question stringlengths 3 301 | answer stringlengths 9 7.04k | context listlengths 7 7 |
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Chances of survival in a tsunami? | I'm not sure that swimming skills would help much. Someone looking at tsunami videos [estimated](_URL_0_) the velocity of the recent tsunami in Japan over land near the Sendai airport at 5-6 m/s. World-caliber swimmers go about 2 m/s during a race -- but that's in nearly-perfect conditions. In a tsunami, you'd be wear... | [
"The risk of a tsunami wave between 4 m and 7 m high is estimated as a possibility every 600 to 1500 years. The occurrence of an event comparable to that of 1603, could have grave social and economic consequences as areas near the sea are largely built up, in particular for tourist activity in the region of Sliema.... |
why do aerial pictures of cities show flat top buildings from different angles? | If you wanted a picture of every building from exactly overhead you would need to fly exactly over every one. That is a ton of flying, it is much easier just to fly where you can see them. | [
"Aerial picture pairs, when viewed through a stereo viewer, offer a pronounced stereo effect of landscape and buildings. High buildings appear to 'keel over' in the direction away from the centre of the photograph. Measurements of this parallax are used to deduce the height of the buildings, provided that flying he... |
why do "luxury" cars have bad gas mileage, while 15-20 thousand dollar cars have good gas milage? | People who can afford and purchase luxury cars aren't usually concerned by mpg. Also these cars often serve as a status symbol, so the bigger the engine, the more expensive and exotic the car is, you look "better" with that car. Whereas cheaper cars are aimed towards people who commute, and have to go from A to B while... | [
"Critics of the Gas Guzzler Tax contend that the increased fuel economy of the US passenger car fleet observed since 1978 must be considered in the context of the increased market share of mid-size and full-size SUVs. Many consumers' stated reasons for SUV purchase (comfort, interior room, and a perception of safet... |
how/why do we simultaneously have eye contact with another individual although we were not thinking about it. | random chance and recognizing false patters.
How many faces do your eyes shift to in a full room? 10? 20? A hundred? How often do you catch people's eyes just at the right time? Maybe once? It's not that it happens that often, its that when it does happen, its memorable. | [
"Eye contact occurs when two people look at each other's eyes at the same time. In human beings, eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication and is thought to have a large influence on social behavior. Coined in the early to mid-1960s, the term came from the West to often define the act as a meaningful and imp... |
if transistors in computers are so small and there are billions of them, then how are computers so cheap (relatively speaking)? shouldn't it take a lot of effort to put all of the transistors in the right places? | > Shouldn't it take a lot of effort to put all of the transistors in the right places?
Transistors aren't "put in place". All of the billions of transistors are created together at the same time, using a technique called [photolithography](_URL_0_). In simple terms, CPUs are manufactured in a manner similar to how ... | [
"As it becomes more difficult to manufacture ever smaller transistors, companies are using Multi-chip modules, Three-dimensional integrated circuits, 3D NAND, Package on package, and Through-silicon vias to increase performance and reducing size, without having to reduce the size of the transistors. \n",
"The tra... |
why are brains wrinkly? | > that doesn't answer why a smooth brain wouldn't be able to hold the same amount of grey matter with a similar volume to a wrinkly brain.
Your head can only get so big before your neck can no longer support it. So in order for more neurons to fit in the skull, the increase in surface area must be in wrinkles rather ... | [
"A characteristic of the brain is the cortical folding known as gyrification. During fetal development, the cortex starts off smooth. By the gestational age of 24 weeks, the wrinkled morphology showing the fissures that begin to mark out the lobes of the brain is evident. Scientists do not have a clear answer as to... |
how do theft detectors in shops know you've bought the item? is it to do with scanning the barcode, or is there something else that gets scanned? | Most theft detectors rely on one of two mechanisms. Small tags and large tags.
Large tags get removed by the cashier, and are either attached in a way that damages the item if you try and force it open or locked in a larger and more cumbersome package.
Small tags are usually small magnetic stickers, and are demagneti... | [
"When checking out at a grocery store, the cashier will scan the barcode of each item to determine the total cost. A thief could replace barcodes on his items with those of cheaper items. In this attack the cashier is a confused deputy that is using seemingly valid barcodes to determine the total cost.\n",
"Elect... |
entropy. | Here we have a cardboard box, about the size of a shoebox, filled with coins. Not a ton of them, just enough so that the all lay flat on the bottom of the box.
There are three possible states for that box to be in: all coins heads-side-up, all coins heads-side-down, and the other thing where some of the coins are head... | [
"In information theory, \"entropy\" is the measure of the amount of information that is missing before reception and is sometimes referred to as \"Shannon entropy\". Shannon entropy is a broad and general concept which finds applications in information theory as well as thermodynamics. It was originally devised by ... |
why do some substances stain certain types of clothing while others don't? | It's an inverse relationship - the less you want your SO to know you ate it, the more it stains. | [
"A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium it is found upon. They are caused by the chemical or physical interaction of two dissimilar materials. Staining is used for biochemical research, metal staining, and art (e.g., wood staining, stained glass).\n",
"T... |
supply and demand, price elasticity of demand, marginal cost, and monopolies. | Supply and demand work hand in hand to regulate price in an economy. When a new iPhone comes out, the demand for it is high, so Apple can charge a high price for it.
But if Apple overestimates the number of iPhones it could have sold, it will flood the market with surplus iPhones (the supply of iPhones exceeds the de... | [
"BULLET::::- \"Supply Curve\": in a perfectly competitive market there is a well defined supply function with a one-to-one relationship between price and quantity supplied. In a monopolistic market no such supply relationship exists. A monopolist cannot trace a short term supply curve because for a given price ther... |
why my two week disposable contacts need to be disposed of after two weeks? | A few different reasons, actually. One, the most prominent, is that your eyes will build up protein deposits on the contacts. The solution you clean them in helps with this, but any solution powerful enough to clean the lens completely is going to be powerful enough to physically break down the lens itself.
Also, soft... | [
"A slight variant has multiple contacts designed to engage in rapid succession. The first to make contact and last to break will experience the greatest contact wear and will form a high-resistance connection that would cause excessive heating inside the contactor. However, in doing so, it will protect the primary ... |
how do laboratories find out what chemical that random sample is? | They have plenty of methods. Let's go with gas chromatography:
Vaporize your liquid and inject it into a gas chromatograph (a long column coated with an inert substance). The test substance moves through the column, interacting with the inert coating, causing the various chemicals inside it to separate out (as some "st... | [
"Chemical tests use reagents to indicate the presence of a specific chemical in an unknown solution. The reagents cause a unique reaction to occur based on the chemical it reacts with, allowing one to know what chemical is in the solution. An example is Heller's test where a test tube containing proteins has strong... |
How was literacy in colonial America leading up to the revolutionary? | So, this really depends on where in colonial America you are talking about. It's really important to understand that there were deep geographical differences in colonial America. In New England, during the eighteenth century, the literacy rates were upward of 90%. This has a lot to do with the Puritan influence in N... | [
"Colonial America in the 1700s saw an expansion in printing industry, precipitating a culture shift from the idea that only the wealthy should have access to books and to education, to the premise of equitable access to education and books for all society. Earlier, in 1638, Harvard University established the first ... |
what is white feminism? | The term is usually used when white women(mainly from higher economic classes) fight for gender equality while not being invested/interested in fights that other women face, like racism for women of color, homophobia for queer women and transphobia for trans women. | [
"White feminism is an epithet used to describe feminist theories that focus on the struggles of white women without addressing distinct forms of oppression faced by ethnic minority women and women lacking other privileges.\n",
"White feminism portrays a view of feminism that can be separated from issues of class,... |
Which offers a more "realistic" sound reproduction, high quality headphones or high quality speakers? | It depends on the recording.
Most modern music is made by recording instruments individually and mixing them together, with plenty of effects and some electronic instruments added in. There's actually no realistic way to listen to this music since the composite sound never existed on its own to be recorded. Asking how... | [
"Most designs produce high quality sound, even though some audiophiles consider chip-based amplifiers to be inferior to their discrete counterparts. The chips have been designed to incorporate a number of desirable features, including excellent power supply rejection ratio, fast response, accurate bias current, ove... |
Does exposure to bacteria increase the immune system? | Yes, that is what the adaptive immune system is all about.
For many things exposure to bacteria is necessary for a proper development. Things like immune function and GI development are often used as examples (in mice and zebrafish) as sterile (no germs) raised individuals lack the development seen in ones with regula... | [
"The microbial communities residing inside the host body have now been recognized to be important for effective immune responses. Yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this protection are largely unknown. Bacteria can help the host to fight against pathogens either by directly stimulating the immune response or b... |
why do featurless/emotionless faces create feelings of unease and fear? | There is a great video from Vsauce about the "uncanny valley": _URL_0_
Basically, things that don't look at all like humans don't cause any special emotions by themselves. As things begin to look more human, they become more "friendly", and "ususal".
Imagine a curve in a graph going up, and up... Until it drops dras... | [
"According to psychology professor Joseph Durwin at California State University, Northridge, young children are \"very reactive to a familiar body type with an unfamiliar face\". Researchers who have studied the phobia believe there is some correlation to the uncanny valley effect. Additionally, clown behavior is o... |
What are the relative efficiencies of resting if I can't fall asleep? | Psychiatrist here. No. You can rest, but you cannot substitute for sleep. In fact, if you can't sleep, just laying there after a while is countertherapeutic, as you start allowing your brain to do other activities in bed at night instead of sleeping. Good sleep hygiene involves getting up after you've tried sleeping, d... | [
"BULLET::::- Get enough rest. Rest allows body tissues and joints the time they need to repair. Sleeping is a great way to maintain health and helps both body and mind. Lack of sleep, stress levels and symptoms might get worsen. Immunity to other infections or diseases is reduced when sleep is not adequate. Rest co... |
floating | It's all about density.
As an object enters water, it displaces some of the water proportional to its *volume*. For example, a cube one meter per side will displace exactly 1 cubic meter of water when fully submerged.
However, as you submerge an object, the water pushes back up on it, and it turns out that the for... | [
"The term floating island is sometimes used for accumulations of vegetation free-floating within a body of water. Due to the lack of currents and tides, these are more frequently found in lakes than in rivers or the open sea. Peaty masses of vegetable matter from shallow lake floors may rise due to the accumulation... |
For being one of thegreatest civilizations that this world has ever seen, how did the Indus or Harappan civilzation end? | I feel like there has been a bubble of references to the Indus Valley/Harappan civilization (just called "IVC" from here on) this week. Was there a documentary on it or something? Regardless, I'm glad you brought the question here because there is an enormous amount of disinformation on it. The IVC exists in the center... | [
"Previously, scholars believed that the decline of the Harappan civilisation led to an interruption of urban life in the Indian subcontinent. However, the Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly, and many elements of the Indus Civilisation appear in later cultures. The Cemetery H culture may be the man... |
why is gum brittle at first, then stretchy? | The elastic, chewable properties of bubble gum come from the other ingredients, such as polymers, plasticizers, and resins that act as stabilizers. These ingredients give bubble gum its texture and elasticity.
When gum is made, these ingredients are in a "sleeping" state and when you start chewing your saliva and tee... | [
"A cracker is a flat, dry baked food typically made with flour. Flavorings or seasonings, such as salt, herbs, seeds, or cheese, may be added to the dough or sprinkled on top before baking. Crackers are often branded as a nutritious and convenient way to consume a staple food or cereal grain. \n",
"The viscosity ... |
"dolby surround sound". how it's different than normal surround sound? | [Dolby](_URL_0_) is a company which designed a system for surround sound. When something says Dolby surround sound, it simply means that it uses that companies technology. | [
"In the motion picture industry, as far as it concerns distribution prints of movies, the Dolby A and SR markings refer to Dolby Surround which is not just a method of noise reduction, but more importantly encodes two additional audio channels on the standard optical soundtrack, giving left, center, right, and surr... |
Is there a lifeform which does not use DNA/RNA for its genetic code? | I’ve taken more genetics courses and read more genetics papers than I care to admit to, but I’ve never heard of such a thing. DNA/RNA is one of the basic necessities of life. Are you sure you didn’t read a paper that was extrapolating the idea of DNA-less life? | [
"Even the simplest members of the three modern domains of life use DNA to record their \"recipes\" and a complex array of RNA and protein molecules to \"read\" these instructions and use them for growth, maintenance and self-replication. The discovery that some RNA molecules can catalyze both their own replication ... |
Why was the Golden Horde called like this? | According to John Man^1 it was called this as Genghis's family was known as the 'Golden Clan', and the Mongolian word ord/orde meant a palace, or for the Mongols a tent. Hence Batu's (initial leader of the khanate) apparent use of a gold coloured tent as his 'palace', and the shift of ord/orde to horde led to the khana... | [
"The name Golden Horde is said to have been inspired by the golden color of the tents the Mongols lived in during wartime, or an actual golden tent used by Batu Khan or by Uzbek Khan, or to have been bestowed by the Slavic tributaries to describe the great wealth of the khan. But the Mongolic word for the color yel... |
What did people in the 1800's use as conversational fillers (i.e um, you know, like) ? | This recording of Thomas Edison from 1906 is full of "uh" as conversational filler or "verbal disfluency". It doesn't sound much different than speech today. I'll see if I can find an earlier recorded example
_URL_0_ | [
"Diseuse (, ), French for \"teller\", also called talkers, storytellers, dramatic-singers or dramatic-talkers, is a term, at least on the English-speaking stage, that appears to date back only to the last decade of the 19th century. The early uses of “diseuse” as a theatrical term in the American press seem to coin... |
What kind of currency was in mesopotamia? | The Mesopotamians didn't really use "currency" as such, which we can define as a centrally issued object having the function of store of account, medium of exchange and measure of value. In short, they did not have coins. But they did have standardized systems of weights and measures that, in practice can fulfill one o... | [
"Korean currency dates back as far as the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) when the first coins were minted. The coins, cast in both bronze and iron, were called \"tongbo\" and \"jungbo\". Additionally, silver vases called \"ŭnbyŏng\" were widely used and circulated as a currency among the aristocracy of Goryeo.\n",
"A ... |
who decides if art is 'good' and what it's worth? | Usually it's based on the body of work of the artist.
For example, by the end of his work life Joan Miró was placing a single stripe of paint on a canvas and these are very prized even though *anybody* could place a stripe of paint on a canvas.
Like he'd stare at the canvas for a while and then in one fluid movement ... | [
"Components of a work of art, like raw stone, tubes of paint or unpainted canvas, in general have a value much lower than the finished products, such as a sculpture or a finished painting. Also, the amount of labour needed to produce an item does not explain the big price differences between works of art. It seems ... |
how can amazon prime carry / get any item anywhere in the world within 24 hours? | It can't and it doesn't
Amazon prime provides free *two day* delivery for *many* items in *many* locations. There are a fair number of locations where Amazon Prime gets you free *three to five day* shipping rather than two day
Amazon does not proclaim that you can get any item anywhere in the world within 24 hours. | [
"In 2005, Amazon announced the creation of Amazon Prime, a membership service offering free two-day shipping within the contiguous United States on all eligible purchases for a flat annual fee of $79 (), and discounted one-day shipping rates. Amazon launched the program in Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom in ... |
Why do historians reject moral presentism? | Presentism does not facilitate or encourage an answer to (one of) the main historical question(s): "Why did these people do what they did?... what led them to that train of thought and chain of actions?"
History seeks understanding and comprehension, and that is best achieved in many cases by viewing the world *not* t... | [
"Presentism is also a factor in the problematic question of history and moral judgments. Among historians, the orthodox view may be that reading modern notions of morality into the past is to commit the error of presentism. To avoid this, historians restrict themselves to describing what happened and attempt to ref... |
What are the consequences of missing a full night of sleep, if you make up for it by sleeping more the next night? | During sleep, the brain clears away toxic waste products which accumulate during the day. One of these products is beta-amyloid, the protein involved in Alzheimer's disease. It's been found that a single night of sleep deprivation greatly increases beta-amyloid ([source](_URL_0_)). In the long run, it could potentially... | [
"There is a small amount of evidence that skipping a night's sleep may improve depressive symptoms, with the effects usually showing up within a day. This effect is usually temporary. Besides sleepiness, this method can cause a side effect of mania or hypomania.\n",
"Sleep is known to be cumulative. This means th... |
How was Hitler able to build such a massive and powerful army during the great depression? And why didn't France and England stop him? | The post-WW1 Reichswehr did not generally agree with the bounds of the treaty of Versailles, but its commanders (like Hans von Seeckt) did their best to abide by the letter of the law while maintaining the basic structure of a capable army.
For one thing, the General Staff was officially abolished, but went undergroun... | [
"Hitler followed an autarky economic policy, creating a network of client states and economic allies in central Europe and Latin America. By cutting wages and taking control of labor unions, plus public works spending, unemployment fell significantly by 1935. Large-scale military spending played a major role in the... |
Do black holes have a "surface"? | The answer to your question lies somewhere between "no" and "we can't know".
If the [no-hair conjecture](_URL_0_) holds, there's nothing you can know about a black hole except for its mass, angular momentum and charge. You're not allowed to know anything about the mass distribution within the black hole, and hence if... | [
"A widely used model of a black surface is a small hole in a cavity with walls that are opaque to radiation. Radiation incident on the hole will pass into the cavity, and is very unlikely to be re-emitted if the cavity is large. The hole is not quite a perfect black surface — in particular, if the wavelength of the... |
The Roman Architecture was heavily influenced by the Greeks, but were the Greeks themselves influenced in this area by other civilizations? | As far as Classical Greece goes, much of it was an indigenous development within the confines of that historical period, but it does build upon earlier foundations, which are also Greek, but not considered part of Classical Greece, namely Mycenaean and Kretan architecture. Mycenaen architecture largely seems to have be... | [
"The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architectu... |
Why would an individual phospholipid switch sides in a phospholipid bilayer? | The two surfaces of a typical cell membrane have very different lipid compositions because they need to have different physical properties. For example the outer surface of a mammalian cell's plasma membrane has mostly charge-neutral lipids, and thus presents am inert surface to the outside world. Good for preventing... | [
"The phospholipid bilayer is formed due to the aggregation of membrane lipids in aqueous solutions. Aggregation is caused by the hydrophobic effect, where hydrophobic ends come into contact with each other and are sequestered away from water. This arrangement maximises hydrogen bonding between hydrophilic heads and... |
Are humans, by preserving the weaker members of our species, hurting our evolution? | Evolution selects the individuals who are most fit for their environment. This is not always the most physically imposing specimen (ask the T-Rex how that worked out) but rather one who is able to survive under the given circumstances.
Since humans are a highly social species our "circumstance" consists largely of ot... | [
"Opponents also cite that the genetic health and social behaviors of species is adversely affected because hunters often kill the largest or most significant male of a species. The removal the most significant animals (because of the size of their horns or mane for example) can severely affect the health of a speci... |
how is power generated in antarctica during polar night? | same way it's generated during the rest o the year. big ass diesel generators and wind turbines.
_URL_0_ | [
"Each station uses diesel fuel to generate electricity. At McMurdo Station, wind turbines installed by Antarctic New Zealand in 2010 supply about a third of the station’s electricity in a cooperative agreement with ANZ. Field camps have been increasingly using solar power, taking advantage of the 24 hours of daylig... |
Are there groups of animals where "A and B can have fertile offspring", "B and C can can have fertile offspring", but "A and C cannot"? | [Ring Species](_URL_0_) sounds like what you're asking about. From the page:
> a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which can interbreed with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end" populations in the series, which are too distantly related ... | [
"The sister species \"Drosophila subquinaria\" and \"Drosophila recens\" overlap in geographic range and are capable of hybridization, meaning they can successfully reproduce with each other; however the offspring are very sickly. Thus, these two species are almost fully reproductively isolated, despite overlapping... |
Are artificial satellite's orbits disrupted by the moon? | Yes, absolutely. When planning the orbit of a spacecraft, the gravitational fields of the Moon, the Sun and even the other planets can be taken into consideration. For an Earth orbiter, the non-spherical shape of the Earth also significantly affects the orbit. Solar radiation pressure is another major component of t... | [
"Lunar mascons alter the local gravity above and around them sufficiently that low and uncorrected satellite orbits around the Moon are unstable on a timescale of months or years. The small perturbations in the orbits accumulate and eventually distort the orbit enough that the satellite impacts the surface.\n",
"... |
in movies, how do they film in governmental areas (ex. the capitol and the white house)? | I'm not sure, but I think it's either with a green screen or a custom built movie set
Edit: here's an example of what amazing things you can achieve with a chroma key (green or blue screen) and some talented artists: _URL_0_ | [
"In many cases a second unit is dispatched to film on location, with a second unit director and sometimes with stand-in actors. These shots can then be edited into the final film or TV program alongside studio-shot sequences, to give an authentic flavor, without the expense or trouble of a full-scale location shoot... |
What was the Egyptian military like in World War 2 and after? | Hate to be needy, but Ill ping some of the relevantly flaired users:
/u/JoelWiklund /u/BeondTheGrave /u/British-Empire | [
"In 1914 the Egyptian Army was a largely native home-defence force. It comprised 17 battalions of infantry (8 Sudanese and 9 Egyptian), 3 companies of mounted infantry, a Camel Corps, support services and various local militia groups. It was organised, expanded and equipped by the British during the prewar years, a... |
How did they discover that Europa had liquid oceans underneath its ice? | The short answer is that geologists sat down and created models to show how the surface features could be created by tidal movement.
A person I've had the pleasure of working with over the years is, quite literally, the top authority in the world on this specific subject. He was the one who discovered this. I was ... | [
"It is estimated that Europa has an outer layer of water around thick; a part frozen as its crust, and a part as a liquid ocean underneath the ice. Recent magnetic-field data from the \"Galileo\" orbiter showed that Europa has an induced magnetic field through interaction with Jupiter's, which suggests the presence... |
What were the Germanic "Tribes" really like? Were they nomads without cities? Or were they more sedentary like Rome? | Romans wrote a lot of BS about 'the Germanic tribes', mostly because they defined 'Germans' as 'those who are not like us and who live outside the borders of the empire'. This definition lumps quite a lot of people together, while still throwing in loads of cultural bias as well.
It is much more interesting to look at... | [
"Ultimately, the Germanic groups in the Western Roman Empire were accommodated without \"dispossessing or overturning indigenous society\", and they maintained a structured and hierarchical (but attenuated) form of Roman administration.\n",
"Early Roman sources, such as Tacitus and Pliny the Elder, knew little co... |
Why are camera lenses the size they are, and why can't they be scaled down to phone-size? | Miniaturizing the fancy lenses on SLR cameras would be a lot of work—they require extremely precise optical glasswork and tons of fiddly mechanical gizmos for focusing and such.
The really insurmountable difference between big cameras and small ones, though, is sensor size. The sensors used in digital cameras have tin... | [
"Larger lenses may block a portion of the view seen through the viewfinder, potentially a significant proportion. A side effect of this is that lens designers are forced to use smaller designs. Lens hoods used for rangefinder camera may have a different shape to those with other cameras, with openings cut out of th... |
how are games "ported" to mac or linux? | Rewriting any code that's locked to a particular system to work for the other ones. The OS has 'toolboxes' for things, but each OS's is a different. You have to rewrite to use the other tools. | [
"However, there are many ports of games from other platforms, mostly Linux, to the GP2X. Popular ports include \"SuperTux\" and \"Frozen Bubble\" as well as the \"Duke Nukem 3D\", \"Quake\", and \"Doom\" engines (which can run the original games if the user owns a copy with the correct data files). There are also h... |
How do you weigh a blue whale in the ocean? Some kind of device or math? | By the Archimedes' principle, a buoyant body (that is, stationary without expending energy to remain that way) submerged in water, is equal in mass to water of equal volume to the part of the body submerged underwater. For fully submerged bodies, that means it's mass is equal to the mass of the water of equivalent volu... | [
"The craft weights 2,100 kilograms out of water and is 7 or 8 meters long according to type. It resembles a torpedo but has two cockpits for the crew. Many some models have a roof with sliding doors for the cockpits. In some models the rear cockpit is long and can seat two divers for a total crew of three. Its batt... |
truecrypt full disk encryption/decryption | Hi there! I use this at work. I'll give it a super ELI5 shot:
Imagine your friend wrote a paper in Swahili and gave it to you. Cool, but you don't speak Swahili. So what he did was also send you the phone number to a guy who *does* speak Swahili. You call him up, he comes over, and he reads the paper aloud to you... | [
"Expressions \"full disk encryption (FDE)\" or \"whole disk encryption\" signify that everything on disk is encrypted, but the master boot record (MBR), or similar area of a bootable disk, with code that starts the operating system loading sequence, is not encrypted. Some hardware-based full disk encryption systems... |
If one HotPocket takes two minutes to cook in a standard microwave, will two HotPockets take more time, less time, or the same amount of time? | For microwave you will have an increased time.
The food will have to absorb twice the energy.
Some energy will be lost in the oven itself. Also microwaves are not good at penetrating water and will only be good at heating the top layers. So that can case some water to evaporate. (Lost heat)
But in general you will ... | [
"In addition, hot food must be held at a minimum interval of 135°F (57°C) if it is not immediately consumed. The temperature must be checked every 4 hours or else labeled with a discard time. Although monitored hot food can be held indefinitely in this way without a food safety concern, the nutritional value, flavo... |
Can you trap a beam of light inside a box? | Optical cavities exist but you have to keep in mind that no mirror is perfect and even if, say, a mirror reflected 99.9% of light, given a 1 meter cubed box, light would reflect 300 million times a second. So that means that after 10 microseconds there'll only be about 1% of that light left.
However, generally when we... | [
"Almost any item can be booby-trapped in some way. For example, booby trapping a flashlight is a classic tactic: a flashlight already contains most of the required components. First of all, the flashlight acts as bait, tempting the victim to pick it up. More importantly, it is easy to conceal a detonator, some expl... |
How has Hitler's "Mein Kampf" been used by historians? How has it been misused by others? | I'm going to give one, fairly well known to historians, example. A.J.P. Taylor famously did not read Mein Kampf, and discounted both its importance for understanding Hitler and any correlation between what Hitler wrote and his later actions.
I should note that this is an example of misuse by non-use. Taylor, t... | [
"In \"Mein Kampf\" (1924-25), which was written while he was in prison after his failed 1923 putsch, Hitler combined elements of autobiography with an exposition of his racist political ideology . The personal reflections contained within \"Mein Kampf\" are nevertheless inaccurate and unreliable. In the work, Hitle... |
Does conservation of momentum violate the conservation of energy? | No. Energy and momentum are always conserved, but remember that momentum is a vector quantity with a direction, thus in your example the total momentum of both objects must remain zero (10-10=0) but that the individual momenta of each object need not be zero.
It is then important to determine whether your collision oc... | [
"Conservation of momentum is a mathematical consequence of the homogeneity (shift symmetry) of space (position in space is the canonical conjugate quantity to momentum). That is, conservation of momentum is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not depend on position; this is a special case of Noeth... |
Astrobiologists of Reddit, What would life in a gas giant probably look like? |
> Could life evolve in a gas giant and would it have to live on the core or could it live in the clouds?
Could life evolve? This is an unknown. We only have one instance of life to compare it to. There is speculation that it could.
> What kind of chemistry would it have to have and what kind of adaptations wou... | [
"The planet is a gas giant that is about in diameter. Like most gas giants, it has a solid core that consists of metal followed by layers of metallic gases. Many of the layers of gas are poisonous, and the pressure and temperature are far above what a human could tolerate. But from approximately down from outer spa... |
how does the alpha magnetic spectrometer detect dark matter? | This is probably not going to be put in terms simple enough for strictly adhering to this sub-reddit's mantra (explained as if you were five years old). Oh well, I tried. :|
Dark matter backstory, short version: By watching the motion of the cosmos, specifically, other galaxies, and even clusters of other galaxies, ... | [
"The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, also designated AMS-02, is a particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station (ISS). The module is a detector that measures antimatter in cosmic rays, this information is needed to understand the formation of the Universe and search for evidence... |
Is carbonated water still acidic after it has gone flat? | 'Flat' carbonated water is just water that is no longer supersaturated with carbon dioxide. It would still contain some residual CO2, depending on temperature, and would therefore still be very slightly acidic (ph 6 or so).
I'm not sure what you mean by still water. If you are talking about distilled water, it would pr... | [
"The acid gives carbonated water a slightly tart flavor. The pH level between 3 and 4 is approximately in between apple juice and orange juice in acidity, but much less acidic than the acid in the stomach. A normal, healthy human body maintains pH equilibrium via acid–base homeostasis and will not be materially adv... |
christianity | This is a good question, and this will be a long answer! I'll try to hit on all the major points, and if you have any more questions I can try to answer them later. Keep in mind, there are a lot of different Christians with a lot of different ideas, so other people might give different answers on some of these topics.
... | [
"Christianity is a monotheistic religion which developed out of Second Temple Judaism in the 1st century CE. It is founded on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and those who follow it are called Christians.\n",
"Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (1st ... |
How was "detective" work, or any crime-solving endeavor, carried out in the ancient world? | Quoting myself from a previous answer to a similar question:
It depends on what you mean by police.
In Ancient Greece, city-states had publicly owned slaves who acted as a police force. They kept order and controlled prisoners, but they didn't investigate crimes. Most crimes were considered a private matter so the ci... | [
"Criminal investigation is an ancient science that may have roots as far back as c. 1700 BCE in the writings of the Code of Hammurabi. In the code it is suggested that both the accuser and the accused had the right to present evidence they collected. In the modern era criminal investigations are most often done by ... |
how do motion-sickness bracelets work? | It's actually not known. Some think it's a placebo, some think there's something real about the acupressure.
They do work. _URL_0_ | [
"A hologram bracelet or energy bracelet is a small rubber wristband supposedly fitted with a hologram. Manufacturers have said supposedly that the holograms \"optimise the natural flow of energy around the body, and supposedly improve an athlete's strength, balance and flexibility\". Only anecdotal evidence support... |
i bought magic the gathering and i seriously cannot figure out how to play it. youtube video after video isn't helping. | Take a look at the sidebar over at /r/magictcg - it has lots of great resources for new players.
I also think that the best way to learn the game currently is to download the Magic Duels app on your phone/steam and play that. It introduces the rules to you slowly. | [
"Magic: The Gathering Online is a video game adaptation of \"\", utilizing the concept of a virtual economy in order to preserve the collectible aspect of the card game. It is played through an Internet service operated by Wizards of the Coast, which went live on June 24, 2002. Users can play the game or trade card... |
why can we feel sound waves, but not light waves? | You can feel light waves. Go stand outside on a bright day. It's a lot hotter in the sun than the shade, no? You just feel light in a different way than sound (usually, you feel infrared light the most, which feels like heat). | [
"Sound is one of the most important senses that the blind or visually impaired use in order to locate objects in their surroundings. A form of echolocation is used, similarly to that of a bat. Echolocation from a person's perspective is when the person uses sound waves generated from speech or other forms of noise ... |
In ancient Rome, what would happen if I needed my appendix out? | First, it would be important to look at the diet in Rome (understanding that Rome's history lasted a millennium and while many things changed, including medical practices, diet would have remained relatively unchanged). Grain and cereal was a large part of the diet and as a consequence so was fiber. Appendicitis is cau... | [
"Appendicitis usually requires the removal of the inflamed appendix, in an appendectomy either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Untreated, the appendix may rupture, leading to peritonitis, followed by shock, and, if still untreated, death.\n",
"Extirpation of the appendix, or appendectomy, is the standard treatment ... |
From our vantage point, is there anywhere in the univers that galaxies are still forming? | When we look really far away we do see galaxies forming. | [
"In 1734, philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg in his \"Principia\" speculated that there may be galaxies outside our own that are formed into galactic clusters that are minuscule parts of the universe which extends far beyond what we can see. These views \"are remarkably close to the present-day views of the cosmos.\"\n... |
how do small bands/record labels afford to send bands overseas to play live music? | Many american bands can, and do make FAR more money playing overseas than the do in the US, in fact, thats where they really make their money, in Asia and Europe. They play a ton of shows, and the clubs and festivals are willing to pay them much more than american counterparts. You might be surprised how certain bands ... | [
"Bands that perform at a \"Live Radio Gig\" also receive multitrack recordings and mastered recordings of their set. This is a great initiative, as it gives local bands and artists access to professional recordings who otherwise may not be able to afford such services.\n",
"Several live music venues offer local i... |
Why did Ned Kelly's armour work against firearms, but medieval steel plate didn't? | The response to crossbows appears to have been to make better armour. When powerful crossbows were common, the best armour was crossbow-proofed (i.e., successfully tested against crossbows).
The response to firearms was first, do nothing, since crossbow-proof armour stopped (i.e., had a good chance of stopping) bullet... | [
"Modern tests and contemporary accounts agree therefore that well-made plate armour could protect against longbows. However, this did not necessarily make the longbow ineffective; thousands of longbowmen were deployed in the English victory at Agincourt against plate armoured French knights in 1415. Clifford Rogers... |
what's so bad about germany's economy? | Germany has a stronger export economy than most of the rest of Europe. This is perceived by some people as keeping the exchange rate of the Euro higher against international currencies than it should be; a lower cost Euro is seen as beneficial to countries like Spain and Greece which are heavily reliant on tourism to f... | [
"Sinn has called the German economy a \"bazaar economy\" because the share of input from abroad in German industrial production is on the increase. At the same time he points out that this is not to be equated with a breaking off of value added in exports. Instead Germany has decimated its domestic sector via exces... |
Why isn't Rubidium yielded from U-235 Fission? | The atomic numbers of the fission fragments don't necessarily have to add up to the Z of the original nucleus. When fission occurs, the uranium nucleus splits into two heavy fission fragments, and some number of light particles, which could be protons, neutrons, alpha particles, or whatever.
So the Z of the two fragm... | [
"Uranium-235 fissions with low-energy thermal neutrons because the binding energy resulting from the absorption of a neutron is greater than the critical energy required for fission; therefore uranium-235 is a fissile material. By contrast, the binding energy released by uranium-238 absorbing a thermal neutron is l... |
Why doesn't fly spray kill humans? | Honestly it is a case of dose:body mass ratio. The weight of flies varies a lot based on side, type etc, but 10-20mg is common. When you spray an area even if the entire spray is only 1mg of active ingredient (the example on the wiki you posted is dichlorvos - an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) enough would reach the f... | [
"Some insecticides kill or harm other creatures in addition to those they are intended to kill. For example, birds may be poisoned when they eat food that was recently sprayed with insecticides or when they mistake an insecticide granule on the ground for food and eat it. Sprayed insecticide may drift from the area... |
why do so many people enjoy watching videos of pimples being popped? | I am going to throw one out there and say that it is hardwired into the brain like many other traits that make up out collection of self-preservation instincts.
Generally Dopamine is released as a reward for doing things beneficial to staying alive... Exercising, eating, childcare, pets and fire
(which is why we need... | [
"BULLET::::- In the April 2, 2008 episode of \"South Park\", \"Canada on Strike\", the boys post a viral video on \"YouToob\" (a fictional version of YouTube) of Butters performing \"What What (In the Butt)\".\n",
"A notable in-joke with Mac Hall revolves around an attention grabbing gag involving \"Digimon\". Ea... |
what's the fuss with purified water? | They're the same thing. Water is water. Some brands add (or, more often, don't bother to filter out) minerals that are good to you, but can often have a "dirty" taste. | [
"Purified water has many uses, largely in the production of medications, in science and engineering laboratories and industries, and is produced in a range of purities. It can be produced on site for immediate use or purchased in containers. Purified water in colloquial English can also refer to water which has bee... |
why would anyone want to limit or reduce the funding/laws towards the environment. | Several reasons:
- Personal profit and short-term thinking;
- Not believing that the problems are real;
- Believing that market forces will solve the problems (generally accompanied by a belief that government intervention is a bad thing in just about everything);
- An expectation that technology will s... | [
"An additional debate is to what extent environmental laws are fair to all regulated parties. For instance, researchers Preston Teeter and Jorgen Sandberg highlight how smaller organizations can often incur disproportionately larger costs as a result of environmental regulations, which can ultimately create an addi... |
How did indigenous cultures, European colonists, or pre-electricity South Americans understand the power of the Electric Eel? Did they understand it as the same phenomenon as lightning, or something else? | /u/robinthebum wrote about it at _URL_0_
This is not to discourage more discussion. I'd love to see more data, debate, and questions.
| [
"Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the \"Thunderer of the Nile\", and described them as the \"protectors\" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by anc... |
Does heat radiation from metal radiate in all directions? | Such a complicated problem! _URL_0_ A simple quick answer for you is that since your pan is made up of two different materials, the thermal conductivity and amount of energy held by those materials is different and will be radiated off/exchanged at different rates and total amounts.
The heat capacity of aluminum is **... | [
"When thermal radiation strikes an object, part will be reflected, part transmitted, and the rest absorbed. The fraction that is absorbed depends on the nature and color of the material. A thin material may transmit a lot. A light colored object may reflect much of the incident radiation and thus escape damage, lik... |
why are feminists opposed to the thin, scantily clad, large chested female characters in video games, but not the 6' feet tall male models with six pack abs on the covers of romance novels? | Feminists focus on *female* rights. They rarely touch on male perceptions. | [
"Men in games tend to be shown as muscular and big. For instance, men in video games have chests that are about 2 inches (6%) larger, heads that are about 13 inches bigger, waists that are 5 inches wider, and hips that are 7 inches wider, than in reality. They are often characterized as overtly aggressive and viole... |
Where did the Whites and Reds find the manpower and willing soldiers to engage in the Russian Civil War after the losses in World War I? | Good question. There are a couple of factors to take into account. The first thing is that much of the Russian Civil War was fought by fairly small forces. [According to PBS,](_URL_1_) Russia mobilized 12,000,000 soldiers during the First World War, lost 1,700,000 killed, 2,500,000 captured or MIA, and 4,950,000 wou... | [
"The Whites and the Reds fought the Russian Civil War from November 1917 until 1921, and isolated battles continued in the Far East until 1923. The White Army—aided by the Allied forces (Triple Entente) from countries such as Japan, the United Kingdom, France, Italy and the United States and (sometimes) the Central... |
How does buoyancy work on a molecular level? | "Kinetic theory" may be the term you're looking for, if that helps you in future googling.
So, "pressure" is just the molecules smacking against each other, and applying forces to each other when they collide. The other main force they're feeling is gravity.
If these forces don't cancel out, then there will be a net ... | [
"Buoyant density centrifugation (also isopycnic centrifugation or equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation) uses the concept of buoyancy to separate molecules in solution by their differences in density.\n",
"Buoyancy force is the defined as the force exerted on the body or an object when inserted in a fluid. ... |
I want to read 12 history books in one year to know "all the things", what should be on the list? | Take Rothbard off the list. He was more of a propagandist than a historian. | [
"BULLET::::- This is the oldest book in the collection. Roughly 12 other libraries in the world hold this volume; six in the US (including two copies held by Harvard), three in France and three in Germany. It is thought to be the first book to ever mention, although it is in passing, fish or fishing in the New Worl... |
how are movies like the parent trap made when one actor plays multiple roles and their faces are seen together in the same shot? | One way of doing it is to shoot the scene twice without moving the camera. The first time, they shoot the scene when the actor plays the first role, the second time the second role. These two versions of the scene are then blended over each other.
Another version uses blue-screen in which one of the takes (or both) ar... | [
"In some productions, a scene calls for two characters in the same shot, both of whom are portrayed by a single actor. A body double can portray one of the characters, while the credited actor plays the other, thus enabling both characters to appear simultaneously on camera. An example of this is the identical cous... |
Why did the Scandinavian Norsemen write runes? | Despite their seemingly mundane and formulaic inscriptions, the raising of runestones in Late Viking-Age Sweden, particularly around Uppland, was a fashionable and calculated effort by (mostly) affluent locals to display their wealth, status and allegiance. The primarily Christian iconography and inscriptions of the st... | [
"Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark, runic Old Norse was originally written with the Younger Futhark, which only had 16 letters. Because of the limited number of runes, several runes were used for different sounds, and the distinction between long and short vowels wasn't retained in writin... |
why is white pride racist, when no other "colour" pride is considered racist? | In general, the issue here is that when people say they have "white" pride, they are saying "I am proud that I am not black." as opposed to people having pride in their specific heritage. No one has a problem with people having pride in being Irish, German, Italian, Polish. Those get celebrated.
But "white" just mean... | [
"Political and social scientists commonly argue that the idea of \"white pride\" is an attempt to provide a clean or more palatable public face for white supremacy or white separatism and that it is an appeal to a larger audience in hopes of inciting more widespread racial violence. According to Joseph T. Roy of th... |
Why has Country Music remained so white? What cultural and industry forces kept the genre that so willingly borrowed from blues, gospel, norteño, and mariachi so completely dominated by white artists and tied to white identity? | The answer to that goes back to the early days of the recording industry. You're right, country, blues, gospel and southern gospel artists all borrow relentlessly from each other, and that tradition goes back to the 1800's before the genres got clearly separated out (I can't speak to mariachi or norteno as I haven't st... | [
"The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when the record industry created the marketing categories \"race mu... |
During WWII, which Red Army unit was considered "elite"? Which was its most successful, and why? | The Red Army was very vast within the Second World War. Therefore there was a few different elite units. The major ones of these we're called Guard units. When an army proved itself as a well trained fighting force, they would get a Guard title attached to their title. One of the notable we're the 2nd Guard Army which... | [
"At the start of World War II the Red Army was notorious for its poor battlefield quality because a large number of its newly appointed commanders lacked initiative and skill. Kreizer was among a few senior officers who prepared his troops adequately for the requirements of the modern mobile war. In July 1941 Kreiz... |
how do kickstarter payments work? what prevents the receiver from just running away with the money? | To my knowledge, nothing stops them. In fact there have been numerous complaints of people never getting what they order off of Kickstarter. It's very much buyer beware. | [
"Direct Payments are intended to empower service users by allowing them control and choice over the services they use to meet their needs. Each person on the scheme is given an amount of money to be managed by themselves, possibly with the aid of others such as family or an external advocacy organisation. This mone... |
why do we have to put oil in our cars, why can't we use another liquid like water? | Water boils at typical engine temperatures, isn't viscous enough to actually lubricate very well, and is highly corrosive to unprotected metal surfaces. It's about the worst common liquid you could use for this job.
The oil is there to coat and lubricate all the moving parts of the engine so they don't corrode or gri... | [
"Oil needs to be changed because it gets contaminated with combustion by-products that accumulate at about the same rate regardless of oil type. Some vehicles require synthetic; therefore, check your vehicle's owner manual to see what is recommended.\n",
"Residual fuel oil is less useful because it is so viscous ... |
why doesn't the blood in raw meat clot (as far as i can tell)? | Because it isn't blood. It's myoglobin. Red meats, such as beef, are composed of quite a bit of water. This water, mixed with a protein called myoglobin, ends up comprising most of that red liquid. | [
"Blood is the most important byproduct of slaughtering. It consists predominantly of protein and water, and is sometimes called \"liquid meat\" because its composition is similar to that of lean meat. Blood collected hygienically can be used for human consumption, otherwise it is converted to blood meal. Special fr... |
where does weight actually go when one is losing it? how can i go to sleep weighing 202 and wake up weighing 199? | > how does it actually leave your body?
Primarily through your breath. You breath in (some) O2, and breathe out (some) CO2. The extra carbon in there comes from your body "burning" sugars, converting sugar + O2 into H2O and CO2, which you breathe/sweat/urinate out, as appropriate.
Fun fact, plants use a similar pr... | [
"While health professionals almost unanimously agree that if an individual is already getting 8 hours of sleep, then another half hour won't make them lose weight; however, in cases where a person is used to getting 5 hours of sleep per night and they start getting 7–8 hours, it is common to see them start to shed ... |
how do people get away with murder in the courtrooms, even if it was obvious that they did it? | > even if it was obvious that they did it?
Being "obvious" isn't enough. The prosecution has to **prove** that they did it, beyond a reasonable doubt. Something as wishy-washy as "it's obvious" would be a *terrible* basis for a legal system. | [
"Since the early 19th century, American courts have tried over 400 murders in which the victim's body had not been found; Bonie's case would have been the first in the Bronx. \"It's like running a 100-meter race when the criminal gets to start at the 20-meter mark,\" a former federal prosecutor told the \"Times\". ... |
When nations/people moved (e.g. Turks, Anglo-Saxons), did the entire population move or just the leaders/army? | It's a matter of much debate, and historians views have varied greatly over the years. Once, pretty much all historians thought that the migrations in fifth-century Europe were all great movements of people. Now, however, many believe that many of the barbarian groups were primarily military forces. Overall, it varied ... | [
"During the period of Military Frontier, mass migrations of the population went on all the time in both directions and in several waves. First fleeing away from Turks, then those who collaborated with the Turks were fleeing after their fall, and in the second direction people fleeing from the vengeance of those arr... |
if i'm far enough from the ground holding my glasses, the lens will cast a shadow even though they are clear. if i move up like a foot, the lens shadow becomes more and more transparent. why? | First, shadows. We *should* all know by now that this is caused by blocking light, places where no light reaches a surface are darker places where the light can reach are brighter.
So in the case of when your glasses cast a shadow it means less light is able to reach the surface. The reason why this happens even thoug... | [
"Real lenses do not focus all rays perfectly, so that even at best focus, a point is imaged as a spot rather than a point. The smallest such spot that a lens can produce is often referred to as the \"circle of least confusion\".\n",
"If instead the lens is held very close to the eye and the object is placed close... |
how many time does radioactivity takes to disappear ? | Never.
Radioactivity never disappears, it simply gets weaker with time. This is due to half life. A half life is a set amount of time during which half of the radioactive material decays. After decay, it is probably harmless. After 1 half life, half of the original material remains, after 2, a fourth, after 3, an eigh... | [
"This relationship between the half-life and the decay constant shows that highly radioactive substances are quickly spent, while those that radiate weakly endure longer. Half-lives of known radionuclides vary widely, from more than 10 years, such as for the very nearly stable nuclide Bi, to 10 seconds for highly u... |
where are the colors that a human can't see? is my wall secretly another color? | The electromagnetic spectrum of light is very, very long. We call colours the wavelengths that we can see with our eye. But there is a lot more in the electromagnetic spectrum than the range between 390 and 700 nm. The wavelength is a particular feature of the wave, imagine a sinusoidal wave (a nice smooth curve that s... | [
"The spectrum does not contain all the colors that the human eyes and brain can distinguish. Unsaturated colors such as pink, or purple variations like magenta, for example, are absent because they can only be made from a mix of multiple wavelengths. Colors containing only one wavelength are also called pure colors... |
Can a historian please tell me the date when Lincoln said the following quote? | Assuming you do mean "struggle" and not "stubble" (which is actually pretty funny in itself), a simple google search within quotation marks brings up this:
_URL_0_
Illinois House of Representatives, December 20th, 1839. The quotation is in the last paragraph. I don't know how reputable that is, but it gives you ... | [
"Lincoln spoke at the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19, 1863. Defying his prediction that \"the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here\", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history.\n",
"Not even the day's primary speech, Lincoln's carefully crafted address cam... |
why do dogs love peanut butter so much? | Sweet, salty. Why else? | [
"In March 2016, Murray's photos of dogs eating peanut butter were featured in a Daily Mirror article. His photo series of dogs eating peanut butter quickly went viral. Over the next few months, Murray's photography was featured by \"Huffington Post, Elle Magazine, Today, Bark Post, Mashable, San Francisco Chronicle... |
why do companies trademark simple words that other companies use anyway? | A trademark is more than just the words, it is the entire presentation of the logo. While other restaurants can still use the description of "Mild", they cannot use the specific font and color scheme of the trademarked packets. Other companies can call their products "cola" but they can't use the red and white curly fo... | [
"Many trademarks are adapted from words or symbols that are common to the culture, as Apple, Inc. using a trademark that is based upon the apple. Other trademarks are invented by the mark owner (such as Kodak) and have no common use until introduced by the owner. Courts have recognized that ownership of a trademark... |
difference between hypoxemia and hypoxia | Hypoxemia is having low oxygen content in your blood, while hypoxia is moreso the effects felt from not having enough oxygen. So in a sense hypoxemia can cause hypoxia | [
"\"Hypoxemia\" refers to the low level of oxygen in blood, and the more general term \"hypoxia\" is an abnormally low oxygen content in any tissue or organ, or the body as a whole. Hypoxemia can cause hypoxia (hypoxemic hypoxia), but hypoxia can also occur via other mechanisms, such as anemia.\n",
"Hypoxemia refe... |
why do we refer to animals' colors not as the color they actually are? | I have absolutely no clue what you are talking about. I started to have small inkling, but then, where do animals come into play? | [
"Some animals are colored purely incidentally because their blood contains pigments. For example, amphibians like the olm that live in caves may be largely colorless as color has no function in that environment, but they show some red because of the haem pigment in their red blood cells, needed to carry oxygen. The... |
why does climate change mean that climates will become more extreme, rather than just changing? | Some areas may become less extreme. But in any place the environment and our use of it is built around a certain climate. In places that are regularly flooded, agriculture on the floodplains relies on the regular flooding to provide water and silt for nutrients. Loss of regular flooding would have a very severe effect.... | [
"Because the climate system has large thermal inertia, it can take centuries for the climate to fully adjust. While record-breaking years attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend. Global surface temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlay ... |
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