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As the Middle Ages drew to a close, firearms, such as the matchlock, became more common. Other weapons evolved as well. Consequently, the Knightly suit of armor began to fade into obscurity and so did the weapons meant to combat the armor, such as the mace and war hammer. The need was for a faster, lighter tool. Enter ...
Race records- sound recordings of the early 20th century that were made exclusively by and for African Americans -Encyclopedia Britannica 1 The race record industry has always served as a focal point for debate among many scholars and historians alike. On one hand, race records provided a new platform for black artisti...
As the Zika virus is spreading across the globe, pressure is mounting for medical scientists and researchers to create a vaccine. The problem is that creating a vaccine takes time and money. Alan Barrett, director of the Sealy Center for Vaccine Development in Texas, says, “it takes about 20 years and costs about $ 1.5...
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic information found in the nuclei of most organisms. It is arranged into structures called chromosomes. The structure of DNA was first identified as having a 'double-helix' structure by Watson and Crick in 1953. DNA is composed of 4 bases: the purines, adenine (A) and guanine (G...
Purchasing power parity There are two ways to measure GDP (total income of a country) of different countries and compare them. One way, called GDP at exchange rate, is when the currencies of all countries are converted into USD (United States Dollar). The second way is GDP (PPP) or GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP)....
Fostering creativity – being able to think outside the box, brainstorm, generate new ideas and improve existing ones – is one of the core 21st Century skills that has received extensive attention. Helping young minds to imagine "what if" and "what could be" are the roots of creative thinking. Parents can support this b...
The City of Cleveland and nearly all of Northeastern Ohio once belonged to Connecticut. The land, 3.5 million acres of it, was called the Western Reserve. It’s why a university in Cleveland is called Case Western Reserve. It’s why towns there are called Norwich, Saybrook, New London, Litchfield, Mansfield and Plymouth....
Federalism is the idea that different regions or states of a country should be able to govern themselves, to a certain extent. These regions are all governed overall by a central government, called the ‘federal government’. Hence, in simple words, Federalism is the division of a nation into several states or federation...
What does Virus mean? Definition and Characteristics The virus is a microscopic pathogen that infects cells in living organisms. The term virus usually refers to those pathogens, infecting eukaryotic organisms, and the term bacteriophage or phage – to those infecting prokaryotic organisms. Viruses are with microscopic ...
We know that light is a form of energy and can undergo various phenomena like diffraction, reflection, refraction, interference, and polarization. Refraction is the phenomenon that takes place due to the bending of light when it travels from medium to another. In this article, let us briefly understand the process of r...
Pauses in answers, body movements, elusive or angry looks, confusion, anxiety — the facial expressions and gestures made by witnesses matter in court. Conclusions about the credibility of witnesses can hang on their nonverbal behaviour. Messages beyond words Nonverbal communication generally refers to messages conveyed...
Spider silk is one of the more extraordinary materials known to science. The protein fiber, spun by spiders to make webs, is stronger than almost anything that humans can make. The dragline silk spiders use to make a web’s outer rim and spokes is amazing stuff. It matches high-grade alloy steel for tensile strength but...
Almost every organism you can see without a microscope -- and some microscopic organisms as well -- are examples of eukaryotes. Eukaryotes have many cellular characteristics that distinguish them from prokaryotes like bacteria. For example, all eukaryotes have complex organelles, including a cytoskeleton, a membrane-bo...
The Carbon Cycle The carbon cycle is a biogeochemical cycle that represents the exchange of carbon (C) between different reservoirs on Earth, such as the atmosphere, biosphere, oceans and rocks. It is a critical part of the Earth system that is required to sustain life and regulate climate. The carbon cycle can be subd...
Assuage means to make something unpleasant, such as pain or anxiety, less severe or intense. It can also refer to calming or soothing someone’s feelings or emotions. Part of speech Assuage is a verb. Mitigate, alleviate, ease, relieve, soothe, lessen, mollify, pacify, appease, calm. Aggravate, exacerbate, intensify, wo...
Countering Childhood Obesity With Healthy Habits Submitted by a PacMed provider. As Americans, we are proud to be first in so many things. Unfortunately, we are also first in something that shouldn’t make us proud—childhood obesity. In the United States, 17% of children and adolescents between the ages of 2 and 19 are ...
Berks County African Americans in the Civil War - Woven With Words Although African Americans repeatedly voiced a desire to fight for the Union during the Civil War, the government refused their services through the war’s early phases under a 1792 federal law (“African American Soldiers”). Officially sanctioned African...
Introduction / History The Jat people are a historical Indo-Aryan tribal group native to the Punjab region. The Jats rose to prominence following the 1669 Jat uprising against Mughal rule, and they ruled various princely states throughout the 18th century. After 1858, under the British Raj, the Jats were known for thei...
Astronomers and stargazers have always been fascinated by the moon. The spacecraft orbiting the planet has more unknowns than known ones. The Moon is tiny and fixed, but many magnetic fingerprints are scattered throughout its dusty surface. In order to explain the distribution of extremely magnetic material that was di...
Scientists have created a water-resistant antimicrobial coating that, when applied to surfaces that are regularly in contact with food, reduces the spread of salmonella and listeria by 99.9%. In order to prevent food contamination, scientists from Texas A&M University have developed an antimicrobial coating designed to...
The purpose of this guide is to help you - the student, better understand the differences between primary and secondary sources, as well as provide you with ways in which to access primary source material. Primary sources are the raw materials of history — original documents and objects which were created at the time u...
2008 Canadian Computing Competition, Stage 1 Problem J4: From Prefix to Postfix Prefix notation is a non-conventional notation for writing arithmetic expressions. The standard way of writing arithmetic expressions, also known as infix notation, positions a binary operator between the operands, e.g., 3 + 4, while in pre...
Design and build a vehicle that is propelled by the energy stored in rubber bands. Make it go for a distance, stop with precision, cross a difficult terrain, or speed down a track. Rubber band racers can be easily reengineered, so every day you can have a different challenge. Learn engineering and scientific concepts i...
Scientists use compression and flexural mechanical strength tests to determine the strength of concrete. The strength of concrete depends to a large degree on the water-cement ratio, and the quality of the aggregates and paste in the cement. Basic Concrete FAQs - How is the strength of concrete measured? - Are there qu...
Download and print as a PDF (116kB pdf) What is asthma? - Asthma is a common disease which makes the airways of the lungs more sensitive. When the airways become irritated by certain triggers, they become inflamed and narrowed, causing wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing and chest tightness - Asthma can sometimes g...
Lesson: Chairs in Space Design - Grades: 6–12 - Subjects: English Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies Students will observe and discuss a variety of chairs and determine whether they are aesthetically pleasing, supportive, how they were constructed, etc. They will then design their own chair that can wi...
The French Revolution The French Revolution reinforced the role of the state. Authority was harder, more peremptory; control, more centralized. ~ American historian David Landes The 7 Years’ War and American Revolutionary War put the French government deep in debt. It attempted to fill its coffers through regressive ta...
Bethlem Royal Hospital in England was the first facility of its kind to treat people with mental illness — but poor management and funding turned it into a chaotic institution that came to define the word "bedlam." If you were to visit the Bethlem Royal Hospital circa the 15th century, it would look like a scene out of...
At The Gates, the children always begin their RE topics with an enquiry question. The children answer this question before they begin their unit to understand what they already know, and they revisit it at the end of every lesson to add what they have learnt. This half term in KS1, the children are answering 'What make...
Sepsis can affect anyone at any time but older people, those with immunocompromised conditions, and children, particularly premature babies and infants, can be more susceptible to developing it. Sometimes incorrectly referred to as blood poisoning, sepsis is the body’s response to infection. Sepsis kills and disables m...
Research shows that snakes display remarkable diversity when it comes to their visual systems. Published (Updated ) A new study by researchers from the Natural History Museum and City, University of London has analysed the genes involved in snake vision to better understand how their sight evolved. The research highlig...
Barnard Castle \| Stockton-on-Tees 5 amazing facts you might not have known The eardrum is a thin, slightly concave disc of skin located at the end of the ear canal and is known in the medical world as "tympanic membrane" or "myringa". Its function is to capture vibrations in the air and transfer them to the inner ear (...
In this lesson about "The Foundations of Halacha and Aggada", students will engage in a unit exploring various definitions of Jewish community. They will study both classical (Biblical and Rabbinic) texts and contemporary materials to consider ethical problems raised by living in community. These include ethical speech...
Computers for School (Vol VI) Chapter Name: – Computer and its language. Significance: – This chapter helps the students to learn about different types of computers and different computer languages and language processors. Chapter Name:- Computer Virus Significance:- This chapter helps the students to learn facts about...
unconformity is a contact between two rock units in which the upper unit is usually much younger than the lower unit. Unconformities are typically buried erosional surfaces that can represent a break in the geologic record of hundreds of millions of years or more. For example, the contact between a 400‐million‐year‐old...
Why do senators and representatives have different terms? To guarantee senators’ independence from short-term political pressures, the framers designed a six-year Senate term, three times as long as that of popularly elected members of the House of Representatives. Madison reasoned that longer terms would provide stabi...
People around the world are feeling the effects of extreme heat this summer. More than 100 million people in the United States lived under heat alerts during this month’s heat waves. In the UK and China, infrastructure buckled under record-breaking heat that also has contributed to wildfires across Europe and elsewhere...
Consciousness: characteristics and peculiarities If we were to use an essential and general definition to distinguish awareness from knowledge, it would be the following: awareness is something that allows us to be part of our reality, to perceive every nuance, every stimulus and internal process. Conscience, on the ot...
The radius of a sphere hides inside its absolute roundness. A sphere's radius is the length from the sphere's center to any point on its surface. The radius is an identifying trait, and from it other measurements of the sphere can be calculated, including its circumference, surface area and volume. The formula to deter...
Confucius (551–479 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher, politician, and teacher. The ideas of Confucius were developed from the teachings of his predecessors (the Five Classics), as well as from his own experience. He emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. ...
Table of Contents - 1. Resistance - Here is how the resistor color code calculator works: - 2. Inductance - Inductive Impedance: - 3. Capacitance - Capacitive Impedance: When current flows through a conductor, the conductor’s internal resistance property to hinder the current flow is called resistance. The components t...
Visually impaired is categorized into two including those who are totally blind and those with low vision. Students who are totally blind learn through braille while those with low vision use a combination of vision other senses, and braille (in some cases) to learn. Students can be accommodated in their training facil...
Law of Supply Law of Supply Definition of Law of Supply There is the direct relationship between the price of a commodity and its quantity offered for sale over a specified period of time. When the price of a goods rises, other things remaining the same, its quantity which is offered for sale increases as and price fal...
Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information. Our Indiana lakes and streams are an amazing ecosystem filled with what may seem to be alien life forms compared with what we see on land. I work at Versailles State P...
It seems as though some people have a difficult time understanding the terms gender and sex. Sex refers the biological status of an individual as having a male or female reproductive system, whereas gender is the wide set of characteristics that help distinguish males from females. Society has had a major influence on ...
John II of Portugal was born around 1455 to King Afonso V of Portugal. Descending from King John I, Prince John was a fourth-generation member of the Aviz dynasty. As his father’s only surviving son, the prince became heir apparent upon his birth. During the 1470s, John gained military experience while participating in...
February 29, 2012 For decades, paleontologists have been debating how Triceratops stood. Did old “three-horned face” hold its forelimbs straight up and down like other dinosaurs, or did the horned dinosaur waddle along with its elbows out to the side? The dinosaur’s skeleton has not delivered an unambiguous answer. The...
When water passes through or over mineral deposits such as limestone, the levels of certain ions present in the water increase greatly and cause the water to be classified as hard water. This term results from the fact that calcium or magnesium ions in water combine with soap molecules, forming a sticky scum that inter...
The findings come from a revolving international contingent of scientists who sail on a unique ship called the JOIDES Resolution (the slightly ungainly name comes from the acronym for the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling). Originally built to drill into the seabed in search of oil, the Resolutio...
Buffered solutions are quite important in chemical and biological systems. A buffer allows for the maintenance of a fairly narrow range of pH even while another reaction is producing acids or bases. Because a buffer is a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, it can react with either acid or base to remove the ...
This book is intended for students who study Japanese as a second language, and teachers of the language. It is designed for those who seek a comprehensive understanding of multiple areas of Japanese. Chapter 1 deals with pronunciation discussing syllable structures and accent. Chapter 2 deals with the writing system. ...
The biological sonar system called echolocation is a remarkable skill that lets bats navigate and hunt at high speeds in total darkness by emitting high-frequency sounds and analyzing the echoes that come bouncing back. Now, scientists conclude that bats can actually identify other individuals based on a single echoloc...
Bouncing with b Emergent Literacy Design Rational: It is important for children to be able to recognize phonemes in the spoken language so they are able to become booming readers. In this lesson students will learn to recognize the /b/ sound in spoken words by learning a meaningful representation (dribbling a basketbal...
Prakrit literature. By the 6th cent. B.C. the people of India were speaking and writing languages that were much simpler than classical Sanskrit. These vernacular forms, of which there were several, are called the Prakrits [Skt., = natural]. One very important and early Prakrit was Pali (see Pali canon), which became t...
Many birds have a compass in their eyes. Their retinas are loaded with a protein called cryptochrome, which is sensitive to the Earth’s magnetic fields. It’s possible that the birds can literally see these fields, overlaid on top of their normal vision. This remarkable sense allows them to keep their bearings when no o...
students to read in a timely manner, fluency is needed. Gaining fluency important part of reading education. -Stopwatch for each group of students -A baseball field with a baseball that goes around the field (use velcro to move the baseball). The field will have numbers all the way around it from 0-100 counting by 5’s....
Researches from The Cambridge University have developed a method for making a strong, lightweight electrical cable out of a form of carbon; a product they believe may eventually replace copper as electricity conductor. The carbon nanotube wires (CNTs) are one-tenth the weight of copper, but stronger and much more flexi...
American Revolution: Boston campaign (September 1774 - March 1776) Patriot victory, British forces driven from Boston area The Boston campaign was the opening campaign of the American Revolutionary War. The campaign was primarily concerned with the mobilization of Patriot militia units, and their transformation into a ...
Knights of the medieval era were asked to “Protect the weak, defenseless, helpless, and fight for the general welfare of all”. These few guidelines were the main duties of a medieval knight, but they were very hard to accomplish fully. Rarely could even the best of knights achieve these goals. Knights trained, inter al...
By the age of six months, infants have trained their ears to the sounds of their native language, and they have learned to distinguish these sounds before actually learning words. Those research findings, obtained by Patricia K. Kuhl and colleagues in the UW Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, have overthrown pr...
Personal/Social/Mental Health Resources Social/emotional support and intervention is a collaboration between administrators, teachers, parents, counselors, school & school psychologists. By building student skills in communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and creativity we prepare students for learning and fo...
Tonsillopharyngitis is an infection of the throat and/or tonsils and is more common among children than adults. The tonsils contain tissue that is part of the body's immune defense system. Thus, the tonsils and nearby throat tissue frequently become infected by organisms that enter the nose and throat. People who have ...
\|U.S. Constitution Online\| \|Quick Links: FAQ Topics Forums Documents Timeline Kids Vermont Constitution Map Citation\|\|USConstitution.net\| The Constitutional Topics pages at the USConstitution.net site are presented to delve deeper into topics than can be provided on the Glossary Page or in the FAQ pages. This Topic Pag...
OXYGEN-rich microbial mats may have triggered the evolution of animals that could move around. Animal burrows in 600-million-year-old rocks are a surprise, because oxygen levels in the oceans at the time were too low to support energetic activity. To work out how the animals survived, Murray Gingras of the University o...
Page 3 of 3 All data structures in R are examples of Lists. That is, a List is a very general data structure capable of representing anything you care to use it for. This is powerful but it can be too complicated for the beginner. To make things simple R places restrictions on the structure of a List and uses the Class...
Ellen Wohl, a geology professor at Colorado State University, has published a paper in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, describing the role beavers play in climate change. In a field study she undertook, she found that carbon is sequestered when beavers build dams and is released after the beavers abandon the ...
On this day in 1877, Crazy Horse and his warriors--outnumbered, low on ammunition and forced to use outdated weapons to defend themselves--fight their final losing battle against the U.S. Cavalry in Montana. Six months earlier, in the Battle of Little Bighorn, Crazy Horse and his ally, Chief Sitting Bull, led their com...
In this article, we will be focusing on object oriented programming. At the end of the series, we will be creating a complete banking application to demonstrate the concepts that we have learned here. What is object oriented programming? It is essentially a different way of constructing your applications. Instead of ha...
Glacial Coverage At the height of the last glaciation, vast areas of North American and Europe were covered with thick sheets of glacier ice (Figure 3.1). In addition, expanded mountain glaciers at this time covered smaller areas of Eurasia, North America, South America, Africa, and New Zealand. In sum, about 30 percen...
Issues The Fight to End Slavery Changing the Laws The Right to Vote The Fight for Equal Education The Fight for Desegregation Leading the Country Resistance to the Movement Willing to Give their Lives Use these links to return to the page you got here from or to investigate other issues related to this topic. If the Ci...
Coming from the Latin forma, implying beauty, the word ‘Form’ is more commonly related to the definitions an usage of the Latin eidos, originally signifying recognizable visual characteristics of a thing — perceptible characteristics such as shape; the meaning was eventually expanded to characteristic nature, type, a c...
This site was created in cooperation with the Regional Homeland Security Coordinating Committee, and is supported by funding from the Department of Homeland Security. Seasonal flu is a contagious respiratory disease that is caused by influenza viruses. It occurs every year, typically in the fall and winter. Seasonal fl...
Ask your second grader to determine the time that is set on each clock and jot down the written time below each image. Use this worksheet to help your second grader review the function of each component of a clock and read the times expressed in each image. Telling the time is made easy in this worksheet with six clock...
Skin color is one of our most important biological traits. Its many shades evolved as humans moved far and wide into regions with different intensities of sunlight. Skin color is also a trait that has come to have deep cultural meanings -- developed over many centuries -- that influence our social interactions and soci...
FDR's early foreign policy decisions were based largely on what he believed to be in America's best interests. The United States and sixty-five other nations, in the wake of the worldwide Depression, sent delegates to the London Economic Conference in the summer of 1933. Roosevelt had seemed committed to the goals of t...
The word "electron" in English comes from the Greek word for amber! To understand the Van de Graaff generator and how it works, you need to understand static electricity. Almost all of us are familiar with static electricity because we can see and feel it in the winter. On dry winter days, static electricity can build ...
What Does DNA Look Like? The First Ever Direct Photograph of DNA A team of Italian scientists have taken a snapshot of a single DNA molecule for the first time using the electron microscope. This technological breakthrough comes after years of depending on X-ray diffraction to provide indirect, albeit useful, informati...
How does GPS work? Longitude + Latitude = Smart navigation The first sea navigators simply followed recognizable landmarks. Which is fine, but was not without some fairly obvious drawbacks. For one, you have to travel by daylight and stay close to shore. Also, if you’re relying on recognizable landmarks, how would you ...
A vowel is a sound where air coming from the lungs is not blocked by the mouth or throat. All normal English words contain at least one vowel. Vowels have two sounds: A short sound and a long sound. A, E, I, O, U and Y are the English vowels, although 'Y' can also behave as a consonant when it is at the beginning of a ...
Autism Q & A: Autism Spectrum Disorders Recent reports estimate that, on average, as many as one in every 88 children in the United States has an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). ASD is considered to be a lifelong neurological developmental disability for which there is no known etiology or cure. It affects individuals ...
Assembly components techniques Where components are to be placed, the printed circuit board has flat, usually tin-lead, silver, or gold plated copper pads without holes, called solder pads. Solder paste, a sticky mixture of flux and tiny solder particles, is first applied to all the solder pads with a stainless steel o...
Oxford University in the UK has announced that researchers from that school and Germany's University of Tübingen have determined the age on the world's oldest musical instruments: a collection of flutes, made of mammoth ivory and bird bones. Other bones found at the same level of excavation have been radiocarbon dated ...
Return to the Organic Chemistry Page. All the proteins of an organism are made under the chemical direction of nucleic acids. There are two types, RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA forms the chemical basis through which genetic information is carried. All physical and biological characteristic...
The revelation in 2000 that gully features have been spotted on Mars sparked numerous ideas as to how the geological features were formed. A study team is analyzing images of gullies captured by Mars Global Surveyor’s Mars Orbiter Camera, adding in laser altimeter and spectrometer data taken by the same spacecraft. The...
Children learn in many different ways, although each child may have a preference for one or two particular ways of learning. These preferences are called learning styles. Some children learn most easily when ideas, concepts, and information are first presented visually, through pictures or videos. Others gain understan...
SAN JOSE, September 24, 2013 — Last week, Constitution Day recognized the beginnings of the United States as the new nation took shape under the fundamental system of laws that had been prepared by the convention delegates in Philadelphia and signed on September 17, 1787. The founding document still had to be ratified ...
The Fee System, involving the collection of money to cover administrative services and pay government officials, was transported to British America virtually intact by arriving colonists. Proprietary officials in North Carolina relied on fees to compensate them for performing functions such as issuing documents. With t...
The wildfires raging across the western United States in 2000 were among the worst of the past half-century. They burned seven million acres of land and cost 1.6 billion dollars in damage. Now a team of researchers, led by Anthony Westerling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, Sa...
On the Tibetan Plateau, temperatures are rising and glaciers are melting faster than climate scientists would expect based on global warming alone. A recent study of ice cores from five Tibetan glaciers by NASA and Chinese scientists confirmed the likely culprit: rapid increases in black soot concentrations since the 1...
Cerebral palsy refers to a group of conditions that affect movement, balance and posture. Affected children have abnormalities in one or more parts of the brain that affect the ability to control muscles. Symptoms range from mild to severe but do not get worse as the child gets older. With treatment, most children can ...
Lesson Plans and Worksheets Browse by Subject Hebrews Teacher Resources Find Hebrews educational ideas and activities Young scholars analyze the political and economic structures of the Ancient Hebrews and Greeks. They identify the beliefs of Judaism and the significance of different people in the development of the re...
Learning How to Multiply by Ed Meyer One of the milestones in the education of young students is a mastery of multiplication. It starts with memorizing the multiplication table for the numbers 1 through 9 and then moves to multiplying multiple-digit numbers. Most children are trained to remember their multiplication fa...
THE British may owe the French more than they care to admit. Archaeological finds from Britain show that farming was introduced 6000 years ago by immigrants from France, and that the ancient Brits might have continued as hunter-gatherers had it not been for innovations introduced by the Gallic newcomers. Mark Collard f...
The 20 enjoyable, interactive classroom activities that are included will help your students understand the text in amusing ways. Fun Classroom Activities include group projects, games, critical thinking activities, brainstorming sessions, writing poems, drawing or sketching, and more that will allow your students to i...
Disc method with outer and inner function boundaries More volumes around the x-axis. Disc method with outer and inner function boundaries - continue on with our study of rotation of functions around - the x, and we'll soon see the y-axis as well. - So let's do a slightly harder example than what we've been - doing, but...
Use these links to return to the page you got here from or to investigate other issues related to this topic. If the Civil Rights Movement is new to you, you can visit our dictionary page from any page in the entire web site by clicking here. After the Civil War, black people in the south found themselves with less opp...
Deafness may be congenital (present at birth) or acquired as a result of infection, trauma, or degeneration of the cochlea (the organ of hearing). Deafness present at birth can be inherited or result from toxic or viral damage to the developing unborn puppy. Merle and white coat colors are associated with deafness at b...
Ten Simple Phonics Activities Requiring Little PreparationMatthew Wilson educationaladvisor [at] gmail.com Sendai Board of Education, (Sendai, Japan) IntroductionGetting students to discover and practice the connections between letters and the sounds they represent should be an important part of any English class routi...
Clues from a new dating technique that utilizes ancient clam shells suggest that 3,000 to 5,000 years ago Greenland’s ice sheet was the smallest it has been in the past 10,000 years. “What’s really interesting about this is that on land, the atmosphere was warmest between 9,000 and 5,000 years ago, maybe as late as 4,0...
United States Synthetic Rubber Program Harry Fisher, born 1885, inventor of rubber technology, helped the U.S. rubber industry replace tons of natural rubber with a synthetic substitute. The quest to synthesize materials that can be substituted for naturally occurring substances has long been a challenge to chemists. B...

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