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In Exodus, the cosmic ocean is Yam Sûf and is mentioned in Exodus 15:4. The army of the Pharaoh was thrown into this "Sea of Extinction" and the entire army of the Pharaoh was killed in it. Yahweh rises Egypt up from this sea. King Sargon II is said to have washed his weapons in this cosmic ocean. The cosmic ocean is m... | Wikipedia - Cosmic Ocean - Canaanite mythology |
In the first days Dorothy assisted with coil winding expertise, later she took over the general management. The first product was the BC1, which Spencer designed while still working for the BBC. Several other designs followed, the BC2, BC3, SA1, SP1 and other. Spendor also made the BBC LS3/5a under licence from the BBC... | Wikipedia - Spendor - Start |
As a consequence many UK speaker designs are influenced by this improvement of sound quality through reduced colouration and greater consistency as well as the stereo imaging. The BC1 was built with smaller modifications until 1994. The present Head of Engineering, Terry Miles, started as Spencer Hughes’ assistant in 1... | Wikipedia - Spendor - Start |
In the first days of aviation, the leather helmets used in motor-racing were adopted by pilots as head protection. During World War I, British Engineers led by Charles Edmon Prince added earphones (now called headphones) and a throat microphone to make a "hands-free" communications systems for Flight Helmets – then cal... | Wikipedia - Flight helmet - History of flight helmets |
It is made from six vertical panels which meet at a central ridge panel running from front to back. There is a rectangular horizontal panel which goes across the forehead and it includes padded leather oval housings at the ears. The chinstrap, also made of leather, is stitched to the right side and buckled to a small s... | Wikipedia - Flight helmet - History of flight helmets |
The brown leather of the helmet is lined with buff-colored chamois and has a rectangular length of brown-colored material sewn to the inside of the forehead.By World War II, improved oxygen masks became common as planes flew higher where thinner air required a breathable air supply to the pilots and crew. After World W... | Wikipedia - Flight helmet - History of flight helmets |
In the first days of launch the UK service drew criticism due to privacy. Images were found of a man leaving a sex shop, a man vomiting and another man being arrested. Some images were removed including those of areas around Downing Street.The service drew criticism in Belfast that it represented a "reckless" security ... | Wikipedia - Google Street View privacy concerns - United Kingdom |
Privacy International director Simon Davies said that the organization had filed the complaint due to the "clear embarrassment and damage" Street View had caused to many Britons. He said that Street View fell short of the assurances given by Google to the ICO in July 2008 that had enabled its launch, namely that privac... | Wikipedia - Google Street View privacy concerns - United Kingdom |
Google has pointed to connections between Microsoft and data protection consultancy 80/20 Thinking, run by Davies, and has said that Davies' connections to Microsoft should be made clear in public, as the credibility of his criticisms is undermined by the fact that he acts as a consultant to companies who are direct ri... | Wikipedia - Google Street View privacy concerns - United Kingdom |
In the first decade of the 1900s, the Sierra Club became embroiled in the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir battle that divided preservationists from "resource management" conservationists. In the late 19th century, the city of San Francisco was rapidly outgrowing its limited water supply, which depended on intermittent local spr... | Wikipedia - Sierra Club - Environmental action over the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir |
President Roosevelt, who would not commit himself against the dam, given its popularity with the people of San Francisco (a referendum in 1908 confirmed a seven-to-one majority in favor of the dam and municipal water). Muir and attorney William Edward Colby began a national campaign against the dam, attracting the supp... | Wikipedia - Sierra Club - Environmental action over the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir |
President Woodrow Wilson, who carried San Francisco, supporters of the dam had a friend in the White House. The bill to dam Hetch Hetchy passed Congress in 1913, and so the Sierra Club lost its first major battle. In retaliation, the club supported creation of the National Park Service in 1916, to remove the parks from... | Wikipedia - Sierra Club - Environmental action over the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir |
In the first decade of the 19th century, the minim, the smallest unit of Apothecary Measure, was promoted by the pharmaceutical and medical establishments as an alternative to the drop. It was noted that the size of a drop can vary considerably depending on the viscosity and specific gravity of the fluid, as well as th... | Wikipedia - Drop (unit) - History |
The minim was defined as one 60th of a fluid dram or one 480th of a fluid ounce. This is equal to about 61.6 μL (U.S.) or 59.2 μL (Britain). | Wikipedia - Drop (unit) - History |
Pharmacists have since moved to metric measurements, with a drop being rounded to exactly 0.05 mL (50 μL, that is, 20 drops per milliliter). In hospitals, intravenous tubing is used to deliver medication in drops of various sizes ranging from 10 drops/mL to 60 drops/mL. A drop is abbreviated gtt, with gtts used for the... | Wikipedia - Drop (unit) - History |
In the first decade of the 20th century, advances in halftone printing allowed fashion photographs to be used in magazines, which caused fashion magazines to become popular subscriptions in the United States. In 1909, Condé Nast took over Vogue magazine and also contributed to the beginnings of fashion photography. In ... | Wikipedia - Fashion photography - The 1900s and 1910s |
These photographs were published in the April 1911 issue of the magazine Art et Décoration. According to Jesse Alexander, This is "...now considered to be the first ever modern fashion photography shoot. That is, photographing the garments in such a way as to convey a sense of their physical quality as well as their fo... | Wikipedia - Fashion photography - The 1900s and 1910s |
"Steichen's 1911 shoot, however, was, at the time, a one-off as Steichen left the fashion scene, opening the way for Baron Adolph de Meyer to become the prominent name in the industry. De Meyer would be hired by the multimedia company, Condé Nast, and become the first full-time photographer for Vogue in 1913. De Meyer'... | Wikipedia - Fashion photography - The 1900s and 1910s |
In the first decade of the 21st century global contracting at DEME stood at record levels. Driven by the constant need for new infrastructure, population growth, hunger for energy, climate change, expanding maritime trade, further containerisation and a dramatic increase of scale – both in navigation and port facilitie... | Wikipedia - DEME - Orders in the 2000s |
In France, DEME companies completed the Port 2000 extension project in the Port of Le Havre. The €218 million contract involved a total dredged volume of over 45 million m3; construction of 10 km of breakwaters; and 78 ha of land reclamation. Marine works were executed in tides of up to 8 m and strong currents of up to... | Wikipedia - DEME - Orders in the 2000s |
On the Mediterranean coast of France, DEME finished the Fos2XL extension at Fos-sur-Mer. The €400 million contract was awarded by the Port of Marseille Authority (PMA) to a consortium in which DEME-companies carried out the dredging and marine works. DEME executed other major port construction and extension projects in... | Wikipedia - DEME - Orders in the 2000s |
In Vuosaari, Finland, the company was involved in dredging hard rock for the construction of a new container terminal. In Sepetiba and Itaguaí, both in Brazil, DEME's brand-new TSHD Breydel dredged the access channel and a basin for port extensions. In Dhamra in the state of Orissa on the eastern coast of India, DEME d... | Wikipedia - DEME - Orders in the 2000s |
a water injection dredger. The €100 million contract in Dhamra was executed by International Seaport Dredging (ISD), in which DEME is partnering with the Indian company Larsen & Toubro. | Wikipedia - DEME - Orders in the 2000s |
Since 2005 and into the next decade, DEME has been active in four successive phases with construction of the Russian port of Ust-Luga at 120 km west of Saint Petersburg. Ust-Luga will be the final point of the Second Baltic Pipeline. On a visit at Ust-Luga in January 2006, then Russian president Vladimir Putin declared... | Wikipedia - DEME - Orders in the 2000s |
It is one of the largest infrastructure projects of the decade. "In the Gulf state of Qatar DEME delivered the artificial island Pearl of the Gulf ahead of schedule (prior start of the Asian Olympic Games in Doha) under the lead of reputable international marine expert engineers like Hedwig Vanlishout, Roland Durie, an... | Wikipedia - DEME - Orders in the 2000s |
The residential and touristic development project takes into account the future sea level rise for one hundred years to come. Together with its partners United Development Company (UDC) and the Qatari government, since 2004 working together in Middle East Dredging Company (QDC, later MedCo), DEME created a 22 km2 platf... | Wikipedia - DEME - Orders in the 2000s |
DEME removed a total of 9.07 million m3, including an important volume of hard rock that was broken up with drilling and blasting. Dredging operations took place in the midst of transiting traffic and close to the intensive port activity at Baldoa and Rodman. A follow-on contract involved dredging and deepening at the ... | Wikipedia - DEME - Orders in the 2000s |
In the frame of ACP's Fresh Water Dredging and Excavation Project for the Canal Expansion, Panama Canal Authority further awarded a US$40 million contract to DEME for widening and deepening the existing navigational channel by dredging some 4.6 million m3 in the northernmost reaches of the Gatun Lake.In the decade, off... | Wikipedia - DEME - Orders in the 2000s |
Media reported other assignments, such as the Encana Deep Panuke project in Nova Scotia, Canada, and the P9 project for the Pluto LNG project at Woodside, Australia. At the end of 2007 Tideway completed installation of the 580 km HVDC submarine power cable known as NorNed, which links the electricity grids of Norway an... | Wikipedia - DEME - Orders in the 2000s |
In the first decade of the 21st century some groups reached mainstream popularity. There are Christian metal bands that perform virtually every subgenre of metal. The Christian metal movement has spread worldwide since it emerged in the early 1980s, and there are now hundreds of active Christian metal bands. Inspired b... | Wikipedia - Christian metal - 2000s |
In October 2004, Doug Van Pelt brought Heaven's Metal back as its own fanzine. The Internet has had a significant role on the revival of Christian metal as well. Many websites and online communities are dedicated to discussions about Christian metal's music, events, and bands. | Wikipedia - Christian metal - 2000s |
For the first time since Stryper's success in the 1980s, certain Christian metal artists found mainstream acceptance selling millions of albums to both Christian and non-Christian fans, including Underoath and P.O.D. The latter became the most successful Christian metal band when their 2001 album Satellite went multi-p... | Wikipedia - Christian metal - 2000s |
They had adopted more of a power metal sound than the "hair metal" style they were known for. Skillet, who is also often labeled as a metal band reached mainstream success while being open about their Christian faith. Their efforts have resulted in over 12 million units sold including 2 platinum albums. From their 2× p... | Wikipedia - Christian metal - 2000s |
In the first decade of the 21st century, commodity prices for copper and nickel, which make up the five-cent coin, rose dramatically, pushing the cost of manufacturing a nickel from 3.46 cents in fiscal year 2003 to 10.09 cents in fiscal year 2012. By comparison, a Canadian nickel (which is primarily made of steel) sti... | Wikipedia - American nickel - Increase in metal values |
In 2011, the Mint awarded a contract to study the issue to Concurrent Technologies Corporation of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The report in response to the legislation declared that there is no material that would reduce the one-cent coin's manufacturing cost to below one cent, so it was removed from consideration. The re... | Wikipedia - American nickel - Increase in metal values |
The Mint expected demand for nickels in commerce to increase from 840 million needed in Fiscal Year 2011 to 1.08 billion in 2015.Meanwhile, in an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006, that criminalized the me... | Wikipedia - American nickel - Increase in metal values |
The melt value of a nickel for some time was more than five cents, including nearing over one-and-a-half times its face value in May 2007. Since then, the supply and demand of the coin's composition metals have stabilized. A nickel's melt value fell below its face value from late 2008 through mid-2010, and more recentl... | Wikipedia - American nickel - Increase in metal values |
In February 2014, it was reported that the Mint was conducting experiments to use copper-plated zinc (the same composition used for the United States 1 cent coin) for the nickel.In December 2014, the Mint released its next Biennial report in response to the CMOCA. In it, the Mint declared that plated zinc products did ... | Wikipedia - American nickel - Increase in metal values |
Materials considered "feasible" for the 5-cent coin were nickel-plated steel, multi-ply-plated steel, and potentially another copper/nickel alloy, this time with ~77% copper, ~20% nickel, and ~3% manganese. Further testing was recommended to explore even less expensive alloys that would not require changes to vending m... | Wikipedia - American nickel - Increase in metal values |
In the first decade of the 21st century, drive-by shootings were also used for assassinations by militants in Iraq, including that of Waldemar Milewicz and Hatem Kamil, and in Syria. | Wikipedia - Drive-by shooting - Syrian and Iraqi civil wars |
In the first decade of the 21st century, rising jet fuel prices increased emphasis on engine/airframe efficiency to reduce emissions, which renewed interest in the propfan concept for jetliners beyond the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350XWB. For instance, Airbus patented aircraft designs with twin rear-mounted contra-rotatin... | Wikipedia - Open rotor - Twenty-first century |
It became lukewarm on propfan technology in the 1980salthough it developed an open rotor design that was thought to be a finalist for the Irkut MS-21 narrowbody aircraft. The Rolls-Royce RB3011 engine would have a diameter of about 170 in (430 cm; 14 ft; 4.3 m) and require a 16,000 shaft hp (12,000 kW) gearbox. The Eur... | Wikipedia - Open rotor - Twenty-first century |
A demonstrator was assembled in 2015, and ground tested in May 2017 on its open-air test rig in Istres, aiming to reduce fuel consumption and associated CO2 emissions by 30% compared with current CFM56 turbofans. After the completion of ground testing at the end of 2017, Safran's geared open rotor engine had reached te... | Wikipedia - Open rotor - Twenty-first century |
The demonstrator, based on the core of the Snecma M88 military fighter engine, uses up to 12,200 horsepower (9 megawatts), provides a thrust of about 22,000 lbf (100 kN), and would cruise at a speed of Mach 0.75. Safran's future open rotor engine, however, would have a maximum diameter of almost 14.8 ft (4.50 m; 177 in... | Wikipedia - Open rotor - Twenty-first century |
Stage 5 noise limits reduce the limits by only seven effective perceived noise decibels (EPNdB), within the propfan noise envelope. The study also projected that open rotors would be nine percent more fuel-efficient but remain 10–12 decibels louder than turbofans. Snecma claimed that its propfan engines would have abou... | Wikipedia - Open rotor - Twenty-first century |
The rotor was expected to be 12–13 ft (3.7–4.0 m) in diameter. The engine was expected to produce 20,000–35,000 lbf (9,100–15,900 kgf; 89–156 kN) of thrust, with a 20% increase in fuel efficiency. The company claimed its motivation was the global emphasis on reducing emissions. | Wikipedia - Open rotor - Twenty-first century |
The engine was planned to support both hydrogen and sustainable aviation fuels. The engine was expected to include a compact high-pressure core and a recuperating system to preheat combustion air with exhaust heat along with ceramic matrix composites in the hot section and resin-transfer-molded composite fan blades. In... | Wikipedia - Open rotor - Twenty-first century |
The design increases the fan-pressure ratio and reduces rotor loading, increasing airspeed. The fan stage is to be powered by a high-speed booster compressor and a high-speed, low-pressure-shaft-driven front gearbox. The engine is slated for certification as an "integrated engine" instead of a traditional "propeller/en... | Wikipedia - Open rotor - Twenty-first century |
In the first decade of the 21st century, several issues are salient in debates over further education reform: Longer school day or school year After-school tutoring Charter schools, school choice, or school vouchers Smaller class sizes Improved teacher quality Improved training Higher credential standards Generally hig... | Wikipedia - Education reform - Overview |
In the first decade of the 21st century, the Bundeswehr underwent a gradual transformation to a fully professional force. By 2011, the year Germany voluntarily suspended conscription, the Bundeswehr had retained fewer than 250,000 active duty personnel – barely two thirds of the country's treaty limit of 370,000. | Wikipedia - 2+4 Treaty - Bundeswehr after the treaty |
In the first decade of the 21st century, the Royal Mint had been striking, for sale to collectors and those wishing to hold gold bullion, sovereigns, half sovereigns, double sovereigns, and five-pound pieces. In 2009, it added quarter sovereigns to the range. Such' pieces do not go into circulation, so the objections o... | Wikipedia - Quarter sovereign - 21st century bullion and collector's coin |
The coin's specifications and design were stated in a proclamation by the monarch, Elizabeth II (r. 1952–2022), dated 10 December 2008 and effective the following day.The quarter sovereign has not been given its own design, but uses those given to the other coins in the sovereign range. In most years this has featured,... | Wikipedia - Quarter sovereign - 21st century bullion and collector's coin |
The obverse has shown the reigning monarch.Other reverse designs used included another interpretation of the George and Dragon, by Paul Day for Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee in 2012. Beginning with some 2015 issues, an obverse portrait of Elizabeth by Jody Clark was used, though in 2016, some coins bore a different po... | Wikipedia - Quarter sovereign - 21st century bullion and collector's coin |
This was for the 200th anniversary of the modern sovereign.In 2022, the Royal Mint struck quarter sovereigns with a reverse design by Noad showing an interpretation of the Royal Arms. This design, used for the sovereign and its multiples and fractions, was to mark the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Later in the year... | Wikipedia - Quarter sovereign - 21st century bullion and collector's coin |
2022– ), by Martin Jennings. In 2023, a quarter sovereign commemorating the coronation of Charles III was struck, with the obverse a crowned portrait of the king by Jennings and the reverse the Pistrucci George and Dragon.From 2009 to 2012 the sovereign, in addition to being issued as a proof coin, was sold as a bullio... | Wikipedia - Quarter sovereign - 21st century bullion and collector's coin |
In the first decade of the 21st century, the diversity of areas of application has grown as more sophisticated methods have developed. Social complexity theory is applied in studies of social cooperation and public goods; altruism; education; global civil society collective action and social movements; social inequalit... | Wikipedia - Sociology and complexity science - Areas of application |
One common criticism often cited regarding the usefulness of complexity science in sociology is the difficulty of obtaining adequate data. Nonetheless, application of the concept of social complexity and the analysis of such complexity has begun and continues to be an ongoing field of inquiry in sociology. From childho... | Wikipedia - Sociology and complexity science - Areas of application |
In the area of communications research and informetrics, the concept of self-organizing systems appears in mid-1990s research related to scientific communications. Scientometrics and bibliometrics are areas of research in which discrete data are available, as are several other areas of social communications research su... | Wikipedia - Sociology and complexity science - Areas of application |
In the first decade of the 21st century, the rapid development of GPUs led to a trend for the inclusion of 3D effects in window management. It is based in experimental research in user interface design trying to expand the expressive power of the existing toolkits in order to enhance the physical cues that allow for di... | Wikipedia - History of the graphical user interface - 3D user interface |
The application window is drawn off-screen in a pixel buffer, and the graphics card renders it into the 3D scene.This can have the advantage of moving some of the window rendering to the GPU on the graphics card and thus reducing the load on the main CPU, but the facilities that allow this must be available on the grap... | Wikipedia - History of the graphical user interface - 3D user interface |
In the first decade of the 21st century, there are publications dealing with the ways in which humans can develop a more acceptable cultural relationship with the environment. An example is sacred ecology, a sub-topic of cultural ecology, produced by Fikret Berkes in 1999. It seeks lessons from traditional ways of life... | Wikipedia - Cultural ecology - 21st Century |
Despite the differences in information concepts, all of the publications carry the message that culture is a balancing act between the mindset devoted to the exploitation of natural resources and that, which conserves them. Perhaps the best model of cultural ecology in this context is, paradoxically, the mismatch of cu... | Wikipedia - Cultural ecology - 21st Century |
In the first decade of the century, the game monetization was affected by the booming of the e-commerce, as well as hardware, software and other information technology developments. All kinds of online games and multiplayer games were connected through the faster Internet. The craze of MMORPG by made the subscription m... | Wikipedia - Video game monetization - 2000s |
Many browser games became free to play in order to attract more visits. At the early age of smartphones, mobile games were paid to download because there was usually no interface for a smartphone to install a physical copy. Standardization and the ubiquity of mobile platforms that allowed for easy purchases by customer... | Wikipedia - Video game monetization - 2000s |
After the social network became a big part of the Internet, more games started to take this platform as a way to sell or promote the game. The 2000s also introduced the concepts of microtransactions and downloadable content (DLC). The late 1990s saw the emergence of the triple-A industry, video game developed by large ... | Wikipedia - Video game monetization - 2000s |
These games typically were aimed at a core market of gamers with the latest consoles or high-end personal computers, and at the time, these games would only see most sales in the first few months after the game's initial release. DLC was seen as a means to extend the potential revenue from these games. In 2005, Microso... | Wikipedia - Video game monetization - 2000s |
Though some content was offered before, this concept was cemented with the release of "horse armor" pack for Bethesda Softworks's The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion in 2006, and subsequently followed by many similar content packs over the next few years. While many player expressed outrage at the cost of what was decorativ... | Wikipedia - Video game monetization - 2000s |
In the first decade of the nineteenth century, there were also several White Lotus sects active in the area around the capital city of Beijing. Lin Qing, another member of the Eight Trigrams sect within the White Lotus, united several of these sects and with them build an organization that he would later lead in the Ei... | Wikipedia - White Lotus - Eight Trigrams uprising |
In the first decade of the present millennium, in a series of articles and papers that culminated in a book on Race, Empire, and the Idea of Human Development (Cambridge UP, 2009), McCarthy turned his attention to the ideologies of race and empire that generally accompanied the rise of the West, and to the particular v... | Wikipedia - Thomas A. McCarthy - Race and empire |
In the first decade of the twentieth century, semi-rigid airships were considered more suitable for military use because, unlike rigid airships, they could be deflated, stored and transported by land or by sea. Non-rigid airships had a limited lifting capacity due to the strength limitations of the envelope and rigging... | Wikipedia - Semi-rigid airship - History |
It had a rigid keel under the envelope. Four more military airships of this design were built, and often rebuilt, designated M I to M IV, up to 1914.The most advanced construction of semi-rigid airships between the two World Wars took place in Italy. There, the state-factory Stabilimento di Costruzioni Aeronautiche (SC... | Wikipedia - Semi-rigid airship - History |
In the first decade of the twentieth century, the LSWR was increasingly aware of the competitive disadvantage of its steam operated suburban passenger services, and the decision was taken to electrify certain routes. There was to be a two-stage process, and the Kingston Loop (and the Shepperton branch line) were in sta... | Wikipedia - Kingston loop line - Electrification |
This radically improved the popularity of the LSWR's suburban trains.Up until this time there had still been a limited service from Kingston to Ludgate Hill, LCDR, for the city. In fact the LCDR had shifted its City service to use Holborn Viaduct station from 1871, and eventually the LSWR trains were the only ones usin... | Wikipedia - Kingston loop line - Electrification |
In the first decade of the twenty-first century, primarily in the United States, widespread beliefs in the imminence of peak oil led to the formation of a large subculture of "peakists" who transformed their lives in response to their belief in and expectation of supply-driven (i.e. resource-constrained) peak oil. They... | Wikipedia - Peak Oil - Peakists |
In the first decade or so of the web's existence, web performance improvement was focused mainly on optimizing website code and pushing hardware limitations. According to the 2002 book Web Performance Tuning by Patrick Killelea, some of the early techniques used were to use simple servlets or CGI, increase server memor... | Wikipedia - Web performance - History |
Steve Souders coined the term "web performance optimization" in 2004. At that time Souders made several predictions regarding the impact that WPO as an "emerging industry" would bring to the web, such as websites being fast by default, consolidation, web standards for performance, environmental impacts of optimization,... | Wikipedia - Web performance - History |
In the first decade the Engineering Magazine made an important contribution to the codification and crystallization of the study of organizations. In 1906 the editors of the Engineering Magazine acknowledge this development: It is almost exactly ten years since The Engineering Magazine laid down the first clear definit... | Wikipedia - Engineering Magazine - Organization as a system, early 1900 |
The emerging organizational discourse was one on the events of the Progressive Era, the period of social activism and political reform in the United States that flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s. According to Tsoukas & Knudsen (2005) in this period the concept of the organization as a system "assumed coherence and... | Wikipedia - Engineering Magazine - Organization as a system, early 1900 |
One is that the organizations are founded upon principles that are in accord with modern progressive ideas and that tend to bring out the latent intelligence, loyalty and strength of all its members.The other is that the important details of factory work are cared for by systems which are homogeneous, flexible and effi... | Wikipedia - Engineering Magazine - Organization as a system, early 1900 |
Each one, to be valued rightly, must be viewed as part of a whole." American Machinist, 3 Mar. 1904: 294—6; cited in Tsoukas & Knudsen (2005) | Wikipedia - Engineering Magazine - Organization as a system, early 1900 |
In the first decades after its discovery by the members of the expedition of Christopher Columbus, who were the first Europeans to leave a written record about the species, taxonomists thought the raccoon was related to many different species, including dogs, cats, badgers and particularly bears. Carl Linnaeus, the fat... | Wikipedia - Sexual behavior of raccoons - Taxonomy |
In the first decades of the 19th century, the City of Glasgow had a large and increasing requirement for coal, for domestic and industrial use, and after the cessation of coal extraction from local pits, this was chiefly supplied from the Lanarkshire coal field, centred near Airdrie, in Monkland. There was also some ex... | Wikipedia - Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway - Formation of the railway |
per cent ... arising solely on its tolls on coal".A group of interested businessmen promoted the Monkland & Kirkintilloch Railway to link the coal pits and iron works to the Forth and Clyde Canal at Kirkintilloch. If coal and minerals were transshipped there, they could reach not only Glasgow, escaping the monopoly of ... | Wikipedia - Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway - Formation of the railway |
Construction started by contract the following month.The engineer for the scheme was Thomas Grainger, in his first large undertaking; he had previously been chiefly engaged in road schemes. When he became engaged on the construction of the railway, he took as his assistant John Miller, and a year later the two men form... | Wikipedia - Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway - Formation of the railway |
He must have been aware of the huge success of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, built to a gauge of 4 ft 8½ in. The convention for specifying gauge had not settled down at this early date; as late as 1845 Captain Coddington of the Railway Inspectorate was describing another railway and wrote: "Gauge of rails 4 ft 8... | Wikipedia - Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway - Formation of the railway |
In the first decades of the 2000s, the quadcopter layout has become popular for small-scale unmanned aerial vehicles or drones. The need for aircraft with greater maneuverability and hovering ability has led to a rise in quadcopter research. The four-rotor design allows quadcopters to be relatively simple in design yet... | Wikipedia - Quad copter - Drones |
If these developing qualities can be combined, quadcopters would be capable of advanced autonomous missions that are currently not possible with other vehicles.While small toy remote-controlled quadcopters were produced in Japan already in the early 1990s, the first one with a camera to be produced in significant quant... | Wikipedia - Quad copter - Drones |
Their smaller blades are also advantageous because they possess less kinetic energy, reducing their ability to cause damage. For small-scale quadcopters, this makes the vehicles safer for close interaction. It is also possible to fit quadcopters with guards that enclose the rotors, further reducing the potential for da... | Wikipedia - Quad copter - Drones |
However, as size increases, fixed propeller quadcopters develop disadvantages relative to conventional helicopters. Increasing blade size increases their momentum. This means that changes in blade speed take longer, which negatively impacts control. Helicopters do not experience this problem as increasing the size of t... | Wikipedia - Quad copter - Drones |
In the first decades of the 20th century, a number of philosophers and writers explored existentialist ideas. The Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, in his 1913 book The Tragic Sense of Life in Men and Nations, emphasized the life of "flesh and bone" as opposed to that of abstract rationalism. Unamuno reject... | Wikipedia - Philosophy of existence - Early 20th century |
A novelist, poet and dramatist as well as philosophy professor at the University of Salamanca, Unamuno wrote a short story about a priest's crisis of faith, Saint Manuel the Good, Martyr, which has been collected in anthologies of existentialist fiction. Another Spanish thinker, José Ortega y Gasset, writing in 1914, h... | Wikipedia - Philosophy of existence - Early 20th century |
Sartre likewise believed that human existence is not an abstract matter, but is always situated ("en situation").Although Martin Buber wrote his major philosophical works in German, and studied and taught at the Universities of Berlin and Frankfurt, he stands apart from the mainstream of German philosophy. Born into a ... | Wikipedia - Philosophy of existence - Early 20th century |
His best-known philosophical work was the short book I and Thou, published in 1922. For Buber, the fundamental fact of human existence, too readily overlooked by scientific rationalism and abstract philosophical thought, is "man with man", a dialogue that takes place in the so-called "sphere of between" ("das Zwischenm... | Wikipedia - Philosophy of existence - Early 20th century |
Berdyaev drew a radical distinction between the world of spirit and the everyday world of objects. Human freedom, for Berdyaev, is rooted in the realm of spirit, a realm independent of scientific notions of causation. To the extent the individual human being lives in the objective world, he is estranged from authentic ... | Wikipedia - Philosophy of existence - Early 20th century |
"Man" is not to be interpreted naturalistically, but as a being created in God's image, an originator of free, creative acts. He published a major work on these themes, The Destiny of Man, in 1931. Gabriel Marcel, long before coining the term "existentialism", introduced important existentialist themes to a French audi... | Wikipedia - Philosophy of existence - Early 20th century |
A dramatist as well as a philosopher, Marcel found his philosophical starting point in a condition of metaphysical alienation: the human individual searching for harmony in a transient life. Harmony, for Marcel, was to be sought through "secondary reflection", a "dialogical" rather than "dialectical" approach to the wo... | Wikipedia - Philosophy of existence - Early 20th century |
For Marcel, philosophy was a concrete activity undertaken by a sensing, feeling human being incarnate—embodied—in a concrete world. Although Sartre adopted the term "existentialism" for his own philosophy in the 1940s, Marcel's thought has been described as "almost diametrically opposed" to that of Sartre. Unlike Sartr... | Wikipedia - Philosophy of existence - Early 20th century |
In Germany, the psychologist and philosopher Karl Jaspers—who later described existentialism as a "phantom" created by the public—called his own thought, heavily influenced by Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, Existenzphilosophie. For Jaspers, "Existenz-philosophy is the way of thought by means of which man seeks to become hi... | Wikipedia - Philosophy of existence - Early 20th century |
They shared an admiration for Kierkegaard, and in the 1930s, Heidegger lectured extensively on Nietzsche. Nevertheless, the extent to which Heidegger should be considered an existentialist is debatable. In Being and Time he presented a method of rooting philosophical explanations in human existence (Dasein) to be analy... | Wikipedia - Philosophy of existence - Early 20th century |
In the first decades of the 20th century, physics was revolutionized with developments in the understanding of the nature of atoms including the discoveries in atomic theory by John Dalton. In 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that pitchblende, an ore of uranium, contained a substance—which they named radium—that... | Wikipedia - History of nuclear weapons - Background |
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