id stringlengths 23 41 | query stringlengths 251 5.5k | positives listlengths 1 1 | negatives listlengths 20 20 |
|---|---|---|---|
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro02a | Being vegetarian helps the environment Becoming a vegetarian is an environmentally friendly thing to do. Modern farming is one of the main sources of pollution in our rivers. Beef farming is one of the main causes of deforestation, and as long as people continue to buy fast food in their billions, there will be a fina... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro02b",
"score": 0.8113634586334229,
"text": "You don’t have to be vegetarian to be green. Many special environments have been created by livestock farming – for example chalk down land in England and mountain pastures in many countries. Ending livestock farming woul... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro03a",
"score": 0.6675716638565063,
"text": "Vegetarianism is healthier There are significant health benefits to 'going veggie'; a vegetarian diet contains high quantities of fibre, vitamins, and minerals, and is low in fat. (A vegan diet is even better since eggs ... |
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro01a | It is immoral to kill animals As evolved human beings it is our moral duty to inflict as little pain as possible for our survival. So if we do not need to inflict pain to animals in order to survive, we should not do it. Farm animals such as chickens, pigs, sheep, and cows are sentient living beings like us - they are... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro01b",
"score": 0.7644092440605164,
"text": "There is a great moral difference between humans and animals. Unlike animals, humans are capable of rational thought and can alter the world around them. Other creatures were put on this earth for mankind to use, and that... | [
{
"id": "training-environment-aelmmhbahr-pro04a",
"score": 0.7258751392364502,
"text": "Even if it matters whether or not humans and animals are similar, humans and animals are in fact similar enough that both should be granted rights. We have already noted that beings do not need to be similar in orde... |
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro03a | Vegetarianism is healthier There are significant health benefits to 'going veggie'; a vegetarian diet contains high quantities of fibre, vitamins, and minerals, and is low in fat. (A vegan diet is even better since eggs and dairy products are high in cholesterol.) The risk of contracting many forms of cancer is increa... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro03b",
"score": 0.7685800194740295,
"text": "The key to good health is a balanced diet, not a meat- and fish-free diet. Meat and fish are good sources of protein, iron, and other vitamins and minerals. Most of the health benefits of a vegetarian diet derive from its... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con02a",
"score": 0.706070065498352,
"text": "There are problems with being vegetarian A vegetarian or vegan diet may result in a person not getting enough iron. This is because, although you can get iron from foods such as pulses, green leafy vegetables and nuts, th... |
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro04a | Being vegetarian reduces risks of food poisoning Almost all dangerous types of food poisoning are passed on through meat or eggs. So Campylobacter bacteria, the most common cause of food poisoning in England, are usually found in raw meat and poultry, unpasteurised milk and untreated water. Salmonella come from raw me... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro04b",
"score": 0.7799713611602783,
"text": "Food safety and hygiene are very important for everyone, and governments should act to ensure that high standards are in place particularly in restaurants and other places where people get their food from. But food poison... | [
{
"id": "training-environment-ahwcb-pro01b",
"score": 0.6477129459381104,
"text": "Some of the costs are largely illusionary. Yes we stop food that is tested positive from bovine TB from getting into the food chain but this ignores that the tests are not accurate so there is likely meat that is infected... |
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con02a | There are problems with being vegetarian A vegetarian or vegan diet may result in a person not getting enough iron. This is because, although you can get iron from foods such as pulses, green leafy vegetables and nuts, the iron in these foods isn't absorbed so easily. The symptoms of this feeling breathless after litt... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con02b",
"score": 0.845258891582489,
"text": "The problems with fatigue, apathetic behaviour and concentration are mostly a result from a lack of iron in the diet. However as with any diet this is only a problem when not eating the right things, this regularly means t... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro03b",
"score": 0.7338833212852478,
"text": "The key to good health is a balanced diet, not a meat- and fish-free diet. Meat and fish are good sources of protein, iron, and other vitamins and minerals. Most of the health benefits of a vegetarian diet derive from its... |
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con03a | Survival of the fittest It is natural for human beings to farm, kill, and eat other species. In the wild there is a brutal struggle for existence as is shown by Darwin’s On the Origin of the Species. [1] The fact that we humans have succeeded in that struggle by exploiting our natural environment means that we have a ... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con03b",
"score": 0.7018886208534241,
"text": "To suggest that battery farms are in some way 'natural' is absurd - they are unnatural and cruel. To eat meat is to perpetuate animal suffering on a huge scale - a larger, crueler, and more systematic scale than anything ... | [
{
"id": "training-environment-ahwcb-con01b",
"score": 0.6664212942123413,
"text": "In this instance the question is one of balancing suffering. Yes culling will result in a certain amount of suffering from badgers but not culling and letting TB run rampant causes suffering in cattle. To humans cattle ar... |
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con01a | Humans can choose their own nutrition plan Humans are omnivores – we are meant to eat both meat and plants. Like our early ancestors we have sharp canine teeth for tearing animal flesh and digestive systems adapted to eating meat and fish as well as vegetables. Our stomachs are also adapted to eating both meat and veg... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con01b",
"score": 0.7847356200218201,
"text": "Human evolved as omnivores over thousands of years. Yet since the invention of farming there is no longer a need for us to be omnivores. Even if we wished to we could no longer collect, hunt and eat our food in the same w... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro03b",
"score": 0.7191022634506226,
"text": "The key to good health is a balanced diet, not a meat- and fish-free diet. Meat and fish are good sources of protein, iron, and other vitamins and minerals. Most of the health benefits of a vegetarian diet derive from its... |
test-environment-assgbatj-pro02a | Animal research causes severe harm to the animals involved The point of animal research is that animals are harmed. Even if they don’t suffer in the experiment, almost all are killed afterwards. With 115 million animals used a year this is a big problem. Releasing medical research animals in to the wild would be dange... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-pro02b",
"score": 0.7469596862792969,
"text": "What then is the interest of the animal? If releasing these animals into the wild would kill them then surely it is humane to put them down after the experiment. It must also be remembered that the interest of the animal i... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-pro01b",
"score": 0.7062827348709106,
"text": "The right of a human not to be harmed is based not on appearance but on not harming others. Animals don’t participate in this. Animals won’t stop hunting because of the pain and feelings of other animals. Even if animal t... |
test-environment-assgbatj-pro05a | It would send out a consistent message Most countries have animal welfare laws to prevent animal cruelty but have laws like the UK’s Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, [10] that stop animal testing being a crime. This makes means some people can do things to animals, but not others. If the government are seriou... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-pro05b",
"score": 0.7409588098526001,
"text": "There is a moral difference between harm for the sake of harming an animal and harm in order to save lives. Lifesaving drugs is a very different purpose to betting or enjoyment that animal welfare laws are aimed at."
}
] | [
{
"id": "test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro03b",
"score": 0.7030364871025085,
"text": "Most developed countries, including the United States and the member-states of the European Union, have regulations and laws which require the research methods that do not involve animal models should be used wherever the... |
test-environment-assgbatj-pro01a | Animals shouldn’t be harmed The difference between us and other animals is a matter of degree rather than type [2]. Their bodies resemble ours, as do their ways of conveying meaning. They recoil from pain, appear to express fear of a tormentor, and appear to take pleasure in activities; a point clear to anyone who has... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-pro01b",
"score": 0.7693054676055908,
"text": "The right of a human not to be harmed is based not on appearance but on not harming others. Animals don’t participate in this. Animals won’t stop hunting because of the pain and feelings of other animals. Even if animal t... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro01b",
"score": 0.7279964685440063,
"text": "There is a great moral difference between humans and animals. Unlike animals, humans are capable of rational thought and can alter the world around them. Other creatures were put on this earth for mankind to use, and that... |
test-environment-assgbatj-pro03a | It isn’t necessary We don’t know how we will be able to develop new drugs without animal testing until we end it. We now know how most chemicals work, and computer simulations of chemicals are very good.[6] Experimenting on tissue can show how drugs work, without the need for actual animals. Even skin left over from s... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-pro03b",
"score": 0.7771216034889221,
"text": "The laws that restrict animal testing only allow it where it’s needed. Animal testing isn’t cheap, meaning that if universities and the drug industry have a good reason to end it if they can. If we ban animal testing we w... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-con01b",
"score": 0.7373473644256592,
"text": "To argue that “the ends justify the means” isn’t enough. We don’t know how much animals suffer, as they can’t talk to us. We therefore don’t know how aware they are of themselves. In order to stop a moral harm on animals w... |
test-environment-assgbatj-pro04a | Most animals can suffer more than some people It’s possible to think of people that can’t suffer, like those in a persistent vegetative state, or with significant intellectual disabilities. We could go for one of three options. Either we could experiment on animals, but not such people, which is morally not consisten... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-pro04b",
"score": 0.7852202653884888,
"text": "The decision to test is not based upon the capacity to suffer. But it should be remembered that the individual being tested would not be the only one who suffers, for the intellectually disabled we must remember their fami... | [
{
"id": "training-environment-aelmmhbahr-con01b",
"score": 0.7447426915168762,
"text": "We are morally responsible creatures and we can survive perfectly well without being cruel to animals. Animals are different because they need to hunt to survive and are not morally responsible. The interests they sa... |
test-environment-assgbatj-con02a | People will die if we don’t do animal testing Every year, 23 new drugs are introduced in the UK alone.[13] Almost all will be tested on animals. A new drug will be used for a long time. Think of all the people saved by the use of penicillin. If drugs cost more to test, that means drug companies will develop less. This... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-con02b",
"score": 0.7602090835571289,
"text": "Many of these drugs are “me too” drugs – ones with a slight change that doesn’t make much difference to an existing drug. [14] So often the benefits from animal testing are marginal, and even if there was a slight increase... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-pro03b",
"score": 0.7217817902565002,
"text": "The laws that restrict animal testing only allow it where it’s needed. Animal testing isn’t cheap, meaning that if universities and the drug industry have a good reason to end it if they can. If we ban animal testing we w... |
test-environment-assgbatj-con05a | Research animals are well treated Animals used in research generally don’t suffer. While they may be in pain, they are generally given pain killers, and when they are put down this is done humanely. [16] They are looked after, as healthy animals mean better experimental results. These animals live better lives than th... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-con05b",
"score": 0.7760164737701416,
"text": "Just because an animal is treated well as it is brought up doesn’t stop the very real suffering during testing. Stricter rules and painkillers don’t help as the lack of suffering cannot be guaranteed – if we knew what woul... | [
{
"id": "test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro01b",
"score": 0.7283747792243958,
"text": "Animals do not have such a right not to be harmed; even if they are similar to humans in terms of their feelings (that opposition does not concede) this right is impossible to argue for. The right of a human not to be har... |
test-environment-assgbatj-con04a | Animal research is only used when it’s needed EU member states and the US have laws to stop animals being used for research if there is any alternative. The 3Rs principles are commonly used. Animal testing is being Refined for better results and less suffering, Replaced, and Reduced in terms of the number of animals u... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-con04b",
"score": 0.813042938709259,
"text": "Not every country has laws like the EU or the US. In countries with low welfare standards animal testing is a more attractive option. Animal researchers tend to only do animal research so don’t know about the alternatives. ... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-pro03b",
"score": 0.7452212572097778,
"text": "The laws that restrict animal testing only allow it where it’s needed. Animal testing isn’t cheap, meaning that if universities and the drug industry have a good reason to end it if they can. If we ban animal testing we w... |
test-environment-assgbatj-con03a | Testing is needed for really new drugs The real benefit of animal testing is making totally new drugs, which is about a quarter of them. After non-animal and then animal tests, it will be tested on humans. The reason why the risk is low (but not non-existent) for these brave volunteers, is because of the animal tests.... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-con03b",
"score": 0.8052392601966858,
"text": "When a drug is first tested on human volunteers, they are only given a tiny fraction of the amount shown safe to give to primates showing there is another way, to start with very low doses. Animal research isn’t a reliable... | [
{
"id": "test-philosophy-apessghwba-con03b",
"score": 0.7648212909698486,
"text": "This again highlights some of the problems with animal research. In the UK example cited, animal testing had been done, and the dose given to the human volunteers was a tiny fraction of the dose shown to be safe in primat... |
test-environment-assgbatj-con01a | Animals don’t have human rights Humans have large brains, form social groups, communicate and are generally worthy of moral consideration. We also are aware of ourselves and of the nature of death. Some animals have some of these characteristics but not all so should not have the same rights. In harming animals to ben... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-con01b",
"score": 0.7618677020072937,
"text": "To argue that “the ends justify the means” isn’t enough. We don’t know how much animals suffer, as they can’t talk to us. We therefore don’t know how aware they are of themselves. In order to stop a moral harm on animals w... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-assgbatj-pro04a",
"score": 0.7226923108100891,
"text": "Most animals can suffer more than some people It’s possible to think of people that can’t suffer, like those in a persistent vegetative state, or with significant intellectual disabilities. We could go for one of three o... |
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro02a | Poaching is becoming more advanced A stronger, militarised approach is needed as poaching is becoming far more advanced. Poachers now operate with high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers and use helicopters to hunt their prey. [1] These methods are used particularly against rhinoceroses in South Africa, wh... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-pro02b",
"score": 0.766622006893158,
"text": "Tougher protection of Africa’s nature reserves will only result in more bloodshed. Every time the military upgrade their weaponry, tactics and logistic, the poachers improve their own methods to counter them. In the past d... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-con04a",
"score": 0.7255520224571228,
"text": "Heavy handed approaches do not solve the motivations for poaching Creating tougher responses to poaching will not deter poachers as they fail to recognise the motivations for illegal hunting. Many hunters, especially tho... |
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro05a | The justice system does not currently work A major failing in current anti-poaching operations is that the poachers are rarely prosecuted. African legal systems rarely prioritise poaching as a serious crime, with offenders usually receiving trivial fines1. One of the major reasons for the Western black rhinoceros’ ext... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-pro05b",
"score": 0.7898966073989868,
"text": "Deterrents in the criminal justice system have not worked in similar cases. The US drug war, which identified a specific activity and made it a matter of national security, has resulted in harsh sentences for those who de... | [
{
"id": "test-international-iiahwagit-con04b",
"score": 0.7273224592208862,
"text": "If tough approaches to conservation did not exist then the situation would be far worse. [1] The lack of legislation and an armed response to the poaching threat has led to the extinction of many species, such as the We... |
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro01a | Natural habitats being are destroyed A tougher approach to the protection of animals is needed to prevent their natural habitats from being destroyed by locals. As humans expand their agricultural activity in Africa they are destroying the environments of endangered animals and pushing others towards being endangered.... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-pro01b",
"score": 0.7114624977111816,
"text": "Human development is of great importance to the African continent, arguably more so than conserving endangered animals. In 2010 it was estimated that there are 239 million sub-Saharan Africans living in poverty. [1] Pover... | [
{
"id": "training-environment-achbessbp-pro04b",
"score": 0.6739825010299683,
"text": "By this argument, no human generation could ever decide that protecting a species is more trouble than its worth and so let it become extinct, as there would always be the theoretical possibility of a future generatio... |
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro03a | Endangered animals are a source of pride for African countries Endangered animals warrant a tougher degree of protection in Africa as they have notable cultural significance. Some groups believe that African elephants have mystic powers attached to them and have coveted them for centuries. [1] African lions have been ... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-pro03b",
"score": 0.8025972843170166,
"text": "Not all endangered animals have such cultural significance within Africa. Pangolins are armoured mammals which are native to Africa and Asia. Like rhinoceros, pangolins are endangered due to their demand in East Asia. The... | [
{
"id": "test-international-iiahwagit-pro01b",
"score": 0.6838893890380859,
"text": "Human development is of great importance to the African continent, arguably more so than conserving endangered animals. In 2010 it was estimated that there are 239 million sub-Saharan Africans living in poverty. [1] Pov... |
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro04a | Poaching is linked to terrorism Stronger protection of animals should be implemented to reduce the funding for terrorist groups. Certain terrorist organisations use the illegal ivory and horn trade as funding for their operations. Al-Shabaab, the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), and the Sudanese Janjaweed all use the ill... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-pro04b",
"score": 0.7292681932449341,
"text": "Linking animal endangerment and poaching to terrorism as a justification for action unnecessarily securitises the issue. This will only serve to create a situation where state actors can use poaching as an excuse to explo... | [
{
"id": "test-international-iiahwagit-pro05b",
"score": 0.689566433429718,
"text": "Deterrents in the criminal justice system have not worked in similar cases. The US drug war, which identified a specific activity and made it a matter of national security, has resulted in harsh sentences for those who d... |
test-environment-aiahwagit-con02a | Fewer human deaths Fewer large beasts will lead to fewer deaths in Africa. Some endangered animals are aggressive and will attack humans. Hippopotamuses kill in excess of three hundred humans a year in Africa, with other animals such as the elephant and lion also causing many fatalities. [1] Footage released in early ... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-con02b",
"score": 0.7707676291465759,
"text": "Most of these human deaths are caused by humans invading the territory of the animals at hand. Even giraffes, usually considered peaceful animals, will attack if they feel that humans are too close. Generally, it is the h... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-pro01a",
"score": 0.6903484463691711,
"text": "Natural habitats being are destroyed A tougher approach to the protection of animals is needed to prevent their natural habitats from being destroyed by locals. As humans expand their agricultural activity in Africa they... |
test-environment-aiahwagit-con04a | Heavy handed approaches do not solve the motivations for poaching Creating tougher responses to poaching will not deter poachers as they fail to recognise the motivations for illegal hunting. Many hunters, especially those who aren’t native to Africa, take part in poaching as there is a thrill in the illegal status. [... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-con04b",
"score": 0.7786333560943604,
"text": "If tough approaches to conservation did not exist then the situation would be far worse. [1] The lack of legislation and an armed response to the poaching threat has led to the extinction of many species, such as the West... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-pro05b",
"score": 0.7294929027557373,
"text": "Deterrents in the criminal justice system have not worked in similar cases. The US drug war, which identified a specific activity and made it a matter of national security, has resulted in harsh sentences for those who de... |
test-environment-aiahwagit-con03a | Legalising the trade of horns, ivory, furs and pelts would be more effective Making it legal for hunters to kill these endangered animals, rather than protecting them, could prevent extinction. The protected status of endangered animals has made their pelts, horns and tusks more expensive as they are harder to obtain.... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-con03b",
"score": 0.7763553261756897,
"text": "There is no guarantee that legalising the trade would satisfy demand in East Asia. [1] Nor is there any substantial evidence to suggest that prices would drop to the point where hunters could no longer sustain themselves.... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-pro05b",
"score": 0.7169801592826843,
"text": "Deterrents in the criminal justice system have not worked in similar cases. The US drug war, which identified a specific activity and made it a matter of national security, has resulted in harsh sentences for those who de... |
test-environment-aiahwagit-con01a | African countries have little money to spare Africa has some of the least developed countries in the world, making extensive protection of endangered animals unviable. Many African countries are burdened by the more pressing issues of civil war, large debts, poverty, and economic underdevelopment. [1] These factors al... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-aiahwagit-con01b",
"score": 0.6843088865280151,
"text": "There are numerous sponsors who contribute towards animal protection schemes, reducing the government’s burden. Private wildlife custodians spend significant sums of money ensuring they are fully equipped to deal with poa... | [
{
"id": "training-international-aghwrpusvpa-pro03b",
"score": 0.6457996368408203,
"text": "Despite Africa’s demands for increased influence, they are not in a position of power and it is within their interest to maintain positive relations with the developed powers. They have numbers but despite their ... |
test-environment-ehwsnwu-pro02a | Underground Nuclear Storage is Safe Underground nuclear waste storage means that nuclear waste is stored at least 300m underground. [I1] The harm of a leak 300m underground is significantly limited, if the area has been chosen correctly then there should be no water sources nearby to contaminate. If this is the case,... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-ehwsnwu-pro02b",
"score": 0.7104586362838745,
"text": "Journalist Jeremy Shere describes the problems with most methods of nuclear storage: \"There have been a few other interesting ideas –such as burying nuclear waste beneath the ocean floor. Scientists have also thought abou... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-ehwsnwu-con02a",
"score": 0.6745937466621399,
"text": "There Are Better Alternatives to Underground Nuclear Waste Storage France is the largest nuclear energy producer in the world. It generates 80% of its electricity from nuclear power. [1] It is very important to note, there... |
test-environment-ehwsnwu-pro01a | Underground Nuclear Storage is Necessary Even states without nuclear waste programs tend to generate radioactive waste. For example, research and medicine both use nuclear material and nuclear technology. Technologies such as Medical imaging equipment are dependent and the use of radioactive elements. This means that ... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-ehwsnwu-pro01b",
"score": 0.7394242882728577,
"text": "Underground nuclear storage is not the only way to store nuclear material. Economically speaking, it is more expensive, but likely much safer to store nuclear waste above ground in facilities that can be easily monitored an... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-ehwsnwu-con03a",
"score": 0.7019583582878113,
"text": "Nuclear waste should be reused to create more electricity. There are new kinds of nuclear reactor such as ‘Integral Fast Reactors’, which can be powered by the waste from normal nuclear reactors (or from uranium the same a... |
test-environment-ehwsnwu-con02a | There Are Better Alternatives to Underground Nuclear Waste Storage France is the largest nuclear energy producer in the world. It generates 80% of its electricity from nuclear power. [1] It is very important to note, therefore, that it does not rely on underground nuclear waste storage. Instead, it relies on above gro... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-ehwsnwu-con02b",
"score": 0.731468915939331,
"text": "Side proposition supports the reuse of nuclear waste; however, it also believes that the remaining nuclear waste left by the process should be stored underground. This is because, the nuclear waste created from such a recyc... | [
{
"id": "training-environment-ogecephwgn-pro01b",
"score": 0.6901972889900208,
"text": "Nuclear power is itself inefficient: For every three units of energy produced by the reactor core of a U.S. nuclear power plants, two units are discharged to the environment as waste heat. Nuclear plants are built on... |
test-environment-ehwsnwu-con03a | Nuclear waste should be reused to create more electricity. There are new kinds of nuclear reactor such as ‘Integral Fast Reactors’, which can be powered by the waste from normal nuclear reactors (or from uranium the same as any other nuclear reactor). This means that the waste from other reactors or dismantled nuclear... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-ehwsnwu-con03b",
"score": 0.7796452641487122,
"text": "Integral Fast Reactors are not a solution for the short term. There are currently no Integral Fast Reactors in commercial operation and the research reactor that was to be constructed by the United States was cancelled in 1... | [
{
"id": "validation-education-uehwsnwu-pro01a",
"score": 0.7193747162818909,
"text": "Storing nuclear waste underground is necessary - there are no better option available Even states without nuclear waste programs tend to generate radioactive waste. For example, research and medicine both use nuclear ... |
test-environment-ehwsnwu-con01a | Underground Nuclear Storage is Expensive. Underground nuclear storage is expensive. This is because the deep geological repositories needed to deal with such waste are difficult to construct. This is because said repositories need to be 300m underground and also need failsafe systems so that they can be sealed off sho... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-ehwsnwu-con01b",
"score": 0.7640557289123535,
"text": "The economic costs of underground storage are high. However, given that nuclear power is necessary to avoid what would likely be a very significant amount of economic harm, specifically from global warming. For example, it ... | [
{
"id": "training-environment-ogecephwgn-con01a",
"score": 0.7036086320877075,
"text": "Nuclear power is very expensive For nuclear power plants any cost figures normally include spent fuel management, plant decommissioning and final waste disposal. These costs, while usually external for other technol... |
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro02a | Developing world Developing countries such as China and India are growing rapidly and causing massive increases in global GHG emissions through fossil fuel use and deforestation. It took developed countries 100s of years to create a standard of living high enough for an environmental movement to develop. It is more li... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro02b",
"score": 0.8227055072784424,
"text": "Rising countries, such as India, China, and Brazil, are adopting more efficient technologies than are currently in use in much of the world. While the developing world is contributing to net GHG emission growth, their GHG... | [
{
"id": "training-environment-cpiahwdwf-pro03b",
"score": 0.7742458581924438,
"text": "For most of the time they were emitting the west did not have any idea of the consequences. The developed world therefore cannot be held responsible for emissions before the 1980s. On the other hand knowledge of the e... |
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro01a | 450 PPM The IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report determined that atmospheric GHG emissions needed to stabilize at 450ppm in order to avoid a temperature rise of more than 2-2.4C. Atmospheric ppm are currently at 393 and are rising at a rate of about 2 ppm per year. In order to stabilize at 450 ppm, the developed world woul... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro01b",
"score": 0.6491400599479675,
"text": "The fossil fuels which account for the majority of GHG emissions are finite resources. As oil and coal becoming increasingly scarce, markets will naturally switch to more efficient or renewable resources thus stabilizing ... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro04b",
"score": 0.6160308718681335,
"text": "These consequences are often speculation. With such a large and complex system we have no way of knowing what the consequences of climate change. There may well be some tipping points that will accelerate climate change b... |
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro03a | Failure to reach global accord The Kyoto Protocol failed to reduce global GHG emissions and in the midst of an economic crisis, world leaders were unable to even agree to a replacement treaty when it expired. There is no meaningful global emissions reduction treaty ready for ratification and no reason to be optimistic... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro03b",
"score": 0.7498693466186523,
"text": "Despite the failure of the Copenhagen Protocol, local, regional, national, and international organizations are all still working on solutions for climate change. The Kyoto Protocol was a failure by virtue of its design (t... | [
{
"id": "test-international-iighbopcc-pro03b",
"score": 0.6851913928985596,
"text": "Voluntary measures have got much further than previous attempts to get a binding agreement – at least there is going to be a good working agreement to build on in future this time. The changes that could mean countries ... |
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro04a | Consequences of increased GHGs Increased GHGs in the atmosphere have numerous significant consequences: -glaciers, ice sheets, and perma frost will continue to melt. This will increase water levels, release more GHGs (methane, which is twenty times more powerful as a greenhouse gas than CO2 and CO2), and reflect less... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro04b",
"score": 0.7174407839775085,
"text": "These consequences are often speculation. With such a large and complex system we have no way of knowing what the consequences of climate change. There may well be some tipping points that will accelerate climate change b... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro01a",
"score": 0.6739833354949951,
"text": "450 PPM The IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report determined that atmospheric GHG emissions needed to stabilize at 450ppm in order to avoid a temperature rise of more than 2-2.4C. Atmospheric ppm are currently at 393 and are r... |
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con02a | Earth's Resiliency All the conclusions about the effects of rising atmospheric GHGs are based on computerized climate models. Even those that develop and use the models admit that the models are not nearly complex enough to be 100% accurate. Climate science is incredibly complicated and different models sometimes prod... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con02b",
"score": 0.7539124488830566,
"text": "While climate models may be imperfect they are the best tool presently available to predict the future. Most predict dire consequences if GHGs continue to rise through the 21st century, which is what seems most likely."
... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con03b",
"score": 0.7068280577659607,
"text": "Technological improvements will almost certainly be developed for those who can afford them (as most technology is). However, climate change will have the greatest effect on poor countries that cannot afford mitigation. P... |
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con03a | New Technology Humanity has revolutionized the world repeatedly through such monumental inventions as agriculture, steel, anti-biotics, and microchips. And as technology has improved, so too has the rate at which technology improves. It is predicted that there will be 32 times more change between 2000 and 2050 than th... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con03b",
"score": 0.7590247392654419,
"text": "Technological improvements will almost certainly be developed for those who can afford them (as most technology is). However, climate change will have the greatest effect on poor countries that cannot afford mitigation. P... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con02b",
"score": 0.694709837436676,
"text": "While climate models may be imperfect they are the best tool presently available to predict the future. Most predict dire consequences if GHGs continue to rise through the 21st century, which is what seems most likely.",
... |
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con01a | Carbon Trading Schemes The EU ETS is an example of a viable carbon market, it covers thirty countries from the EU as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. Countries within the ETS are using market mechanisms to force domestic emitters to meet national caps as the amount of allowances reduces over time emissions f... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con01b",
"score": 0.6981707215309143,
"text": "Carbon trading systems may have the effect of slowing the rise in CO2 emissions, and possibly even creating a fall. However this will not solve the problem as changes are already occurring and there may be no way to stop ... | [
{
"id": "training-international-ehbsansaje-pro03b",
"score": 0.6538791656494141,
"text": "While it is true that trading freely with the EU requires acceptance of many of its rules, neither country has given up control over those areas they consider key policy areas. These are the areas that Norway and S... |
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro02a | An immense boost to DRC’s economy The Grand Inga dam would be an immense boost to the DRC’s economy. It would mean a huge amount of investment coming into the country as almost all the $80 billion construction cost would be coming from outside the country which would mean thousands of workers employed and spending mon... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-opecewiahw-pro02b",
"score": 0.7912270426750183,
"text": "While it is clear that such an immense project will have an impact we have little idea what that impact might be. Will the builders be local? Will the suppliers be local? It is likely that the benefit will go elsewhere j... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-opecewiahw-con04b",
"score": 0.7345958352088928,
"text": "The difficulty of constructing something should not be considered a good argument not to do it. As one of the poorest countries in the world construction will surely have significant support from developed donors and int... |
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro01a | The dam would power Africa Only 29% of Sub Saharan Africa’s population has access to electricity. [1] This has immense consequences not just for the economy as production and investment is constrained but also on society. The world bank says lack of electricity affects human rights “People cannot access modern hospita... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-opecewiahw-pro01b",
"score": 0.6534916758537292,
"text": "It is not the best solution to Africa’s energy crisis. According to a report by the International Energy Agency as an immense dam requires a power grid. Such a grid does not exist and building such a grid is “not proving... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-opecewiahw-con02a",
"score": 0.6167240738868713,
"text": "A dam would damage the environment Dams due to their generation of renewable electricity are usually seen as environmentally friendly but such mega projects are rarely without consequences. The Grand Inga would lower th... |
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro03a | Will enable the rebuilding of DRC DR Congo has been one of the most war ravaged countries in the world over the last two decades. The Grand Inga provides a project that can potentially benefit everyone in the country by providing cheap electricity and an economic boost. It will also provide large export earnings; to t... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-opecewiahw-pro03b",
"score": 0.7251805663108826,
"text": "In the short to medium term during the decades the dam is being built investment will surely be concentrated in one place in this vast country; in the west where the dam is, not the east where the conflicts are. Later th... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-opecewiahw-con04a",
"score": 0.6678994297981262,
"text": "The cost is too high The Grand Inga is ‘pie in the sky’ as the cost is too immense. At more than $50-100 billion it is more than twice the GDP of the whole country. [1] Even the much smaller Inga III project has been pl... |
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro04a | A dam could make the Congo more usable While the Congo is mostly navigable it is only usable internally. The rapids cut the middle Congo off from the sea. The building of the dams could be combined with canalisation and locks to enable international goods to be easily transported to and from the interior. This would h... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-opecewiahw-pro04b",
"score": 0.6732368469238281,
"text": "There is currently not enough traffic to justify such a large addition to the project. If it were worthwhile then it could be done without the need for building an immense dam."
}
] | [
{
"id": "test-environment-opecewiahw-pro03a",
"score": 0.6387910842895508,
"text": "Will enable the rebuilding of DRC DR Congo has been one of the most war ravaged countries in the world over the last two decades. The Grand Inga provides a project that can potentially benefit everyone in the country by... |
test-environment-opecewiahw-con02a | A dam would damage the environment Dams due to their generation of renewable electricity are usually seen as environmentally friendly but such mega projects are rarely without consequences. The Grand Inga would lower the oxygen content of the lower course of the river which would mean a loss of species. This would not... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-opecewiahw-con02b",
"score": 0.7026832103729248,
"text": "Hydroelectric power is clean so would be beneficial in the fight against global warming. Providing such power would reduce the need to other forms of electricity and would help end the problem of cooking fires which not ... | [
{
"id": "training-environment-cegwhwbhd-pro01a",
"score": 0.6636422276496887,
"text": "Hydro electric dams reduce carbon dioxide emissions Hydroelectric dams burn no fossil fuels so emit no greenhouse gasses at all in producing energy. Suppose we replace all coal fired power stations with hydroelectric... |
test-environment-opecewiahw-con04a | The cost is too high The Grand Inga is ‘pie in the sky’ as the cost is too immense. At more than $50-100 billion it is more than twice the GDP of the whole country. [1] Even the much smaller Inga III project has been plagued by funding problems with Westcor pulling out of the project in 2009. [2] This much smaller pro... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-opecewiahw-con04b",
"score": 0.696563184261322,
"text": "The difficulty of constructing something should not be considered a good argument not to do it. As one of the poorest countries in the world construction will surely have significant support from developed donors and inte... | [
{
"id": "test-economy-beghwbh-pro02b",
"score": 0.6596651077270508,
"text": "Less than $6billion seems to be suspiciously low. Some land would undoubtedly need to be purchased if only to allow for less tight corners. Added to this there would still be delays due to the need for permits for noise, light ... |
test-environment-opecewiahw-con03a | Dams displace communities Dams result in the filling of a large reservoir behind the dam because it has raised the level of the water in the case of the Grand Inga it would create a reservoir 15km long. This is not particularly big but the construction would also displace communities. The previous Inga dams also displ... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-opecewiahw-con03b",
"score": 0.6215852499008179,
"text": "Yes they are. Big international donors like the World Bank who are supporting the project will ensure that there is compensation for those displaced and that they get good accommodation. In a budget of up to $80billion t... | [
{
"id": "training-economy-epiasfihb-pro04b",
"score": 0.5889770984649658,
"text": "The idea of promoting a ‘slum-free’ environment is often used to justify evictions. However, for just urban planning, alternative methods need to be used. On the one hand, cases show how slum upgrading can be achieved thr... |
test-environment-opecewiahw-con01a | Such a big project is beyond DRC’s capacity The Grand Inga dam project is huge while it means huge potential benefits it just makes it more difficult for the country to manage. Transparency international ranks DRC as 160th out of 176 in terms of corruption [1] so it is no surprise that projects in the country are plag... | [
{
"id": "test-environment-opecewiahw-con01b",
"score": 0.724585235118866,
"text": "The World Bank would be taking a lead role in the project and it proclaims “The World Bank has a zero-tolerance policy on corruption, and we have some of the toughest fiduciary standards of any development agency, includi... | [
{
"id": "training-environment-eegwiahbe-pro01b",
"score": 0.6563206911087036,
"text": "While in theory the 6,000 MW dam can power all of Ethiopia, the reality is quite different. Areas of Ethiopia, such as Ogaden and Eritrea-Ethiopian border, are relatively unstable; making it hard to build a sufficient... |
test-health-hdond-pro02a | Prioritizing donors creates an incentive to become a donor The greatest argument for this policy is also the simplest: it will save thousands, perhaps millions of lives. A policy of prioritizing transplants for donors would massively increase the proportion of donors from the status quo of (at best) just over 30% {Con... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-pro02b",
"score": 0.7552193999290466,
"text": "There are alternatives which are far more palatable means of increasing the rate of organ donation, sparing us the moral quandary associated with denying organs to patients and coercing the populace to donate. An easy example is t... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro02b",
"score": 0.7065393924713135,
"text": "Providing the choice to donate at expense of one’s life will simply increase the pressure on those who do not wish to donate as they now are presented with a much bigger burden when their loved one dies as they could lawfull... |
test-health-hdond-pro01a | A Practical Solution There are many mechanisms by which this policy could be implemented. The one common thread is that those hoping to receive organs would be divided into those registered as donors, and those who are non-donors. Potential recipients who are non-donors would only receive an organ if all requests by d... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-pro01b",
"score": 0.7791420817375183,
"text": "The controversial part of this plan is how the status of “donor” is determined. Each standard that could be used has massive, and sometimes monstrous, negative ramifications. If the requirement is that recipients be donors for a c... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-con02a",
"score": 0.7305631041526794,
"text": "This system will punish people for a past decision they cannot now undo Most formulations of this policy involve assessing donor status on the basis of whether the patient was a registered organ donor prior to needing an organ. T... |
test-health-hdond-pro03a | Organ donors are more deserving of organs Reciprocity is a basic moral principle: afford others the good treatment you yourself would like to receive. In most cases, it is a hypothetical; one must place oneself in the other person’s position even though one will never actually be in their place. However, how donor and... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-pro03b",
"score": 0.8209700584411621,
"text": "The principle of moral reciprocity does not require identical acts. Potential organ recipients who do their part for society in other ways ought to be rewarded. We do not require that citizens repay firefighters by carrying them o... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-pro04b",
"score": 0.7280189990997314,
"text": "Even granting the premise that people ought to donate their organs anyway, the role of the state is not to coerce people to do things they ought to do. People ought to be polite to strangers, exercise regularly, and make good care... |
test-health-hdond-pro04a | People ought to donate their organs anyway Organ donation, in all its forms, saves lives. More to the point, it saves lives with almost no loss to the donor. One obviously has no material need for one’s organs after death, and thus it does not meaningfully inhibit bodily integrity to incentivize people to give up thei... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-pro04b",
"score": 0.8168808221817017,
"text": "Even granting the premise that people ought to donate their organs anyway, the role of the state is not to coerce people to do things they ought to do. People ought to be polite to strangers, exercise regularly, and make good care... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-con03b",
"score": 0.7600442171096802,
"text": "Even if it were terrible to coerce people into donating their organs, there is a difference between mandating a behavior and creating strong incentives to do it. For instance, most governments do not mandate that people not smoke,... |
test-health-hdond-con02a | This system will punish people for a past decision they cannot now undo Most formulations of this policy involve assessing donor status on the basis of whether the patient was a registered organ donor prior to needing an organ. Thus, a sick person could find themselves in the tortuous situation of sincerely regretting... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-con02b",
"score": 0.7798305749893188,
"text": "This is a harm that the proponent of denying organs to non-donors will gladly eat. The threat of being left high and dry without an organ is exactly the incentive that this policy aims to create. The most unpalatable aspects of th... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-pro01a",
"score": 0.7297840118408203,
"text": "A Practical Solution There are many mechanisms by which this policy could be implemented. The one common thread is that those hoping to receive organs would be divided into those registered as donors, and those who are non-donors... |
test-health-hdond-con04a | People may have valid religious reasons not to donate organs Many major religions, such as some forms of Orthodox Judaism {Haredim Issue}, specifically mandate leaving the body intact after death. To create a system that aims to strongly pressure people, with the threat of reduced priority for life-saving treatment, t... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-con04b",
"score": 0.8154689073562622,
"text": "In reality, the majority of faiths that ban organ donation, and all of the faiths that feel particularly strongly about it, such as certain branches of the Jehovah’s Witness with regard to blood transfusions {Blood – Vital for Lif... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-con03a",
"score": 0.7657294273376465,
"text": "Denying organs to non-donors is unduly coercive. For the state to make organ donation mandatory is rightly seen as beyond the pale of what society would tolerate. This is because the right to the integrity of one’s body, includin... |
test-health-hdond-con03a | Denying organs to non-donors is unduly coercive. For the state to make organ donation mandatory is rightly seen as beyond the pale of what society would tolerate. This is because the right to the integrity of one’s body, including what is done with its component parts after death, must be held in the highest respect {... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-con03b",
"score": 0.8120861053466797,
"text": "Even if it were terrible to coerce people into donating their organs, there is a difference between mandating a behavior and creating strong incentives to do it. For instance, most governments do not mandate that people not smoke,... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-con03a",
"score": 0.7709440588951111,
"text": "This would encourage coercion for some to die to save others By allowing sacrificial donations society becomes vulnerable to abuse of this system. It is possible that people are scared or coerced into sacrificing their live... |
test-health-hdond-con01a | The right to access healthcare is absolute Healthcare is a primary means by which individuals actualize their right to be protected against an untimely death. The ability to access healthcare, to not have the government actively intervene against one receiving it, is of fundamental importance for living a long and wor... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-con01b",
"score": 0.7254651188850403,
"text": "The government already makes life or death decisions as to who receives organs; at the end of the day, the organ scarcity means someone has to go without them. The state, in administrating organ donor lists, must decide on some ba... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro03a",
"score": 0.6889230608940125,
"text": "The right to individual self determination is a fundamental human right, equal to that of life itself It is a fundamental principle of the human being is that every human is born autonomous. Therefore, we believe that every... |
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro02a | If personhood accrues at birth, then abortion after inducing birth is wrong If birth is the crucial dividing-line we use to decide when legal personhood begins, then we should not be allowed to induce birth and then deliberately kill a foetus during that process - this is different from early abortion in which birth i... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro02b",
"score": 0.7708047032356262,
"text": "This is misleading - in partial-birth abortion, as the term suggests, the foetus is not fully born when it is killed: the purpose of collapsing the skull is to allow the foetus’ head to pass more easily through the birth can... | [
{
"id": "training-philosophy-tgppelhbwrc-con03b",
"score": 0.7202507853507996,
"text": "Yes, our societies do strive to affirm life as much as possible, and to make the quality of life of our citizens as high as possible. Foetuses do not apply here because they: a) are not lives, are not human until fa... |
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro01a | The foetus feels pain Partial-birth abortion is disgusting. Like all abortions, it involves the killing of an unborn child, but unlike first trimester abortions there is no doubt that the foetus can feel pain by the third trimester. [1] The procedure involves sticking a pair of scissors into a baby’s brain, enlarging ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro01b",
"score": 0.7374362349510193,
"text": "Nobody would choose to have a partial-birth abortion over a much simpler abortion in the first trimester. Partial-birth abortions are either medically or psychologically necessary. If a young mother either does not find out ... | [
{
"id": "training-philosophy-tgppelhbwrc-con04a",
"score": 0.6899725198745728,
"text": "A fetus is a life from conception, therefore abortion is murder It is unquestionable that the fetus, at whatever stage of development, will inevitably develop the ability to feel and think and be conscious of its ow... |
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro03a | Abortion is wrong per se when there are alternatives such as adoption Tragically, some babies are unwanted, but this does not mean that we should kill them. There are plenty of other options, notably adoption. If anything, the case for adoption is more compelling in the third trimester, because the pregnancy is nearer... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro03b",
"score": 0.7626652717590332,
"text": "Arguing that adoption is a good option shows a fundamental lack of awareness of what is involved in carrying an unwanted foetus to term. Pregnancy can be stressful at the best of times; being forced to carry an unwanted chil... | [
{
"id": "training-philosophy-tgppelhbwrc-con04b",
"score": 0.7072080373764038,
"text": "Are we really talking about a 'life?' At what point does a life begin? Is terminating a foetus, which can neither feel nor think and is not conscious of its own 'existence,' really commensurable with the killing of a... |
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro04a | Banning partial birth abortions is in line with popular and accepted moral standards here is a vast amount of support in the United States for a ban on partial-birth abortion. Opinion polls have shown a consistent increase in support for a ban: as high as 70% in favour to 25% against in January 2003. [1] Furthermore, ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro04b",
"score": 0.8217020630836487,
"text": "These opinion polls are misleading, as they force respondents to choose between an outright ban and no control at all – it is impossible for them to register support for partial-birth abortion in cases where the mother’s phy... | [
{
"id": "test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-con01b",
"score": 0.7198752760887146,
"text": "Opposition have conveniently glossed over one critical issue in this debate – that the RH Bill has significant popular support [i] . It also, as has been demonstrated that a majority of elected representatives support it. In... |
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con02a | Opposition to partial birth abortion is part of a strategy intended to ban abortion in general Partial-birth abortions form a tiny proportion of all abortions, but from a medical and psychological point of view they ought to be the least controversial. The reason for this focus is that late-term abortions are the most... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con02b",
"score": 0.8159733414649963,
"text": "Although many people who are against partial-birth abortion are against abortion in general, there is no necessary link, as partial-birth abortion is a particularly horrifying form of abortion. This is for the reasons alread... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro01b",
"score": 0.7485179901123047,
"text": "Nobody would choose to have a partial-birth abortion over a much simpler abortion in the first trimester. Partial-birth abortions are either medically or psychologically necessary. If a young mother either does not find out ... |
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con03a | Partial birth abortions are safer than any available alternative The D&X abortion procedure generates the minimum of risk for the mother. Banning it means that the only alternatives are premature labour induction for which mortality rates are 2.5 times higher and is emotionally very difficult due to the length of ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con03b",
"score": 0.7350496649742126,
"text": "There is no medical consensus on this issue. Where Dilation and Extraction is performed without inducing partial birth then it has the potential to be just as safe for the mother."
}
] | [
{
"id": "test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con02a",
"score": 0.6939852833747864,
"text": "Opposition to partial birth abortion is part of a strategy intended to ban abortion in general Partial-birth abortions form a tiny proportion of all abortions, but from a medical and psychological point of view they ought t... |
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con01a | The concept of "foetal rights" is an attack on the autonomy of women The culture of foetal rights reflects a dangerous litigious trend in American society, and implies a view of pregnant women as being nothing more than baby-carrying machines whose independence and autonomy should be restricted and whose motivations s... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con01b",
"score": 0.7279797196388245,
"text": "Allowing partial-birth abortion is utterly inconsistent with the growing, and legally recognised, respect for foetal rights in the United States. If a man can sue the mother of his child for taking drugs during pregnancy whi... | [
{
"id": "validation-philosophy-ehbidachsb-pro03b",
"score": 0.690863311290741,
"text": "We fully accept that children are treated differently in the eyes of the law. However, the very fact that proposition allows for that exceptionalism must require them to acknowledge that the role of the parent is giv... |
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro02a | It’s in the interests of employees It’s in the interests of the HIV positive employee. Right now, although in many countries it is illegal to fire someone for having HIV [1] prejudiced employers can claim that they didn’t know their employer had HIV when they fired him, so they must have been acting on other grounds. ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro02b",
"score": 0.7742956876754761,
"text": "It’s not as if the employee can’t tell their employer at present – it’s that he or she could, but doesn’t want to. They get to decide what’s in their best interests (including what’s likely at trial) – and sadly, that will o... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con03b",
"score": 0.7042378783226013,
"text": "Some very few people may do this and it’s the job of the government to attempt to educate people about the enormous dangers of doing so to minimise that. Nevertheless, most people will quite properly prioritise their lives a... |
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro01a | It’s in the interests of employers It’s in the interests of employers. A long, incurable and debilitating condition has stricken one of their employees. They will have to make provision for possible sickness cover and replacement workers, potentially for medical and/or retirement costs. HIV can make people tired and c... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro01b",
"score": 0.8612509369850159,
"text": "It is in the interests of employers not to have to pay their employees. It is in the interests of employers not to offer vacation time. It is in the interests of employers not to spend money on ensuring health and safety mea... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro04b",
"score": 0.807278573513031,
"text": "All these worthwhile aims can be achieved without employees having to tell their employers of their HIV status on an involuntary basis. The scale of the problem can be easily inferred from national and regional medical statis... |
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro03a | It’s in the interests of co-workers It’s in the interests of other workers. The possibility of transmission, while very unlikely, is real and one they have a right to know about so as to be able to guard against it. While most of the time it will not be problem as transmission requires a transfer of bodily fluids this... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro03b",
"score": 0.8027421236038208,
"text": "Working with someone with HIV does not put you at risk. Suggesting that it does serves to perpetuate the myths that do such harm to HIV-positive people who already suffer too much. To clarify: AIDS cannot be transmitted thro... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro04a",
"score": 0.7623957395553589,
"text": "Tackling HIV requires a responsible and active position by everyone Businesses ought to take a responsible and active position on HIV. The issue isn’t going to go away. Successful programs designed to help HIV-positive empl... |
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro04a | Tackling HIV requires a responsible and active position by everyone Businesses ought to take a responsible and active position on HIV. The issue isn’t going to go away. Successful programs designed to help HIV-positive employees remain in the workplace for as long as they want to do so should be developed. Procedures ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro04b",
"score": 0.7965506911277771,
"text": "All these worthwhile aims can be achieved without employees having to tell their employers of their HIV status on an involuntary basis. The scale of the problem can be easily inferred from national and regional medical stati... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro01a",
"score": 0.7565699815750122,
"text": "It’s in the interests of employers It’s in the interests of employers. A long, incurable and debilitating condition has stricken one of their employees. They will have to make provision for possible sickness cover and repla... |
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con02a | The risks of ignorance and prejudice are too high This measure could be actively dangerous for HIV-positive workers. Ignorance causes so much bad behaviour towards AIDS sufferers and HIV-positive men and women. A fifth of men in the UK who disclose their HIV positive status at work then experience HIV discrimination. ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con02b",
"score": 0.7738026976585388,
"text": "Employers can be trusted to use this information responsibly. They are already used to keeping sensitive information (e.g. about salaries, annual reports, or employees' addresses and telephone numbers) confidential. Nor is i... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro01a",
"score": 0.7348887920379639,
"text": "It’s in the interests of employers It’s in the interests of employers. A long, incurable and debilitating condition has stricken one of their employees. They will have to make provision for possible sickness cover and repla... |
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con03a | It is a disincentive to get tested in the first place The requirement to disclose their condition if known would be a disincentive to get tested in the first place. This is especially the case for many people in places like sub-Saharan Africa, but also applies widely elsewhere. Their job is so important to them (since... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con03b",
"score": 0.6695367097854614,
"text": "Some very few people may do this and it’s the job of the government to attempt to educate people about the enormous dangers of doing so to minimise that. Nevertheless, most people will quite properly prioritise their lives a... | [
{
"id": "training-health-ahghhwdsas-con01a",
"score": 0.6331171989440918,
"text": "Denying healthcare to smokers is impractical There are several reasons why limiting access to healthcare for smokers could prove impractical. Ultimately they surround the issue of how you define who is a smoker. One man ... |
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con01a | Employers have no right to private medical information Employers have no right to know. This is an arena into which the state has no right to intrude, or to compel intrusion by others. Employers will know if their employee’s work is satisfactory or unsatisfactory – what more do they need to know than that? If employer... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con01b",
"score": 0.8359254002571106,
"text": "Employers have a right to know about issue which will affect their business. An employee with a serious incurable illness which requires a large amount of medication to control is inevitably going to affect the business in a... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro04b",
"score": 0.7843029499053955,
"text": "All these worthwhile aims can be achieved without employees having to tell their employers of their HIV status on an involuntary basis. The scale of the problem can be easily inferred from national and regional medical stati... |
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro02a | Savings can be used in other sections of medical care The decreased cost of pharmaceuticals allows African states to focus on other aspects of medical schemes. Pharmaceuticals are not the only aspect in treatment, there needs to be sufficient staff, medical equipment and infrastructure [1] . These requirements cost mo... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhiacihwph-pro02b",
"score": 0.7772362232208252,
"text": "The use of generic drugs can sometimes fail to bring about a reduced price. For the cost of drugs to decrease, there must be competition within the industry to drive prices down. The switch from patented to generic drugs in I... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro01b",
"score": 0.7166873812675476,
"text": "The argument that states will save money due to less people smoking based upon healthcare costs from treating smoking related diseases is over-simplistic. While smoking does cause medical costs, taxation can counterbalance th... |
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro01a | Easily affordable drugs will mean greater access Generic drugs are much cheaper to produce, which is ideal for Africa’s struggling population. While there has been significant gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Africa, the actual distribution of wealth is relatively unequal. According to Afrobarometer, 53% of Afri... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhiacihwph-pro01b",
"score": 0.7918153405189514,
"text": "Greater access of generic drugs can increase the chances of overexposure and misuse. This has a detrimental effect on fighting diseases. Greater access will lead to higher use rates which, in turn increases the chances of the... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhghwapgd-pro02a",
"score": 0.7357441782951355,
"text": "Allowing production of generic drugs saves lives, particularly in the developing world Many developing countries are fraught with terrible disease. Much of Africa and Asia are devastated by malaria, and in many parts of Afric... |
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro03a | Reduce the prominence of bad and fake drugs The increased availability of high quality generic drugs will reduce the numbers of bad and fake pharmaceuticals on the markets. The cost of patented drugs has forced many to search for other options. This is exploited by the billion dollar global counterfeit drug trade [1] ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhiacihwph-pro03b",
"score": 0.7875195741653442,
"text": "It is nearly impossible to remove black markets; medication is no exception. Attempts thus far to remove the African counterfeit pharmaceuticals have been unsuccessful. Corruption and a lack of manpower have ensured that coun... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhiacihwph-con03a",
"score": 0.7235295176506042,
"text": "Most vital drugs are already generic Many drugs which are used in the treatment of HIV, malaria and cancer are already generic drugs which are produced in their millions [1] . This removes the necessity to provide further hi... |
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro04a | Unfair to apply same patent laws universally It is unrealistic to expect poorer countries, such as those in Africa, to pay the same price as the developed world’s markets. Current patent laws for many countries dictate that prices for buying patented drugs should be universally the same. This makes it extremely diffic... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhiacihwph-pro04b",
"score": 0.6623903512954712,
"text": "Pharmaceutical companies investing in R&D deserve to make a return on their investments. Research and development can take a long time and will cost significant sums of money. The cost of creating many new drugs was estim... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhghwapgd-pro03a",
"score": 0.6291240453720093,
"text": "Production of generic drugs reduce medical costs by allowing increased production and the development of superior production methods, increasing market efficiency The sale of generic drugs invariably reduces costs to consumer... |
test-health-dhiacihwph-con02a | Cheaper drugs aren’t trusted by consumers The differences in price between generic and patented drugs can be disconcerting to those wishing to buy pharmaceuticals. As with other product, logic generally follows the rule that the more expensive option is the most effective. There are reports from the USA of generic dru... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhiacihwph-con02b",
"score": 0.7361316680908203,
"text": "Medically there is no difference between generic and patented drugs. They are both identical, with the exception of aesthetic differences in some US drugs to avoid copyright infringement. Generic drugs cost less because they ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhiacihwph-pro01b",
"score": 0.6889883279800415,
"text": "Greater access of generic drugs can increase the chances of overexposure and misuse. This has a detrimental effect on fighting diseases. Greater access will lead to higher use rates which, in turn increases the chances of the... |
test-health-dhiacihwph-con03a | Most vital drugs are already generic Many drugs which are used in the treatment of HIV, malaria and cancer are already generic drugs which are produced in their millions [1] . This removes the necessity to provide further high quality generic drugs as there is already an easily accessible source of pharmaceuticals. Ef... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhiacihwph-con03b",
"score": 0.7662706971168518,
"text": "These vital drugs will become outdated. Diseases often have the ability to build a resistance to treatment, making many of these currently generic drugs impotent. In Tanzania, 75% of health workers were providing lower than r... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhiacihwph-pro03a",
"score": 0.7239329814910889,
"text": "Reduce the prominence of bad and fake drugs The increased availability of high quality generic drugs will reduce the numbers of bad and fake pharmaceuticals on the markets. The cost of patented drugs has forced many to searc... |
test-health-dhiacihwph-con01a | Dominance of generic drugs will reduce reinvestment and innovation in donating countries The production of high quality generic drugs endangers pharmaceutical progress. In order to export high quality generic drugs, some countries have suggested allowing generic drug manufacturers access to patented drugs. In Canada, ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhiacihwph-con01b",
"score": 0.7715955972671509,
"text": "Some countries, such as India and Thailand, have specialised in producing generic drugs. These states provide the majority of generic drugs to Africa. This removes the burden of other countries to supply Africa with their own... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhiacihwph-pro02b",
"score": 0.729738175868988,
"text": "The use of generic drugs can sometimes fail to bring about a reduced price. For the cost of drugs to decrease, there must be competition within the industry to drive prices down. The switch from patented to generic drugs in Ir... |
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro02a | Reduce smoking A ban on smoking in public places would help reduce the rates of people smoking, by making it appear socially unusual – people will have to leave enclosed public places to smoke, each time they want to smoke. This is particularly important in Africa which is at an early stage of the tobacco epidemic whe... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro02b",
"score": 0.7280125617980957,
"text": "What those statistics mean could be questionable – did the ban make people stop, or only provide an extra incentive or assistance for those who already want to stop to do so? It could be suggested that this would simply lead ... | [
{
"id": "training-health-ahghhwdsas-con02a",
"score": 0.6799433827400208,
"text": "Denying access to healthcare for smokers will lead to thousands of people being turned away and potentially dying from preventable illnesses The denial of access to healthcare for smokers is a policy that will directly l... |
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro05a | Nip the problem in the bud Smoking rates in Africa are relatively low; a range of 8%-27% with an average of only 18% of the population smoking 1 (or, the tobacco epidemic is at an early stage 2 ). That’s good, but the challenge is to keep it that way and reduce it. A ban on smoking in public places at this stage woul... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro05b",
"score": 0.728935718536377,
"text": "Is it really the job of African states to stop smoking? Africans have the same amount of personal responsibility to choose to smoke or not – policies should reflect that."
}
] | [
{
"id": "test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con03b",
"score": 0.6914495229721069,
"text": "Even if such a link were true – the campaign against the ban on smoking in public places in the UK accept that it’s unlikely that it is the primary cause of closures in the UK 1 – the public health benefits would make it wort... |
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro01a | Lower healthcare costs Smoking caused disease causes large expenses for healthcare systems, something which is particularly burdensome in countries without the rich well developed healthcare systems of the developed world. In the UK lung cancer, one of the diseases caused by smoking, costs £90 per person or £9071 per ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro01b",
"score": 0.8047279119491577,
"text": "The argument that states will save money due to less people smoking based upon healthcare costs from treating smoking related diseases is over-simplistic. While smoking does cause medical costs, taxation can counterbalance th... | [
{
"id": "test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro02b",
"score": 0.7423292994499207,
"text": "f the government wants to save money, they should not be trying to reduce smoking levels, since smokers are the source of a great deal of tax income. While the NHS might spend some of their money on smokers (whose health issu... |
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro03a | Easy to introduce A ban on smoking in public places would be simple to enforce – it is an obvious activity, and does not require any form of complex equipment or other special techniques . It would largely be enforced by other users of public places and those working there. If it changes attitudes enough, it could be ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro03b",
"score": 0.760360062122345,
"text": "It would require a large amount of resources for law enforcement to go in to such public places occasionally to see that the ban is being enforced. It would be easier to enforce conditions relating to the packaging and produc... | [
{
"id": "training-religion-frgsbnaofcs-pro04a",
"score": 0.7213869690895081,
"text": "A ban would be easy to enforce As a face covering is very obvious, it would be a school to check to see if someone is wearing one. France [1] and Turkey [2] already have attempted such bans on headscarves, which do no... |
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro04a | Reduces growth of tobacco Less people smoking means less tobacco being purchased – something that would contribute to the reduction in the tobacco industry. The industry is known for its exploitative labour practices, from child labour (80,000 children in Malawi work in tobacco farming, can result in nicotine poisonin... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro04b",
"score": 0.6961048245429993,
"text": "Yes, tobacco is harmful – but is it really a benefit to remove economic activity, which people choose to do? Labour abuses occur in other industries – but that’s an argument for increased labour protections and economic devel... | [
{
"id": "training-health-adhgphwfrs-con03b",
"score": 0.6583736538887024,
"text": "Smoking is not a real choice, as nicotine is an addictive drug - in fact; recent allegations suggest that tobacco companies deliberately produce the most addictive cigarettes they can. Up to 90% of smokers begin when the... |
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con02a | Unenforceable Smoking bans are often unenforceable in higher income countries. This is because they require expensive manpower or CCTV in order to stop those flouting the ban, with scarce resources a police force will almost always have other more important crimes to deal with. If Berlin 1 and New York City 2 cannot e... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con02b",
"score": 0.7718818783760071,
"text": "It often doesn’t require enforcement – it changes attitudes itself, making people not do so. In Scotland, within three months 99% of locations abided by the ban, without the need for excess heavy handed enforcement 1 . This i... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro03b",
"score": 0.7287301421165466,
"text": "It would require a large amount of resources for law enforcement to go in to such public places occasionally to see that the ban is being enforced. It would be easier to enforce conditions relating to the packaging and produ... |
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con04a | Pack labelling or taxation a better alternative If it’s not enforceable, enforceable solutions ought to be used instead. It would be easier to enforce pack labelling and branding requirements, from larger and clearer health warnings to even brand-free packs. Of course, American-style lawsuits by governments against to... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con04b",
"score": 0.7297661900520325,
"text": "Each has its own disadvantages. A growing form of tobacco sales in Africa – Nigeria in particular – is the “single stick” 1 . If retailers break packets of cigarettes apart, customers won’t see the packets containing health w... | [
{
"id": "validation-free-speech-debate-fchbcuilre-pro02b",
"score": 0.6925406455993652,
"text": "It is important not to confuse two issues. The ongoing ‘Battle of the Brands’ between, for example, Coke and Pepsi or McDonalds and Burger King are the focus of the sponsors. It really seems unlikely that th... |
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con03a | Ban would harm the wider economy A ban could harm the wider economy – from bars to clubs, if smokers are unable to smoke inside, they may be more likely to stay away. According to some critics, this lead to the closures of bars in the UK when such a ban was brought in 1 . Research in the United States has shown drops ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con03b",
"score": 0.7540331482887268,
"text": "Even if such a link were true – the campaign against the ban on smoking in public places in the UK accept that it’s unlikely that it is the primary cause of closures in the UK 1 – the public health benefits would make it wort... | [
{
"id": "test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro03b",
"score": 0.7160996794700623,
"text": "While some studies have shown that numbers of smokers in countries in which a smoking ban has been introduced have fallen, it seems that these results only represent those people who were trying to quit smoking anyway, with t... |
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con01a | Paternalistic Personal autonomy has to be the key to this debate. If people want to smoke – and the owner of the public place has no issue with that – it is not the role of the state to step in. While smoking is dangerous, people should be free in a society to take their own risks, and live with their decisions. All t... | [
{
"id": "test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con01b",
"score": 0.8948829174041748,
"text": "Personal autonomy arguments sound reasonable, but often ignore the wider consequences. Public health is a key issue – the state has a role in stopping people harming themselves – they may be harming themselves but the cost of... | [
{
"id": "training-health-adhgphwfrs-pro03b",
"score": 0.8260437846183777,
"text": "While a government has a responsibility to protect its population, it also has a responsibility to defend their freedom of choice. The law steps in to prevent citizens causing harm to others, whether deliberately or accid... |
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro02a | Schools are the best place to create lasting lifestyle changes. Schools are playing an increasingly formative role, in the sense that they’re being tasked with not only knowledge transfer, but also the creation of behaviors and placing emphasis on teaching students how to apply their knowledge. [1] Given this expande... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro02b",
"score": 0.7100573182106018,
"text": "Given all the responsibilities our society has transferred from parents onto schools and educators in the 21st century, is it really sensible to include caring for nutritional choices to this already bloated and unmanageable l... | [
{
"id": "training-education-egtyhshs-pro02b",
"score": 0.6651129126548767,
"text": "Schools have significantly better facilities and a much more appropriate and segregated learning atmosphere than the home. The state system pools facilities to allow access for all children to sports and science faciliti... |
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro01a | Schools need to practice what they preach Under the pressure of increasing media coverage and civil society initiatives, schools are being called upon to “take up arms” against childhood obesity, both by introducing more nutritional and physical education classes, as well as transforming the meals they are offering in... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro01b",
"score": 0.6983314752578735,
"text": "Media sensationalism is a poor justification for any state intervention of any kind. What histrionic television documentaries usually provide nothing more than a warning that our kids are in danger, along with a list of all th... | [
{
"id": "training-economy-epeeghbpw-con01a",
"score": 0.66246098279953,
"text": "There should be rewards for success in school, versus punishment for failure to attend. This problem could be addressed by subsidizing school supplies or rewarding good attendance records with additional cash. Cutting bene... |
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro03a | Better nutrition leads to better students. There is a growing body of evidence linking a healthy lifestyle, comprising of both adequate nutrition and physical exercise, with improved memory, concentration and general academic performance. [1] A study has shown that when primary school students consume three or more ju... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro03b",
"score": 0.7986562848091125,
"text": "Again, if this is in fact true, then the incentives are already in place for better choices both on the side of students as well as schools. What the government should do is through subsidizing healthier meals and educational... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con03a",
"score": 0.7577878832817078,
"text": "“Junk food” sales are an important source of funding for schools. An important issue to consider in this topic is the constellation of incentives that actually got us to the place where we are at today. With the environment ... |
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con02a | Targeting schools will be an ineffective strategy. Schools may seem like a perfect place to effect behavioral change in youth, since 95% of young people are enrolled in schools. [1] But what researchers find is that changing the choices we have available does not necessarily lead to any behavioral change. Penny Gordo... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con02b",
"score": 0.811486542224884,
"text": "Even if students spend a small fraction of their time in schools – and 6 hours is by no means an insignificant amount of time – it is still an incredible opportunity for intervention for a very important reason. The reason is ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con01b",
"score": 0.7703284025192261,
"text": "We would be truly hard pressed to find a student, who isn’t very well aware of all the reasons we call certain food “junk food” and what the consumption of those does to the human body. We already have fantastic mechanism of ... |
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con04a | Pupils will bring unhealthy food with them to schools. Frequently, a ban- whether or food, alcohol or forms of media- serves only to build interest in the things that has been prohibited. When a ban affects something that is a familiar part of everyday life that is generally regarded as benign, there is a risk that in... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con04b",
"score": 0.7472009658813477,
"text": "First of all, such loop holes can be fixed and are just a problem of practicalities, if it helps to educate the pupils, we should do it. For example, there can be an agreement that parents should not buy candy for children to ... | [
{
"id": "training-health-hgwsytpsctpf-pro03a",
"score": 0.7086809277534485,
"text": "Bad nutrition habits start during childhood. Giving away toys with meals that are calorie laden and of poor nutritional quality creates an emotional attachment between the child and fast food [1] . This bond will then ... |
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con03a | “Junk food” sales are an important source of funding for schools. An important issue to consider in this topic is the constellation of incentives that actually got us to the place where we are at today. With the environment designed to incentivize improving schools’ performance on standardized tests, there is absolut... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con03b",
"score": 0.8396651744842529,
"text": "There is absolutely nothing stopping the schools from finding ventures that are just as profitable with companies that offer healthy drinks and snacks. In fact, most of the existing contracts could simply remain in place, sinc... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con04b",
"score": 0.7823140025138855,
"text": "First of all, such loop holes can be fixed and are just a problem of practicalities, if it helps to educate the pupils, we should do it. For example, there can be an agreement that parents should not buy candy for children to ... |
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con01a | Schools should educate about healthy choices, not make them on the students’ behalf. Although it might be very tempting for the government to try and attack the problem of childhood obesity by attempting to change, in essence, the very choices our kids can make, this is the wrong way of going about doing it. The purp... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con01b",
"score": 0.7977877855300903,
"text": "We would be truly hard pressed to find a student, who isn’t very well aware of all the reasons we call certain food “junk food” and what the consumption of those does to the human body. We already have fantastic mechanism of ... | [
{
"id": "training-health-hgwsytpsctpf-con02a",
"score": 0.7545000910758972,
"text": "The ban is ineffective in addressing the problem of obesity. Studies have shown that only a very small amount of the calories consumed by children come from foods like the Happy Meal. And while kids are eating at fast ... |
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro02a | The guilt may be too heavy a burden for the relative who could have saved a life It is not fair to ask of a parent to live with the guilt of having been able to save their child and not doing so. Believing that they are guilty of their child’s death can cause Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, which in turn is a major ca... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro02b",
"score": 0.7725362181663513,
"text": "Providing the choice to donate at expense of one’s life will simply increase the pressure on those who do not wish to donate as they now are presented with a much bigger burden when their loved one dies as they could lawfull... | [
{
"id": "training-religion-mhwkosm-con05b",
"score": 0.7317782044410706,
"text": "All the same harms apply if the moral agent lets the five die. They still must cope with the knowledge that their decision resulted in deaths, in fact, more deaths. Indeed, PTSD is brought on by experience with horrific de... |
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro05a | Greater awareness will increase donations There is a clear need around the world for more donors of organs. In the UK there are about 4000 transplants a year but there are always more waiting, in November 2012 there were 7593 people waiting so on average each will be waiting for almost two years. [1] In Germany there ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro05b",
"score": 0.7169897556304932,
"text": "It is cynical to encourage people commit suicide to bring the media’s attention to an issue. If there is too little attention, the problem lies with the media and needs to be solved by changing the media. It is not the respo... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-con02b",
"score": 0.6772794723510742,
"text": "Firstly, this case is about emergencies. Consent is important, but it cannot be compared to the importance of saving a life. Secondly, the person whose consent matters is the donor who is making the sacrifice. The recipient ... |
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro01a | It is a natural thing to do We are biologically programmed to want to preserve our species. As such, our offspring will often be more important to ourselves than our own persons. Many doctors hear parents tell them how they wish that they could “take over” their child’s terminal illness rather than have the child suff... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro01b",
"score": 0.7397288084030151,
"text": "Biology is a bad way of deciding moral behaviour. If we were to do what biology tells us to do, we would be no more than animals. Every person has a right to live their life and they do not lose it simply because they have f... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-pro04a",
"score": 0.7016939520835876,
"text": "People ought to donate their organs anyway Organ donation, in all its forms, saves lives. More to the point, it saves lives with almost no loss to the donor. One obviously has no material need for one’s organs after death, and th... |
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro03a | The right to individual self determination is a fundamental human right, equal to that of life itself It is a fundamental principle of the human being is that every human is born autonomous. Therefore, we believe that every person has a right to his or her own body and is thus competent to make decisions about it. Thi... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro03b",
"score": 0.7759952545166016,
"text": "Man is also a social being. While we have a right to our own body, we also have duties to those around us. If we choose to terminate our lives, we must consider the consequences for those who depend on us, physically or emot... | [
{
"id": "training-philosophy-tgppelhbwrc-pro02b",
"score": 0.7369043827056885,
"text": "Excluding cases of rape, the woman exercises any right to choose in causing conception initially. Afterward, even if a woman has a right to her body and to \"choice\", this right is overridden by the fetus's right to... |
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro04a | We should preserve the person with greater quality of life We have to be able to measure quality of life relatively. There might be many cases where a relative is terminally ill, yet not dead yet. This person, with a survival prospect of maybe half a year of suffering and medication, might have a perfectly functional ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro04b",
"score": 0.7804593443870544,
"text": "This will only lead to family members pressuring terminally ill people to commit suicide prematurely. Even those who are terminally ill, value life, possible even more than others. These people are vulnerable and bereft of h... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-con03a",
"score": 0.7353976368904114,
"text": "This would encourage coercion for some to die to save others By allowing sacrificial donations society becomes vulnerable to abuse of this system. It is possible that people are scared or coerced into sacrificing their live... |
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con02a | The recipient is forced to receive the sacrifice of another In many cases, the recipient is not in position to consent to the donation. Thus, even if it saves his or her life, it is comes with an intrusion on his or her moral integrity that he or she might value higher than survival. If we are to receive such a drasti... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-con02b",
"score": 0.8189815282821655,
"text": "Firstly, this case is about emergencies. Consent is important, but it cannot be compared to the importance of saving a life. Secondly, the person whose consent matters is the donor who is making the sacrifice. The recipient ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-con03a",
"score": 0.7513006329536438,
"text": "This would encourage coercion for some to die to save others By allowing sacrificial donations society becomes vulnerable to abuse of this system. It is possible that people are scared or coerced into sacrificing their live... |
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con05a | Doctors should not be asked to take the moral burden of people who want to commit suicide It is not fair to ask doctors who have committed their lives to preserving health to act as an instrument of killing a person. The doctor will then have to live with the doubt as to whether the act of assisting in the donation wa... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-con05b",
"score": 0.7297956347465515,
"text": "This is easily solved. Similarly to doctors who assist in cases of abortion or even executions doctors must have the option of opting out. However, once it is proven that this model is ethically good, it is likely that there... | [
{
"id": "test-philosophy-elkosmj-con02a",
"score": 0.6928229331970215,
"text": "We cannot make any judgments about whose life is valuable and whose is not It is impossible to know what any of the people involved in the situation will do with their life. One might be a serial killer while another might ... |
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con04a | The role of society is to save lives not to assist in suicide The purpose of society, the health sector and more specifically the doctors is to preserve health, not to be damaging health or even assisting in the ending of a life even if voluntarily. As part of this, death is sometimes something that must be affected. ... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-con04b",
"score": 0.7612963318824768,
"text": "If the purpose of society and the health sector is indeed to promote life and preserve health, surely it must be in that interest to find ways of saving people’s lives when possible. Whoever dies and leaves an organ behind s... | [
{
"id": "test-health-dhpelhbass-pro02b",
"score": 0.7042428255081177,
"text": "Modern palliative care is immensely flexible and effective, and helps to preserve quality of life as far as is possible. There is no need for terminally ill patients ever to be in pain, even at the very end of the course of t... |
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con03a | This would encourage coercion for some to die to save others By allowing sacrificial donations society becomes vulnerable to abuse of this system. It is possible that people are scared or coerced into sacrificing their lives for others. While society does all it can for those who are ill, it cannot start moving the bo... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hpehwadvoee-con03b",
"score": 0.8409956693649292,
"text": "The risk of coercion might be true about voluntary donations of organs and blood where the donor survives. A donation is always a large decision and the authorities must take measures to ensure that the donor is acting freel... | [
{
"id": "test-health-hdond-con03a",
"score": 0.7712885141372681,
"text": "Denying organs to non-donors is unduly coercive. For the state to make organ donation mandatory is rightly seen as beyond the pale of what society would tolerate. This is because the right to the integrity of one’s body, includin... |
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