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metadata 
name: RFInject
authors:
  - Roberto Del Prete
  - Nermine Hendy
license: APACHE-2.0
source: >-
  https://cdn-avatars.huggingface.co/v1/production/uploads/6538dbdcaca9fa108fd50595/2nTO6KAHh2UvbaJTa0jCs.png
thumbnail: https://philab.esa.int/

RFInject – Synthetic RFI Injection for Sentinel-1 SAR Data

Overview

RFInject is a research-grade Earth Observation dataset and methodology for controlled synthetic Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) injection into clean Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data.

The dataset is designed to enable reproducible benchmarking of RFI detection and mitigation algorithms, addressing a long-standing gap in the SAR community caused by the lack of standardized and controllable interference datasets.

RFInject preserves the physical and statistical properties of real Sentinel-1 acquisitions while enabling full parametric control over injected interference characteristics.

Motivation

Radio Frequency Interference is a major source of performance degradation in modern SAR missions. Sentinel-1 data is particularly affected, yet most existing studies rely on ad-hoc or irreproducible contamination scenarios.

RFInject enables:

  • Repeatable experimental setups
  • Controlled and parameterized interference scenarios
  • Algorithm-agnostic benchmarking across methods and sensors

Dataset Structure 

/
β”œβ”€β”€ RFInject/                 # Sentinel-1 data with injected synthetic RFI
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ product_001.zarr
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ product_002.zarr
β”‚   β”œβ”€β”€ product_003.zarr
β”‚               └── burst_0
β”‚               └── burst_1
β”‚               └── burst_2
β”‚                   └── zarr.json  (the product metadata)
β”‚                   └── echo (the clean burst)
β”‚                   └── rfi  (the rfi to add to burst)
β”‚                       └── zarr.json  (the RFI metadata)
└── README.md

Data Characteristics

Property Description
Platform Sentinel-1
Sensor C-band SAR
Data Level L0
Interference Type Synthetic RFI (parametric)
File Format zarr / analysis-ready

Methodology

Synthetic RFI is injected by superimposing parameterized interference signals onto clean Sentinel-1 radar echoes.

The approach ensures:

  • Spectral and temporal realism
  • Preservation of system characteristics
  • Full reproducibility through metadata-controlled parameters

Ingestion with EOTDL

CLI 

eotdl datasets get RFInject

Intended Use

This dataset is intended for:

  • RFI detection and mitigation research
  • Machine learning model training and evaluation
  • Algorithm benchmarking
  • Reproducible SAR processing experiments

Users are responsible for validating suitability for operational or safety-critical applications.

Citation 

@misc{rfinject_2025,
    author       = { RFInject },
    title        = { v1 (Revision 23853e6) },
    year         = 2025,
    url          = { https://huggingface.co/datasets/RFInject/v1 },
    doi          = { 10.57967/hf/7227 },
    publisher    = { Hugging Face }
}

License

This dataset is released under the APACHE-2.0 license.

Acknowledgements

Developed within the ESA Ξ¦-lab research ecosystem and related collaborations.