README.md

---
license: other
license_name: arxiv-nonexclusive
license_link: https://arxiv.org/help/license
task_categories:
  - text-generation
  - feature-extraction
language:
  - en
tags:
  - mathematics
  - number-theory
  - arxiv
  - latex
  - scientific
pretty_name: arXiv Number Theory Papers
size_categories:
  - n<1K
---

# arXiv Number Theory Papers

A focused dataset of recent `math.NT` (number theory) papers from arXiv,
prepared for language-model training and research. Companion to
`math-papers-10m`, but narrowed to a single subfield for dense topical coverage.

## Summary

- **Category:** `math.NT` (primary)
- **Total papers:** 500
- **Total body tokens (cl100k_base):** 16,400,635
- **Source:** arXiv (https://arxiv.org), via the `arxiv` Python client + content
  endpoints (`/html/`, `/e-print/`, `/pdf/`)
- **Generated:** 2026-04-11
- **License:** Papers are redistributed under arXiv's non-exclusive license
  to distribute. See https://arxiv.org/help/license. Cite the original authors.

## Contents

Each batch is a Parquet file under `data/`:

```
data/batch-0001.parquet
data/batch-0002.parquet
...
```

Per-row schema:

| field | type | description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `arxiv_id` | string | Canonical arXiv identifier |
| `title` | string | Paper title |
| `authors` | list[string] | Author names |
| `abstract` | string | Paper abstract |
| `primary_category` | string | Always `math.NT` (primary category) |
| `categories` | list[string] | All arXiv subject tags (may include cross-listings) |
| `published` | string | ISO-8601 submission timestamp |
| `updated` | string | ISO-8601 last-updated timestamp |
| `abs_url` | string | arXiv abstract URL |
| `pdf_url` | string | arXiv PDF URL |
| `body` | string | Cleaned body text (math preserved as LaTeX in `$...$`) |
| `body_chars` | int | Character length of `body` |
| `body_tokens` | int | Token count via tiktoken `cl100k_base` |
| `extraction_method` | string | `html`, `pylatexenc`, or `pymupdf` |
| `has_tex` | bool | Whether original .tex tarball is attached |
| `has_pdf` | bool | Whether original PDF is attached |
| `tex_bytes_len` | int | Size of .tex tarball on the repo |
| `pdf_bytes_len` | int | Size of PDF on the repo |

Raw source artifacts live alongside the Parquet data:

```
sources/tex/<arxiv_id>.tar.gz
sources/pdf/<arxiv_id>.pdf
```

## Primary-category breakdown

| Category | Papers | Share |
| --- | --- | --- |
| math.NT | 361 | 72.2% |
| math.AG | 42 | 8.4% |
| math.CO | 34 | 6.8% |
| math.RT | 13 | 2.6% |
| math.DS | 12 | 2.4% |
| math.LO | 5 | 1.0% |
| cs.IT | 3 | 0.6% |
| math.SP | 3 | 0.6% |
| math.GT | 3 | 0.6% |
| math.PR | 3 | 0.6% |
| hep-th | 2 | 0.4% |
| math.AC | 2 | 0.4% |
| cs.CR | 2 | 0.4% |
| math.KT | 2 | 0.4% |
| math-ph | 2 | 0.4% |
| math.CA | 2 | 0.4% |
| cs.MS | 2 | 0.4% |
| math.HO | 1 | 0.2% |
| math.CV | 1 | 0.2% |
| cs.FL | 1 | 0.2% |
| quant-ph | 1 | 0.2% |
| math.QA | 1 | 0.2% |
| math.MG | 1 | 0.2% |
| math.FA | 1 | 0.2% |

## Year distribution (submission year)

| Year | Papers |
| --- | --- |
| 2026 | 500 |

## Methodology

1. **Metadata:** Fetched via the `arxiv` Python client (ToS-compliant 3.1s
   delay, retries on 429/503). Query: `cat:math.NT`, sorted by submission
   date descending.
2. **Body extraction cascade (per paper):**
   - **HTML-first:** `arxiv.org/html/<id>` is fetched and parsed with
     BeautifulSoup. MathML `<math>` elements are replaced with their
     LaTeX source (from the `<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">`
     child) so each equation appears once, not duplicated as both
     Unicode rendering and LaTeX source.
   - **pylatexenc fallback:** If HTML is unavailable, the `/e-print/`
     tarball is unpacked and the main .tex is converted via pylatexenc
     with math preserved in delimited form.
   - **pymupdf fallback:** Last resort — body text extracted from the
     PDF via PyMuPDF (math renders as plaintext garbage but guarantees
     coverage).
3. **Body filter:** Reject bodies below 1000 chars or 300 tokens.
4. **Token count:** `tiktoken.get_encoding("cl100k_base")`.
5. **Artifacts:** Every paper gets its raw `.tar.gz` e-print and original
   `.pdf` uploaded alongside the Parquet row.

## Extraction method breakdown

- html: 450
- pylatexenc: 46
- pymupdf: 4

## Caveats

- Bodies retain references to figures/tables; figures themselves are not
  extracted.
- Bibliographies are stripped pre-extraction.
- Math coverage depends on extractor: HTML produces the cleanest output
  because it uses the LaTeXML-generated LaTeX source directly; pylatexenc
  is a close second; pymupdf (PDF fallback) produces the weakest math.
- Date range reflects the most recent papers on arXiv at the time of
  scraping (see "Year distribution" above).

## Provenance

- Generated by `scripts/08_nt_dataset.py` in the math-papers-pipeline repo.
- Reproducible: same arXiv query + fixed sort order + fixed batch size.