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context stringlengths 5k 202k	question stringlengths 17 163	answer stringlengths 1 619 ⌀	length int64 819 31.7k	dataset stringclasses 5 values	context_range stringclasses 5 values
Produced by Sue Asscher The Witch of Atlas by Percy Bysshe Shelley TO MARY (ON HER OBJECTING TO THE FOLLOWING POEM, UPON THE SCORE OF ITS CONTAINING NO HUMAN INTEREST). 1. How, my dear Mary,--are you critic-bitten (For vipers kill, though dead) by some review, That you condemn these verses I ha...	Where does the witch live?	The Atlas Mountains	5,397	narrativeqa	8k
This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher <asschers@aia.net.au> CRITO by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett INTRODUCTION. The Crito seems intended to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, not as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of heaven, but simply as th...	What was the purpose of Crito's visit?	To smuggle Socrates out of prison and into a life of exile.	6,592	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by Sue Asscher The Witch of Atlas by Percy Bysshe Shelley TO MARY (ON HER OBJECTING TO THE FOLLOWING POEM, UPON THE SCORE OF ITS CONTAINING NO HUMAN INTEREST). 1. How, my dear Mary,--are you critic-bitten (For vipers kill, though dead) by some review, That you condemn these verses I ha...	Who did the Witch want to have reveal their own lies?	The scribe.	5,403	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers, and Dagny LA GRANDE BRETECHE (Sequel to "Another Study of Woman.") By Honore De Balzac Translated by Ellen Marriage and Clara Bell LA GRANDE BRETECHE "Ah! madame," replied the doctor, "I have some appalling stories in my collection. But each one has its proper hour in a conver...	How long after Madame de Merret dies before people are allowed inter manor?	50 years	8,147	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers and Dagny PIERRE GRASSOU By Honore De Balzac Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley Dedication To The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the Affectionate Esteem of the Author, De Balzac PIERRE GRASSOU Whenever you have gone to take a serious l...	Who doe the Vervelle couple believe Grassou is the perfect match for?	Their daughter, Virgine.	7,903	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers and Dagny PIERRE GRASSOU By Honore De Balzac Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley Dedication To The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the Affectionate Esteem of the Author, De Balzac PIERRE GRASSOU Whenever you have gone to take a serious l...	Who does Vervelle want his daughter to marry?	Grassou	7,899	narrativeqa	8k
This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher <asschers@aia.net.au> CRITO by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett INTRODUCTION. The Crito seems intended to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, not as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of heaven, but simply as th...	How many ethical arguments does Socrates propose?	Two	6,592	narrativeqa	8k
This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher <asschers@aia.net.au> CRITO by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett INTRODUCTION. The Crito seems intended to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, not as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of heaven, but simply as th...	Who does Socrates compare going against the law to?	Your parents	6,594	narrativeqa	8k
This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher <asschers@aia.net.au> CRITO by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett INTRODUCTION. The Crito seems intended to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, not as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of heaven, but simply as th...	Why does Socrates ultimately decide it is unjust to escape?	Because it violates his belief in the laws of society.	6,595	narrativeqa	8k
This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher <asschers@aia.net.au> CRITO by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett INTRODUCTION. The Crito seems intended to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, not as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of heaven, but simply as th...	Where does this story take place?	In Socrates Cell?	6,591	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by Sue Asscher The Witch of Atlas by Percy Bysshe Shelley TO MARY (ON HER OBJECTING TO THE FOLLOWING POEM, UPON THE SCORE OF ITS CONTAINING NO HUMAN INTEREST). 1. How, my dear Mary,--are you critic-bitten (For vipers kill, though dead) by some review, That you condemn these verses I ha...	Who does the Witch create?	Hermaphroditus.	5,397	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers, and Dagny LA GRANDE BRETECHE (Sequel to "Another Study of Woman.") By Honore De Balzac Translated by Ellen Marriage and Clara Bell LA GRANDE BRETECHE "Ah! madame," replied the doctor, "I have some appalling stories in my collection. But each one has its proper hour in a conver...	Where did the lover hide?	In a closet.	8,139	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers and Dagny PIERRE GRASSOU By Honore De Balzac Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley Dedication To The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the Affectionate Esteem of the Author, De Balzac PIERRE GRASSOU Whenever you have gone to take a serious l...	What was Grassou's wife's name?	Virginie.	7,896	narrativeqa	8k
This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher <asschers@aia.net.au> CRITO by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett INTRODUCTION. The Crito seems intended to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, not as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of heaven, but simply as th...	What does a citizen willingly do if they agree to live in Athens?	Comply with the laws	6,598	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers, and Dagny LA GRANDE BRETECHE (Sequel to "Another Study of Woman.") By Honore De Balzac Translated by Ellen Marriage and Clara Bell LA GRANDE BRETECHE "Ah! madame," replied the doctor, "I have some appalling stories in my collection. But each one has its proper hour in a conver...	What did Madam de Merret and her husband do after walling off the closet?	They stayed in the bedroom for a few days with the sounds of her lover trapped.	8,148	narrativeqa	8k
This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher <asschers@aia.net.au> CRITO by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett INTRODUCTION. The Crito seems intended to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, not as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of heaven, but simply as th...	What would Socrates turn into if he agreed to break out of prison?	He would turn into an outlaw.	6,598	narrativeqa	8k
This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher <asschers@aia.net.au> CRITO by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett INTRODUCTION. The Crito seems intended to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, not as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of heaven, but simply as th...	What does Socrates believe about being judged in the after life if he breaks out of prison?	It would have a negative effect	6,602	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers, and Dagny LA GRANDE BRETECHE (Sequel to "Another Study of Woman.") By Honore De Balzac Translated by Ellen Marriage and Clara Bell LA GRANDE BRETECHE "Ah! madame," replied the doctor, "I have some appalling stories in my collection. But each one has its proper hour in a conver...	Madame de Merret threatened to leave her husband if he did what?	Opened the closet	8,146	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers and Dagny PIERRE GRASSOU By Honore De Balzac Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley Dedication To The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the Affectionate Esteem of the Author, De Balzac PIERRE GRASSOU Whenever you have gone to take a serious l...	How does the art-dealer describe Grassou's skill level to Virginie's father?	A grand master.	7,902	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers and Dagny PIERRE GRASSOU By Honore De Balzac Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley Dedication To The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the Affectionate Esteem of the Author, De Balzac PIERRE GRASSOU Whenever you have gone to take a serious l...	What is Grassous biggest disappointment?	He doesn't feel he is a true artist.	7,896	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers, and Dagny LA GRANDE BRETECHE (Sequel to "Another Study of Woman.") By Honore De Balzac Translated by Ellen Marriage and Clara Bell LA GRANDE BRETECHE "Ah! madame," replied the doctor, "I have some appalling stories in my collection. But each one has its proper hour in a conver...	Where did the lover hide?	In the closet	8,139	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers and Dagny PIERRE GRASSOU By Honore De Balzac Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley Dedication To The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the Affectionate Esteem of the Author, De Balzac PIERRE GRASSOU Whenever you have gone to take a serious l...	Why is Grassou still resentful, despite his potentially advantageous marriage?	He feels as the he is still not a real artist.	7,901	narrativeqa	8k
This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher <asschers@aia.net.au> CRITO by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett INTRODUCTION. The Crito seems intended to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, not as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of heaven, but simply as th...	What contract would be broken if he had escaped?	The social contract.	6,594	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers and Dagny PIERRE GRASSOU By Honore De Balzac Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley Dedication To The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the Affectionate Esteem of the Author, De Balzac PIERRE GRASSOU Whenever you have gone to take a serious l...	How does the art-dealer describe Grassou's skill level to Virginie's father?	he calls Grassou a grand master	7,902	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers and Dagny PIERRE GRASSOU By Honore De Balzac Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley Dedication To The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the Affectionate Esteem of the Author, De Balzac PIERRE GRASSOU Whenever you have gone to take a serious l...	Who does Monsieur Vervelle want his child to wed?	Pierre Grassou.	7,900	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers, and Dagny LA GRANDE BRETECHE (Sequel to "Another Study of Woman.") By Honore De Balzac Translated by Ellen Marriage and Clara Bell LA GRANDE BRETECHE "Ah! madame," replied the doctor, "I have some appalling stories in my collection. But each one has its proper hour in a conver...	What did Madam de Merret's husband discover about her?	That she was having an affair.	8,143	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers, and Dagny LA GRANDE BRETECHE (Sequel to "Another Study of Woman.") By Honore De Balzac Translated by Ellen Marriage and Clara Bell LA GRANDE BRETECHE "Ah! madame," replied the doctor, "I have some appalling stories in my collection. But each one has its proper hour in a conver...	What is La Grande Breteche?	The ruins of an abandoned manor.	8,139	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers and Dagny PIERRE GRASSOU By Honore De Balzac Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley Dedication To The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the Affectionate Esteem of the Author, De Balzac PIERRE GRASSOU Whenever you have gone to take a serious l...	When invited to Vervelle's home, what does Grassou discover?	A number of his own forgeries.	7,900	narrativeqa	8k
This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher <asschers@aia.net.au> CRITO by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett INTRODUCTION. The Crito seems intended to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, not as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of heaven, but simply as th...	What analogy does socrates compare citizens and the law to?	Citizens are bound to laws the same as children are bound to parents.	6,595	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by Sue Asscher The Witch of Atlas by Percy Bysshe Shelley TO MARY (ON HER OBJECTING TO THE FOLLOWING POEM, UPON THE SCORE OF ITS CONTAINING NO HUMAN INTEREST). 1. How, my dear Mary,--are you critic-bitten (For vipers kill, though dead) by some review, That you condemn these verses I ha...	What did the Witch throw into a ditch?	A coffin.	5,400	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers, and Dagny LA GRANDE BRETECHE (Sequel to "Another Study of Woman.") By Honore De Balzac Translated by Ellen Marriage and Clara Bell LA GRANDE BRETECHE "Ah! madame," replied the doctor, "I have some appalling stories in my collection. But each one has its proper hour in a conver...	Who is the owner of the manor in the story?	Madame de Merret	8,144	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by Sue Asscher The Witch of Atlas by Percy Bysshe Shelley TO MARY (ON HER OBJECTING TO THE FOLLOWING POEM, UPON THE SCORE OF ITS CONTAINING NO HUMAN INTEREST). 1. How, my dear Mary,--are you critic-bitten (For vipers kill, though dead) by some review, That you condemn these verses I ha...	Who is the Bull god?	Apis	5,397	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers and Dagny PIERRE GRASSOU By Honore De Balzac Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley Dedication To The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the Affectionate Esteem of the Author, De Balzac PIERRE GRASSOU Whenever you have gone to take a serious l...	Who does Grassou paint the forgeries for?	The greats	7,898	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers and Dagny PIERRE GRASSOU By Honore De Balzac Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley Dedication To The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the Affectionate Esteem of the Author, De Balzac PIERRE GRASSOU Whenever you have gone to take a serious l...	What is the fatal thought that Grassou is believed unable to remove from his heart?	That artists laugh at and ridicule his work.	7,906	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers, and Dagny LA GRANDE BRETECHE (Sequel to "Another Study of Woman.") By Honore De Balzac Translated by Ellen Marriage and Clara Bell LA GRANDE BRETECHE "Ah! madame," replied the doctor, "I have some appalling stories in my collection. But each one has its proper hour in a conver...	What is La Grande Breteche?	Abandon manor	8,139	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers, and Dagny LA GRANDE BRETECHE (Sequel to "Another Study of Woman.") By Honore De Balzac Translated by Ellen Marriage and Clara Bell LA GRANDE BRETECHE "Ah! madame," replied the doctor, "I have some appalling stories in my collection. But each one has its proper hour in a conver...	Where is the abandoned manor located?	Near the town Vendome	8,140	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by Sue Asscher The Witch of Atlas by Percy Bysshe Shelley TO MARY (ON HER OBJECTING TO THE FOLLOWING POEM, UPON THE SCORE OF ITS CONTAINING NO HUMAN INTEREST). 1. How, my dear Mary,--are you critic-bitten (For vipers kill, though dead) by some review, That you condemn these verses I ha...	What did the less beautiful receive from the Witch?	Strange dreams.	5,401	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers and Dagny PIERRE GRASSOU By Honore De Balzac Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley Dedication To The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the Affectionate Esteem of the Author, De Balzac PIERRE GRASSOU Whenever you have gone to take a serious l...	Where do Mr. and Mrs. Vervelle live?	In a mansion in Ville-d'Avray.	7,898	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by John Bickers, and Dagny LA GRANDE BRETECHE (Sequel to "Another Study of Woman.") By Honore De Balzac Translated by Ellen Marriage and Clara Bell LA GRANDE BRETECHE "Ah! madame," replied the doctor, "I have some appalling stories in my collection. But each one has its proper hour in a conver...	What does Madame de Merret ask the mason to do before walling off the closet with bricks?	Break a piece of the door that she may look on her lover one last time	8,151	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by Sue Asscher The Witch of Atlas by Percy Bysshe Shelley TO MARY (ON HER OBJECTING TO THE FOLLOWING POEM, UPON THE SCORE OF ITS CONTAINING NO HUMAN INTEREST). 1. How, my dear Mary,--are you critic-bitten (For vipers kill, though dead) by some review, That you condemn these verses I ha...	Where does the Witch live?	Witch lives in cave on Atlas Mountains	5,397	narrativeqa	8k
This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher <asschers@aia.net.au> CRITO by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett INTRODUCTION. The Crito seems intended to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, not as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of heaven, but simply as th...	What would Socrates turn into if he agreed to break out of prison?	An outlaw	6,598	narrativeqa	8k
Produced by Sue Asscher The Witch of Atlas by Percy Bysshe Shelley TO MARY (ON HER OBJECTING TO THE FOLLOWING POEM, UPON THE SCORE OF ITS CONTAINING NO HUMAN INTEREST). 1. How, my dear Mary,--are you critic-bitten (For vipers kill, though dead) by some review, That you condemn these verses I ha...	What of mankind was the Witch able to perceive?	The fears and desires of mankind.	5,401	narrativeqa	8k
Introduction Multi-document summarization (MDS), the transformation of a set of documents into a short text containing their most important aspects, is a long-studied problem in NLP. Generated summaries have been shown to support humans dealing with large document collections in information seeking tasks BIBREF0 , BIBR...	What type of evaluation is proposed for this task?	Answer with content missing: (Evaluation Metrics section) Precision, Recall, F1-scores, Strict match, METEOR, ROUGE-2	4,263	qasper	8k
Introduction Language model pretraining has advanced the state of the art in many NLP tasks ranging from sentiment analysis, to question answering, natural language inference, named entity recognition, and textual similarity. State-of-the-art pretrained models include ELMo BIBREF1, GPT BIBREF2, and more recently Bidire...	What are the datasets used for evaluation?	CNN/DailyMail news highlights, New York Times Annotated Corpus, XSum	4,369	qasper	8k
Introduction Since humans amass more and more generally available data in the form of unstructured text it would be very useful to teach machines to read and comprehend such data and then use this understanding to answer our questions. A significant amount of research has recently focused on answering one particular ki...	How does their ensemble method work?	simply averaging the predictions from the constituent single models	4,212	qasper	8k
Introduction There has been significant progress on Named Entity Recognition (NER) in recent years using models based on machine learning algorithms BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 . As with other Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, building NER systems typically requires a massive amount of labeled training data whic...	What accuracy does the proposed system achieve?	F1 scores of 85.99 on the DL-PS data, 75.15 on the EC-MT data and 71.53 on the EC-UQ data	5,310	qasper	8k
Introduction This work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. License details: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Deep neural networks have been widely used in text classification and have achieved promising results BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 . Most focus on content inform...	What are the baselines?	SVM with unigram, bigram, and trigram features, SVM with average word embedding, SVM with average transformed word embeddings, CNN, ecurrent Convolutional Neural Networks, SVM and deep learning models with comment information	4,512	qasper	8k
Introduction The Transformer architecture BIBREF0 for deep neural networks has quickly risen to prominence in NLP through its efficiency and performance, leading to improvements in the state of the art of Neural Machine Translation BIBREF1, BIBREF2, as well as inspiring other powerful general-purpose models like BERT B...	How does their model improve interpretability compared to softmax transformers?	the attention heads in the proposed adaptively sparse Transformer can specialize more and with higher confidence	4,902	qasper	8k
Introduction Speech-to-Text translation (ST) is essential for a wide range of scenarios: for example in emergency calls, where agents have to respond emergent requests in a foreign language BIBREF0; or in online courses, where audiences and speakers use different languages BIBREF1. To tackle this problem, existing appr...	What is the attention module pretrained on?	the model is pre-trained on CTC-based ASR task and MT task in the pre-training stage.	4,656	qasper	8k
Introduction Automatically answering questions, especially in the open-domain setting (i.e., where minimal or no contextual knowledge is explicitly provided), requires bringing to bear considerable amount of background knowledge and reasoning abilities. For example, knowing the answers to the two questions in Figure FI...	Is WordNet useful for taxonomic reasoning for this task?	Unanswerable	6,391	qasper	8k
Introduction Over the past two decades, the emergence of social media has enabled the proliferation of traceable human behavior. The content posted by users can reflect who their friends are, what topics they are interested in, or which company they are working for. At the same time, users are listing a number of profi...	How many users do they look at?	22,880 users	4,160	qasper	8k
Introduction Assembling training corpora of annotated natural language examples in specialized domains such as biomedicine poses considerable challenges. Experts with the requisite domain knowledge to perform high-quality annotation tend to be expensive, while lay annotators may not have the necessary knowledge to prov...	How much data is needed to train the task-specific encoder?	57,505 sentences	4,371	qasper	8k
Introduction The Transformer architecture BIBREF0 for deep neural networks has quickly risen to prominence in NLP through its efficiency and performance, leading to improvements in the state of the art of Neural Machine Translation BIBREF1, BIBREF2, as well as inspiring other powerful general-purpose models like BERT B...	What tasks are used for evaluation?	four machine translation tasks: German -> English, Japanese -> English, Romanian -> English, English -> German	4,898	qasper	8k
Introduction Recently, deep neural network has been widely employed in various recognition tasks. Increasing the depth of neural network is a effective way to improve the performance, and convolutional neural network (CNN) has benefited from it in visual recognition task BIBREF0 . Deeper long short-term memory (LSTM) r...	which lstm models did they compare with?	Unidirectional LSTM networks with 2, 6, 7, 8, and 9 layers.	4,286	qasper	8k
Introduction The task of document quality assessment is to automatically assess a document according to some predefined inventory of quality labels. This can take many forms, including essay scoring (quality = language quality, coherence, and relevance to a topic), job application filtering (quality = suitability for r...	How large is their data set?	a sample of 29,794 wikipedia articles and 2,794 arXiv papers	4,187	qasper	8k
Introduction The use of RNNs in the field of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) has revolutionised the approaches to automated translation. As opposed to traditional shallow SMT models, which require a lot of memory to run, these neural translation models require only a small fraction of memory used, about 5% BIBREF...	How were the human judgements assembled?	50 human annotators ranked a random sample of 100 translations by Adequacy, Fluency and overall ranking on a 5-point scale.	5,344	qasper	8k
Introduction Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has shown its effectiveness in translation tasks when NMT systems perform best in recent machine translation campaigns BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 . Compared to phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) which is basically an ensemble of different features trained and tuned s...	Do they test their framework performance on commonly used language pairs, such as English-to-German?	Yes	4,472	qasper	8k
Introduction In practice, it is often difficult and costly to annotate sufficient training data for diverse application domains on-the-fly. We may have sufficient labeled data in an existing domain (called the source domain), but very few or no labeled data in a new domain (called the target domain). This issue has mot...	What are the source and target domains?	Book, electronics, beauty, music, IMDB, Yelp, cell phone, baby, DVDs, kitchen	5,061	qasper	8k
Introduction Rendering natural language descriptions from structured data is required in a wide variety of commercial applications such as generating descriptions of products, hotels, furniture, etc., from a corresponding table of facts about the entity. Such a table typically contains {field, value} pairs where the fi...	Do they use pretrained embeddings?	Yes	4,457	qasper	8k
Introduction “Ché saetta previsa vien più lenta.” – Dante Alighieri, Divina Commedia, Paradiso Antisocial behavior is a persistent problem plaguing online conversation platforms; it is both widespread BIBREF0 and potentially damaging to mental and emotional health BIBREF1, BIBREF2. The strain this phenomenon puts on co...	What are two datasets model is applied to?	`Conversations Gone Awry' dataset, subreddit ChangeMyView	4,718	qasper	8k
Introduction With the availability of rich data on users' locations, profiles and search history, personalization has become the leading trend in large-scale information retrieval. However, efficiency through personalization is not yet the most suitable model when tackling domain-specific searches. This is due to sever...	What machine learning and deep learning methods are used for RQE?	Logistic Regression, neural networks	7,257	qasper	8k
Introduction Neural machine translation (NMT) BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 has enabled end-to-end training of a translation system without needing to deal with word alignments, translation rules, and complicated decoding algorithms, which are the characteristics of phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) BI...	what was the baseline?	pivot-based translation relying on a helping language BIBREF10, nduction of phrase tables from monolingual data BIBREF14 , attentional RNN-based model (RNMT) BIBREF2, Transformer model BIBREF18, bi-directional model BIBREF11, multi-to-multi (M2M) model BIBREF8, back-translation BIBREF17	4,542	qasper	8k
Introduction BioASQ is a biomedical document classification, document retrieval, and question answering competition, currently in its seventh year. We provide an overview of our submissions to semantic question answering task (7b, Phase B) of BioASQ 7 (except for 'ideal answer' test, in which we did not participate thi...	What was their highest recall score?	0.7033	6,810	qasper	8k
Introduction Measures of semantic similarity and relatedness quantify the degree to which two concepts are similar (e.g., INLINEFORM0 – INLINEFORM1 ) or related (e.g., INLINEFORM2 – INLINEFORM3 ). Semantic similarity can be viewed as a special case of semantic relatedness – to be similar is one of many ways that a pair...	What embedding techniques are explored in the paper?	Skip–gram, CBOW	4,259	qasper	8k
Introduction Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC), as the name suggests, requires a machine to read a passage and answer its relevant questions. Since the answer to each question is supposed to stem from the corresponding passage, a common MRC solution is to develop a neural-network-based MRC model that predicts an answ...	Do the authors hypothesize that humans' robustness to noise is due to their general knowledge?	Yes	4,127	qasper	8k
Introduction Assembling training corpora of annotated natural language examples in specialized domains such as biomedicine poses considerable challenges. Experts with the requisite domain knowledge to perform high-quality annotation tend to be expensive, while lay annotators may not have the necessary knowledge to prov...	How much higher quality is the resulting annotated data?	improvement when the difficult subset with expert annotations is mixed with the remaining crowd annotation is 3.5 F1 score, much larger than when a random set of expert annotations are added	4,399	qasper	8k
Introduction Event detection on microblogging platforms such as Twitter aims to detect events preemptively. A main task in event detection is detecting events of predetermined types BIBREF0, such as concerts or controversial events based on microposts matching specific event descriptions. This task has extensive applic...	What type of classifiers are used?	probabilistic model	4,475	qasper	8k
Introduction Users of photo-sharing websites such as Flickr often provide short textual descriptions in the form of tags to help others find the images. With the availability of GPS systems in current electronic devices such as smartphones, latitude and longitude coordinates are nowadays commonly made available as well...	what are the existing approaches?	BOW-Tags, BOW-KL(Tags), BOW-All, GloVe	4,658	qasper	8k
Introduction Data annotation is a major bottleneck for the application of supervised learning approaches to many problems. As a result, unsupervised methods that learn directly from unlabeled data are increasingly important. For tasks related to unsupervised syntactic analysis, discrete generative models have dominated...	What is the invertibility condition?	The neural projector must be invertible.	4,323	qasper	8k
Introduction There is a recent spark of interest in the task of Question Answering (QA) over unstructured textual data, also referred to as Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC). This is mostly due to wide-spread success of advances in various facets of deep learning related research, such as novel architectures BIBREF0,...	How does proposed qualitative annotation schema looks like?	The resulting taxonomy of the framework is shown in Figure FIGREF10	4,958	qasper	8k
Introduction Speech-to-Text translation (ST) is essential for a wide range of scenarios: for example in emergency calls, where agents have to respond emergent requests in a foreign language BIBREF0; or in online courses, where audiences and speakers use different languages BIBREF1. To tackle this problem, existing appr...	What are the baselines?	Vanilla ST baseline, encoder pre-training, in which the ST encoder is initialized from an ASR model, decoder pre-training, in which the ST decoder is initialized from an MT model, encoder-decoder pre-training, where both the encoder and decoder are pre-trained, many-to-many multi-task model where the encoders and decod...	4,704	qasper	8k
Introduction The challenges of imbalanced classification—in which the proportion of elements in each class for a classification task significantly differ—and of the ability to generalise on dissimilar data have remained important problems in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning in general. Popular NLP...	Which natural language(s) are studied in this paper?	Unanswerable	4,513	qasper	8k
Introduction The irony is a kind of figurative language, which is widely used on social media BIBREF0 . The irony is defined as a clash between the intended meaning of a sentence and its literal meaning BIBREF1 . As an important aspect of language, irony plays an essential role in sentiment analysis BIBREF2 , BIBREF0 a...	What is the combination of rewards for reinforcement learning?	irony accuracy, sentiment preservation	4,592	qasper	8k
Introduction Text classification has become an indispensable task due to the rapid growth in the number of texts in digital form available online. It aims to classify different texts, also called documents, into a fixed number of predefined categories, helping to organize data, and making easier for users to find the d...	What can word subspace represent?	Word vectors, usually in the context of others within the same class	5,151	qasper	8k
Introduction Wikipedia is the largest source of open and collaboratively curated knowledge in the world. Introduced in 2001, it has evolved into a reference work with around 5m pages for the English Wikipedia alone. In addition, entities and event pages are updated quickly via collaborative editing and all edits are en...	What baseline model is used?	For Article-Entity placement, they consider two baselines: the first one using only salience-based features, and the second baseline checks if the entity appears in the title of the article. For Article-Section Placement, they consider two baselines: the first picks the section with the highest lexical similarity to ...	7,891	qasper	8k
Introduction Automatically answering questions, especially in the open-domain setting (i.e., where minimal or no contextual knowledge is explicitly provided), requires bringing to bear considerable amount of background knowledge and reasoning abilities. For example, knowing the answers to the two questions in Figure FI...	Are the automatically constructed datasets subject to quality control?	No	6,391	qasper	8k
Introduction One of the most fundamental topics in natural language processing is how best to derive high-level representations from constituent parts, as natural language meanings are a function of their constituent parts. How best to construct a sentence representation from distributed word embeddings is an example d...	Which baselines did they compare against?	Various tree structured neural networks including variants of Tree-LSTM, Tree-based CNN, RNTN, and non-tree models including variants of LSTMs, CNNs, residual, and self-attention based networks	4,781	qasper	8k
Introduction Knowledge Base Question Answering (KBQA) systems answer questions by obtaining information from KB tuples BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 . For an input question, these systems typically generate a KB query, which can be executed to retrieve the answers from a KB. Figure 1 illustr...	What is te core component for KBQA?	answer questions by obtaining information from KB tuples	4,527	qasper	8k
Introduction Distributed word representations, commonly referred to as word embeddings BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 , serve as elementary building blocks in the course of algorithm design for an expanding range of applications in natural language processing (NLP), including named entity recognition BIBREF4 , B...	Do they report results only on English data?	Yes	6,169	qasper	8k
Introduction The concept of message passing over graphs has been around for many years BIBREF0, BIBREF1, as well as that of graph neural networks (GNNs) BIBREF2, BIBREF3. However, GNNs have only recently started to be closely investigated, following the advent of deep learning. Some notable examples include BIBREF4, BI...	Which component is the least impactful?	Based on table results provided changing directed to undirected edges had least impact - max abs difference of 0.33 points on all three datasets.	4,180	qasper	8k
Introduction Attempts toward constructing human-like dialogue agents have met significant difficulties, such as maintaining conversation consistency BIBREF0. This is largely due to inabilities of dialogue agents to engage the user emotionally because of an inconsistent personality BIBREF1. Many agents use personality m...	How big is the difference in performance between proposed model and baselines?	Metric difference between Aloha and best baseline score: Hits@1/20: +0.061 (0.3642 vs 0.3032) MRR: +0.0572(0.5114 vs 0.4542) F1: -0.0484 (0.3901 vs 0.4385) BLEU: +0.0474 (0.2867 vs 0.2393)	5,151	qasper	8k
Introduction People are increasingly using social networking platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, etc. to communicate their opinions and share information. Although the interactions among users on these platforms can lead to constructive conversations, they have been increasingly exploited for the propagation ...	What evidence do the authors present that the model can capture some biases in data annotation and collection?	The authors showed few tweets where neither and implicit hatred content exist but the model was able to discriminate	4,119	qasper	8k
Introduction Despite the rapid progress of deep learning techniques on diverse supervised learning tasks, these models remain brittle to subtle shifts in the data distribution. Even when the permissible changes are confined to barely-perceptible perturbations, training robust models remains an open challenge. Following...	What is a semicharacter architecture?	A semi-character based RNN (ScRNN) treats the first and last characters individually, and is agnostic to the ordering of the internal characters	4,186	qasper	8k
Introduction This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. License details: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Entity linking (EL), mapping entity mentions in texts to a given knowledge base (KB), serves as a fundamental role in many fields, such as question answering BI...	How effective is their NCEL approach overall?	NCEL consistently outperforms various baselines with a favorable generalization ability	4,113	qasper	8k
Introduction To appear in Proceedings of International Workshop on Health Intelligence (W3PHIAI) of the 34th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2020. Physician burnout is a growing concern, estimated to be experienced by at least 35% of physicians in the developing world and 50% in the United States BIBREF0. B...	Is the data de-identified?	Yes	4,592	qasper	8k
Introduction Over the past two decades, the emergence of social media has enabled the proliferation of traceable human behavior. The content posted by users can reflect who their friends are, what topics they are interested in, or which company they are working for. At the same time, users are listing a number of profi...	What model did they use for their system?	AllWords model by counting the frequencies of all the remaining words and training a multinomial Naive Bayes classifier	4,177	qasper	8k
Introduction and related work In recent years there has been increasing interest on the issue of disinformation spreading on online social media. Global concern over false (or "fake") news as a threat to modern democracies has been frequently raised–ever since 2016 US Presidential elections–in correspondence of events ...	How is the political bias of different sources included in the model?	By assigning a political bias label to each news article and training only on left-biased or right-biased outlets of both disinformation and mainstream domains	4,882	qasper	8k
Introduction This work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. License details: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Deep neural networks have been widely used in text classification and have achieved promising results BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 . Most focus on content inform...	How many layers does the UTCNN model have?	eight layers	4,487	qasper	8k
Introduction Users of photo-sharing websites such as Flickr often provide short textual descriptions in the form of tags to help others find the images. With the availability of GPS systems in current electronic devices such as smartphones, latitude and longitude coordinates are nowadays commonly made available as well...	what dataset is used in this paper?	the same datasets as BIBREF7	4,661	qasper	8k
Introduction During the first two decades of the 21st century, the sharing and processing of vast amounts of data has become pervasive. This expansion of data sharing and processing capabilities is both a blessing and a curse. Data helps build better information systems for the digital era and enables further research ...	What are the clinical datasets used in the paper?	MEDDOCAN, NUBes-PHI	4,528	qasper	8k
Introduction Chatbots such as dialog and question-answering systems have a long history in AI and natural language processing. Early such systems were mostly built using markup languages such as AIML, handcrafted conversation generation rules, and/or information retrieval techniques BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF...	What metrics are used to establish that this makes chatbots more knowledgeable and better at learning and conversation?	Coverage, Avg. MCC and avg. +ve F1 score	5,869	qasper	8k
Introduction The irony is a kind of figurative language, which is widely used on social media BIBREF0 . The irony is defined as a clash between the intended meaning of a sentence and its literal meaning BIBREF1 . As an important aspect of language, irony plays an essential role in sentiment analysis BIBREF2 , BIBREF0 a...	What experiments are conducted?	Irony Classifier, Sentiment Classifier for Irony, Sentiment Classifier for Non-irony, transformation from ironic sentences to non-ironic sentences	4,600	qasper	8k
Introduction Sarcasm is defined as “a sharp, bitter, or cutting expression or remark; a bitter gibe or taunt”. As the fields of affective computing and sentiment analysis have gained increasing popularity BIBREF0 , it is a major concern to detect sarcastic, ironic, and metaphoric expressions. Sarcasm, especially, is ke...	What are the network's baseline features?	The features extracted from CNN.	4,855	qasper	8k
Introduction Understanding what a question is asking is one of the first steps that humans use to work towards an answer. In the context of question answering, question classification allows automated systems to intelligently target their inference systems to domain-specific solvers capable of addressing specific kinds...	What previous methods is their model compared to?	bag-of-words model, CNN	5,838	qasper	8k
Introduction Data annotation is a major bottleneck for the application of supervised learning approaches to many problems. As a result, unsupervised methods that learn directly from unlabeled data are increasingly important. For tasks related to unsupervised syntactic analysis, discrete generative models have dominated...	Do they evaluate only on English datasets?	Yes	4,320	qasper	8k
Introduction BioASQ is a biomedical document classification, document retrieval, and question answering competition, currently in its seventh year. We provide an overview of our submissions to semantic question answering task (7b, Phase B) of BioASQ 7 (except for 'ideal answer' test, in which we did not participate thi...	What was their highest MRR score?	0.5115	6,810	qasper	8k
Introduction Data annotation is a major bottleneck for the application of supervised learning approaches to many problems. As a result, unsupervised methods that learn directly from unlabeled data are increasingly important. For tasks related to unsupervised syntactic analysis, discrete generative models have dominated...	What datasets do they evaluate on?	Wall Street Journal (WSJ) portion of the Penn Treebank	4,327	qasper	8k
Introduction Knowledge Base Question Answering (KBQA) systems answer questions by obtaining information from KB tuples BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 . For an input question, these systems typically generate a KB query, which can be executed to retrieve the answers from a KB. Figure 1 illustr...	On which benchmarks they achieve the state of the art?	SimpleQuestions, WebQSP	4,524	qasper	8k
Current address: Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. In a variety of species, reduced food intake, and in particular protein or amino acid (AA) restriction, extends lifespan and healthspan. However, the underlying epigenetic and/or transcriptional mechani...	Is the ISR necessary for transgene reactivation?	No, it is not necessary.	6,900	multifieldqa_en	8k
\section{Introduction} Despite the rise of graphene and other 2D materials, semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are still regarded as strong candidates for the next generation of high-performance ultrascaled transistors~\cite{Cao_IBM_2015,IBM_2017,3D_CNT_FET} as well as for opto-electronic devices~\ci...	What experimental techniques were used to study the quantum dot structures in this research?	Low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS).	4,297	multifieldqa_en	8k

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