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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.8.0 | We measured seedling survival and growth for two years (two full wet and dry seasons).During each survey, we determined survival and measured the height (at the apical meristem) of all planted seedlings.Seedlings were assumed to be dead if they lacked leaves and had a completely dry stem.Surveys were conducted after pl... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.9.0 | We tested for seasonal differences in soil moisture, soil temperature, and air temperature between management treatments using Tukey's HSD post hoc tests performed on one-way ANOVAs, with microclimatic variables as the responses and management treatment as the predictor.We used the same method to test for differences i... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.9.1 | To quantify the performance of TDF seedlings with differing resource-use strategies at early and mid-successional stages (management treatments; Goal 1) we used individual seedling growth and survival measurements over two years.First, we calculated absolute height growth rates (AGR; cm/d) for each year for individual ... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.9.2 | For AGR, we fit a mixed-effects multiple linear regression model with seedling AGR as the response (square root-transformed to meet normality assumptions).The same fixed effect predictors (strategy and treatment) were included with the addition of year as a predictor, to consider the effects of the drought (2015; 807 m... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.9.3 | Last, to determine if ecophysiological traits explained species performance across simulated successional stages (Goal 2), we fit the same mixed effects models described above, this time with four individual ecophysiological traits instead of resource-use strategy as predictors of survival and AGR, again using individu... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.9.4 | We then fit 10 models total for each response variable (four ecophysiological traits and six leaf and stem traits; Table 3), one for each trait in place of resource-use strategy as a predictor (e.g., abbreviated survival model: survival ~treatment 3 trait + ln(initial height) + random effects; abbreviated AGR model: √A... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.9.5 | √AGR ~treatment 3 year + ln(initial height) + random effects) to determine if including the traits improved fits.We computed variance inflation factors for predictors and verified that collinearity did not affect regression estimates (car package in R).The null model, the individual trait models, and the resource-use s... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.9.6 | We tested for differences in the strength of relationships (slope) between traits and seedling performance (survival or AGR) in each management treatment for models with significant higher order interaction terms (i.e., treatment 9 trait for survival; treatment 9 trait 9 year for AGR) ranked higher than the resource-us... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.11.0 | The interplanted treatment was dominated by three tree species that accounted for 85% and 86% of stems and basal area, respectively (see Appendix S1: Section S4 for more on remnant vegetation).The basal area of trees in the interplanted treatment plots ranged from 2.43 to 4.91 m 2 /ha (AE0.73SE).Stands with basal area ... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.11.1 | Microclimatic conditions differed significantly between the management treatments; compared to the cleared treatment, the interplanted treatment received only 17.6% of total incoming PAR (n = 120, t = À8.82,P < 0.001; Fig. 3b), and had 2.1°C lower midday air (n = 60, t = À5.7,P < 0.001; Fig. 3c) and 3.7°C lower soil te... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.12.0 | Our goals were to determine experimentally how TDF tree species with contrasting resource-use strategies defined with leaf and stem traits responded to changes in abiotic environmental conditions along a simulated successional gradient.Our results suggest large shifts in microclimate from early-successional (cleared) t... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.13.0 | After ~30 yr of regeneration, the basal area of remnant vegetation in the interplanted treatment was comparable to 5-10 yr of forest regrowth on other soil types in this region, underscoring that Vertisols soils present significant challenges for forest regeneration (Powers et al. 2009).However, from the perspective of... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.13.1 | Interestingly, the relative ranks of soil moisture in the management treatments switched seasonally and the interplanted treatment had lower wet season soil moisture (Fig. 3e).While this contrasts strongly with patterns in other successional TDF (Lebrija-Trejos et al 2010), this result is largely consistent with additi... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.13.2 | Water limitation during the dry season typically has the largest impact on seedling survival on Vertisols (Werden et al. 2018b) and the cleared treatment exposed seedlings to the lowest mean soil moisture during the dry season (Fig. 3e).However, we did not observe differences in overall survival rates between the manag... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.14.0 | Although plants fall along a continuum of resourceuse strategies (Wright et al. 2004), we were able to bin species into acquisitive and conservative groups (Table 1; Appendix S1: Fig. S1) using functional traits previously demonstrated to shift predictably during TDF succession (Lohbeck et al. 2013, Buzzard et al. 2016... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.14.1 | Acquisitive-conservative resource-use strategy groupings had some capacity to explain seedling responses, and the acquisitive group had higher mean AGR than the conservative in the interplanted treatment during a year with average rainfall (year 2; Fig. 4b).This result aligns with the recent hypothesis that acquisitive... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.15.0 | Ecophysiological traits always improved predictions of seedling survival when compared to resource-use strategies defined with leaf and stem traits (Table 3a), and two out of five traits improved predictions of seedling growth (D d 13 C and g s ; Table 3b).Furthermore, while iWUE was not predictive of seedling growth i... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.15.1 | Species with long petioles maximize light capture (Niinemets et al. 2004), placing them on the acquisitive end of the resource-use spectrum.We found that petiole length was negatively associated with survival rates (Table 3a), signifying that conservative values of this trait conferred a survival advantage across both ... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.16.0 | Many studies have demonstrated that the functional composition of tropical forests can be driven by shifts in environmental conditions during succession (Lebrija-Trejos et al. 2010, Lohbeck et al. 2013, Boukili and Chazdon 2017), and that the relative influence of abiotic and biotic factors on plant performance can shi... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.16.1 | While seedlings had consistently higher growth rates in the cleared treatment (Fig. 4b), these findings may indicate that decreases in air temperature and vapor pressure deficit during the wet season after vegetation is established (Lebrija-Trejos et al. 2011) may lead to decreases in the influence of water-use traits ... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.17.0 | Recent functional trait-driven approaches have demonstrated how resource-use strategies dictate species performance in active restorations of both tropical wet (Mart ınez-Garza et al. 2013, Ostertag et al. 2015, Giannini et al. 2017, Charles et al. 2018) and dry forest (Werden et al. 2018b).These studies and others hav... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.17.1 | Initial site conditions such as the level of disturbance or state of remnant vegetation at a site can have lasting effects on the rates of vegetation recovery in tropical forest restoration (Holl et al. 2018).Our results demonstrate that rates of TDF vegetation recovery can also be predictably influenced by planting sp... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.17.2 | Last, as we showed previously at this site (Werden et al. 2018b), we highlight that it is particularly difficult to restore TDF on degraded Vertisols given that overall survival was low after two years, ranging from 15.1% to 26.4% in the four resource-use strategy 9 treatment combinations (Appendix S1: Fig. S5).The str... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.18.0 | Our results demonstrate that considering how resource-use functional traits describe patterns of TDF tree species' performance not only furthers the understanding of TDF successional dynamics, but also can improve TDF restoration outcomes.In order to do so, it is necessary to focus on traits predictive of survival and ... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.27.0 | We thank the many volunteers who helped to plant the experiment, Daniel Perez A. for collecting seeds, and Roger Blanco from Area de Conservaci on Guanacaste for facilitating the study.This work was supported by NSF DDIG (1600710) and GRFP (11-582) and a Garden Club of America Award in Tropical Botany to L. K. Werden, ... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.28.0 | We thank the many volunteers who helped to plant the experiment, Daniel Perez A. for collecting seeds, and Roger Blanco from Area de Conservaci on Guanacaste for facilitating the study.This work was supported by NSF DDIG (1600710) and GRFP (11-582) and a Garden Club of America Award in Tropical Botany to L. K. Werden, ... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.29.0 | Appendix S1: Fig. S4).Furthermore, an ongoing study of TDF microclimate at a nearby site has showed that open field Vertisol sites have lower soil moisture than forested sites at the peak of the dry-season (J.Tijerin, personal communication), consistent with our observation that dry-season soil moisture was lower in th... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.29.1 | Overall seedling survival after two years ranged from 15.1% for acquisitive species in the cleared treatment to 26.4% for conservative species in the cleared treatment (Appendix S1: Fig. S5; see Appendix S1: Table S3 for survival by species).Likely attributed to the severe drought in year 1, three acquisitive (Acosmium... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.29.2 | For seedling growth, management treatment was a significant predictor of AGR (v 2 df=11 = 14.44,P < 0.001; Appendix S1: Table S2).Independent of resource-use strategy, seedlings had dramatically higher AGR in the cleared than the interplanted treatment in both years (Fig. 4b; year 1, cleared 69.1% higher, t = 7.29, P <... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.29.3 | The series of models we fit demonstrated that ecophysiological functional traits were better predictors of seedling survival and growth than the conservative and acquisitive resource-use strategies defined by "soft" leaf and stem traits (Table 3).Here we present results for the models ranked higher with AIC than the re... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.29.4 | Higher rates of A max (photosynthetic capacity; b std = 1.22,P < 0.001), iWUE (instantaneous water-use efficiency; b std = 1.13,P < 0.001), and g s (stomatal conductance; b std = 0.89, P = 0.01) were all positively associated with higher seedling survival.Petiole length was the only leaf trait associated with survival ... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.31.0 | Overall seedling survival after two years ranged from 15.1% for acquisitive species in the cleared treatment to 26.4% for conservative species in the cleared treatment (Appendix S1: Fig. S5; see Appendix S1: Table S3 for survival by species).Likely attributed to the severe drought in year 1, three acquisitive (Acosmium... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.31.1 | For seedling growth, management treatment was a significant predictor of AGR (v 2 df=11 = 14.44,P < 0.001; Appendix S1: Table S2).Independent of resource-use strategy, seedlings had dramatically higher AGR in the cleared than the interplanted treatment in both years (Fig. 4b; year 1, cleared 69.1% higher, t = 7.29, P <... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.32.0 | The series of models we fit demonstrated that ecophysiological functional traits were better predictors of seedling survival and growth than the conservative and acquisitive resource-use strategies defined by "soft" leaf and stem traits (Table 3).Here we present results for the models ranked higher with AIC than the re... | [
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Werden et al. - 2020 - Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration .pdf.tei.xml | Using large‐scale tropical dry forest restoration to test successional theory | 11.32.1 | Higher rates of A max (photosynthetic capacity; b std = 1.22,P < 0.001), iWUE (instantaneous water-use efficiency; b std = 1.13,P < 0.001), and g s (stomatal conductance; b std = 0.89, P = 0.01) were all positively associated with higher seedling survival.Petiole length was the only leaf trait associated with survival ... | [
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Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.3.0 | The study site is in the inner southern suburbs of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and is known locally as Oxley Creek Common (27°32′S 152°59′E, Figure S1).It is situated on an alluvial floodplain along a section of Oxley Creek, approximately 2 km from its confluence with the Brisbane River to the north.Rainfall averag... | [
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Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.3.1 | Oxley Creek Common comprises infrequently inundated pasture and parklands on dermosols.Prior to European settlement, the areas adjacent to Oxley Creek most likely supported gallery notophyll vine forest (Regional Ecosystem 12.3.1;Queensland Herbarium, 2018).While the region receives less rainfall than is typically used... | [
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Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.3.2 | Established in November 2016, the experiment was embedded within a larger project funded by the Australian Government's National Landcare Programme '20 Million Trees Round II'.Overall, the experiment aimed to test whether the long-term cost-effectiveness of forest restoration could be improved by designing planting mix... | [
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Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.5.0 | A 'trait targets' approach (Laughlin, 2014) was used to generate two experimental assemblages with distinct trait profiles: a fast assemblage comprising more resource-acquisitive species, and a hardy assemblage comprising species with more conservative strategies (see Appendix S1).Each assemblage had 16 species and sim... | [
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Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.6.0 | The areas available for planting were mainly confined to a 50 m wide strip of alluvial floodplain (Figure S1) that was previously managed as beef cattle pasture.To capture environmental variation across the site, and variation between grazing units (paddocks), a randomized block design that included 10 blocks distribut... | [
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Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.6.1 | Each plot was 30 × 30 m with 400 trees planted in a grid at 1.5 m spacing.Paddocks containing plots were first fenced to exclude livestock, slashed approximately 2 months prior to planting and then sprayed with glyphosate 2-4 weeks prior to planting to suppress excessive grass and forb growth, as is standard restoratio... | [
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Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.6.2 | Plants were sourced in 50 mm tubestock from a number of local nurseries but varied considerably in size within and among species (from 5 to 65 cm shoot heights, mean = 22 cm).The 400 plants per plot were pre-randomized at a separate location in the days before planting.Planting was undertaken between the 31st of Octobe... | [
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"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.7.0 | The survival of all plants was assessed 3.5 months after planting. | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.7.1 | Plants were considered dead if they had no visible living leaves, tips or shoots.The height of living plants was measured as the vertical distance from the ground to the live central apex.The exact number of days between planting and monitoring was recorded for each plot and used to calculate daily growth rates. | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.8.0 | Maximum temperatures on the day of planting were obtained for each plot (Australian Bureau of Meteorology, 2017) to provide a measure of initial heat stress.Four soil samples were collected from each plot (one in the centre of each plot quarter) at a depth of 2-10 cm, making a total of 80 samples.Samples were passed th... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.8.1 | A LiDAR-derived topographical raster was queried to estimate the elevation of individual plants (Source: QLD Government Remote Sensing Centre, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation).Plots were located on the raster using GPS points taken at each plot corner.Individual plant elevations were then e... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.9.0 | Leaf, stem and root traits were measured on well-watered, sunhardened seedlings of each species.Five replicate seedlings were sampled, except for three species that had four replicate seedlings. | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.9.1 | Three new, fully expanded leaves were selected from each seedling for measurement of SLA, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and lamina area.Leaves with obvious herbivore or pathogen damage were avoided.After being cut from the stem, leaves were immediately weighed and scanned.The one-sided leaf area (mm 2 ) was obtained u... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.9.2 | Wood density was calculated as dry mass of wood per unit of volume (mg/mm 3 ).One wood sample was cut from the base of each seedling (average stem sample diameter of approximately 4 mm). | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.9.3 | Secondary phloem and bark were removed before volume was determined via water displacement (Perez-Harguindeguy et al., 2013). | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.9.4 | Wood samples were oven-dried at 105°C for 72 hr and then retained at room temperature for 1-2 min before weighing.Total root length and root volume were measured from fresh, washed root material, which was scanned for each seedling and analysed using WinRhizo image analysis software (Regent Instruments Inc.).Following ... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.9.5 | All effort was made to select absorptive roots; however, some samples may have included structural or transport roots.Roots were scanned at 720 dpi using an EPSON Expression 11000XL LA2500 scanner (EPSON).Based on the estimated mean root diameter for each scanned sample, the overall mean (across species) was 0.3 mm, an... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.9.6 | Traits that were positively skewed were log-transformed (SLA and SRL) or square-root-transformed (lamina area) prior to analyses. | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.10.0 | Separate principal components analyses (PCA) were conducted on soil variables and seedling functional traits to assess correlations between variables.The first three components of the soil PCA explained 79% of the measured variation.Soil PC1 (41%) was negatively loaded by pH, and positively loaded by electrical conduct... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.10.1 | The first three components of the functional trait PCA explained 83% of the variation in the seven measured functional traits.Trait PC1 (52%) described overall seedling economics and was positively loaded by log-transformed SLA and log-transformed SRL, and negatively loaded by LDMC, RTD and WD (Figure 1; Table S2).Trai... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.11.0 | Plant performance was measured as the probability of surviving to 3.5 months, and the height growth increments of surviving plants. | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.11.1 | Survival (1 = alive, 0 = dead) was modelled using a generalized linear mixed-effect model (GLMM) with binomial errors and logit link function.Random effects were included to account for the spatial nesting of plants within plots, plots within blocks and blocks within paddocks.Species was included as an additional rando... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.11.2 | The survival model included both environmental and plant-related variables as fixed effects.Environmental variables included the maximum temperature on the day of planting (herein maximum temperature), the plot-scale average elevation, the relative elevation of each stem within plots and the first and third soil princi... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.11.3 | Height growth of surviving seedlings was calculated as (height t1i -height t0i )/(t 1i -t 0i ) and expressed as cm/day, where t 0i was the date that seedling i was initially mapped and measured and t 1i is the date that seedling i was re-measured.Plants that were leaning | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.12.0 | The overall probability of surviving the first 3.5 months was 0.45.The Hardy mix had a slightly higher overall probability of survival (0.46) than the Fast mix (0.42), but this difference was not significant when assessed in a simple binomial GLMM (p = .063).Individual species survival probabilities ranged from 0.11 (T... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.13.0 | The survival model had a marginal R 2 of 0.13 (deviance explained by fixed effects alone), indicating that the fixed effects explained (Figure 2a).This interaction indicated that the probability of survival for seedlings planted in compact soils was lower when they were planted on hot days (Figure 3).We found a strong ... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.13.1 | Furthermore, the conditional R 2 (representing deviance explained by both fixed and random effects) was 0.41, much higher than the marginal R 2 .And as such, height-survival relationships fitted using species-specific random effects matched the observed data much more closely than those using fixed effects (Figure 4). | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.14.0 | The marginal R 2 of the growth model was 0.27 (around double that of the survival model despite having fewer terms) and the conditional R 2 was 0.57.The mean elevation of plots was significantly and positively related to height growth (Figure 2b).The interaction between maximum temperature (on planting day) and relativ... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.14.1 | Initial seedling height and log-transformed SLA also significantly influenced height growth (Figure 2b).Acquisitive species predictably had faster growth than conservative species, but no other trait variable was related to growth.The relationship for seedling height was again quadratic, indicating that seedlings with ... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.15.0 | Suboptimal outcomes are common in restoration (Hobbs, 2007;Suding, 2011), but are rarely critically evaluated using empirical data or within the context of a randomized experimental design to reveal barriers impeding restoration.We found that survival and growth of planted seedlings were influenced by planting day temp... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.15.1 | In particular, the overall relationship between initial height and survival was hump-shaped, indicating optimal seedling heights between 25 and 35 cm (for the purpose of surviving hot planting conditions). | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.15.2 | Species varied in the shape of their height-survival relationships and | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.15.3 | Plot from the survival model showing the interaction between soil PC3 (bulk density) and the maximum temperature on the day of planting.Soil PC3 is plotted against the probability of survival, with separate fitted lines (and associated 95% confidence intervals) for planting days with average maximum temperatures (29.5°... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.15.4 | The underlying points and standard error bars shown for each relationship were calculated from 25 bins of observed binary data F I G U R E 4 Fitted relationships between the probability of survival and the initial seeding height (cm) for each of the 23 species examined in this study.Species are located approximately in... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.16.0 | The influence of soil bulk density and micro-topography on early plant performance has been highlighted in previous restoration studies (Cheesman, Preece, Oosterzee, Erskine, & Cernusak, 2018;Douterlungne et al., 2015;Martínez-Garza, Campo, Ricker, & Tobón, 2016;Martínez-Garza et al., 2011).The survival of seedlings in... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.16.1 | In this study, the effect of hot planting days on survival depended on soil bulk density.While seedlings were watered multiple times immediately following planting, compact soils could have reduced the ability of seedlings to respond to acute heat stress.It is also possible that the combination of heat and compact soil... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.16.2 | The growth of surviving seedlings was significantly slower in lower lying plots, most likely due to temporary waterlogging and associated reductions in water absorption, transpiration and growth rates compared to plants in more elevated plots (Delgado, Zúñiga-Feest, & Piper, 2018). | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.17.0 | Seedling attributes are well understood to influence initial growth and survival in revegetation settings (Grossnickle, 2012).Many studies have reported that initial seedling height positively correlates with survival and growth of seedlings.Poor performance of small seedlings is generally attributed to the disturbance... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.17.1 | It should be noted that only eight of the 23 species had significant quadratic height-survival relationships when modelled alone. | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.17.2 | The strong quadratic relationship in the overall survival model occurred because many species with apparently monotonic relationships only included seedlings that spanned the lower half of the height range.When all species were modelled in a single GLMM, information was borrowed from species that spanned the full heigh... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.17.3 | Significant interactions between trait variables and initial seedling heights explained species' differences in optimal seedling heights to some extent.Low SLA species had a narrower range of predicted optimal heights than those with high SLA, as did species with simple leaves compared to those with compound leaves.How... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.17.4 | Interestingly, species with more conservative traits did not consistently have high survival in this study.This is counter to reported trait-vital rate relationships in natural systems (Anderegg & HilleRisLambers, 2016;Markesteijn, Poorter, Bongers, Paz, & Sack, 2011) and a recent trait-based restoration study in the A... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.18.0 | This study identified the antagonistic effects of planting in compact soils on hot days, as well as the importance of planting seedlings at optimum sizes (25-35 cm tall) to increase survival during the establishment period.Clearly, planting should be avoided on days with high maximum temperatures.However, it is also re... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.22.0 | We thank the Oxley Creek Catchment Association, and Phil Gunasekara and Chris Jensen in particular, for implementing the project and inviting us to collaborate so enthusiastically.We are also grateful to Carole Bristow, Mary-Lou Simpson and the Friends of Oxley Creek Common for advice and support.Thanks also to the BSU... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.23.0 | We thank the Oxley Creek Catchment Association, and Phil Gunasekara and Chris Jensen in particular, for implementing the project and inviting us to collaborate so enthusiastically.We are also grateful to Carole Bristow, Mary-Lou Simpson and the Friends of Oxley Creek Common for advice and support.Thanks also to the BSU... | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.26.0 | Data available via the Dryad Digital Repository https ://datad ryad.org/stash/ datas et/doi:10.5061/dryad.3kc37b(Gardiner, Shoo, & Dwyer, 2019). | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.26.1 | John M. Dwyer https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7389-5528 | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.27.0 | Data available via the Dryad Digital Repository https ://datad ryad.org/stash/ datas et/doi:10.5061/dryad.3kc37b(Gardiner, Shoo, & Dwyer, 2019). | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.28.0 | John M. Dwyer https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7389-5528 | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.29.0 | Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article. | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.29.1 | How to cite this article: Gardiner R, Shoo LP, Dwyer JM. | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.29.2 | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration.J Appl Ecol.2019;00: 1-11.https ://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13505 | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.30.0 | Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article. | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.30.1 | How to cite this article: Gardiner R, Shoo LP, Dwyer JM. | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
Gardiner et al. - 2019 - Look to seedling heights, rather than functional t.pdf.tei.xml | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration | 12.30.2 | Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration.J Appl Ecol.2019;00: 1-11.https ://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13505 | [
"bulk density",
"land degradation",
"pasture",
"restoration",
"revegetation",
"riparian",
"tubestock"
] |
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