member of FIBA Asia, Philippines is one of the oldest teams and has one of Asia's longest basketball traditions. The team won a bronze medal in the 1954 FIBA World Championship for men, the best finish by any team outside the Americas and Europe. Also, the team took a fifth-place finish in 1936 Summer Olympics, the best finish by any team outside the Americas, Europe and Oceania. The Philippines has the most wins in the Olympics among teams outside the Americas, Europe and Oceania.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675692_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines%20men%27s%20national%20basketball%20team%20major%20competition%20results
|
Philippines men's national basketball team major competition results
|
Aside from the bronze medal at the FIBA World Cup and the fifth-place Olympic finish, the Philippines has won five FIBA Asia Cups (formerly FIBA Asia Championship), four Asian Games men's basketball gold medals, seven SEABA Championships, all but one Southeast Asian Games men's basketball gold medals, and has the most titles in Southeast Asia Basketball Association men's championship, being considered as the powerhouse team in Southeast Asia and one of Asia's elite basketball team. The country has also participated in seven FIBA World Cups and seven Olympic Basketball Tournaments.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675692_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines%20men%27s%20national%20basketball%20team%20major%20competition%20results
|
Philippines men's national basketball team major competition results
|
Gilas Pilipinas and the Gilas Cadets represent the current men's national team while Batang Gilas Pilipinas Under-19 and Under-17 represent the current junior's national team.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675696_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressions%20of%20the%20Middle%20East
|
Impressions of the Middle East
|
Impressions of the Middle East is an album by American jazz flautist Herbie Mann recorded for the Atlantic label and released in 1967.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675696_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressions%20of%20the%20Middle%20East
|
Impressions of the Middle East
|
Recorded in New York City on March 7, 1966 (tracks 5, 7 & 8), March 22, 1966 (tracks 4 & 6), April 5, 1966 (track 9) and November 9, 1966 (tracks 1-3)
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675696_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressions%20of%20the%20Middle%20East
|
Impressions of the Middle East
|
Moulay "Ali" Hafid (tracks 5, 7 & 8), Robert Marashlian (tracks 5, 7 & 8), Carlos "Patato" Valdes (tracks 1-4, 6 & 9), Phil Kraus (track 9), Hachig Thomas Kazarian (tracks 1-3), Geraldine Swee (tracks 1-3) - percussion
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675696_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressions%20of%20the%20Middle%20East
|
Impressions of the Middle East
|
Aaron Rosand, Alan Shulman, Alfred Brown, Anahid Ajemian, Bernard Eichen, Charles Libove, Charles McCracken, David Mankowitz, David Nadien, Emanuel Vardi, George Ockner, George Ricci, Jack Zayde, Karen Tuttle, Leo Kahn, Leo Kruczek, Marvin Morgenstern, Max Pollikoff, Raoul Poliakin, Sylvan Shulman, Tosha Samaroff - strings (track 9)
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675747_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laburnum%20Avenue
|
Laburnum Avenue
|
Laburnum Avenue is a C-shaped highway in Henrico County and the city of Richmond in the U.S. state of Virginia. The highway extends from Virginia State Route 895 (SR 895) near Varina southeast of Richmond to Interstate 195 (I-195) on the North Side of the city of Richmond. Laburnum Avenue is a four-lane divided highway that connects the city's inner suburbs in eastern Henrico County. The highway also serves as a major east–west street in Richmond, on part of which the highway forms part of SR 197. Laburnum Avenue intersects all of the radial highways on the east side of Richmond, including SR 5, U.S. Route 60 (US 60), I-64, SR 33, US 360, and US 1 and US 301.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675747_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laburnum%20Avenue
|
Laburnum Avenue
|
Laburnum Avenue begins at a trumpet interchange with SR 895 (Pocahontas Parkway) near Varina in southern Henrico County. The trumpet interchange, which is east of SR 895's mainline toll plaza, includes toll gantries on the ramps from southbound Laburnum Avenue to eastbound SR 895 and from westbound SR 895 to Laburnum Avenue. The highway heads north as a four-lane divided highway and intersects South Laburnum Avenue, which leads to Burning Tree Road and eventually Osborne Turnpike, then curves northeast and intersects SR 5 (New Market Road). Laburnum Avenue parallels Cornelius Creek northeast, passing to the south of Varina High School. The highway curves northward beyond its intersection with Darbytown Road. Laburnum Avenue expands to six lanes, crosses over CSX's Peninsula Subdivision rail line, and intersects Charles City Road west of Richmond International Airport.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675747_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laburnum%20Avenue
|
Laburnum Avenue
|
Laburnum Avenue continues north with four lanes along the eastern edge of the unincorporated area of Montrose. The highway intersects US 60 (Williamsburg Road), starts veering northwestward, and temporarily expands to six lanes ahead of its five-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with I-64. Laburnum Avenue has an at-grade crossing of Norfolk Southern Railway's Richmond District rail line and intersects SR 33 (Nine Mile Road) west of Highland Springs and east of the historic home Beth Elon. The highway heads north, intersecting Creighton Road, then curves west and intersects US 360 (Mechanicsville Turnpike) within East Highland Park. Laburnum Avenue crosses over CSX's Piedmont Subdivision and passes along the southern edge of Richmond International Raceway between Carolina Avenue and Richmond Henrico Turnpike.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675747_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laburnum%20Avenue
|
Laburnum Avenue
|
Laburnum Avenue continues west into the city of Richmond. The four-lane boulevard intersects US 1 and US 301 (Chamberlayne Avenue) within the Ginter Park Historic District. This intersection serves as the northern terminus of SR 197, which follows Laburnum Avenue westward. Laburnum Avenue passes along the northern edge of the Laburnum Park Historic District between Brook Road and SR 161 (Hermitage Avenue); the intersection with SR 161 features a statue of Confederate General A.P. Hill. The boulevard issues a ramp to westbound I-64 before it passes under I-64 and I-95 (Richmond Petersburg Turnpike) south of the complex interchange of those Interstates with I-195 south of Bryan Park. SR 197 splits south onto Saunders Avenue between the mainline Interstates and I-195, with which Laburnum Avenue has a three-quarter diamond interchange. The interchange includes a ramp from Laburnum Avenue to southbound I-195 and ramps to Laburnum Avenue from northbound I-195 and eastbound I-64. The interchange serves as Laburnum Avenue's northern terminus; the highway ends at an entrance to CSX's Acca Yard.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675747_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laburnum%20Avenue
|
Laburnum Avenue
|
Laburnum Avenue is maintained by the Virginia Department of Transportation between SR 895 and SR 5. The remainder of the highway is maintained by Henrico County and the city of Richmond within the respective jurisdictions. Laburnum Avenue is a part of the main National Highway System for its entire length.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675768_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20F.%20T.%20W.%20Rosenberg
|
Alex F. T. W. Rosenberg
|
Alex F. T. W. Rosenberg (1926–2007) was a German-American mathematician who served as the editor of the Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society from 1960 to 1965, and of the American Mathematical Monthly from 1974 to 1976.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675768_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20F.%20T.%20W.%20Rosenberg
|
Alex F. T. W. Rosenberg
|
He should not be confused with Alexander L. (Sasha) Rosenberg, a Russian-American mathematician at Kansas State University.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675768_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20F.%20T.%20W.%20Rosenberg
|
Alex F. T. W. Rosenberg
|
Rosenberg was born on December 5, 1926, in Berlin. His family escaped Nazi Germany in 1939, moving to Switzerland, to England, and then to Ontario, Canada. Rosenberg graduated in 1948 from the University of Toronto, with a B.A. in mathematics, and earned a master's degree there the following year. He completed his PhD in 1951 at the University of Chicago, with a doctoral thesis on ring theory supervised by Irving Kaplansky.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675768_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20F.%20T.%20W.%20Rosenberg
|
Alex F. T. W. Rosenberg
|
After postdoctoral studies at the University of Michigan, Rosenberg taught at Northwestern University from 1952 to 1961, becoming a US citizen in 1959. His students at Northwestern included Vera Pless, later to be known for her work in combinatorics and coding theory.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675768_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20F.%20T.%20W.%20Rosenberg
|
Alex F. T. W. Rosenberg
|
He moved to Cornell University in 1961, and served as department chair there from 1966 to 1969 where his PhD students included Vera Pless, Lindsay Childs and David Dobbs. In 1986 he moved again, to become chair of the mathematics department at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He was named emeritus at Cornell in 1988, and retired from UCSB in 1994.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675768_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20F.%20T.%20W.%20Rosenberg
|
Alex F. T. W. Rosenberg
|
Rosenberg's research was in the area of abstract algebra, including the application of homology to Galois theory and to the theory of quadratic forms working with Eberhard Becker and others.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675768_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20F.%20T.%20W.%20Rosenberg
|
Alex F. T. W. Rosenberg
|
With Gerhard Hochschild and Bertram Kostant, he is one of the namesakes of the Hochschild–Kostant–Rosenberg theorem, which they published in 1962 and which describes the Hochschild homology of some algebras.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675768_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20F.%20T.%20W.%20Rosenberg
|
Alex F. T. W. Rosenberg
|
Rosenberg married Beatrice F. Gershenson in 1952, with whom he had two sons. They divorced in 1984, and he married his second wife Brunhilde in Germany in 1985. He died on October 27, 2007, in Schwerte, Germany.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675776_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daqing%20East%20railway%20station
|
Daqing East railway station
|
Daqing East railway station is a railway station of the Harbin–Qiqihar Intercity Railway and Harbin–Manzhouli Railway. It is located in Longfeng District, Daqing, in the Heilongjiang province of China.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675807_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sea%20Lions
|
The Sea Lions
|
The Sea Lions; Or, The Lost Sealers is an 1849 sea novel by James Fenimore Cooper. The plot revolves around two sealers stranded in the Antarctic ice. The novel was first published in two volumes, by Stringer & Townsend. Critic W.B. Gates described the novel as taking inspiration from Charles Wilkes's Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition of the Years 1838-1842.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675807_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sea%20Lions
|
The Sea Lions
|
Herman Melville reviewed the novel in 1849 for the magazine The Literary World. Melville's praise for the novel focuses on the action and adventure of the novel, saying, "Upon the whole, we warmly recommend the Sea Lions; and even those who more for fashion’s sake than anything else, have of late joined in decrying our national novelist, will in this last work, perhaps, recognise one of his happiest."
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675808_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus%20mexicana
|
Quercus mexicana
|
Quercus mexicana is a species of oak. It is widespread in eastern Mexico from Chiapas to Tamaulipas.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675808_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus%20mexicana
|
Quercus mexicana
|
It is a deciduous tree growing up to tall with gray bark. The leaves are thick and leathery, up to long, oblong or lance-shaped with no teeth or lobes.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675811_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeggieWorld
|
VeggieWorld
|
VeggieWorld is annual vegan food and clothing festivals held in numerous locations around Europe and Asia. VeggieWorld is one of the biggest Vegan/Vegetarian festivals in the world, and one of the biggest such fairs, with on average 8,000 visitors (compared with 14,500 visitors at the 2018 London Vegfest). The first VeggieWorld festival was held in Wiesbaden in 2011, hosted by ProVeg Deutschland (known as Vegetarierbund Deutschland until 2017).
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675811_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeggieWorld
|
VeggieWorld
|
Germany: Düsseldorf (since 2015), Berlin (since 2015), Frankfurt & Wiesbaden (since 2011), Hamburg, Cologne (since 2019), Munich, Karlsruhe (since 2023)
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675811_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeggieWorld
|
VeggieWorld
|
10 editions of VeggieWorld have been held in Wiesbaden from 2011 to 2020, with the last attracting 13,000 visitors. The next edition is scheduled to take place in 2021 in Frankfurt.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675811_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeggieWorld
|
VeggieWorld
|
VeggieWorld Berlin was first held in 2015 with 55 stands, which grew to 130 stands in 2019. The 2019 edition saw 10,000 visitors.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675811_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeggieWorld
|
VeggieWorld
|
VeggieWorld Utrecht has been organised by ProVeg Nederland (known as Viva Las Vega until 2017) since 2016. The first edition attracted over 7,600 visitors, making it the largest vegan fair in the Netherlands. The 2020 edition attracted 9,000 visitors.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675811_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeggieWorld
|
VeggieWorld
|
VeggieWorld Paris 2019 was the 7th Parisian edition and attracted over 8,000 visitors, which was 14% more than the 6th. The 3rd edition of VeggieWorld Lyon was held in 2019.
|
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36
] |
20231101.en_47675813_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrod%27s%20Double%20Trouble
|
Penrod's Double Trouble
|
Penrod's Double Trouble is a 1938 American comedy film directed by Lewis Seiler, written by Crane Wilbur, and based on stories by Booth Tarkington. The film stars Billy Mauch, Bobby Mauch, Dick Purcell, Gene Lockhart, Kathleen Lockhart and Hugh O'Connell. The film was released by Warner Bros. on July 23, 1938.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
Agent Orange is a herbicide, classified as a defoliant, that was used most notably by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. Its primary purpose was strategic deforestation, destroying the forest cover and food resources necessary for the implementation and sustainability of the North Vietnamese style of guerilla warfare. The U.S. Agent Orange usage reached an apex during Operation Ranch Hand, in which the material (with its extremely toxic impurity, dioxin) was sprayed over 4.5 million acres of land in Vietnam from 1961 to 1971.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
The use of Agent Orange has left tangible, long-term impacts upon the Vietnamese people that live in Vietnam as well as those who fled in the mass exodus from 1978 to the early 1990s. Hindsight corrective studies indicate that previous estimates of Agent Orange exposure were biased by government intervention and under-guessing, such that current estimates for dioxin release are almost double those previously predicted. Census data indicates that the United States military directly sprayed upon millions of Vietnamese during strategic Agent Orange use. The effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese range from a variety of health effects, ecological effects, and sociopolitical effects.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
The most illustrative effects of Agent Orange upon the Vietnamese people are the health effects. Scientific consensus has made it clear that the importance of accuracy in terms of site-specific cancer risk as well as the difficulty in identifying Agent Orange as the cause of that specific cancer risk must be acknowledged. Previous studies on the subject have not been generalizable because though they demonstrate statistically significant increase in cancer risk, the populations have been "Western" veterans or Korean veterans, or the sample sizes were too small to be considered appropriate. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defines the margin of exposure as "the ratio of the no-observed adverse-effect-level to the estimated exposure dose." Independent scientific analyses of the epidemiology of Agent Orange suggest that there is little to no margin of exposure for dioxin or dioxin-like compounds on vertebrates, meaning that even passive contact or genetic lineage has devastating repercussions.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
Rigorous studies have consequently been conducted to instead measure the levels of dioxin still present in the blood samples of the citizens of both North and South Vietnam. These studies indicate that though most Agent Orange studies have had myopic analyses of American veterans, Vietnamese citizens have had far greater exposure to breadth and scope of the target. The pervasion of dioxin as described by Schechter et al. (made clear in very high TCDD or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin levels in human milk, adipose tissue, and blood as measured by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy) in the Vietnamese people living in Vietnam is substantially greater than that of other populations (Schechter et al., 1995). Dioxin levels were corroborated in subsequent studies, most notably those conducted in areas geographically near bombing sites and spray missions during the course of Operation Ranch Hand, approximately between 1962 and 1970. A 2002 sample study of the dioxin levels in the city of Bien Hoa, a populous city in southern Vietnam located in the proximity of an air base used for spray missions, indicated noticeably elevated blood dioxin levels despite a 20-year period of peace, with Agent Orange specifically being found in the blood samples. Emigrants to the city and even children born after the end of the Agent Orange spraying operations had blood samples indicating a presence of dioxin (Schecter et al., 2001). Meta-studies have affirmed the dioxin pathway of genetic inheritance, e.g. a statistically significant correlation between paternal exposure to Agent Orange and spina bifida over three case-control studies from 1966 to 2008 (Ngo et al., 2009).
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
According to the Vietnamese, the US program resulted in 400,000 deaths caused due to a range of cancers and other ailments, and that approximately 4.8 million Vietnamese people were exposed to Agent Orange according to census data.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
Following the end of the Vietnam War, two million refugees from Vietnam as well as Laos and Cambodia fled to other countries. By 1992, upwards of 1 million refugees had settled in the United States, 750,000 in other North American and European countries, and many others remained in refugee camps from Thai-Cambodian border to Hong Kong, unable to obtain the visas and immigration documents necessary to permanently immigrate.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
Scientific reports have concluded that refugees who had reported being exposed to chemical sprays while in South Vietnam continued to experience pain in the eyes and skin as well as gastrointestinal upsets. In one study, ninety-two percent of participants suffered incessant fatigue; others reported abortions and monstrous births. Meta-analyses of the most current studies on the association between Agent Orange and birth defects have concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation such that having a parent who was exposed to Agent Orange at any point in their life will increase one's likelihood of either possessing or acting as a genetic carrier of birth defects. Vietnamese studies specifically indicated an even greater correlation between parental exposure and birth defects, with scholars concluding that the rate of association varied situationally as degree of exposure and intensity were factors also considered.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
Agent Orange had devastating ecological effects on Vietnam's plant life, which also contributed to the creation of refugees during the war. The ecological effects of agent orange have been reported to continue to affect the daily lives of Vietnamese citizens. A study showed dioxin contamination in soil and sediment samples and hypothesized "that a major route of current and past exposures is from the movement of dioxin from soil into river sediment, then into fish, and from fish consumption into people." Studies in the Aluoi Valley, a village near a now-defunct military base that was operating between 1963 and 1966, confirmed this process of biological magnification, as contaminated soil acted as "reservoirs" of TCDD Agent Orange toxin that would later transfer to fish and ducks and finally to humans, all via consumption. The International Union for Conservation of Nature concluded that "much of the damage can probably never be repaired."
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
Official US military records have listed figures including the destruction of 20% of the jungles of South Vietnam and 20-36% (with other figures reporting 20-50%) of the mangrove forests. An overall reduction in biomass, i.e. plant and animal populations, has been noted along with loss of soil nutrients and ecosystem productivity in terms of growth yields. Forests that have been sprayed multiple times (estimates point to about a quantity of land equaling ) have extensively exacerbated ecological disadvantages; recovery times are dubious and "the plant and animal communities have been totally disrupted" due to "total annihilation of the vegetative cover". The long-term effect of this deforestation continues to result in less aged foliage and mangroves being unable to grow from even a single spraying, with many patches of economically unviable grass colloquially referred to as "American grass". Farm land that was destroyed in the process of militarization and the creation of battlefields produced an agricultural wasteland, forcing Vietnamese farmers to work with contaminated soil for more than 40 years. The environmental destruction caused by this defoliation has been described by Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, lawyers, historians and other academics as an ecocide.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
The use of Agent Orange is considered a "notorious example" of the expropriation of human environment for warfare, forcing many rural Vietnamese to move to cities as ecological refugees to survive because their crops and livelihood had been destroyed. Harvard professor Samuel P. Huntington noted that during the Vietnam War the urban population doubled or tripled as people moved from rural areas to escape war. Jim Glassman argued that ecological destruction and crop destruction, including from Agent Orange, produced rural refugees to cities and helped as part of counterinsurgency efforts to control rural areas and isolate the population from the Viet Cong. He further wrote that the millions of war refugees "cannot be seen narrowly as the result of one or another form of warfare".
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
Various socio-political effects of Agent Orange have also been documented. Difficulty in maintaining judicial and civil transparency persists despite decades passing since the use of Agent Orange by the United States military. Corporations indicted by the ethicality of their chemical use have been described as "antagonistic and focused on technological arguments".
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
The first legal proceeding on behalf of Vietnamese victims was undertaken in January 2004 in a New York district court. Ultimately the district court held that "herbicide spraying . . . did not constitute a war crime pre-1975" and that international law prevented the companies that produced Agent Orange from being liable. Alternative models for reconciling the harms done by dioxin on the Vietnamese people with reparations have also been proposed. Some have called for the defoliation and destruction to be deemed an "environmental war crime". Law reviews have even called for a revision to the litigation process in the US due to the harmful implications regarding justice, reparations, and accountability as a result of the political sway of aggregate private interests.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
Citizen-to-citizen dialogue for individuals to call for accountability by the United States government was first established in 2006 by the Ford Foundation. Citizens sought a legal avenue by which private citizens and policy makers could work together to form a coherent plan of action in addressing the legacy of Agent Orange. The US-Vietnam Dialogue Group on Agent Orange/Dioxin, composed of members of the Aspen Institute, Vietnam National University, and Vietnam Veterans Association, is the most notable example of this civic response. Long-term programs and continued check-ups on the state of current plans to address Agent Orange are heavily monitored.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
Questions of governmental accountability have been raised towards who should be responsible for allowing the use of the chemical dioxin despite knowing the risks. Those who said that the use (at the time of the Vietnam War) of Agent Orange was merely a means of defeating the Viet Cong did not believe that the defoliant violated the Geneva Protocol. During the war, resolutions were introduced to the United Nations charging that the U.S. was violating the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which regulated the use of chemical and biological weapons, however the resolutions were defeated. The extensive environmental damage that resulted from usage of the herbicide prompted the United Nations to pass Resolution 31/72 and ratify the Environmental Modification Convention in 1976. Many states do not regard this as a complete ban on the use of herbicides and defoliants in warfare.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
There is reason to believe that sociopolitical context constrains the ability of government bodies to reveal the truth regarding food-behavior research as well as the scientific studies crafted by these bodies; governments may have an incentive to disrupt or obstruct investigations into the matter.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
Additional remediative policies have been proposed by concerned groups of citizens due to a lack of governmental accountability. The US-Vietnam Dialogue Group on Agent Orange/Dioxin of the Aspen Institute established a 10-year Plan of Action on June 16, 2010, to call for governmental participation in addressing herbicide effect in Vietnam. This plan calls for the United States and the Vietnamese government to work with other governments and NGOs to invest 30 million dollars over ten years to clean and purify harmed ecosystems and expand services to families who have been affected medically and physically by Agent Orange.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675831_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20on%20the%20Vietnamese%20people
|
Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people
|
The current scientific consensus on the effects of Agent Orange concludes that scientists at the time made erroneous judgments on how devastating the chemical could be. Scientific reviews ex post facto have indicated that many of these supposedly objective studies that conclude a beneficial use of Agent Orange were based on access to still classified documents and little else. According to Koppes's study, scientists repeatedly minimized the harmful effects of the chemical and ignored empirical evidence.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675839_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishod%20Wair
|
Ishod Wair
|
Wair was raised in Bordentown, New Jersey, where he began skateboarding at the age of nine. Over the next few years he began to consolidate other activities such as basketball in favor of focusing solely on his skateboarding career. In 2009, Wair, then 18, attended the Tampa Am, an amateur skateboarding contest held in Tampa, Florida, placing 18th out of 36 skaters who qualified for the semi-finals. Despite not qualifying for the finals, the Tampa Am catalyzed his career in part due to his handing out promotional DVDs to potential sponsors.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675839_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishod%20Wair
|
Ishod Wair
|
Following the Tampa Am, Real Skateboards began providing free skateboards to Wair for over a year, eventually officially adding him to their amateur team. Real Skateboards turned Wair pro in 2011. In 2013, Thrasher named Wair their Skater of the Year after he released four video parts. In 2015, he made his first appearance at a Super Crown event, finishing second – beating out competition that included some of the top-ranked professionals in the industry. In 2016, he released his own signature shoe with Nike, the SB Dunk Low Pro "Ishod Wair". He has since released more signature Sb Dunks. In early 2022, Nike released a unique signature shoe for Wair, the Nike SB Ishod Wair.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675839_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishod%20Wair
|
Ishod Wair
|
Wair entered Street League Skateboarding in 2012 after going pro for Real Skateboards. Since then, Wair has made seven 9 Club appearances and has made it to four Finals. Ishod's best year so far came in 2014 when he finished second at the first ever Pro Open placing, his highest career placement to date. His momentum continued through 2014, when he made it to the Super Crown World Championship and placed third.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675846_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomb%20Courthouse%20Square%20Historic%20District
|
Macomb Courthouse Square Historic District
|
The Macomb Courthouse Square Historic District is a historic district located in downtown Macomb, Illinois. The district covers six full and four partial city blocks and includes 65 contributing buildings. The McDonough County Courthouse, an 1871 Second Empire building, is the centerpiece of the district. The courthouse is situated in the middle of a Harrisonburg-style courthouse square, which is flanked by two north-south streets and intersected by a single east-west street that splits around the courthouse; the layout is unusual in Illinois, though Stark County has a similar layout. The surrounding buildings are mainly commercial, though several are government buildings. Brick commercial blocks, often with Italianate or Queen Anne details, dominate the district's architectural landscape; the district's more modern buildings, which date to the first half of the twentieth century, mostly have Art Deco or Moderne styling.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675850_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gutch%20%28colonial%20administrator%29
|
John Gutch (colonial administrator)
|
His career in the Colonial Service began in 1928, with his appointment as an Assistant District Commissioner in the Gold Coast (now Ghana). In 1934, he was promoted to Assistant Colonial Secretary. He was posted to the Mandate of Palestine in 1936, eventually becoming Principal Commissioner. He was one of the survivors of the King David Hotel bombing in Jerusalem on 22 July 1946. He was posted by the Foreign Office to Cyrenaica in 1948. He became Chief Secretary of British Guiana in 1950. From September 1955 to January 1961, he was Governor of the Solomon Islands and High Commissioner for the Western Pacific. In this role he oversaw not only the Solomon Islands but also the New Hebrides and the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. During his term, the Solomon Islands took their first steps towards self-government, with the establishment of the first Legislative Council.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675864_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Green%20Man%20of%20Portland
|
The Green Man of Portland
|
The Green Man of Portland, also alternatively known as The Legend of the Green Man of Portland, is a 2009 art installation by artist Daniel Duford, located in Portland, Oregon, United States.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675864_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Green%20Man%20of%20Portland
|
The Green Man of Portland
|
Daniel Duford's The Green Man of Portland is a 2009 art installation consisting of two outdoor sculptures and eight "story markers" that form a poem. They are installed along ten blocks in Portland's Old Town Chinatown neighborhood. Materials include bronze, cast concrete, and porcelain enamel on steel. According to the artist, the work's imagery was inspired by 1970s horror comics and Works Progress Administration (WPA) posters. Duford has said of the installation:
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675864_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Green%20Man%20of%20Portland
|
The Green Man of Portland
|
The work is part of the City of Portland and Multnomah County Public Art Collection courtesy of the Regional Arts & Culture Council.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
"Stone Cold" is a song by American singer Demi Lovato for her fifth studio album Confident (2015). The song was co-written by Lovato with Laleh Pourkarim, who also served as the song's producer, and Gustaf Thörn. It was released to digital retailers on October 9, 2015, through Hollywood Records and Island Records as the first and only promotional single off the album, one week prior to the album's release. The song was initially premiered on radio via 97.1 FM on February 6, 2016. It was sent to contemporary hit radio on March 21, 2016, as the third and final single from the album. On April 8, the song was sent to hot adult contemporary radio.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
A power ballad, "Stone Cold" discusses the pain of watching an ex move on and be happy with someone else. The song incorporates pop and soul influences, and is centered on a piano melody, with a stripped-down production aimed at highlighting Lovato's vocals. Some critics drew comparisons to Lovato's 2011 single "Skyscraper" and the works of Adele.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
"Stone Cold" is a soul ballad. It was written by Lovato, Laleh Pourkarim and Gustaf Thörn. According to the digital sheet music published by Kobalt Music Publishing America, Inc., "Stone Cold" was originally composed in the key of F minor with a "moderately fast" tempo of approximately 144 BPM. Lovato showcases a vocal range on the track, alternating between belting the verses and delivering other lines such as "I'm happy for you" softly, and spans from the low note of F3 to the high note of G5. The song features a stripped-down production style that focuses primarily on piano and vocals.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
The song's lyrics portray the pain of watching an ex move on after a breakup and trying to be happy for them once they find happiness with someone else. A writer from Billboard compared the song to Lovato's 2011 single "Skyscraper" and the works of Adele. During an interview with Ryan Seacrest, Lovato stated, "This song is your heartbreak song. I wanted to have a song that people can listen to when they're going through it, or they're thinking about a time they were heartbroken." She also added that "Stone Cold" "is the type of song that I wanted people to feel in their hearts and ripped their guts out."
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
Christina Garibaldi of MTV praised Lovato's vocals, claiming that she had "reached new heights" on the song, as well as her emotional delivery.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
A video featuring a "live in studio" rendition of the song was uploaded to Lovato's Vevo account on October 7, 2015, in promotion of the song's release. On February 19, 2016, Lovato revealed a teaser video for the song's official music video on Twitter. The full music video, directed by Patrick Ecclesine, was released via her Vevo channel on February 23, 2016. The music video was shot in Park City, Utah.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
The music video shows Lovato at various locations, such as snowy mountains and a bathtub clothed, singing in a depressive manner. The video ends with a shot of Lovato in the snow.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
Lovato debuted the song on September 29, 2015, during her performance at the Highline Ballroom in New York City. On October 17, 2015, she performed "Stone Cold", as well as a medley of "Cool for the Summer" and "Confident" on Saturday Night Live during the series' forty-first season. Furthermore, "Stone Cold" was a part of Lovato's setlist at the 2015 106.1 KISS FM Fall Ball on November 14, 2015. On December 11, 2015, she performed the song at Billboard Women in Music 2015 event in New York City where she was honored with the first Rulebreaker Award. Lovato also included the song in her setlist during the 2015 Jingle Ball Tour. On February 10, 2016, she performed the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show. Lovato performed "Stone Cold" on American Idol on March 3, 2016, and on The Late Late Show on March 16, 2016. On April 2, 2016, she performed the song at the 27th GLAAD Media Awards in Los Angeles where she received the GLAAD Vanguard Award. The next day, she gave another rendition of the song at the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards joined by Brad Paisley on guitar. On May 14, 2016, Lovato performed "Stone Cold" as a part of her setlist at the 2016 edition of Wango Tango. She performed the song on The Late Late Show with James Corden for the second time, during the Carpool Karaoke segment, which appeared online on May 16, 2016.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
Laleh Pourkarim – songwriter, producer, engineering, cello arranging, drum programming, piano, synth, bass, background vocals
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
In 2016, the song was performed live by Teodora Sava when she was 14 years old, as a special guest of the Romanian kids talent show Next Star.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
It was covered by The Voice contestants Alisan Porter, Brooke Simpson, Presley Tennant, and the young duo Hello Sunday in seasons 10, 13, 16, and 17, respectively.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
Kazakh singer Daneliya Tuleshova sang a cover for her blind audition on The Voice Kids Ukraine season 4, where she eventually won, which became a viral video.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675884_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Cold%20%28Demi%20Lovato%20song%29
|
Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)
|
In 2022, Welsh singer Charlotte Church performed the song as Mushroom on the third series of Masked Singer UK.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675887_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabougla%20Voices
|
Sabougla Voices
|
Sabougla Voices is the first studio album by Leo Welch. Big Legal Mess Records released the album on January 6, 2014. Welch worked with Bruce Watson, in the production of this album.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675887_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabougla%20Voices
|
Sabougla Voices
|
Awarding the album four stars from AllMusic, Steve Leggett states, "Welch has found a way to make the blues and gospel speak together in one voice." David Maine, giving the album six stars at PopMatters, writes, "Recommended for any blues fan who isn’t afraid of overtly devotional material." Rating the album a nine out of ten for Cross Rhythms, Lins Honeyman says, "Every once in a while, the blues world throws up a surprise discovery that proves that the unrefined, down home strand of the genre embodied by past masters such as Son House, Charley Patton and Lightnin' Hopkins has a flame that still flickers even today."
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675888_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngati%20Apa%20v%20Attorney-General
|
Ngati Apa v Attorney-General
|
Ngati Apa v Attorney-General was a landmark legal decision that sparked the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy. The case arose from an application by eight northern South Island iwi for orders declaring the foreshore and seabed of the Marlborough Sounds Maori customary land. After lower court decisions and consequent appeals in the Maori Land Court, the Maori Appellate Court and the High Court; the Court of Appeal unanimously held that the Maori Land Court had jurisdiction to determine whether areas of foreshore and seabed were Maori customary land or not. The court also held that, "The transfer of sovereignty did not affect customary property. They are interests preserved by the common law until extinguished in accordance with the law". The effect of the decision was subsequently overturned by the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675888_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngati%20Apa%20v%20Attorney-General
|
Ngati Apa v Attorney-General
|
The lowest common denominator of the four judgments is “crystal clear”: property rights cannot be extinguished by a “side wind”."
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675888_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngati%20Apa%20v%20Attorney-General
|
Ngati Apa v Attorney-General
|
In response to arguments by the Crown that there is a presumption of Crown ownership of the foreshore and seabed, Elias CJ cites a number of examples of nineteenth century legislation and evidence from Chief Justice Fenton acknowledging Maori customary rights below the low water mark.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675888_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngati%20Apa%20v%20Attorney-General
|
Ngati Apa v Attorney-General
|
Secondly, the judgment rejected the argument that the Maori Land Court did not have jurisdiction to determine the status of the foreshore and seabed because this area is not land. Elias Cj notes that, "Both lake beds and river beds have been the subject of claims to the Maori Land Court without jurisdictional impediment [...]. Much legislation concerned with “land” applies to seabed and foreshore".
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675888_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngati%20Apa%20v%20Attorney-General
|
Ngati Apa v Attorney-General
|
Thirdly, Elias CJ dismisses suggestions by the Crown that Maori customary interests have been expropriated by the Harbour Acts, Territorial Seas Acts or Resource Management Act.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675888_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngati%20Apa%20v%20Attorney-General
|
Ngati Apa v Attorney-General
|
Finally, the judgment dealt with the precedent created in In Re the Ninety-Mile Beach [1963] NZLR 461 (CA) that, "any Maori customary property in the foreshore had been extinguished once the contiguous land above high water mark had lost the status of Maori customary land". Elias CJ held, "an approach which precludes investigation of the fact of entitlement according to custom because of an assumption that custom is displaced by a change in sovereignty or because the sea was used as a boundary for individual titles on the shore is wrong in law."
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675888_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngati%20Apa%20v%20Attorney-General
|
Ngati Apa v Attorney-General
|
The judgment of President Gault is the only dissent from the majority's overruling of In Re the Ninety-Mile Beach. Gault P's argument is that,
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675888_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngati%20Apa%20v%20Attorney-General
|
Ngati Apa v Attorney-General
|
However Gault P notes that if land investigated by the Native Land Court was described as not bordering the sea, the Maori Land Court would have jurisdiction to rule on the status of the strip between land and sea.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675888_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngati%20Apa%20v%20Attorney-General
|
Ngati Apa v Attorney-General
|
The decision of Keith and Anderson JJ was delivered by Justice Keith. The judgment of Keith and Anderson JJ concurs with that of Elias CJ that at common law pre-existing native title and rights continues to exist despite the conferring of radical title in the Crown. The judgment also notes that under New Zealand property law, "property in sea areas could be held by individuals and would in general be subject to public rights such as rights of navigation". On In Re the Ninety Mile Beach, their judgment also notes that it is wrongly decided; "Whether the foreshore was also investigated and was determined to be the Crown's in the course of a particular process is a matter of fact, not a matter to be assumed." On the Territorial Sea Acts they additionally observe, "legislative measures claimed to extinguish indigenous property and rights must be clear and plain".
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675888_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngati%20Apa%20v%20Attorney-General
|
Ngati Apa v Attorney-General
|
Justice Tipping joined with the majority of the court in overturning In Re the Ninety Mile Beach, and with the whole of the court in declaring that there was no barrier stopping the Maori Land Court from investigating Maori customary rights in the foreshore and seabed.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675892_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitin%20for%20You
|
Waitin for You
|
"Waitin for You" is a song recorded by American singer Demi Lovato featuring rapper Sirah. The duo along with Julia Michaels, Jason Evigan and Steve Mac composed the song for Lovato's fifth studio album Confident (2015). Evigan and Mac also handled the song's production, with Mitch Allan serving as a vocal producer.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675892_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitin%20for%20You
|
Waitin for You
|
In December 2013, Lovato confirmed that she had started working on her then-untitled fifth studio album Confident. The majority of the album's songs were recorded upon the conclusion of the Demi World Tour in 2015. "Waitin for You" was written by Lovato, Julia Michaels, Jason Evigan, Steve Mac, and Sirah, who appears as the featured artist on the track. It was produced by Evigan, Mac and Mitch Allan. On September 8, 2015, one month prior to Confident'''s release, Lovato held a listening party in London to give select fans a preview of five songs. Before playing "Waitin for You", Lovato revealed to The Sun that she was inspired by artists such as Rihanna and Nicki Minaj, and was determined to let people know she could not be messed with. Lovato went on to confess that the song was about singers and their various Twitter feuds.
|
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] |
20231101.en_47675892_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitin%20for%20You
|
Waitin for You
|
"Waitin for You" is an R&B song that contains "confrontational lyrics" and explicitly lays bare the singer's fearlessness and confidence. Publications such as Daily Mirror, Latina, Seventeen, and Sugarscape have speculated that Lovato's estranged best friend Miley Cyrus is the subject of the diss track.
|
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