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" An American in Paris " is a jazz-influenced orchestral piece by American composer George Gershwin first performed in 1928 . It was inspired by the time that Gershwin had spent in Paris and evokes the sights and energy of the French capital in the 1920s . |
Walter Damrosch had asked Gershwin to write a full concerto following the success of " Rhapsody in Blue " ( 1924 ) .. |
Although the story is likely apocryphal , |
Gershwin strongly encouraged Ravel to come to the United States for a tour . To this end , upon his return to New York , Gershwin joined the efforts of Ravel 's friend E. Robert Schmitz | Robert Schmitz , a pianist Ravel had met during the war , to urge Ravel to tour the U.S. Schmitz was the head of Pro Musica , promot... |
Gershwin greeted Ravel in New York in March 1928 during a party held for Ravel 's birthday by Éva Gauthier . |
Gershwin based " An American in Paris " on a melodic fragment called " Very Parisienne , " written in 1926 on his first visit to Paris as a gift to his hosts , Robert and Mabel Schirmer . He described the piece as a " rhapsodic ballet " because it was written freely and is more modern than his previous works . Gershwin... |
The piece is structured into five sections , which culminate in a loose Ternary form | ABA format . Gershwin 's first A episode introduces the two main " walking " themes in the " Allegretto grazioso " and develops a third theme in the " Subito con brio . " The style of this A section is written in the typical French s... |
Gershwin did not particularly like Walter Damrosch 's interpretation at the world premiere of " An American in Paris " . He stated that Damrosch 's sluggish , dragging tempo caused him to walk out of the hall during a matinee performance of this work . The audience , according to Edward Cushing , responded with " a dem... |
" An American in Paris " was originally scored for 3 flute s ( 3rd doubling on piccolo ) , 2 oboe s , English horn , 2 clarinet s in soprano clarinet | B-flat , bass clarinet in B-flat , 2 bassoon s , contrabassoon , 4 French horn | horns in F , 3 trumpet s in B-flat , 3 trombone s , tuba , timpani , snare drum , bass ... |
A major revision of the work by composer and arranger F. Campbell-Watson simplified the instrumentation by reducing the saxophones to only three instruments , alto , tenor and baritone . The soprano saxophone doublings were eliminated to avoid changing instruments and the contrabassoon was also deleted . This became th... |
William Merrigan Daly | William Daly arranged the score for piano solo which was published by New World Music in 1929 . |
On September 22 , 2013 , it was announced that a musicological Historical editions ( music ) | critical edition of the full orchestral score would be eventually released . The Gershwin family , working in conjunction with the Library of Congress and the University of Michigan , were working to make scores available to ... |
The score to " An American in Paris " was scheduled to be issued first in a series of scores to be released . The entire project was expected take 30 to 40 years to complete , but " An American in Paris " was planned to be an early volume in the series . |
Two urtext edition s of the work were published by the German publisher B-Note Music in 2015 . The changes made by Campbell-Watson were withdrawn in both editions . In the extended urtext , 120 bars of music were re-integrated . Conductor Walter Damrosch had cut them shortly before the first performance . |
On September 9 , 2017 , The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra gave the world premiere of the long-awaited critical edition of the piece prepared by Mark Clague , director of the Gershwin initiative at the University of Michigan . This also featured a restoration of the original 1928 orchestration , except that it upheld th... |
" An American in Paris " has been frequently recorded . The first recording was made for the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1929 with Nathaniel Shilkret conducting the Victor Symphony Orchestra , drawn from members of the Philadelphia Orchestra . Gershwin was on hand to " supervise " the recording ; however , Shilkr... |
In 1951 , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the musical film " An American in Paris ( film ) | An American in Paris " , featuring Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron . Winning the 1951 Best Picture Oscar and numerous other awards , the film was directed by Vincente Minnelli , featured many tunes of Gershwin , and concluded with an ... |
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" A Clockwork Orange " is a Dystopian fiction | dystopian Satire | satirical black comedy novel by English writer Anthony Burgess , published in 1962 . It is set in a near-future society that has a youth subculture of extreme violence . The teenage protagonist , Alex ( A Clockwork Orange ) | Alex , narrates his violent... |
In 2005 , " A Clockwork Orange " was included on " Time ( magazine ) | Time " magazine 's list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923 , |
Alex ( A Clockwork Orange ) | Alex is a 15-year-old living in a near-future dystopian city who leads his gang on a night of opportunistic , random " ultra-violence . " Alex 's friends ( " droogs " in the novel 's Anglo-Russian slang , " Nadsat " ) are Dim , a slow-witted bruiser , who is the gang 's muscle ; Georgie , ... |
The novella begins with the droogs sitting in their favourite hangout , the Korova Milk Bar , and drinking " milk-plus " - a beverage consisting of milk laced with the customer 's drug of choice - to prepare for a night of mayhem . They assault a scholar walking home from the public library ; rob a store , leaving the ... |
Alex coyly feigns illness to his parents to stay out of school the next day . Following an unexpected visit from P.R. Deltoid , his " post-corrective adviser , " Alex visits a record store , where he meets two pre-teen girls . He invites them back to the flat , where he drugs and rapes them . That night after a nap , A... |
Alex is convicted of murder and sentenced to 14 years in Wandsworth Prison . His parents visit one day to inform him that Georgie has been killed in a botched robbery . Two years into his term , he has obtained a job in one of the prison chapels , playing Christian music on the stereo to accompany the Sunday Christian ... |
The effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated to a group of VIP s , who watch as Alex collapses before a bully and abases himself before a scantily clad young woman whose presence has aroused his predatory sexual inclinations . Although the prison chaplain accuses the state of stripping Alex of free will , the gov... |
Alex returns to his parents ' flat , only to find that they are letting his room to a lodger . Now homeless , he wanders the streets and enters a public library , hoping to learn of a painless method for committing suicide . The old scholar whom Alex had assaulted in Part 1 finds him and beats him , with the help of se... |
Alex wakes up in a hospital , where he is courted by government officials anxious to counter the bad publicity created by his suicide attempt . Placed in a mental institution , Alex is offered a well-paying job if he agrees to side with the government . A round of tests reveals that his old violent impulses have return... |
In the final chapter , Alex finds himself halfheartedly preparing for yet another night of crime with a new gang ( Lenn , Rick , Bully ) . After a chance encounter with Pete , who has reformed and married , Alex finds himself taking less and less pleasure in acts of senseless violence . He begins contemplating giving u... |
The book has three parts , each with seven chapters . Burgess has stated that the total of 21 chapters was an intentional nod to the age of 21 being recognised as a milestone in Maturity ( psychological ) | human maturation . In the introduction to the updated American text ( these newer editions include the missing 21... |
At the American publisher 's insistence , Burgess allowed their editors to cut the redeeming final chapter from the U.S. version , so that the tale would end on a darker note , with Alex succumbing to his violent , reckless nature - an ending which the publisher insisted would be " more realistic " and appealing to a U... |
" A Clockwork Orange " was written in Hove , then a senescent seaside town . |
Burgess later stated that he wrote the book in three weeks . |
Burgess has offered several clarifications about the meaning and origin of its title : |
The saying " as queer as ... " followed by an improbable object : ... " a clockwork orange , " or ... " a four speed walking stick " or ... " a left handed corkscrew " etc. predates Burgess ' novel.1757 . |
This title alludes to the protagonist 's negative emotional responses to feelings of evil which prevent the exercise of his free will subsequent to the administration of the Ludovico Technique . To induce this conditioning , Alex is forced to watch scenes of violence on a screen that are Operant conditioning | systemat... |
The book , narrated by Alex , contains many words in a slang argot which Burgess invented for the book , called Nadsat . It is a mix of modified Slavic languages | Slavic words , rhyming slang and derived Russian ( like " baboochka " ) . For instance , these terms have the following meanings in Nadsat : " droog " = fri... |
One of Alex 's doctors explains the language to a colleague as " odd bits of old rhyming slang ; a bit of Romani people | gypsy talk , too . But most of the roots are Slav propaganda . Subliminal message | Subliminal penetration . " Some words are not derived from anything , but merely easy to guess , e.g. " in-out , i... |
In the first edition of the book , no key was provided , and the reader was left to interpret the meaning from the context . In his appendix to the restored edition , Burgess explained that the slang would keep the book from seeming dated , and served to muffle " the raw response of pornography " from the acts of viole... |
The term |
In 1976 , " A Clockwork Orange " was removed from an Aurora , Colorado high school because of " objectionable language . " A year later in 1977 it was removed from high school classrooms in Westport , Massachusetts over similar concerns with " objectionable " language . In 1982 , it was removed from two Anniston , Alab... |
" The Sunday Telegraph " review was positive , and described the book as " entertaining ... even profound . " Chitty , Susan . " Is That the Lot ? " Sunday Telegraph , 13 May 1962 , p . 9 . " The Sunday Times " review was negative , and described the book as " a very ordinary , brutal and psychologically shallow story ... |
Burgess dismissed " A Clockwork Orange " as " too didactic to be artistic . " " A Clockwork Orange " ( Penguin Modern Classics ) ( Paperback ) by Anthony Burgess , Blake Morrison xxii He claimed that the violent content of the novel " nauseated " him.Calder , , John Mackenzie , and Anthony Burgess , . " Ugh . " The Tim... |
In 1985 , Burgess published " Flame into Being : The Life and Work of D. H. Lawrence " and while discussing " Lady Chatterley 's Lover " in his biography , Burgess compared that novel 's notoriety with " A Clockwork Orange " : " We all suffer from the popular desire to make the known notorious . The book I am best know... |
" A Clockwork Orange " was chosen by " Time ( magazine ) | Time " magazine as one of the Time 's List of the 100 Best Novels | 100 best English-language books from 1923 to 2005 . { { cite magazine |
A 1965 film by Andy Warhol entitled " Vinyl ( 1965 film ) | Vinyl " was an adaptation of Burgess 's novel . |
The best known adaptation of the novella to other forms is the 1971 film " A Clockwork Orange ( film ) | A Clockwork Orange " by Stanley Kubrick , featuring Malcolm McDowell as Alex . |
In 1988 , a German adaptation of " A Clockwork Orange " at the intimate theatre of Bad Godesberg featured a musical score by the German punk rock band Die Toten Hosen which , combined with orchestral clips of Ludwig van Beethoven | Beethoven 's Symphony No. 9 ( Beethoven ) | Ninth Symphony and " other dirty melodies " ... |
In February 1990 , another musical version was produced at the Barbican Theatre in London by the Royal Shakespeare Company . Titled " A Clockwork Orange : 2004 " , it received mostly negative reviews , with John Peter ( critic ) | John Peter of " The Sunday Times " of London calling it " only an intellectual " Rocky Ho... |
In 1994 , Chicago 's Steppenwolf Theater put on a production of " A Clockwork Orange " directed by Terry Kinney . The American premiere of novelist Anthony Burgess 's own adaptation of his " A Clockwork Orange " starred K. Todd Freeman as Alex . In 2001 , UNI Theatre ( Mississauga , Ontario ) presented the Canadian pre... |
In 2002 , Godlight Theatre Company presented the New York Premiere adaptation of " A Clockwork Orange " at Manhattan Theatre Source . The production went on to play at the SoHo Playhouse ( 2002 ) , Ensemble Studio Theatre ( 2004 ) , 59E59 Theaters ( 2005 ) and the Edinburgh Fringe | Edinburgh Festival Fringe ( 2005 ) .... |
In 2003 , Los Angeles director Brad Mays |
An adaptation of the work , based on the original novel , the film and Burgess 's own stage version , was performed by The SiLo Theatre in Auckland , New Zealand in early 2007 . |
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Aztlan Underground is a band from Los Angeles , California that combines Hip-Hop , Punk Rock , Jazz , and electronic music with Chicano and Native American themes , and indigenous instrumentation . They are often cited as progenitors of Chicano rap . |
The band traces its roots to the late-1980s hardcore punk | hardcore scene in the Eastside Los Angeles | Eastside of Los Angeles . |
As an example of the politically active and culturally important artists in Los Angeles in the 1990s , Aztlan Underground appeared on " Culture Clash " on Fox in 1993 ; and was part of " Breaking Out " , a concert on pay per view in 1998 , The band was featured in the independent films " Algun Dia " and " Frontierland ... |
Aztlan Underground remains active in the community , lending their voice to annual events such as The Farce of July , |
In addition to forming their own label , Xicano Records and Film , Aztlan Underground were signed to the Basque record label Esan Ozenki in 1999 which enabled them to tour Spain extensively and perform in France and Portugal . Aztlan Underground have also performed in Canada , Australia , and Venezuela . The band has b... |
Year : 1995 |
Year : 1998 |
Year : 2009 |
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Andy Warhol ( ; " Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary " : " ( 1966-67 ) . |
Born and raised in Pittsburgh , Warhol initially pursued a successful career as a commercial illustrator . After exhibiting his work in several art gallery | galleries in the late 1950s , he began to receive recognition as an influential and controversial artist . His New York City | New York studio , The Factory , bec... |
Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective art exhibition | exhibitions , books , and I Shot Andy Warhol | feature and documentary films . The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city of Pittsburgh , which holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives , is the largest museum in the United States d... |
Warhol was born on August 6 , 1928 , in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania. whose first child was born in their homeland and died before their move to the U.S . |
His parents were working-class Lemko Paul Robert Magocsi , Ivan Pop , , became a successful children 's book illustrator . |
In third grade , Warhol had Sydenham 's chorea ( also known as St. Vitus ' Dance ) , the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities , which is believed to be a complication of Rheumatic fever | scarlet fever which causes skin pigmentation blotchiness . |
As a teenager , Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945 . Also as a teen , Warhol won a Scholastic Art and Writing Awards | Scholastic Art and Writing Award . These are believed to be his first two published artworks . Later that year , he moved to New York City and began a career in magazine illustration an... |
Warhol 's early career was dedicated to commercial and advertising art , where his first commission had been to draw shoes for " Glamour ( magazine ) | Glamour " magazine in the late 1940s . In the 1950s , Warhol worked as a Footwear | designer for shoe manufacturer Israel Miller . |
Benstock , Shari and Suzanne Ferriss ( editors ) . " Footnotes : On Shoes " ; Rutgers University Press ; February 1 , 2001 ; ; pp. 44-48.For Israel Miller see i.a. " " , February 10 , 2008 . American photographer John Coplans recalled that |
Warhol 's " whimsical " Pen-and-ink drawing | ink drawing s of shoe advertisements figured in some of his earliest showings at the Bodley Gallery in New York . |
Warhol was an early adopter of the Screen printing | silk screen printmaking process as a technique for making paintings . A young Warhol was taught silk screen printmaking techniques by Max Arthur Cohn at his graphic arts business in Manhattan . " , Warhol writes : " When you do something exactly wrong , you always tu... |
Warhol habitually used the expedient of tracing photographs projected with an Opaque projector | epidiascope . for a 1958 design for a book cover he submitted to Simon & amp ; Schuster | Simon and Schuster for the Walter Ross pulp novel " The Immortal " , and later used others for his dollar bill series , " Three one-d... |
With the rapid expansion of the record industry , RCA Records hired Warhol , along with another freelance artist , Sid Maurer , to design album covers and promotional materials . |
He began exhibiting his work during the 1950s . He held exhibitions at the Hugo Gallery |
Andy Warhol 's first New York solo pop art exhibition was hosted at Eleanor Ward 's Stable Gallery November 6-24 , 1962 . The exhibit included the works " Marilyn Diptych " , " 100 Soup Cans " , " 100 Coke Bottles " , and " 100 Dollar Bills " . At the Stable Gallery exhibit , the artist met for the first time poet John... |
It was during the 1960s that Warhol began to make paintings of iconic American objects such as dollar bills , mushroom cloud s , electric chair s , Campbell 's Soup Cans , Coca-Cola bottles , celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe , Elvis Presley , Marlon Brando , Troy Donahue , Muhammad Ali , and Elizabeth Taylor , as wel... |
New York City 's Museum of Modern Art hosted a Symposium on pop art in December 1962 during which artists such as Warhol were attacked for " capitulating " to consumerism . Critics were scandalized by Warhol 's open embrace of market culture . This symposium set the tone for Warhol 's reception . |
A pivotal event was the 1964 exhibit " The American Supermarket " , a show held in Paul Bianchini 's Upper East Side gallery . The show was presented as a typical U.S. small supermarket environment , except that everything in it - from the produce , canned goods , meat , posters on the wall , etc . - was created by six... |
As an Commercial art | advertisement illustrator in the 1950s , Warhol used assistants to increase his productivity . Collaboration would remain a defining ( and controversial ) aspect of his working methods throughout his career ; this was particularly true in the 1960s . One of the most important collaborators during... |
During the 1960s , Warhol also groomed a retinue of Bohemianism | bohemian and counterculture of the 1960s | counterculture eccentrics upon whom he bestowed the designation " Warhol Superstar | Superstars , " including Nico , Joe Dallesandro , Edie Sedgwick , Viva ( actress ) | Viva , Isabelle Collin Dufresne | Ultra V... |
On June 3 , 1968 , radical feminist writer Valerie Solanas shot Warhol and Mario Amaya , art critic and curator , at Warhol 's studio. a Separatist feminism | separatist feminist tract that advocated the elimination of men ; and appeared in the 1968 Warhol film " I , a Man " . Earlier on the day of the attack , Solanas... |
Amaya received only minor injuries and was released from the hospital later the same day . Warhol was seriously wounded by the attack and barely survived : surgeons opened his chest and internal cardiac massage | massaged his heart to help stimulate its movement again . He suffered physical effects for the rest of his ... |
Solanas was arrested the day after the assault , after turning herself in to police . By way of explanation , she said that Warhol " had too much control over my life . " She was subsequently diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and eventually sentenced to three years under the control of the New York City Department ... |
Warhol had this to say about the attack : " Before I was shot , I always thought that I was more half-there than all-there - I always suspected that I was watching TV instead of living life . People sometimes say that the way things happen in movies is unreal , but actually it 's the way things happen in life that 's u... |
Compared to the success and scandal of Warhol 's work in the 1960s , the 1970s were a much quieter decade , as he became more entrepreneurial . According to Bob Colacello , Warhol devoted much of his time to rounding up new , rich patrons for portrait commissions - including Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , his wif... |
Warhol socialized at various nightspots in New York City , including Max 's Kansas City and , later in the 1970s , Studio 54 . |
In 1979 , along with his longtime friend Stuart Pivar , Warhol founded the New York Academy of Art . |
Warhol had a re-emergence of critical and financial success in the 1980s , partially due to his affiliation and friendships with a number of prolific younger artists , who were dominating the " bull market " of 1980s New York art : Jean-Michel Basquiat , Julian Schnabel , David Salle and other so-called Neo-expressioni... |
By this time , graffiti artist Fab Five Freddy paid homage to Warhol when he painted an entire train with Campbell soup cans . This was instrumental in Freddy becoming involved in the underground NYC art scene and becoming an affiliate of Basquiat . |
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