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20231101.en_13202822_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Damm
|
Peter Damm
|
His professional career saw him touring extensively in Europe, as well as Japan and North America. He has also given many masterclasses and seminars.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202822_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Damm
|
Peter Damm
|
Since 1986, Peter Damm has been president of the International Competition for Wind Instruments in Markneukirchen. He is an honorary member of the International Horn Society.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202822_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Damm
|
Peter Damm
|
Damm has been described as "legendary" – he is known for both his exceptional abilities as a player, and for his editions of many of the standard works in the horn repertoire, published by Breitkopf. In particular, his recordings of Strauss with the Staatskapelle Dresden are still in demand.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202856_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstorf
|
Bernstorf
|
Bernstorf is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202860_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiensdorf
|
Boiensdorf
|
Boiensdorf is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202862_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20Craven%20District%20Council%20election
|
1998 Craven District Council election
|
The 1998 Craven District Council election took place on 7 May 1998 to elect members of Craven District Council in North Yorkshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Liberal Democrats lost overall control of the council to no overall control.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202862_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20Craven%20District%20Council%20election
|
1998 Craven District Council election
|
13 seats were contested in 1998 over 11 wards, with a total of 26 candidates standing at the election. Two of the seats contested in Ingleborough and Settle were by-elections after councillors John Clapham and Robert Walker resigned from the council.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202862_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20Craven%20District%20Council%20election
|
1998 Craven District Council election
|
Three councillors also stood down at the election; two Liberal Democrats, Ralph Atkinson and Peter Putwain, and one independent Malcolm Riley. Three candidates were elected unopposed, David Ireton and Carl Lis in Ingleborough, and Stephen Butcher in Calton.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202862_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20Craven%20District%20Council%20election
|
1998 Craven District Council election
|
The Conservatives gained seats from the Liberal Democrats to leave both parties with 13 seats on the council.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202926_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Graham%20%28economist%29
|
John Graham (economist)
|
John R. Graham (born June 1, 1961) is an American financial economist, a professor at the Duke University Fuqua School of Business, a research associate for the NBER, and a regular guest commentator on CNBC. A Phi Beta Kappa winner, Graham has accumulated a lengthy list of award winning research papers.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202926_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Graham%20%28economist%29
|
John Graham (economist)
|
Graham obtained a B.A. College of William and Mary in 1983, an M.A. from Virginia Commonwealth University in 1988 and a Ph.D. from Duke University in 1994. As a scholar he was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa honor society as an undergraduate and to the Alpha Iota Delta, Beta Gamma Sigma, and Phi Kappa Phi honor societies as a graduate student. Upon completion of his Ph.D., he obtained a position as an assistant professor of finance at Utah University teaching undergraduates, M.B.A. students, and Ph.D. students.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202926_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Graham%20%28economist%29
|
John Graham (economist)
|
In 1997, Graham accepted a position as an assistant professor of finance at Duke University's Fuqua School of Business. He was promoted to associate professor in 1999 and full professor in 2004. In 1998 and 1999, he had 3 research papers nominated for either the annual Smith Breeden Prize as the best published in the Journal of Finance or the annual Brattle Prize as best corporate finance paper published in the Journal of Finance. In 2000, he won the Brattle Prize for "How Big Are the Tax Benefits of Debt?". In 2001, he won the Jensen Prize for the best corporate finance paper published in the Journal of Financial Economics for "The Theory and Practice of Corporate Finance: Evidence from the Field" (with Campbell Harvey). He again won the Jensen Prize in 2005 for "Payout Policy in the 21st Century" (with Alon Brav, Campbell Harvey and Roni Michaely) and in 2006 for "Tax Shelters and Corporate Debt Policy" (with Alan Tucker).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202926_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Graham%20%28economist%29
|
John Graham (economist)
|
Graham was also the co-editor of the Journal of Finance for six years, President of the Western Finance Association, and was a member of the board of directors of the American Finance Association. He will be the President in 2021 of the American Finance Association. Graham serves as director of the "Duke/CFO Global Business Outlook" survey. As the overseer of the survey, he is quoted in a variety of mass media, such as The Wall Street Journal.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Mitică () is a fictional character who appears in several sketch stories by Romanian writer Ion Luca Caragiale. The character's name is a common hypocoristic form of Dumitru or Dimitrie (Romanian for Demetrius). He is one of the best-known figures in Caragiale's 1901 collection Momente şi schiţe, as well as in Romanian humor at large. Mitică is a male resident of Bucharest whose background and status are not always clear, generally seen as an allegory of the average Bucharester or through extension, inhabitants of Romania's southern regions—Wallachia and Muntenia. According to accounts, he was based on a resident of Sinaia, whom Caragiale had befriended.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Caragiale used Mitică as a stock character to feature in satirical contexts; the biographical insights he provided are short and often contradict each other. Among Mitică's traits are his tendency to generate sarcastic comebacks and sententious catchphrases, a Francized speech, as well as inclinations to waste time and easily find his way out of problematic situations. His existence is connected to events in the history of Bucharest which he occasionally references in his jokes. Like Lache and Mache, who are present in Caragiale's fiction, the character is usually portrayed as a civil servant who has a hard time making ends meet, but who is well liked by his peers.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
On account of his caricature-like nature, Mitică survived in common reference beyond Caragiale's age. The character was portrayed by several actors, and most notably by Ştefan Iordache in the film De ce trag clopotele, Mitică?. In contemporary Romanian, his name was turned into a common noun, and often pluralized under the form mitici. During and after the 1990s, the terms surfaced in polemics surrounding Romania's centralism and the alternative projects for Transylvania's regional autonomy. In this context, it was used in reference to administrators from Bucharest or the Old Kingdom. In parallel, the term was adapted into a stereotype of modern Bucharesters and inhabitants of other regions over the Southern Carpathians, who are often portrayed as belonging to the Balkans, as opposed to the Central European traditions of Transylvania. Under these definitions, Mitică and mitici were notably present in essays authored by the Transylvanian activist Sabin Gherman.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Ion Luca Caragiale first introduced Mitică to his readers in an eponymous sketch of 1900, where he evidenced the character's universal traits and indicates that the first name is enough to define the character. The opening passage notably draws a parallel between Bucharest and Paris (at a time when the Romanian capital was colloquially known as "little Paris" or "Paris of the East"), and mentions Gambrinus, a pub owned and managed by the writer himself:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
"Of course we all ought to know [Mitică]: we bump into him so very often—in shops, in the trolley, in the tram car, on a bicycle, in the train wagon, at the restaurant, at Gambrinus—in short, everywhere.Mitică is the Bucharester par excellence. And given that Bucharest is a little Paris, Mitică himself is, obviously, a little Parisian.He is neither young nor old, neither handsome nor ugly, he is so so; he is a lad whose features are all balanced; but that which sets him apart, that which makes him have a marked character is his original and inventive spirit."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
With sarcasm, Caragiale proceeds to indicate that the character's main trait is his inventive use of Romanian and his tendency to coin terms and make jokes, with which "First and foremost, our little Parisian astounds the provincials". The remainder of the sketch lists Mitică's remarks, part of which are platitudes or clichés. Some of them are isolated observations, which the author defines as "sentimental, lyrical, and melancholic": "The most beautiful girl can only offer what she has to offer", "Life is a dream, death is an awakening", and "Every rose has its thorn".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Most of Mitică's lines are comebacks in dialogue, and Caragiale notes that his character takes pride in "being unrivaled" when it comes to these. The writer implicates himself in the story, portraying himself as his character's good friend and a main target for such remarks—for instance, he recounts that, soon after New Year's Eve 1900, Mitică pretended not to have recognized him because "it's been a century since we last saw each other!" He writes how, when he was ordering a ţuica in the presence of Mitică, the latter jokingly asked the bartender not to comply, "for [Caragiale] is likely to drink it".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
The character's lines offer glimpses into his financial and social status. Thus, he claims that he does not carry change because the metal might attract lightning, refuses to listen to his friends' confessions because they did not pay the revenue stamp for complaints, and, when told that cabs are available, he sarcastically tells the drivers that they may go home. In one instance, he publicizes his goal to run in elections, but explains that he is going to contest a non-existing seat—at a time when the Romanian Kingdom made use of the census suffrage and had established electoral colleges to stand for the three wealth-based categories, he claims his intention to enlist in the fourth college, for the sparsely-populated area of Bucureștii-Noi. The sketch shows him to be married and to resent his mother-in-law, but to be courting a young female telegraph-operator.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
In this context, Mitică is shown to have developed a series of jargon-like expressions. When recounting this to his friends that a clerk has been fired from office, refers to this "a promotion", elaborating that the new office involves "chasing flies out of [the park in] Cişmigiu". Caragiale provides some of his character's one-liner jokes, which include references to garlic as "Serbian vanilla", and to Romanian leu banknotes as "Trajan's pictures" (alluding to their design, which, at the time, featured a portrait of the Roman Emperor). His absurd requests include asking a shopkeeper to sell him "a few centimeters" of yogurt, and telling friends to drink their beer "before it cools itself" or to "climb on top of a sheet of paper" in order to reach for clothes placed higher on a stand. Several of his puns refer to the switch from horse-drawn trams to trolley poles, for instance showing him blaming unexpected stops on horses not having been properly fed.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Mitică was again present in Caragiale's Tot Mitică ("Mitică Still"), a sketch which only comprises sections of dialog. It begins with an exchange of lines between an unnamed character and Mitică, which was to become one of the best known puns in this sequence. When asked the general interest question De ce trage clopotele, Mitică? ("What are they sounding the [church] bells for, Mitică?", which, in the Romanian original, may be interpreted as "What are they pulling the bells by?"), the protagonist answers De frânghie, monşer ("By the string, my dear").
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Tot Mitică offers other glimpses into the character's financial problems, showing him complaining that he has been "pulling the devil's tail"—using a traditional proverb to indicate that he has had a hard time getting by. To this, he adds that the devil would be suing him for injuries. He claims that he is going to spend his vacation in the mountains, and elaborates that he is talking about the pawnbroking institution known as muntele de pietate (from the French for "Mountain of Piety"; see Mont de Piété). Mitică enters a restaurant to order only things which he knows are free ("a toothpick, a match, a glass of water and a newspaper"). In other such sequences of events, he is shown eating in a pub as a means to "defend himself from death", and borrowing money which he promises not to return.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
When, in order to converse with a friend in a different compartment, he is traveling second class on a first class train ticket, Mitică asks the conductor to pay him the difference. He is shown anxiously walking about in the Bucharest Tribunal hall, and asking to see a lawyer for his defense, jokingly claims that he wants to be defended "from flies". When invited for a walk in the Herăstrău Park, which was heavily forested at the time, he pretends to have understood this as an invitation to chop trees, and stresses that he buys his firewood.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Mitică still frequents the beer garden, and one of the dialogs mentions that he spends entire nights there. He is shown to be flirting with women, including the telephone operator, and boasts that several ladies visit him in his home.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
The sketch includes several references to well-known characters of the day, including the Conservative Party leader Petre P. Carp, the archaeologist Grigore Tocilescu, the Royal administrator Ioan Kalinderu, the actor Ion Niculescu (as Iancu Niculescu), as well as the dentist Kibrik. The character reveals his tendencies toward political satire, with a one-liner introduced by Caragiale's definition of "Mitică as a chauvinist"—Mitică is shown announcing that the only song he wants to have played at his funeral is the nationalist tune Deşteaptă-te, române! (which translates as "Awaken Thee, Romanian!").
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
In addition to the main sketch and Tot Mitică, Caragiale introduced a character of this name in a longer piece, titled 1 Aprilie ("The 1st of April"), which centers on an April Fool gone wrong. Late in the evening, this Mitică decides to hide in Cişmigiu while his lover Cleopatra pretends to court their common friend Mişu Poltronul—with simulated indignation, he takes Mişu by surprise as Cleopatra embraces him. Mitică dies hours after Mişu, who reacts out of instinct to his threatening voice, hits him over the forehead with a cane. Another Mitică—"Mr. Mitică the haberdasher", whose family name is probably Georgescu—is present in the 1900 sketch La Moşi ("At the Fair in Obor"), where he is shown accompanied by his family and ridiculing his mother-in-law in public. In another such piece, titled Iniţiativa... ("The Initiative..."), Caragiale recounts another dialog with "my buddy Mitică", who is shown to be unnerved that the Romanian state "is indifferent" to the fact that infants, his daughter included, do not have wet nurses assigned to them, and that breastfeeding has to rely on the private sector. Another or the same Mitică makes a brief appearance in Inspecţiune ("An Inspection"), where he is one of the clerks investigating the bizarre suicide of the civil servant Anghelache.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
A Mitică is present in the piece called Ţal!...—the title comes from a face ţal ("to make ţal"), an antiquated expression which, as Caragiale explains in the beginning of his story, means "to make a payment" (from the German zahlen). The writer illustrates this concept by invoking a meeting between him, Mitică, and Mitică's wife Graziella. Caragiale recounts how his friend served him and others a copious dinner in his house, and then made them sit through Graziella's reading of her own lengthy essay on women as portrayed in Romanian folklore. To this goal, Caragiale explains, Mitică discreetly claimed that it was ţal and added, using a quasi-official parlance, that "all bills are to be paid". The piece ends with Caragiale exiting Mitică's house in haste and: as the latter shouts "to be seeing each other", he exclaims "to be left alone, Mitică".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Despite Mitică's association with Bucharest and his usual most common career as a state employee, several commentators have recounted that he may have been based on Gheorghe Matheescu, an entrepreneur from the town of Sinaia (located on the Prahova Valley, in northern Muntenia). Matheescu took pride in this supposed connection, and, around 1939, argued in its favor in front of literary historian Şerban Cioculescu. Cioculescu recorded the rumor, and indicated that it was backed by information received from Caragiale's daughter, Ecaterina Logadi. Her father reportedly enjoyed Matheescu's company, and, in 1901, even authored short advertisements for his store.
|
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1
] |
20231101.en_13202950_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Mitică and Lache and Mache have often been seen as three manifestations of a main type in Caragiale's work—the petty clerk who spends his time off in lively company. Literary historian Garabet Ibrăileanu, an adherent to the left-wing trend known as Poporanism, was among the first to stress that Mitică's name, like those of Lache and Mache, was actually supposed to enhance his everyday nature, while arguing that the character stood for the first generation of commoners with access to education. Ibrăileanu, who criticized Caragiale for his satirical overview of the social process, believed that the clerks in his work are unnecessarily cynical, and stressed that Inspecţiune was the only one of his works were "one sees at least one glitter of kindness in the souls of the mitici".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Literary historian George Călinescu saw Mitică as a main representative of Balkan subjects in Ion Luca Caragiale's prose, and listed among the character's other traits his pessimism in respect to historical developments, as well as his interest in rallying people off the street and imposing his ideas on them. He defined the latter aspect as "southern", and noted that, like other heroes of Caragiale's sketches, Mitică is "at the antipode of Romanticism", and inhabits a place where "Gothic meditation does not flourish". In his history of the Junimea literary society, Z. Ornea argued that there was a link between Mitică's personality and Caragiale's strong rejection of nationalism:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
"Caragiale's mitici are jovial, good-natured characters, easy-going in their thought and behavior. Solemnity does not suit them and fanatical monomanias are unimaginable in this context. An ecstatically nationalist Mitică is a contradiction in terms, since his formula in life is accommodation, adaption to the situations."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
The character and his counterparts have been understood as purveyors and exponents of moft, a concept treasured by Caragiale. The word, meaning "trifle" or "nonsense", refers to pretentious and often ridiculous expectations of people caricatured in his work, but is uttered by such characters in reference to each other (as their tendency to dismiss events they are confronted with, no matter how important they may be). Moft was notably present in Caragiale's own satirical magazine, Moftul Român (which he issued at intervals in the 1890s and after 1900). Two mentions of, respectively, moft and the magazine itself are made in Tot Mitică (in reference to Petre P. Carp and to a woman courted by Mitică's friend Costică).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Mitică's voluble nature has itself been considered to have negative implications. An assessment of this was offered by Călinescu, who rejected the popular take on the character as boorish:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_22
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
"Mitică is a gossiper, a scoundrel, an intriguer, in general on account of his garrulous nature, and a generous and confusing mystifier, agreeing to render services without having the strength to complete them, which in turn permits him to ask services from anyone else [...]. He is easy-going, with a horror for suffering and is most of all a well-mannered man. The impression that Caragiale's heroes are vulgar is false and mostly arises from the fact that, wishing to seem distinguished, they have not yet cultivated their speech and gestures."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_23
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Caragiale created Mitică at a time when the Romanian culture as developed in the Old Kingdom was the recipient of French influence, and the Romanian language was open to Francization. The character himself partakes in the process, and is shown to have adopted several of the manners and pastimes associated with the French Third Republic.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_24
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
The literary critic Paul Zarifopol, who was Ion Luca Caragiale's good friend, made several references to Mitică as a prototype of ignorance. He thus used the character to define the most ignorant of journalists and newspaper readers, and, in his lengthy essay titled Din registrul ideilor gingaşe ("From the Register of Gentle Ideas"), argued that Mitică's traits survived in the manners and morals of state employees and journalists after Caragiale's death, throughout World War I and after the creation of Greater Romania.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_25
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Political interpretations of Mitică's status were present at an earlier stage: in his influential essay Neoiobăgia ("Neo-Serfdom"), the Marxist thinker Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, himself a friend of Caragiale, used Iniţiativa...'''s protagonist to illustrate the interventionist policies of the National Liberal cabinets. He contended that the two terms of his comparison shared "a mania for [state] intervention", and argued that the National Liberals had a tendency to overregulate the economy.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_26
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Commentators such as Constantin Amăriuţei have proposed that there is an intrinsic connection between Mitică and Gore Pirgu, one of the protagonists in the novel Craii de Curtea-Veche, authored by Ion Luca Caragiale's son and rival, the Symbolist Mateiu Caragiale. Pirgu, who enjoys a successful career during the interwar despite having a shady past and coarse manners, has been defined by Amăriuţei as "the eternal and real Mitică of the Romanian world".
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_27
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Constantin Amăriuţei was noted for defining Mitică's character (Miticism) through onthologic terms borrowed from the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. He thus argued that, for all their mundane motivations, the character and his peers illustrated a search present with all individuals, identifiable with Heidegger's concepts of Being-in-the-World and Being-toward-death (see Heideggerian terminology).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_28
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
In 2000, several essays by literary historian Laurenţiu Ulici were published posthumously, under the title Mitică şi Hyperion ("Mitică and Hyperion"). This name drew a direct comparison between the voluble Mitică and an equally famous character in Romanian literature, the aloof, rational, and god-like protagonist of Mihai Eminescu's poem Luceafărul ("The Morning Star"). Ulici attempted to synthesize the two conflicting natures in the Romanian identity, and viewed the two as terms in "an oxymoron" standing at the center of Romanian culture.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_29
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
"The Bucharest wise guy, a haughty rascal, a swindler doubled by a thief and a boor giving himself airs, deplorable, awkward and discredited from the get-go, in reality an aborted 'dastard', an aborted 'wanton'."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_30
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
Literary critic Ioana Pârvulescu agreed that there was a link between Mitică and other characters in Caragiale's sketches; she subsequently argued that formed an integral part of the writer's caricature of Romania in its entirety, and that the measure to which they reflected reality is impossible to detect. In her 2007 volume of essays, titled În Ţara Miticilor. De şapte ori Caragiale ("In the Land of the Mitici. Seven Times Caragiale"), she stressed that the character was both more human and more artificial than his usual interpretations in 20th century commentary.
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_31
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
A particular definition of Mitică and mitici was adopted by many inhabitants of Transylvania, who used the terms in reference to either Bucharest-based politicians or inhabitants of the city at large, and contrasted them with their counterparts to the northwest. The character has thus evolved to include a stereotypical view of contemporary Bucharesters or Wallachians, one which depicts them as sciolist, arrogant, aggressive and cunning. In other contexts, the mitici may be seen as not having an adequate familiarity with the culture of Transylvania, and are associated with the Balkans (whereas Transylvania is identified with Central Europe).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_32
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
In September 1998, the Transylvanian journalist and essayist Sabin Gherman issued a pamphlet titled M-am săturat de România ("I've Grown Tired of Romania"), which was at the center of a scandal over its radical tone and demands for regional autonomy in Transylvania. In its first lines, the message drew a parallel between Mitică and "politicians in power", identifying centralism and the politics of Romania with, among other things, disorganization and statism. Gherman went on to contrast "the seriousness, the elegance, the discipline" which he attributed to Transylvania with the invasion of "miticisms, ordinary Balkanisms, the civilization of pumpkin seeds". The latter sentence comprised a reference to the habit of consuming seeds as snacks, in which he saw evidence of rudimentary behavior:
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_33
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
"Here [that is, outside Transylvania], one doesn't have rights, but complaisances. Here they eat pumpkin seeds, they use 'there is many' in their speech, and, in general, people get born, multiply themselves and die."
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_34
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
One of the best-known references to the character is the 1981 film De ce trag clopotele, Mitică? (translated as "Why Are the Bells Ringing, Mitică?"), directed by Lucian Pintilie. Titled after the opening dialog in Tot Mitică, the film was actually structured around Caragiale's play D-ale carnavalului, and included portions from several other writings—including 1 Aprilie. Mitică, who makes a brief appearance before dying at the hands of Mişu Poltronul, is portrayed by Ştefan Iordache. De ce trag clopotele, Mitică? was noted for its subtle undertones, through which it expressed criticism of the Romanian communist regime (at a time when the country was led by Nicolae Ceauşescu).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_35
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
In 2003, the Luceafărul Theater in Iaşi hosted a dramatized version of Momente şi schiţe. Titled În lumea lui Mitică ("In Mitică's World"), it was directed by Constantin Brehnescu and starred Dionisie Vitcu.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13202950_36
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitic%C4%83
|
Mitică
|
The national television channel TVR 2 produces a weekly show titled D'ale lu' Mitică'' (roughly: "Mitică's Stuff"), whose title is inspired by Caragiale's hero. Hosted by the actor Mitică Popescu, the show groups reportage pieces from the Romanian countryside, recording unusual events which, the editors believe, serve to illustrate the problems faced by small communities in the post-1989 transition period.
|
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-10,
-13,
7,
11,
4,
44,
8,
4,
6,
21,
8,
17,
31,
-17,
-14,
27,
9,
-16,
-30,
14,
-49,
-34,
16,
-20,
6,
-13,
-15,
-2,
-13,
2,
-4,
45,
-13,
21,
34,
-1,
-5,
36,
-13,
1,
36,
-7,
-27,
11,
18,
-3,
2,
-38,
-1,
35,
21,
-6,
6,
-24,
-10,
-8,
-27,
2,
-35,
0,
23,
-11,
19,
10,
2,
-48,
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34,
13,
3,
28,
19,
18,
-32,
-43,
-2,
-30,
-12,
14,
-9,
-6,
-6,
-18,
2,
-23,
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27,
12,
41,
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23,
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21,
9,
15,
0,
0,
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-18,
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-5,
4,
-27,
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29,
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26,
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27,
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1,
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17,
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11,
-21,
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-26,
7,
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24,
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21,
22,
1,
6,
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-13,
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-27,
-13,
22,
-5,
-24,
-4,
23,
16,
19,
6,
3,
-19,
-23,
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16,
32,
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7,
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-7,
8,
-7,
10,
28,
-7,
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3,
-10,
4,
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24,
49,
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31,
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6,
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3,
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29,
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43,
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1,
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4,
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38,
28,
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43,
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32,
9,
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1,
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7,
16,
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10,
18,
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24,
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23,
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16,
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45,
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35,
32,
20,
36,
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7,
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3,
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31,
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1,
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33,
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-41,
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14,
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7,
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32,
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25,
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-17,
22,
41,
-26,
-29,
-15,
-27,
43,
17,
16
] |
20231101.en_13203009_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Commonwealth%20Games%20records%20in%20swimming
|
List of Commonwealth Games records in swimming
|
Below is a complete list of the Commonwealth Games records in swimming, ratified by the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF). Competition is held in long course (50 m) pools.
|
[
-10,
-8,
4,
0,
-2,
23,
49,
-32,
37,
7,
-13,
34,
2,
-2,
-20,
-22,
-14,
-18,
-44,
-6,
23,
24,
-8,
-5,
8,
10,
11,
-23,
-32,
-11,
-7,
-19,
-4,
1,
-4,
13,
3,
14,
22,
-3,
-20,
-49,
-18,
-4,
-7,
-30,
-19,
20,
-20,
-10,
36,
29,
14,
-2,
14,
16,
6,
-11,
-46,
-29,
-40,
-3,
8,
14,
29,
22,
12,
-60,
35,
-41,
-17,
-19,
-30,
35,
-2,
0,
28,
-13,
-6,
4,
-51,
41,
6,
-38,
-24,
-54,
-19,
9,
30,
-41,
26,
-23,
-28,
-20,
29,
-21,
19,
9,
42,
11,
-5,
-2,
43,
31,
1,
41,
-56,
-10,
10,
16,
26,
2,
-20,
-12,
5,
-11,
83,
22,
-4,
-10,
0,
21,
40,
24,
12,
-17,
12,
-28,
-4,
33,
-32,
-54,
2,
-11,
2,
3,
10,
2,
2,
-39,
-10,
7,
27,
-41,
-18,
5,
16,
29,
-2,
-45,
-43,
-5,
17,
-6,
5,
1,
-46,
-31,
-5,
39,
-33,
-14,
-25,
-3,
-44,
-10,
30,
17,
62,
15,
-19,
-16,
25,
32,
-25,
44,
-2,
6,
29,
21,
10,
-2,
25,
17,
16,
34,
-41,
-10,
4,
14,
-2,
-23,
-36,
14,
22,
-54,
-7,
20,
-11,
0,
26,
21,
-45,
-3,
-5,
9,
-3,
-18,
-31,
11,
1,
-1,
27,
-6,
3,
4,
5,
13,
-16,
-5,
-19,
15,
35,
-2,
15,
-25,
23,
22,
3,
24,
4,
23,
28,
-16,
12,
20,
8,
44,
47,
28,
-6,
19,
6,
-9,
33,
24,
-21,
4,
-36,
-18,
6,
11,
29,
44,
-22,
23,
-15,
-7,
-35,
5,
43,
2,
-4,
-41,
-35,
10,
-17,
11,
18,
36,
-10,
-10,
-27,
-74,
9,
-25,
7,
-6,
16,
28,
-25,
5,
17,
-3,
-42,
24,
-40,
-23,
-25,
0,
34,
30,
-27,
-26,
39,
-4,
37,
-10,
-2,
-27,
-3,
-22,
24,
39,
2,
-22,
-7,
5,
-33,
17,
20,
17,
41,
42,
-9,
25,
17,
-14,
-7,
28,
21,
8,
16,
-44,
-59,
6,
17,
10,
-19,
19,
-25,
36,
-26,
-81,
41,
-2,
-4,
-23,
-4,
-3,
8,
5,
-15,
-33,
-37,
-21,
-6,
-33,
10,
-23,
-20,
39,
8,
-10,
-21,
25,
-25,
13,
-38,
50,
27,
23,
-7,
1,
-8,
39,
-8,
-17,
51,
3,
1,
-9,
16,
13,
25,
-11,
42,
29,
40,
14,
-2,
24,
-17,
-21,
6,
31,
21,
-26,
14,
-2,
4,
8,
-38,
-24,
9,
42,
28,
-8,
4,
-22,
-17,
1,
-7,
-46,
5,
-16,
-20,
-2,
3,
10,
-74,
-20,
-15,
-11,
-17,
-14,
-10,
-15,
-36,
21,
-33,
-9,
-8,
11,
-20,
-42,
35,
27,
-12,
-22,
-30,
32,
-16,
-22,
-54,
-18,
6,
-1,
-16,
20,
2,
-58,
9,
-46,
-6,
33,
46,
-17,
-33,
-24,
29,
-21,
-39,
0,
6,
-1,
6,
14,
-35,
13,
-30,
35,
-8,
14,
-25,
14,
-54,
-2,
51,
-35,
1,
10,
37,
8,
-17,
-6,
28,
-19,
-24,
-22,
10,
43,
-38,
-31,
-34,
-22,
-75,
-23,
32,
28,
30,
5,
-53,
-17,
-8,
40,
5,
0,
-32,
-76,
6,
-2,
37,
25,
-18,
36,
-14,
-4,
-18,
12,
29,
27,
32,
33,
10,
13,
24,
-19,
-36,
-8,
29,
-7,
9,
-7,
45,
15,
-13,
9,
33,
25,
-27,
9,
-11,
1,
-43,
-27,
-8,
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21,
10,
-13,
45,
-7,
14,
-6,
13,
6,
-8,
7,
29,
22,
4,
-1,
-7,
-3,
-5,
35,
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14,
11,
1,
-22,
11,
-4,
-24,
-4,
-3,
20,
13,
-29,
6,
52,
17,
-50,
-14,
-16,
11,
18,
9,
33,
24,
-25,
29,
32,
12,
1,
-2,
9,
-12,
-30,
72,
23,
8,
-11,
1,
11,
10,
0,
-1,
-18,
-4,
5,
36,
-9,
13,
36,
-33,
-9,
-18,
-31,
-10,
21,
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-13,
-20,
-5,
15,
-4,
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-19,
13,
-2,
10,
10,
-16,
-8,
0,
60,
-10,
-3,
-38,
-23,
-63,
-29,
11,
-21,
-30,
4,
8,
21,
-19,
-9,
-15,
7,
41,
-9,
9,
3,
-10,
11,
-2,
-17,
-62,
2,
37,
10,
26,
-7,
1,
43,
-9,
-20,
3,
-8,
-20,
-12,
-4,
-9,
0,
0,
-4,
15,
-6,
5,
-23,
-7,
-8,
-35,
10,
-24,
-15,
-1,
1,
-11,
26,
-31,
33,
10,
9,
6,
17,
-1,
-35,
-36,
2,
2,
-8,
-3,
-27,
20,
-24,
27,
3,
3,
11,
-34,
-7,
48,
-1,
14,
-20,
9,
16,
-29,
8,
-11,
-10,
-14,
17,
12,
6,
-6,
-20,
-18,
6,
1,
-18,
37,
38,
17,
-15,
18,
-22,
-40,
10,
22,
-8,
17,
15,
-19,
-12,
-16,
42,
-33,
23,
-25,
-10,
-34,
16,
5,
29,
-67,
-6,
-36,
-8,
-35,
-40,
15,
33,
-25,
-49,
2,
-1,
-4,
-23,
-50,
18,
37,
19,
20,
44,
-15,
-3,
11,
1,
-19,
-17,
-13,
-31,
-3,
-49,
29,
34,
-2,
-31,
-38,
-52,
-47,
-51,
14,
-49,
4,
-38,
-37,
-4,
24,
44,
-12,
-24,
16,
-5,
2,
-9,
28,
8,
13,
-9,
-26,
-4,
-6,
-61,
-13,
-45,
-6,
43,
-32,
24,
15,
-2,
-10,
-19,
-4,
-11,
-12,
19,
6,
15,
54,
-6,
-20,
24,
45,
11,
22,
9,
-97,
15,
-3,
9,
-46,
-65,
-14,
6,
13,
-16,
-25,
-15,
-14,
24,
9,
26,
45,
-17,
-14,
4,
-21,
11,
-51,
-23,
8,
4,
37,
16,
31,
-22,
-4,
2,
43,
-8,
-52,
47,
34,
-105,
-36,
-27,
2,
-14,
2,
-17,
35,
19,
-53,
15,
-25,
33,
-26,
-28,
13,
6,
-5,
-31,
-16,
9,
-6,
-19,
-4,
33,
2,
3,
-18,
42,
-33,
-47,
-49,
-37,
44,
-5,
-3,
24,
86,
11,
24,
-5,
3,
49,
-14,
13,
-41,
-3,
29,
3,
0,
40,
-16,
-15,
33,
-35,
-11,
-33,
36,
-31,
32,
-14,
41,
7,
10,
-2,
-41,
-3,
6,
-13,
-45,
-8,
13,
-2,
-15,
-26,
41,
-11,
20,
-10,
-17,
57,
25,
-41,
-16,
3,
10,
-29,
5,
-2,
22,
-2,
5,
24,
-10,
25,
2,
13,
6,
14,
24,
-8,
14,
-7,
24,
-3,
-26,
34,
-32,
28,
-16,
19,
-37,
-4,
2,
-22,
-27,
26,
-7,
50,
23,
32,
-35,
34,
-25,
21,
10,
-13,
35,
22,
2,
-5,
-31,
0,
8,
27,
-13,
-36,
-27,
-18,
11,
11,
10,
-40,
-52,
17,
26,
-12,
-8,
36,
-38,
39,
30
] |
20231101.en_13203009_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Commonwealth%20Games%20records%20in%20swimming
|
List of Commonwealth Games records in swimming
|
This is not to be confused with Commonwealth records, which are records by athletes from Commonwealth nations, but performed in any meet or competition.
|
[
-28,
-6,
-9,
-14,
9,
-15,
32,
-32,
38,
12,
-3,
12,
4,
-11,
-23,
-32,
-9,
-9,
-59,
-13,
18,
34,
-20,
13,
-7,
-13,
14,
-32,
-31,
-5,
-3,
-9,
-42,
3,
2,
-4,
28,
24,
25,
6,
-42,
-37,
-4,
-9,
0,
-5,
2,
9,
-3,
-14,
40,
8,
26,
11,
7,
24,
-1,
-13,
-28,
-66,
-49,
11,
46,
-1,
7,
-7,
-6,
-90,
40,
-46,
-15,
-16,
-41,
22,
-30,
-25,
-4,
1,
22,
-9,
-9,
53,
4,
-27,
-21,
-49,
-8,
-32,
24,
-22,
28,
-25,
-34,
-24,
22,
-17,
1,
20,
11,
15,
23,
-13,
12,
29,
0,
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
The Skoll Foundation is a private foundation based in Palo Alto, California. The foundation makes grants and investments intended to reduce global poverty. Jeffrey Skoll created the foundation in 1999.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
The total assets of the foundation (including its affiliated funds) are $1.127 billion as of the end of 2018. The combined entities made grants totaling about $71 million in 2018 (and disbursements of $56M), based on unaudited numbers reported by the foundation. According to the most recent audited financial statements, the non-grant expenses for the foundation totaled around $17M in 2018.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
Skoll set up the foundation in 1999 to fund social entrepreneurship through awards, grants and educational programs at Oxford and Harvard Universities.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
In late 2003, Skoll established the private Skoll Foundation. The two entities, which have distinct governing bodies but share staff and offices, together operate the foundation's grantmaking and other programs.
|
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46
] |
20231101.en_13203013_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
In 2001, Skoll hired Sally Osberg, formerly the founding executive director of the Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose. Osberg was the foundation's first employee, president and CEO. Osberg claims that she led the organization through its startup, implementation and renewal phases. Osberg and her colleagues set up platforms to connect civil society members with private and public sector leaders. These platforms included partnerships with Sundance Festival and Oxford's Saïd Business School.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
In 2018, Richard Fahey assumed the role of interim president after 14 years of executive leadership at the foundation.
|
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15
] |
20231101.en_13203013_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
In February 2019, Donald Gips was appointed as the foundation's CEO. Formerly, Gips served as the U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of South Africa.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
In March 2021, the foundation hired Marla Blow as its president and chief operating officer. She had formerly served as the senior vice president for social impact in North America for the Mastercard Center for Inclusive Growth.
|
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34
] |
20231101.en_13203013_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
The foundation, which moved to its Palo Alto headquarters in 2004, also collaborated closely with the Skoll Global Threats Fund, established in 2009, to address climate change, pandemics, water security, nuclear proliferation, and conflict in the Middle East. Some of the fund's initiatives supported by the foundation have included an app, developed in partnership with the Brazilian Ministry of Health, that allowed monitoring of health conditions and potential infection by the Zika virus during the 2016 Olympics; supporting surveillance technologies that identify epidemics at their earliest outbreak; and development of an online tool that will help policymakers identify global water risk and food security hot spots.
|
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35
] |
20231101.en_13203013_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
The foundation began funding research into pandemic preparedness and prevention in 2009. Simultaneously, the organization funded research into climate change water scarcity, nuclear weapons and conflict in the Middle East; it called this its Global Threats Fund. Previously, the foundation partnered with Google's philanthropic arm, Google.org to fund Nathan Wolfe's 2008 research into cross-species transmission amongst Cameroonian bushmeat hunters. In 2018 the fund created Ending Pandemics, a non-profit spun out from its research into pandemic detection and rapid response.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
Skoll increased the foundation's 2020 grant to $200 million to respond to the pandemic's economic, health and social impact. The African Field Epidemiology Network, a group that works with Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention were the foundation's first COVID-related grantees. The foundation also gave sixty-four past and current Skoll grantees $50,000 in emergency funding during this period.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
In 2003, the foundation donated $7.5M to the Saïd Business School at Oxford University to establish the Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship. The center studies and promotes socially purposed businesses and hosts a one-year MBA programme in social entrepreneurship. The grant also funded an endowed lectureship, program director, visiting fellows, five MBA student fellowships, visiting fellows, and the annual Skoll World Forum on Social Entrepreneurship. The Skoll Centre's activities concentrate on educating social change leaders, practical research and convening leaders in the social change field.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
The annual Skoll World Forum assembles social entrepreneurship leaders at the Said Business School at to discuss solutions to social challenges. The foundation held its first forum in 2004. Attendance was roughly 1200 as of the 2019 Forum, and the delegates represented around 80 countries. The event facilitates impact investing.
|
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30
] |
20231101.en_13203013_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
Each year, the Skoll Foundation presents the Skoll Awards for Social Entrepreneurship. The foundation accepts nominations from within its network. The following list of Skoll Awards organized by year. Skoll claims the awards are to raise awareness through storytelling. "We felt that part of our mission was to create a ceremony where these folks are given more notoriety.”
|
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31
] |
20231101.en_13203013_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
Getting Beyond Better: How Social Entrepreneurship Works by Sally R. Osberg and Roger L. Martin. Harvard Business Review Press, 2015.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
Wish You Happy Forever: What China's Orphans Taught Me about Moving Mountains by Jenny Bowen. HarperCollins Publishers, 2014.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
However Long the Night: Molly Melching's Journey to Help Millions of African Women and Girls Triumph by Aimee Molloy. HarperCollins Publishers, 2014.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
The Business of Good: Social Entrepreneurship and the New Bottom Line by Jason Haber. Entrepreneur Press, 2016.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
Anne-Marie Slaughter, "Social Entrepreneurs can give the government a lift," Financial Times May 77, 2016, retrieved 2017-02-17 at https://www.ft.com/content/1172995c-1b79-11e6-b286-cddde55ca122
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
"Al Gore is hugely optimistic when it comes to one thing about climate change," Quartz, April 15, 2016, https://qz.com/662233/al-gore-is-hugely-optimistic-when-it-comes-to-one-thing-about-climate-change/
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
Sebastien Turbot, "The Web connects me to the world, but conferences unite me with my tribe," Entrepreneur, April 11, 2016, https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/273162
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
Adva Saldinger, "Mary Robinson on Climate and Development," Devex, April 26, 2016, https://www.devex.com/news/mary-robinson-on-climate-and-development-88081
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203013_22
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoll%20Foundation
|
Skoll Foundation
|
Jason Haber, "Meet the new breed of philanthropists helping social entrepreneurs succeed," Entrepreneur, June 30, 2016; retrieved 2017-02-17 at https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/274859
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203016_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimansia
|
Heimansia
|
The genus name of Heimansia is in honour of Jacobus Heimans (1889-1978), who was a Dutch botanist (Bryology and Algology) and was Curator of the Herbarium at the University of Amsterdam.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203040_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20In%20Situ%20Explorer
|
Venus In Situ Explorer
|
The Venus In Situ Explorer (VISE) has been a lander mission concept proposed since 2003 by the Planetary Science Decadal Survey as a space probe designed to answer fundamental scientific questions by landing and performing experiments on Venus.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203040_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20In%20Situ%20Explorer
|
Venus In Situ Explorer
|
The VISE concept has been identified as a desired theme for mission proposals over several rounds of NASA's competitive mission selections, including those to select the 2nd, 3rd and 4th New Frontiers missions. However, all VISE-themed proposals have thus far been unsuccessful.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203040_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20In%20Situ%20Explorer
|
Venus In Situ Explorer
|
The study of Venus is essential to understanding the evolution of terrestrial planets, understanding how Venus and Earth diverged, and comprehending when and if planets develop habitable environments. While on the surface, the Venus In Situ Explorer would function for several hours to acquire and characterize a core sample of the surface to study pristine rock samples not weathered by the very harsh surface conditions of the planet. Also, the VISE would determine the composition and mineralogy of the surface. The lander would also release a short-lived balloon to measure cloud-level winds.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203040_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20In%20Situ%20Explorer
|
Venus In Situ Explorer
|
The science payload would include cameras, spectrometers, a neutral mass spectrometer, a meteorology package, and other instruments to determine mineralogy and surface texture. It may use a new atmospheric entry mechanism, a mechanically deployed aerodynamic decelerator, known as the Adaptive Deployable Entry and Placement Technology (ADEPT).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203040_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20In%20Situ%20Explorer
|
Venus In Situ Explorer
|
The VISE concept was identified in 2003 as one of four eligible themes for candidate missions for NASA's New Frontiers program Mission 2. No VISE-themed proposals reached the finalist stage.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203040_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20In%20Situ%20Explorer
|
Venus In Situ Explorer
|
VISE was again an eligible theme, this time one of eight, in the 2009 competition to select New Frontiers Mission 3. One VISE-themed proposal, Surface and Atmosphere Geochemical Explorer or SAGE, was an unsuccessful finalist.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203040_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20In%20Situ%20Explorer
|
Venus In Situ Explorer
|
VISE was one of six eligible themes for candidate missions for New Frontiers Mission 4 to be launched in 2024. Of the 12 proposals submitted and reviewed by NASA, three were associated with this theme: two lander proposals, Venus In situ Composition Investigations (VICI) and Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer (VISAGE); and the Venus Origins Explorer (VOX), an orbiter whose proponents claimed would achieve similar scientific outcomes. None of the three advanced to the final shortlist.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203040_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20In%20Situ%20Explorer
|
Venus In Situ Explorer
|
NASA Atmospheric Flight on Venus Landis, Geoffrey A., Colozza, Anthony, and LaMarre, Christopher M., International Astronautical Federation Congress 2002, paper IAC-02-Q.4.2.03, AIAA-2002-0819, AIAA0, No. 5
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203043_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber%20Varela
|
Wilber Varela
|
Wilber Alirio Varela Fajardo (November 6, 1957 – 2008), also known as Jabón ("Soap"), was a Colombian drug trafficker. He was the leader of the Norte del Valle Cartel. A Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act indictment was filed in the District Court of the District of Columbia by the Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Section of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division against the leaders of the Norte del Valle Cartel, including Varela. According to the indictment, the Norte del Valle Cartel exported approximately 500 metric tons of cocaine worth over $10 billion from Colombia to the United States, often through Mexico, between 1990 and 2004. The indictment was unsealed in May 2004. A provisional arrest warrant was issued and was sent to the U.S. Embassy in Bogotá.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203043_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber%20Varela
|
Wilber Varela
|
In addition, in March 2004, a grand jury in the Eastern District of New York indicted Varela on Drug Trafficking Charges. The United States Department of State offered a reward of up to $5 million for information leading to the arrest and/or conviction of Varela.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203043_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber%20Varela
|
Wilber Varela
|
He was born in Roldanillo, Valle del Cauca, on November 6, 1957. Varela was a country man of humble extraction who did not like to show off, had few manners and was extremely rude. He was known to be a cold-blooded killer. His nickname was due to the coincidence with a well-known brand of laundry soap in Colombia also called Varela. He claimed to be a retired National Police sergeant, but no official documents were found to confirm this. At the beginning of the 1990s, he worked in the cocaine laboratories of Andrés López López "Florecita" (Little Flower) and later began working with the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers security, collections, and hiring assassins.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203043_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber%20Varela
|
Wilber Varela
|
After the fragmentation of the Cali Cartel, Varela began working with Orlando Henao as his security and hitman chief. Varela was known for assassinating Fernando Cifuentes, apparently to avoid leaving loose ends in the crime of Efraín Hernández 'Don Efra'; for trying to assassinate William Rodríguez Abadía, son of Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela and for other crimes ordered by his boss Henao. After Henao's surrender to the authorities, Varela was the target of an attack on 23 November 1997 under the orders of Pacho Herrera. Varela asks Henao for authorization to kill Herrera, but Henao initially refuses in order to keep peace with the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers, but then gives Varela the green light when he sees Herrera's collaboration with the DEA to hand over the heads of the Norte del Valle Cartel. This led to the assassination of Herrera in Palmira prison and the subsequent murder of Henao in retaliation by José Manuel Henao 'El Inválido' (The crippled).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203043_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber%20Varela
|
Wilber Varela
|
With Henao's death, Varela gradually took control of the organisation even though it was fragmented into several clans. Together with Luis Alfonso Ocampo Fómeque 'El Tocayo' (The Namesake), half-brother of his partner Victor Patiño-Fomeque 'La Fiera', he carried out several murders, especially of 4 brothers of Pacho Herrera including 'El Inválido' in Guayaquil, Ecuador, as well as being his personal friend. The rest of the clan was forced to leave Colombia and were expropriated of their possessions by Varela.
|
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11,
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17,
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36
] |
20231101.en_13203043_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber%20Varela
|
Wilber Varela
|
After the capture of Fernando Henao, brother of the murdered Orlando Henao Montoya, due to an alleged tip-off made by Miguel Solano 'Miguelito' to the FBI in Miami, and an alleged debt owed by him to Lorena Henao, a conflict was gradually unleashed which culminated in the death of Miguelito in a bar in Cartagena. It is worth noting that due to his violent way of acting, he declared war on Diego León Montoya Sánchez 'Don Diego', because this opposed the way in which he began to expropriate the assets of his deceased enemies and in retaliation for the death of Miguelito, who was his friend, In retaliation for the death of Miguelito, who was his friend, Varela formed his private army, which he called Los Rastrojos, as opposed to Los Machos de Montoya, provoking a war that left a large number of people dead, which caused the Valle del Cauca and the Coffee Zone to become unsafe and dangerous places to live. He had a love affair with Lorena Henao to protect her from Diego Montoya, who denounced her and her brother Arcángel Henao, both exiled in Panama.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203043_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber%20Varela
|
Wilber Varela
|
Varela also maintained his business with criminal networks in Mexico with different cartels in that country (mainly with Cartel de Juárez and El Cartel de los Beltrán Leyva). In fact, it is speculated that he was a close friend of Amado Carrillo Fuentes El Señor de los Cielos, as well as a close friend of the paramilitary commander Carlos Mario Jiménez Macaco, who managed to mediate between him and Diego Montoya to stop the war that both drug lords were waging. Varela tried in vain to turn his group 'Los Rastrojos' into a paramilitary group by seeking cover under the Justice and Peace agreements of Santa Fe de Ralito.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203043_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber%20Varela
|
Wilber Varela
|
It is known about his family, a sister lives in Palmira, his father at the time of his death still resided in an old farm in Roldanillo; from his first marriage he had 2 children, among them the youngest Wilber Felipe Varela Camacho 'Varelita' who was murdered in 2009; Varela also had a relationship with Yovanna Guzmán; a model and beauty queen who was unaware that Varela was a druglord and who tricked her with a false name pretending to be a cattle rancher. Varela would later become obsessed with her until it was revealed that the drug lord had ordered his hitmen to shoot her in the spine because of a betrayal, but leaving her wounded in one of her legs.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203043_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber%20Varela
|
Wilber Varela
|
During his war against 'Don Diego', Varela habitually hid in Venezuela where he was protected by Venezuelan authorities. After the end of his war, Varela was being hunted not only by Colombian and US authorities (who were offering a $5 million bounty on his head), but also by the Oficina de Envigado, and other criminal groups who wanted to collect the bounty. In Venezuela, Varela had conflicts with Venezuelan authorities who demanded more money for his protection, and for his drug shipments as well as being a major threat to several druglords. In early 2008, Varela Fajardo was found murdered with his main bodyguard Weimar Pérez 'Grasoso' (Fatty) in the Fresh Air cabins resort in the state of Mérida, in Venezuela. On January 30, 2008, Venezuelan authorities confirmed his death after analyzing his fingerprints. According to subsequent investigations, Varela was finally killed by his lieutenants Javier Antonio Calle Serna Comba or Combatiente and Diego Pérez Henao Diego Rastrojo, apparently following orders from druglord Daniel Barrera 'El Loco Barrera' (The Crazy Barrera).
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203043_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber%20Varela
|
Wilber Varela
|
In TV series El Señor De Los Cielos, El Cartel and film, he is portrayed as the character Milton Jimenez 'El Cabo' (The Corporal), by the Colombian actor Robinson Diaz.
|
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7
] |
20231101.en_13203045_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penium
|
Penium
|
Penium is a genus of green algae, and the sole member of the family Peniaceae. The genus contains about 39 species.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203073_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotaenium
|
Pleurotaenium
|
Long, cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical unicells with blunt ends. Ring-like thickening in the central area where the two semicells join. In a good specimen, very delightful to look at due to obvious intracellular activity, especially at the ends.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203073_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotaenium
|
Pleurotaenium
|
Sexual: Conjugation (transmission of DNA through nucleus fusion to form a hypnozygote or zygospore, which is a term for a zygote that lies dormant until optimal conditions arise)
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203077_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rzow
|
Börzow
|
Börzow is a village and a former municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since 25 May 2014, it is part of the municipality Stepenitztal.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203078_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCsewitz
|
Brüsewitz
|
Brüsewitz is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Besides the village of Brüsewitz, the municipality includes the villages of Gottmannsförde, Groß Brütz and Herren Steinfeld.
|
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] |
20231101.en_13203082_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramonshagen
|
Cramonshagen
|
Cramonshagen is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
|
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