Split (2)

train · 219k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 7.04k	context listlengths 7 7
semiconductors and doping	Si has 4 electrons in its outer shell, and they bind up with other Si atoms in the crystal pretty well, so it is hard for them to move around. If you introduce a few atoms with 5 valence band electrons, those extra 5th electrons are like free agents. They aren't all that needed to bond the crystal together, so they a...	[ "Doping is the key to the extraordinarily wide range of electrical behavior that semiconductors can exhibit, and extrinsic semiconductors are used to make semiconductor electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, semiconductor lasers, LEDs, and photovoltaic cells. Sophisticated semiconducto...
Why is South Africa the most developed African country?	This might be better suited to /r/asksocialscience. Also, you might want to re-frame the question - by any metric of development I'm aware of (for example, [HDI](_URL_0_)), South Africa isn't the most developed African country.	[ "South Africa is the most structurally and economically developed nation on the African continent. As such, its major cities have experienced construction booms that most other cities of similar size in Africa have not. Advanced development is significantly localised around five areas: Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Du...
why do non-native english speakers make the "their vs. there" confusion less often than natives?	Native speakers learn the language mainly through listening and speaking as a child. As there, their and they're are pronounced the same they may not be distinguished from each other for many years until a child starts learning grammar. On the other hand when you are learning a foreign language you tend to begin with ...	[ "Because of the use of English as a lingua franca, native speakers are outnumbered by non-native speakers of English, which is a situation that is quite atypical for western European languages. A consequence of this is a sense of ownership of the language by different communities, which is reflected in the way Engl...
what is cosmic radiation and why is it harmful to life?	Cosmic rays originate from outside of the Solar System, and it's essentially high-energy radiation coming from space. Because of how powerful it is, it's not only bad for life, but it's also bad for electronics because it can alter circuit components in them. As for life, it's the main barrier for space travel because...	[ "Space radiation comes from cosmic rays emitted by our local star, the Sun, and from stars beyond the Solar System as well. Space radiation can trigger cancer and cause damage to the central nervous system. Similar instruments are flown on the Space Shuttles and on the International Space Station (ISS), but none ha...
why do some governments call snap elections, even if they have a chance of losing?	Sometimes, governments are forced into positions where they have to make unpopular decisions. Some people will see how the government's hand has been forced and will accept it. But other people might object to the decision they've made, and feel the government is not acting for the thing it claimed to stand for when i...	[ "Since the power to call snap elections usually lies with the incumbent, they usually result in increased majorities for the party already in power having been called at an advantageous time. However, snap elections can also backfire on the incumbent resulting in a decreased majority or even the opposition winning ...
Who do you think is Jack the Ripper?	Academic historians tend to be fairly unconcerned with who the murderer really was. This is partly because we'll never know for sure, and partly because the myth of the Ripper is far more interesting than any reality. As a cultural historian of late-Victorian Britain, I'm fascinated by the response to the murders and w...	[ "There are many and varied theories about the identity and profession of Jack the Ripper, but authorities are not agreed upon any of them, and the number of named suspects reaches over one hundred. Despite continued interest in the case, the Ripper's identity remains unknown.\n", "Jack the Ripper features in hund...
[Meta] Can we start a FAQ link of Recommended History Books?	we have a link on the sidebar for finding good resources, however compiling a list of books can get unwieldy quick. WARFTW alone would contribute like 40 books just on the Battle of Kursk.	[ "The book, written in the satirical paper's editorial voice, contains entries for nearly every country on Earth, including detailed maps, feature articles, and humorous stereotyped descriptions of regional history and customs. For example, Romania's entry is subtitled, \"Bram Stoker's Romania.\"\n", "The book com...
the congressional vote to repeal no child left behind, and the impact it will have on the federal push for common core standards implementation.	Remember during the Bush administration when a school's funding was to be based on test scores, and all the kids who failed the tests still got to move on to the next grade? That was no child left behind. Now that they are finally acknowledging our failing education system, they want to make kids pass the tests in ord...	[ "The No Child Left Behind Act(NCLB) legislation was signed by President Bush in January 2002 and dramatically expanded federal influence over the nation's more than 90,000 public schools. The main implications of this legislation was states had to conduct annual student assessments linked to state standards to iden...
Can light waves experience interference?	Yes, one of the most well known phenomena is [two slit interference](_URL_0_)	[ "Interference of light is a common phenomenon that can be explained classically by the superposition of waves, however a deeper understanding of light interference requires knowledge of wave-particle duality of light which is due to quantum mechanics. Prime examples of light interference are the famous double-slit ...
For some species of ant, like Army Ants, what determines whether they become a small worker, a large soldier, a male, or a queen? Is it random or do queen ants choose which profession ants will be when they lay the eggs?	It depends on the species, but among many species of ants the caste that an egg develops into is based on differences in nutrition received through care and feeding by other ants as the larvae develops -- not by anything that the queen does.	[ "Not all ants follow the basic pattern described above. In army ants only males are alates, having wings. They fly out from their parent colony in search of other colonies where wingless virgin queens wait for them. A colony with an old queen and one or more mated young queens then divides, each successful queen ta...
how are professionals able to spot counterfeit signatures if a person can't sign their name exactly the same each time?	It's more about finding consistent patterns than about finding perfectly consistent shapes to each figure. Maybe the signer does wide, loopy lowercase L's. They won't all be exactly the same, but they're always wide and loopy. If the L on a signature is thin and stunted, then it casts doubt on the signature. Maybe ...	[ "While many people sign their names enough that it becomes very routine, it is still an important skill to have. A \"false signature\", forgery, is a punishable by law offense. Writing a check, signing a credit slip, signing a marriage certificate, and signing an apartment lease are just a few of the occasions when...
why is low blood pressure and a low heart rate good, if that means that your heart is pumping less often and not pushing as hard?	As long as your body functions normally at a lower pressure or pulse, that means it's doing what it needs to with less effort and less strain that could be damaging over time. It also means there is more room for pressure or pulse to increase later in life without necessarily becoming a problem. But there are people ...	[ "Some heart conditions can lead to low blood pressure, including extremely low heart rate (bradycardia), heart valve problems, heart attack and heart failure. These conditions may cause low blood pressure because they prevent the body from being able to circulate enough blood.\n", "When the heart beats excessivel...
How did Buddhist-majority nations reconcile state violence (wars and so on) with Buddhist precepts of non-violence? Did they bother to do so?	Interestingly enough, I did a paper on this very question in my bachelor (comparative religion). My case study was Sri Lanka, but I'll give examples from other nations here as well, for a more 'universal' approach. There are three means of reconciliation of violence and Buddhism I will distinguish here. Incidentally,...	[ "Buddhism and violence refers to acts of violence and aggression committed by Buddhists with religious, political, or socio-cultural motivations, as well as self-inflicted violence by ascetics or for religious purposes. Buddhism is generally seen as among the religious traditions least associated with violence. How...
i try to light my gas stove, but it doesn't light. i smell the gas several seconds later. i turn on another one, and that ones lights. why doesn't that flame blow my house up?	They put bitterants in the gas that humans are extremely sensitive to. You smell amazingly small traces of it. You need a decent amount to get a decent bang. Certainly you could do some damage if you were trying but the gas needed for the stove for a few seconds isn't really that dangerous. Be safe and give a bit ...	[ "BULLET::::- Gasifier stoves force the gases and smoke that result from incomplete combustion of fuels such as biomass back into the cookstove's flame, where the heat of the flame then continues to combust the particles in the smoke until almost complete combustion has occurred, reducing emissions. Typical gasifier...
Why are water droplets equal distance apart?	Imagine instead of liquid water, we have the flow of identical marbles out of a spigot. That is, one successive marble after the other with the same initial horizontal velocity. The time between successive marbles starting to fall will be constant, let's call it Δt. All marbles will follow the same trajectory, so the...	[ "When a single stream of water hits a surface the water must go somewhere, and because the stream is uniform the water will tend to go mostly in the same direction. If a single stream hits a surface which is curved, then the stream will conform to the shape and be easily redirected with the force of the volume of w...
What was the siege of Malta significance in WW2 and what are some good sources to read on the subject?	Malta had a great strategic significance for the British in the Mediterranean, as a result of its geographical position. Being in the centre of the Mediterranean, aircraft, ships and submarines based there could interdict any shipping trying to move past it. This proved to be especially valuable, as it controlled the s...	[ "The Siege of Malta began on 11 June 1940 following Italy's entry into the war. The island was dependent on supply convoys fighting their way through from Gibraltar or Alexandria, and meanwhile, the garrison and people were subjected to some of the heaviest bombing of the war for a period of over two years. For its...
What are the consequences of significantly skewed gender ratio among human population? Are there any documented cases?	Check out [this article on missing women of Asia](_URL_0_) and China's [one-child policy](_URL_1_), both of which outline actual cases of sex disparity and consequences of such.	[ "Although there is significant evidence of the prevalence of sex-selective abortions in many nations (especially India and China), there is also evidence to suggest that some of the variation in global sex ratios is due to disparate access to resources. As MacPherson (2007) notes, there can be significant differenc...
Why does Israel exist?	> I will fully admit I am coming from a place of relative ignorance here but my uninformed understanding is that sometime following WWII, the U.N. created the state of Israel The UN did not create Israel. It proposed a partition of what was known as the British Mandate for Palestine, originally envisioned as a Jewish...	[ "Israel was established as a homeland for the Jewish people and is often referred to as the Jewish state. Israel's Declaration of Independence specifically called for the establishment of a Jewish state with equality of social and political rights, irrespective of religion, race, or sex. The notion that Israel shou...
On average, how accurate is the modern ascribing of medical conditions to historical figures?	Even in situations where an accurate diagnosis can be made, the utility of this kind of diagnosis can be questionable. All diseases are, to some extent, culture-bound. How we interpret and feel about symptoms and treatments, and how those feelings and interpretations inform our actions are directly tied to what we bel...	[ "His landmark paper \"Phthisiologica, seu exercitationes de phthisi libris comprehensae. Totumque opus variis histories illustratum\" was published in Latin in 1689, with an English translation appearing in 1694. A second English edition was published in 1720. Its significance is partly due to the disease receiving...
Darwin's use of "Natural Selection"	Is there a question here? I'm having a little trouble figuring out what kind of answer you're looking for.	[ "Darwin thought of natural selection by analogy to how farmers select crops or livestock for breeding, which he called \"artificial selection\"; in his early manuscripts he referred to a \"Nature\" which would do the selection. At the time, other mechanisms of evolution such as evolution by genetic drift were not y...
if sugar is so bad why should i eat fruit? what does it give me that vegetables don't?	It's not that sugar is bad; it's that sugars in certain capacities are bad. If you drink a soda that has 20g of sugar, those 20g of sugar are going to be immediately and instantaneously absorbed by your body. On the other hand, let's say you eat a piece of fruit that contains 20g of sugar - that sugar will be digested...	[ "A 2003 World Health Organization technical report provided evidence that high intake of sugary drinks (including fruit juice) increased the risk of obesity by adding to overall energy intake. By itself, sugar is not a factor causing obesity and metabolic syndrome, but rather – when over-consumed – is a component o...
what is a virtual cpu ?	> Virtual CPUs or vCPU are the brand name of NetLogic for its SMT implementation, like Intels HyperThreading. The concept is easy: For each CPU core you have several vCPU's, which are simulated and share the hardware of the one core. The software that runs on such a architecture "sees" x vCPU's altough there are only ...	[ "General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU, rarely GPGP) is the use of a graphics processing unit (GPU), which typically handles computation only for computer graphics, to perform computation in applications traditionally handled by the central processing unit (CPU). The use of multiple video ca...
When I viciously rip a leaf off of a tree during Spring months such as April, what exactly happens to the tree?	Assuming you didn't tear some of the bark and only ripped off the leaf, the tree will simply seal off that area via the [abcission layer](_URL_0_). Trees don't heal, they seal; leaves are shed in the fall by this same mechanism. While auxin is produced in the leaf the abcission layer will not seal off the leaf stem, bu...	[ "In the opening of the final chapter, \"Death\", the tree is 550 years old and stands 80 meters (260 feet) tall. Under the weight of too much snow accumulating on the canopy mat, a branch breaks off. Stresses from a long winter with a dry summer weaken the tree's immune system. The exposed area where the branch bro...
why aren't we always hungry for the things that our body needs most?	You are hungry for specific things. That's why you crave certain foods sometimes. Your body is used to nutrients being in that food so it tells you to eat that food.	[ "There is no single explanation for food cravings, and explanations range from low serotonin levels affecting the brain centers for appetite to production of endorphins as a result of consuming fats and carbohydrates.\n", "Commonly people have an appetite for meat or eggs, high protein foods. But these may be exp...
why are there free refills for soft drinks in the us?	In the US refills are free because soft drinks are commonly dispensed from fountain machines. A 12oz soft drink from a fountain costs the restaurant almost nothing, typically less than a penny. So restaurants see free refills as a perk they can offer with only a tiny cost to themselves that might encourage patrons to s...	[ "Free refills are seen as a good way to attract customers to an establishment, especially one whose beverages are not their primary source of income. Due to the extremely low cost of fountain soft drinks (especially the beverage itself, not including the cost of the cup, lid and straw), often offering a profit marg...
how does prison labor work?	In my prison, as an example, the guys who work in the dining facility start out at 40c an hour. The guys who work in the welding shop start out at 60c an hour. The guys who work in the wood shop get 45c an hour, but can get a bonus of up to $25 dollars depending on what they build. Inmates who stay with a job long enou...	[ "A labor camp (or labour, see spelling differences) or work camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment under the criminal code. Labour camps have many common aspects with slavery and with prisons (especially prison farms). Conditions at labor ca...
Are there any lifeforms that have evolved exclusively on land and never began from water?	Not sure what you mean there. If you trace back the lineage of all known life forms further and futher back, eventually they all had ancestors that lived in the water. (E.g. for Homo sapiens - _URL_0_) If you're just looking back one or two evolutionary steps, then of course the r...	[ "Recent studies showcase that ambulocetids were fully aquatic like modern cetaceans, possessing a similar thoracic morphology and being unable to support their weight on land. This suggests that complete abandonment of the land evolved much earlier among cetaceans than previously thought.\n", "Most life forms evo...
Roman (and other classical) political graffiti--what's the deal with it?	> In I, Claudius, I think there's a major plot element where Claudius freaks out about seeing his name written upside down Not quite. Part of the plot involves Germanicus, Caligula's superstitious father, being terrorised by defacements of his name and other omens, which turn out to be the doing of Caligula.	[ "More than simply text and thought, Roman graffiti give insight into the use of space and how people interacted within it. Studying the motivation behind the marks reveals a trend for the graffiti to be located where people spend time and pass most frequently as they move through a space. Common places for graffiti...
why does steam always have to install microsoft c++ redistributable 2005 when i install a game?	In case it isn't already there. It isn't part of the operating system (Windows XP, say, was released in 2001 so isn't going to have something released in 2005). Since the game needs it, it is going to be installed. Why do all games need it? Because it contains all the basic building blocks of the C++ language w...	[ "The game also drew praise for its high-performing engine, which enables the game to run on previous-generation hardware; the minimum system requirements for CPU on Steam are stated simply as \"Anything made since 2004\" and the game supports Windows XP despite Microsoft having discontinued support for that operati...
what's the difference between a war and a 'cold war'?	The cold war was a period where neither side liked each other, but both were too afraid of the consequences to fight an actual war against each other (since both had nuclear weaponry). The cold war involved spies, propaganda, arms races, foreign coups, supplying aid to terrorist groups attacking your enemy, supporting ...	[ "A cold war is a state of conflict between nations that does \"not\" involve direct military action but is pursued primarily through economic and political actions, propaganda, acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates. This term is most commonly used to refer to the Soviet-American Cold War. The surrogat...
why do cars stop/stall when they are spun around?	Cars can stall when the car is in drive and the car is spun and the tires start to roll in the opposite way that the gear is supposed to be rolling, thus making the gears go the wrong way. If you have enough power and are spun, and keep your foot on the gas and the tires are spinning forward still, the car wont stall, ...	[ "Once the vehicle is rotating sufficiently rapidly, its angular momentum of rotation can overcome the stabilizing influence of the tires (either braking or skidding), and the rotation will continue even if the wheels are centered or past the point that the vehicle is controlled. This can be caused by some tires loc...
Are we bound to get cancer if we don't die from something else before that?	Pretty much yes. Cancer is an unavoidable consequence of evolution. A multicellular organism is a colony of cells that work in concert for one common goal. As we have evolved our cells have developed mechanisms to make sure all the cells divide and grow as complying members of the whole. Still, an individual cell tha...	[ "With the right medical help, cancer doesn't have to be a death sentence. Those who can afford it travel to other countries to pay for their treatment and care. Those who can't are left to suffer and die.\n", "Treatment and survival is determined, to a great extent, by whether or not a cancer remains localized or...
If you could theoretically survive on Venus, would you be floating in mid-air?	Density, not pressure is the key point for buoyancy. According to wiki, > The density of the air at the surface is 67 kg/m3, which is 6.5% that of liquid water on Earth. So while the air is 50 times denser than Earth's air, it's still like 15-20 times less dense than the human body, so you won't float.	[ "Although there is little possibility of existing life near the surface of Venus, the altitudes about 50 km above the surface have a mild temperature, and hence there are still some opinions in favor of such a possibility in the atmosphere of Venus.\n", "The fact that Venus is located closer to the Sun than Earth...
why do some armies use chevrons and others use inverted chevrons? is it simply a stylistic choice or does it have some significance?	I dont exactly know where it came from, but from an educated guess it could be left over from the use of heraldry when it was used to show a particular family association, or even a throw back to the Spartans who used a lambda (Λ) on their shields. Of course if you read the da vinci code, you'd know its a penis.	[ "At the earliest times, military insignias were very simple. Tree branches, mauled birds, heads of beasts, or a handful of dry grass, were placed on top of a pole or long stick, so that the combatants could recognize themselves in the fight, or to signpost a meeting place in retreat or defeat. But as the arts of wa...
how to patent an invention idea and get rich.	tl;dr: patents are not the way to go for an inventor It is said, that every good idea for a product is worth negative one million dollars. Why? Because you have to invest a significant amount of money until you can get any profit from it (prototypes, testing, tooling for production machines, investment in raw material...	[ "[T]this could be done best, by giving the public at large a right to make, construct, use, and vend the thing invented, at as early a period as possible, having a due regard to the rights of the inventor. If an inventor should be permitted to hold back from the knowledge of the public the secrets of his invention;...
how do fraternities work? do they serve any real function to the university?	Benefits to University: - Provides a social network for students who join. - Provides social and extracurricular events for students without the need for university resources. - Provides opportunities for students to gain experience holding leadership positions. - Often provides housing, which can be limited on som...	[ "In the context of the North American student fraternity and sorority system, service fraternities and service sororities comprise a type of organization whose \"primary\" purpose is community service. Members of these organizations are not restricted from joining other types of fraternities. This may be contrasted...
Why would decreasing the extracellular concentration of Na+ cause the membrane potential to increase (get more negative)?	To start with, your terminology is out. Getting more negative is a decrease in membrane potential. But it is quite confusing, that's why we always try to say depolarize or hyperpolarize. In response to your question, it is a little hard to know why in YOUR simulation changing [Na+]o (extracellular sodium concentration...	[ "As can be derived from the Goldman equation shown above, the effect of increasing the permeability of a membrane to a particular type of ion shifts the membrane potential toward the reversal potential for that ion. Thus, opening Na channels shifts the membrane potential toward the Na reversal potential, which is u...
Why was Unit 731 commissioned and did Japan ever intend on using their "research"?	You can get the US gov't documents here. _URL_0_ Pages 32-34 and 46-49 gives summaries of the activities during the investigation. Pages 53-55 gives a Q & A of Unit 731 in 1995. It's a US gov't report so it's very concerned about what happened to US PoWs. You should read the documents for yourself but here's my su...	[ ", also referred to as Detachment 731, the 731 Regiment, Manshu Detachment 731, The Kamo Detachment, or the Ishii Company, was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–19...
In general, how were utilities (plumbing, electricity, gas) handled in the United States during the late 19th and 20th centuries?	The modern induction type electromechanical watt-hour meter was invented for the Westinghouse corporation in 1894. Prior to that there were several different designs for metering electricity running back to Samuel Gardiner who invented a meter that measured how long electricity was applied to the load (it didn't measu...	[ "The 1860s saw the creation of a public water system providing firefighters with a source of water carried via wooden mains that could be accessed by boring a hole in them. Each of the pumpers carried a short pipe that was designed to be pushed into the hole to deliver water.\n", "In the United States it became a...
why does coconut oil and other oils soak into some people's skin, and sit on top of others?	Now that you mention it...Coconut oil will absorb on my upper body but just sits on my legs. It doesn't even help with the ash. You can see the ash under the oil if you look closely.	[ "Many health organizations advise against the consumption of coconut oil due to its high levels of saturated fat, including the United States Food and Drug Administration, World Health Organization, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, American Dietetic Association, American Heart Association,...
If stars emit light and planets don't, how do we discover new planets? Their reflection of their nearest stars?	[Wobble and transit.](_URL_0_) In the first one, the gravitational effects of a planet-sun coupling cause a "wobble" that permits detection from afar. In the second one, the planet's orbit is such that it goes between the distant star and the observer; this 'transit' blocks some of the light on a regular basis.	[ "Planets are extremely faint light sources compared to stars, and what little light comes from them tends to be lost in the glare from their parent star. So in general, it is very difficult to detect and resolve them directly from their host star. Planets orbiting far enough from stars to be resolved reflect very l...
Why do objects in space tumble when rotated on a certain axis?	Objects will appear to "tumble" if they are not being rotated about one of their three "principle axes." If you rotate an object about some arbitrary axis, then the angular momentum vector will not, in general, be in the same direction as the rotation vector. Because the angular momentum vector must be conserved, the...	[ "This is a list of tumblers, minor planets, comets and natural satellites that rotate on a non-principal axis, commonly known as \"tumbling\" or \"wobbling\". As of 2018, there are 3 natural satellites and 198 confirmed or likely tumblers out of a total of nearly 800,000 discovered small Solar System bodies. The da...
why does it seem like coca cola is sold in nearly every country of the world, even underdeveloped ones, but bottled water seems hard to come by?	Bottled water is available there also, but you hardly hear about it because bottled water doesn't have the marketing budget of a small country like Coca Cola pumps into marketing for it's Soft Drinks.	[ "The U.S. is the second largest consumer market for bottled water in the world, followed by Mexico, Indonesia, and Brazil. China surpassed the United States to take the lead in 2013. In 2016, bottled water outsold carbonated soft drinks (by volume) to become the number one packaged beverage in the U.S. In 2018, bot...
Why does traditional Japanese architecture only rarely use stone structures?	hi! additional input is welcome, but meanwhile, you may be interested in responses to these earlier questions * [Why are Japanese castles built of wood as opposed to stone?](_URL_5_) * [What military value did Japanese castles have, compared to European castles?](_URL_3_) * [Why didn't Asians build castles like the ...	[ "Japanese architects have designed a way to build temples, furniture, and homes without using screws or nails. To keep the piece together joints are constructed to hold everything in place. However, more time consuming, joints tend to hold up to natural disasters better than nails and screws, which is how some temp...
what is depression and how do i deal with a friend that has it?	I dealt with depression for a while and to be honest it was worse than any other physical pain I've ever experienced. It is something that is definitely overlooked or seen as not a big deal by a large part of our society because people don't understand it. While you will need to take what I say with a grain of salt, ...	[ "Depression is a symptom of some physical diseases; a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments; and a symptom of some mood disorders such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia. Physical causes are ruled out with a clinical assessment of depression that measures vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, and horm...
we’re all told that using phones while they’re charging is bad. can anyone of the good people here tell me why?	Who told you that? It increases the amount of time it takes to charge, but is otherwise fine.	[ "In a number of cases it has been shown that bans on mobile use while driving have proven to be an effective way to deter people from picking up their phones. Those violating the ban usually face fines and points on their licence. Although an initial decrease/alteration in driving habits is to be expected. As time ...
Searching for books about Current Elites in Korea (~ < 50 yrs) for research. Any recommendations? (x/post /r/korea)	I've done research on Korea from an economic perspective (looking at how political changes and actions were central to development), but there's some overlap with you want so here's a few papers that might be a good starting point. If you are looking for specific individuals then these papers won't be much help, but if...	[ "The \"Daehan Gyenyeonsa\" (A History of the Final Years of the Empire of Great Han of Korea) is, as the title indicates, a history of the final forty years of Korea's Joseon dynasty (after 1898 known as the Empire of Great Han). It was penned by a minor government official and member of the Korean enlightenment mo...
even if we could terraform mars, wouldn't its lack of magnetic field mean cosmic radiation would continually bombard whatever is living on the surface?	Radiation doesn't just blast the surface with cancer rays, it also whisks away the atmosphere. Mar's atmosphere is very thin and complex life that we have on Earth cannot survive (it is called the Armstrong Limit).	[ "In 1965, the Mariner 4 probe discovered that Mars had no global magnetic field that would protect the planet from potentially life-threatening cosmic radiation and solar radiation; observations made in the late 1990s by the Mars Global Surveyor confirmed this discovery. Scientists speculate that the lack of magnet...
Did the U.S. experience any diplomatic fallout due to non-Japanese casualties of the atomic bombs?	I haven't really looked into the diplomatic fallout, though the issue did surface from time to time in the press. I know of nothing specific on this, but that doesn't mean anything (other than, maybe, the idea that it isn't something that has been written a lot about — but that doesn't mean it didn't exist). As for "...	[ "After the use of the bombs, American journalists traveled to the devastated areas and documented the horrors they saw. This raised moral concerns and the necessity of the attack. The motives of President Harry Truman, the United States Army Air Force (USAAF), and the United States Navy came under suspicion, and th...
How does your body remove excess salt from your body on a physiological level?	Excess salt doesn't really go into your cells, because you have a pump that pumps it out in exchange for pumping potassium into the cell. If large quantities of excess salt went into the cell, osmosis would, in fact, pull water into the cell causing it to swell and eventually burst. Instead, the salt remains in your p...	[ "Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out) is an effect based on the electrolyte–non-electrolyte interaction, in which the non-electrolyte could be less soluble at high salt concentrations. It is used as a...
Does anyone have book recommendations covering the Battle of the Aisne (WW1)?	The Aisne is at the center of my research, and I feel your pain. There's not much out there. In the grand scheme of things, overviews of the 1914 campaign tend to view the Aisne as the final stage of the Marne. To historians of the French and British armies, it represents the Entente's inability to exploit the gap be...	[ "Derek Robinson's novel \"War Story\" is about the fictional Hornet Squadron flying the F.E.2b, and later the F.E.2d, giving an account of flying the fighter in the months leading up to the Battle of the Somme.\n", "The book is a description of the battlefield front-line from which the British Army attacked on th...
When Did Black Canadians Gain the Vote in Canada?	I've found a bunch of sources saying it was on the 24th of March 1837, at least for Lower Canada, but none of them tie into usable links, actual documents or even elaborate...	[ "Following the abolition of slavery in the British empire in 1834, any black man born a British subject or who become a British subject was allowed to vote and run for office, provided that they owned taxable property. The property requirement on voting in Canada was not ended until 1920. Black Canadian women like ...
How did the KKK become anti-semitic? I've read before that older members of the KKK claim that it wasn't anti-semitic initially, but that became part of the organisation's ideology over time. How and when did this happen?	Follow up question: Could this have been influenced by Nazism?	[ "Vehemently anti-Catholic, the 1915 Klan had an explicitly Protestant Christian terrorist ideology, basing its beliefs in part on a \"religious foundation\" in Protestant Christianity and targeting Jews, Catholics, and other social or ethnic minorities, as well as people who engaged in \"immoral\" practices such as...
why have some languages like spanish kept the pronunciation of the written language so that it can still be read phonetically, while spoken english deviated so much from the original spelling?	English did not originally have fixed spelling. People would spell words however they thought it sounded. This means that spelling varied from person to person and region to region. Also, due to being made of bits of several languages all smushed together often retaining parts of the original language's rules, there...	[ "However, some Spanish speakers are concerned that this proposal is unlikely to be adopted, since the Spanish language does not distinguish and from and respectively, and most of its speakers would therefore not even notice a difference in pronunciation.\n", "Peculiar to Spanish (as well as to the neighboring Gas...
Why were most of the popular ancient literature written in verse?	I think there is a flaw in your question, or at least several problematic assumptions about literature, ancient and modern. Let's take your examples. Firstly, the Bible contain significant portions of poetry (Psalms, large portions of the Prophetic books), but it is not all poetry, and it is not even mostly poetry. ...	[ "The Greeks created poetry before making use of writing for literary purposes. Poems created in the Preclassical period were meant to be sung or recited (writing was little known before the 7th century BC). Most poems focused on myths, legends that were part folktale and part religion. Tragedies and comedies emerge...
How long before a nuclear weapon is incapable of producing a nuclear explosion?	So the uranium 235 bombs required 56 kg of uranium. For an actual nuclear weapon (not a dirty bomb) about 85% of uranium must be weapons grade (not decayed). Soo.. Using formula N(t) = N e^ (-(half life)(t)) where N(t) = 85% * 56 = 47.6 N = 56 half life constant = 9.72*10^-10 atoms per year t = 1.67201x10^8 years! A ...	[ "Meanwhile, Pryce investigated how long a runaway nuclear chain reaction in an atomic bomb would continue before it blew itself apart. He calculated that since the neutrons produced by fission have an energy of about this corresponded to a speed of . The major part of the chain reaction would be completed in the or...
When did people start to identify more with skin color rather than language/culture.	Hi there -- you may be interested in [this recent answer](_URL_0_) from u/sowser, in which they go into some detail about how race is constructed through the experience of the Transatlantic slave trade. The whole thing is worth a read, but constructions of race are in part 4.	[ "The historical context for the emergence in the Americas of racial identities based upon skin color was the establishment of colonies which developed a plantation economy dependent upon slave labor. Before that, the British identified themselves as Christians rather than white. \"At the start of the eighteenth cen...
If you were to theoretically use a microwave to heat a freeze dried food product in an environment with 0% humidity, what would the outcome be?	A microwave oven will cause any molecule with dipoles to 'vibrate.' This includes water but also includes fats and sugars, so it would still heat up.	[ "Microwave ovens are frequently used for reheating leftover food, and bacterial contamination may not be repressed if the safe temperature is not reached, resulting in foodborne illness, as with all inadequate reheating methods. While microwaves can destroy bacteria as well as conventional ovens, they do not cook a...
it takes 11 minutes of hypoxia for the brain to die, but yet you can kill a man by strangling him much less. how come?	Strangling someone where pressure is put on the blood vessels in the neck can cause feedback to the heart which can cause it to go into cardiac arrest (gentle massage to the carotid is used to slow down rapid heartbeats). If done properly that can be done in only seconds. The person still takes a while to die but the...	[ "At the onset of clinical death, consciousness is lost within several seconds. Measurable brain activity stops within 20 to 40 seconds. Irregular gasping may occur during this early time period, and is sometimes mistaken by rescuers as a sign that CPR is not necessary. During clinical death, all tissues and organs ...
How far does the effect of time dilation "spread" from an object traveling at relativistic speeds?	No, it doesn't affect your clock at all (except an incredibly tiny amount of gravitational time dilation, which I don't think is what you're talking about and certainly isn't important for the discussion.) In special relativity, time dilation is not a 'field' or localized effect. It's just a thing that happens to obje...	[ "Relativistic time dilation means that a clock (indicating its proper time) that moves relative to an observer is observed to run slower. In fact, time itself in the frame of the moving clock is observed to run slower. This can be read immediately from the adjoining Loedel diagram quite straightforwardly because un...
During the height of the Cathar movement, what were gender relations like among the Cather Christians? Did their theology translate into women having a more equal status in society?	Catharism is a well-studied topic, and while you are waiting for fresh responses to your question, it is well worth reviewing [this earlier thread](_URL_0_), led by u/sunagainstgold, which looks at the the history and historiography of the supposed heresy, and points out that our understanding of "Catharism" is really ...	[ "Sociologist Linda L. Lindsey says \"Belief in the spiritual equality of the genders (Galatians 3:28) and Jesus' inclusion of women in prominent roles, led the early New Testament church to recognize women's contributions to charity, evangelism and teaching.\" Pliny the Younger, first century, says in his letter to...
Why does the reflection in a shallow pond change depending on the viewing angle?	The answer you seek lies in [Fresnel Equations](_URL_0_). While Snell's Law (n1 Sin[theta1] = n2 Sin[theta2]) will tell you about the angle of refraction compared to the angle of incidence, you need Fresnel equations to tell you how much light is refracted vs how much is transmitted. Take a look at [this image](_UR...	[ "A similar effect can be observed by opening one's eyes while swimming just below the water's surface. If the water is calm, the surface outside the critical angle (measured from the vertical) appears mirror-like, reflecting objects below. The region above the water cannot be seen except overhead, where the hemisph...
the process and significance of "making partner" in a law firm	It takes anywhere from 2 to 10 years to make partner at an average law firm (sometimes longer). In order to be considered for a partner position (while working as an associate), you usually need to work very hard and contribute a lot to your firm's business. It helps if you can pull a lot of all-nighters, find new clie...	[ "4) Partners are Mutual Agents.The business of firm can be carried on by all or any of them for all. Any partner has authority to bind the firm. Act of any one partner is binding on all the partners. Thus, each partner is ‘agent’ of all the remaining partners. Hence, partners are ‘mutual agents’. Section 18 of the ...
the corruption in illinois.	If you're looking for a simple answer, you're not going to find one. The various motivations and relationships between corruption, politics, and power is an extremely complex issue that can be interpreted through multiple lenses. Aside from what you can easily read on the relevant Wikipedia articles, there's a deeper s...	[ "Corruption in Illinois has been a problem from the earliest history of the state. Electoral fraud in Illinois pre-dates the territory's admission to the Union in 1818, Illinois was the third most corrupt state in the country, after New York and California, judging by federal public corruption convictions between 1...
why do phone carriers (verizon, etc) have a say in the release of updates for android phones, but not iphones?	iPhones are a locked ecosystem. The software & hardware is produced by them and therefore updates are pushed out whenever they want independent of the carrier. Android is an operating system that runs on other peoples hardware ... The hardware manufacturer has a deal with the carriers, the carrier sells their phone...	[ "The continued top popularity of the iPhone despite growing Android competition was also attributed to Apple being able to deliver iOS updates over the air, while Android updates are frequently impeded by carrier testing requirements and hardware tailoring, forcing consumers to purchase a new Android smartphone to ...
What did Paul Mattick mean when he said that Marx was a Socialist and not an economist?	I am not Marxian nor Marxist in anyways so my views would not be reflective of these sorts of views. That being said... the context of this quote and of the author is important. > It is often asserted that while Marx's theory transcends bourgeois economic theory in order to solve "economic problems" that cannot be...	[ "After arriving at his new professorship in Atlanta, Du Bois wrote a series of articles generally supportive of Marxism. He was not a strong proponent of labor unions or the Communist Party, but he felt that Marx's scientific explanation of society and the economy were useful for explaining the situation of African...
Do all species eventually face extinction?	So I hesitate to answer your question, because it enters more of a philosophical realm to truly answer it. What you're asking is basically: 1) Can species remain indefinitely? 2) Are all species subject to extinction? I break these up because they require different answers, which are: 1) sorta 2) Yeah When we see r...	[ "There are a variety of causes that can contribute directly or indirectly to the extinction of a species or group of species. \"Just as each species is unique\", write Beverly and Stephen C. Stearns, \"so is each extinction ... the causes for each are varied—some subtle and complex, others obvious and simple\". Mos...
when drinking water, what is the mechanism that decides if the water will go to the bladder or be absorbed?	The water is absorbed. The water that goes to your bladder is excreted by the kidneys as it filters your blood.	[ "As water is pumped out, the bladder's walls are sucked inwards by the partial vacuum created, and any dissolved material inside the bladder becomes more concentrated. The sides of the bladder bend inwards, storing potential energy like a spring. Eventually, no more water can be extracted, and the bladder trap is '...
how can they prove paedophilia, such as rolf harris, decades after the offences?	They usually take statements and try to corroborate them with accused testimony alibi. I watched a case link to Jimmy Saville where the women described a wall covered in graffiti where she was raped, years later they took new wall paper down and it was still there, all names of underage girls and their phone numbers. ...	[ "On 30 July 2014, the board of the National Trust of Australia (NSW) voted to remove Rolf Harris from the list after his conviction on 12 charges of indecent assault between 1969 and 1986 and to also withdraw the award. Harris had been among the original 100 Australians selected for the honour in 1997.\n", "The S...
Is it possible that our universe exists within something else? Where can I find more information about this?	There are a few things you should know: 1. Science is based on observation, not conjecture. An idea is worthless if it has no evidence to uphold it. 2. We observe things that are very far away by detecting the light they emit. 3. For things that are very, very, very far away (say, at the other edge of the unive...	[ "\"There are clear unknowables in science—reasonable questions that, unless currently accepted laws of nature are violated, we cannot find answers to. One example is the multiverse: the conjecture that our universe is but one among a multitude of others, each potentially with a different set of laws of nature. Othe...
why do people constantly encourage others to vote, when 90% of the public are uneducated about the topics they are voting about?	You are right, in principle, that people probably shouldn't vote if they don't know what they're doing. But obtaining a basic overview of issues and candidates is not hard--someone who is encouraged to vote is more likely to educate themselves in this way than someone who does not vote. Besides, a great many people who...	[ "One reason cited for why children and the mentally disabled are not permitted to vote in elections is that they are too intellectually immature to understand voting issues. This view is echoed in concerns about the adult voting population, with observers citing concern for a decrease in 'civic virtue' and 'social ...
How big of a nuclear bomb would be needed to disrupt or destroy a massive wedge Tornado?	That is one of the coolest questions I've ever seen.	[ "As a comparison, the blast yield of the GBU-43 Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb is 0.011 kt, and that of the Oklahoma City bombing, using a truck-based fertilizer bomb, was 0.002 kt. Most artificial non-nuclear explosions are considerably smaller than even what are considered to be very small nuclear weapons.\n", ...
what was building 7? why do conspiracy theorists use it as an example? what is the "real explanation" behind its collapse? what do the theorists think happened?	The World Trade Center was a complex of seven buildings. The twin towers were 1 WTC and 2 WTC. Four other buildings were on the same block, and 7 WTC was across the street. While only the twin towers were struck by planes, their collapse caused substantial, irreperable damage to all the other buildings part of the WTC...	[ "The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) concluded the accepted version was more than sufficient to explain the collapse of the buildings. NIST and many scientists refuse to debate conspiracy theorists because they feel it would give those theories unwarranted credibility. Specialists in structura...
Why were entertainers looked down on in Ancient Rome?	First, disclaimer: Ancient Rome is not my area for this (China is) but I have dug into this a little in my reading. Both prostitutes and actors were classified legally as infamesin Augustus’ moral legislation. This was in part because they were viewed as faking emotions for money, and both groups also engaged in cro...	[ "Like gladiators, entertainers were \"infames\" in the eyes of the law, little better than slaves even if they were technically free. \"Stars\", however, could enjoy considerable wealth and celebrity, and mingled socially and often sexually with the upper classes, including emperors. Performers supported each other...
How were the Romans able to field much larger armies than Medieval Europe?	Firstly, keep in mind that the ancient armies you are describing were fielded by what were essentially ancient superpowers. At the time of the Punic Wars, the Carthaginians held an empire that controlled the western Mediterranean, spanning much of North Africa and Spain. Similarly, when you look at the various Persian ...	[ "Until the time of Napoleon, European states employed relatively small armies, made up of both national soldiers and mercenaries. These regulars were highly drilled professional soldiers. Ancien Régime armies could only deploy small field armies due to rudimentary staffs and comprehensive yet cumbersome logistics. ...
Did the UK have any options at the start of World War I other than to commit a land army?	Not really; for one thing, with Britain now at war, the staff talks with the French Army came into play, wherein the British would despatch an expeditionary force to assist them in fighting the Germans. Plus, the immediate reason for British involvement was the Invasion of Belgium, so the British could hardly be seen t...	[ "Such settlement plans initially began during World War I, with South Australia first enacting legislation in 1915. Similar schemes gained impetus across Australia in February 1916 when a conference of representatives from the Commonwealth and all States was held in Melbourne to consider a report prepared by the Fe...
What's the difference between an endosome and lysosome?	My understanding is that all material that's internalised by a cell starts as an endosome. If this material is destined for degradation, it becomes a lysosome. I.e., an endosome is a step on the way to lysosome.	[ "An endosome is a membrane-bound compartment inside a eukaryotic cell. It is an organelle of the endocytic membrane transport pathway originating from the trans Golgi network. Molecules or ligands internalized from the plasma membrane can follow this pathway all the way to lysosomes for degradation, or they can be ...
why do children dislike the taste of alcohol so much?	Who likes the taste of alchohol?	[ "Taste preferences and eating behaviors in children are molded at a young age by factors, such as parents' habits and advertisements. One study compared what adults and children considered when choosing beverages. For the most part, adults considered whether beverages had sugar, caffeine, and additives. Some of the...
Are Tardigrades susceptible to viral and/or bacterial infection? Can they get ‘sick’?	In addition to the fungi u/drkirienko mentions, tardigrades also clearly act as hosts for various bacteria. However, it's more difficult to say which of these are beneficial, neutral, or antagonistic to their hosts. This is a little tangentially related to your question, but it's an interesting story nonetheless. Wh...	[ "Parasitic infections include trichomoniasis, pediculosis pubis, and scabies. Trichomoniasis is transmitted by a parasitic protozoan and is the most common non-viral STI. Most cases are asymptomatic but may present symptoms of irritation and a discharge of unusual odor. Pediculosis pubis commonly called \"crabs\", ...
In fiction, the gamma radiation (esp. from nuclear weapons) is usually depicted with a greenish, yellowish colour, and often makes objects glow. Does this occur in real life?	You can also look at the aurora borealis, which is caused by interaction of fast electrons (beta radiation) with the molecules in the atmosphere. The different molecules give off different colors after being excited by interaction with the electrons. In fiction (movies) you have the problem that the viewer needs to be...	[ "A gamma ray, or gamma radiation (symbol γ or formula_1), is a penetrating electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves and so imparts the highest photon energy. Paul Villard, a French chemist and physicist, discovered ga...
When and why did the "corporation" become the dominant business entity in America, when all of the great gilded age companies were organized as "trusts?"	I'm not sure I agree with the premise. The corporation's popularity spread with the growth of railroads: large undertakings, needing lots of investors, operating over large areas, usually with some years before any dividends would accrue—and most importantly, whose operations were inherently dangerous. Investors natu...	[ "Robert E. Wright argues in \"Corporation Nation\" (2014) that the governance of early U.S. corporations, of which over 20,000 existed by the Civil War of 1861-1865, was superior to that of corporations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because early corporations governed themselves like \"republics\", repl...
Who decided that north was up?	Great answer to this question from /u/khosikulu [here](_URL_0_). > Historian of cartography (among other things) here. The northward orientation has a great deal to do with the importance of northward orientation to compass navigation. Portolans, and later projections aimed at navigation purposes (e.g., Mercator), ma...	[ "BULLET::::- Up is a metaphor for north. The notion that north should always be up and east at the right was established by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy. The historian Daniel Boorstin suggests that perhaps this was because the better-known places in his world were in the northern hemisphere, and on a flat map these...
what happens when i "zone out" after a few hours of being on the computer?	It's sort of like a vegetative state. You're letting your brain run on auto-pilot without paying attention to the world around you. This is why video games warn you to "take frequent breaks" these days - they reassert your grasp on reality and keep you from trancing too long. My advice? Set something in motion _before...	[ "The \"end\" case is a very simple case that works to simply delay the program to allow the user enough time to check that they have received their change and picked up their item. After 5000 milliseconds (5 seconds) the wait timer is used, up and the program continues back to the start page to wait for another use...
how do humans lose 100 hairs per day and still maintain a full head of long locks?	Because if I have 100,000 hairs and lose 100 every day it would take 1000 days for me to run out IF I wasn't making more. For hair this is about 3 years which in that time My hair would have grown an additional ~18 inches or ~6 inches per year or half an inch per month. At that rate, you would have to be losing more t...	[ "In most people, scalp hair growth will halt due to follicle devitalization after reaching a length of generally two or three feet. Exceptions to this rule can be observed in individuals with hair development abnormalities, which may cause an unusual length of hair growth.\n", "Human hair follicles are very sensi...
How was bidirectional travel handled on the transcontinental railroad?	Many, many rail lines have only one track. Passing sidings are installed at regular intervals, and the train orders specify things like "Train #97 take siding at Danville to await passage of eastbound train #38." Unlike earlier railroads, the transcontinental was accompanied the entire length by extension of telegrap...	[ "In 1861 Congress passed the Land-Grant Telegraph Act which financed the construction of Western Union's transcontinental telegraph lines. Hiram Sibley, Western Union's head, negotiated exclusive agreements with railroads to run telegraph lines along their right-of-way. Eight years before the transcontinental railr...
why did adolf hitler consider native americans as equal to “arians”?	Noble Savage type of thing. He was a member of the Rune Society (sp?). They believed in the restoration of the ancient Germanic way. If memory serves me, he was president of the group at one time. Some of his initial support for becoming Chancellor may have come from this association.	[ "U.S. pro-Nazi movements such as the Friends of the New Germany and the German-American Bund played no role in Hitler's plans for the country, and received no financial or verbal support from Germany after 1935. However, certain Native American advocate groups, such as the fascist-leaning American Indian Federation...
How are gaseous elements harvested and purified?	They aren't harvesting cow burps. They are taking all the livestock dung, putting it in a huge airtight container and letting bacteria digest the organic matter. Methane is a biproduct of the bacterial digestion process. They then collect the methane, compress it, dry it and then burn it. _URL_0_	[ "The metal can also be isolated by electrolysis of fused caesium cyanide (CsCN). Exceptionally pure and gas-free caesium can be produced by thermal decomposition of caesium azide , which can be produced from aqueous caesium sulfate and barium azide. In vacuum applications, caesium dichromate can be reacted with zir...
reddit, can you explain to me the relationship between megapixels, resolution, and screen size?	A screen's resolution tells you how many individual pixels or dots of light are there both horizontally and vertically. So 1920x1080 means there's 1920 pixels horizontally on the screen and 1080 vertically. If that's spread out over a screen that's 42 inches across that just means there's more room to put each individ...	[ "The eye's perception of \"display resolution\" can be affected by a number of factors see image resolution and optical resolution. One factor is the display screen's rectangular shape, which is expressed as the ratio of the physical picture width to the physical picture height. This is known as the aspect ratio. A...
why if co2 is only .038% of atmospheric gases, does it have so much impact on global warming?	The most abundant gases - O2, N2, argon - don't absorb heat. CO2 and H2O do absorb heat so when you increase them, you are directly increasing the greenhouse gas effect because you are increasing the most abundant heat absorbing molecule (with H2O). That's very crude, but it's ELI5. Also as an aside, it's somewhat...	[ "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, whi...
How muh gear would a WWII British Commando carry into the field? Also: beret or helmet?	Not sure about the packs, but the steel helmet protects against shrapnel, not direct hits from bullets. Since the commandos were involved in small raids and unconventional warfare, it's not unreasonable that they would have preferred to save on weight when shrapnel would have been unlikely. See this youtube video for ...	[ "The Mk III Helmet was a steel military combat helmet first developed for the British Army in 1941 by the Medical Research Council. First worn in combat by British and Canadian troops on D-Day, the Mk III and Mk IV were used alongside the Brodie helmet for the remainder of the Second World War. It is sometimes refe...
how do locksmiths verify that you own a key before making a copy of it?	They don't know you aren't a thief. However some locks and some keys are protected from this with security measures. Locksmiths aren't worried about copying a house key. But if you try to get a key for a high security lock copied, it's not going to happen. These keys will often have writing on them for "do not copy" an...	[ "The State of California prohibits locksmiths from copying keys marked \"Do Not Duplicate\" or \"Unlawful to Duplicate\", provided the key originator's company name and telephone number are included on the key.\n", "In master locksmithing, key relevance is the measurable difference between an original key and a c...
If a woman's on birth control that stops her menstruating once a month, will she remain fertile for longer?	That makes sense biologically (and is why nulliparity is thought to contribute to earlier menopause). However, this is not always supported by epidemiological studies. [This study](_URL_0_) found that history of oral contraceptive use significantly increased the risk for early menopause (defined here as prior t...	[ "Menstrual regulation allows a woman to terminate within 10 weeks of her last period, but unsafe methods to terminate pregnancy are widespread. In response, a hotline was created for women to get information about fertility control, including menstrual regulation.\n", "Return of menstruation following childbirth ...
Are there any biographies available about Native North Americans who lived before 1492?	Because of the strong oral traditions in many Nations, it is difficult to find records of individuals, and the ones who do get recorded are those who have done something great, and they get wrapped into lessons and tales that it becomes hard to tell if the person existed at all. Were you looking for a story of the li...	[ "The History of the Indian Tribes of North America is a three-volume collection of Native American biographies and accompanying lithograph portraits originally published in the United States from 1836 to 1844 by Thomas McKenney and James Hall. The majority of the portraits were first painted in oil by Charles Bird ...
if the metric system is designed to make for easy calculations and conversions, why wasn't the 60 minute hour changed to a base 10 unit?	time is always expressed in seconds in the metric system. or multiples, like milliseconds, kiloseconds, etc. "Other units of time, the minute, hour, and day, are accepted for use with the modern metric system, but are not part of it." _URL_0_	[ "When the metric system was first introduced in 1795, all metric units could be defined by reference to the standard metre or to the standard kilogram. In 1832 Carl Friedrich Gauss, when making the first absolute measurements of the Earth's magnetic field, needed standard units of time alongside the units of length...
how exactly is there a connection with binaural beats and lucid dreaming -	At least in my experience, first of all not all binaural beats do anything and secondly, they do not really get you to dream lucidly, they rather get you to dream more vividly, which makes it easier for you to write a dream diary (important step for lucid dreaming) and makes entering the lucid status more easily. But i...	[ "Hobson asserts that the existence of lucid dreaming means that the human brain can simultaneously occupy two states: waking and dreaming. The dreaming portion has experiences and therefore has primary consciousness, while the waking self recognizes the dreaming and can be seen as having a sort of secondary conscio...
Why do different viruses (HPV/Warts, Herpes) discriminate between different areas of the body?	That is called as tropism, specifically tissue or cell tropism. Usually, there is a specific receptor on certain tissue to which the virus attaches (virus attachment protein). A typical example is the human immunodeficiency virus and its affinity to the T lymphocyte cells. Herpes simplex 1 exhibits tropism towards ep...	[ "In addition, the same viruses were prevalent in multiple body habitats within individuals. For instance, the beta- and gamma-papillomaviruses were the viruses most commonly found in the skin and the nose (anterior nares; see Figure 4A,B), which may reflect proximity and similarities in microenvironments that suppo...
What spoken language carries the most information per sound or time of speech?	[Here's](_URL_0_) a paper on information density vs speed of speech, done by the University of Lyon. I am not sure how accurate their methods are, but they seem to believe that some languages convey more information per syllable and for 5 out of 7 languages, that ones with lower information density are spoken faster. N...	[ "Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a freque...
bohr's theory of the hydrogen atom	Basically, the atom was understood like a solar system. Electrons orbiting the nucleus. Bohr suggested that the electrons could only be in very specific orbits and light was emitted when it went from a high to a lower orbit and light was absorbed when it went from a lower to a higher.	[ "Schrödinger was able to calculate the energy levels of hydrogen by treating a hydrogen atom's [[electron]] as a classical wave, moving in a well of electrical potential created by the proton. This calculation accurately reproduced the energy levels of the Bohr model.\n", "The solutions to the Schrödinger equatio...
Did Moses exist and was there an exodus of people from Egypt corresponding to the story?	I strongly recommend (edit: [this video lecture](_URL_1_) is better than the one I initially recommended) [this video series](_URL_10_) for a synopsis of what's currently known and believed about the exodus and the hebrews. As for further reading, try /r/AcademicBiblical: * [The Exodus (please help!)](_URL_13_) * [...	[ "Modern archaeologists believe that the Israelites were indigenous to Canaan and were never in ancient Egypt, and if there is any historical basis to the Exodus it can apply only to a small segment of the population of Israelites at large. Nevertheless, there is also a general understanding that something must lie ...
How did chemists explain reactions before the discovery of the atom?	To put it bluntly, they didn’t. The first attempts at explaining the states and reactions of matter led to the postulates that theorized the existence of the atom, so they were mutually dependent. Reactions such as fire and the creation of alloys were found empirically, but never studied like they are now. There were...	[ "At the turn of the twentieth century the theoretical underpinnings of chemistry were finally understood due to a series of remarkable discoveries that succeeded in probing and discovering the very nature of the internal structure of atoms. In 1897, J.J. Thomson of Cambridge University discovered the electron and s...

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.