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Hydrogen sulfide These first responders, such as emergency services workers or family members are at risk of death from inhaling lethal quantities of the gas, or by fire. Local governments have also initiated campaigns to prevent such suicides. is a central participant in the sulfur cycle, the biogeochemical cycle of s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=154738 |
Hydrogen sulfide The purple sulfur bacteria and the green sulfur bacteria use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor in photosynthesis, thereby producing elemental sulfur. This mode of photosynthesis is older than the mode of cyanobacteria, algae, and plants, which uses water as electron donor and liberates oxygen. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=154738 |
Hydrogen sulfide It also occurs in the clouds of planets in our solar system. has been implicated in several mass extinctions that have occurred in the Earth's past. In particular, a buildup of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere may have caused the Permian-Triassic extinction event 252 million years ago. Organic residu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=154738 |
Akhmed Zakayev Akhmed Halidovich Zakayev (, ; born 26 April 1959) is a former Deputy Prime Minister and Prime Minister of the unrecognised Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (ChRI). He was also the Foreign Minister of the Ichkerian government, appointed by Aslan Maskhadov shortly after his 1997 election, and again in 2006 by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155410 |
Akhmed Zakayev In 1994, Zakayev became a Minister of Culture in the Chechen separatist government of Dzhokhar Dudayev. After Russian forces entered Chechnya, starting the First Chechen War, Zakayev left his job and took up arms. Serving at first as a minor commander in the unit of Ruslan Gelayev, he took part in the 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155410 |
Akhmed Zakayev After the war, Zakayev became Chechen Deputy Prime Minister (in charge of education and culture) and a special envoy of elected President of Ichkeria Aslan Maskhadov for relations with Moscow, taking part in the delegation that signed the official Chechen-Russian peace treaty at the Kremlin in 1997. Duri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155410 |
Akhmed Zakayev These negotiations were fruitless because Kazantsev demanded a complete capitulation of the Chechen side, with the only acceptable topic for the Russian side being the disarmament of Chechen separatists and their re-integration into civilian life. On 18 July 2002, Zakayev also met with the former Secreta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155410 |
Akhmed Zakayev One accusation, cutting fingers of a suspected FSB informer Ivan Solovyov, was based on a written testimony by Zakayev's former bodyguard, Duk-Vakha Dushuyev, provided by Russian authorities; however, it appeared that Solovyev had lost his fingers much earlier to frostbite. Dushuyev himself has escaped f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155410 |
Akhmed Zakayev At the time of the meeting Kremlin's spokesman on Chechnya Sergei Yastrzhembsky said on television that Russian government had no grievances against Zakayev. Therefore, on 13 November 2003, Judge Timothy Workman rejected the Russian request, deciding that it was politically motivated and that Zakayev wou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155410 |
Akhmed Zakayev As an envoy of Maskhadov, he also met in London with the representatives of the Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia in February 2005, where they agreed on a peace proposal centred around a gradual cessation of violence by rebels corresponding with the three-week ceasefire unilaterally ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155410 |
Akhmed Zakayev In September 2008, Ramzan Kadyrov said he was now trying to persuade Chechens refugees and exiles to return, including Akhmed Zakayev, whom Kadyrov described as "a valuable artist who would be welcome to return to help revive Chechnya's cultural heritage." Zakayev and Alla Dudayeva, the widow of the firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155410 |
Akhmed Zakayev On 11 February 2009, Ramzan Kadyrov said he personally invited Zakayev to return to Chechnya if he does not want to be "used by special services and other forces against Russia". At the same time, Russia's ambassador in London, said Britain had turned into a "sanctuary" for Russia's fugitives, including ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155410 |
Akhmed Zakayev On 23 August 2009, and in a controversial move, he was reportedly dismissed as prime minister by the Chairman of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria parliament in exile, as he "transgressed his mandate and recognized the legitimacy of the Kremlin’s puppet regime", and shortly afterwards, he was sentenced to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155410 |
Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically-stable form such as oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. It is the gradual destruction of materials (usually a metal) by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment. engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion However, some corrosion mechanisms are less visible and less predictable. The chemistry of corrosion is quite complex but it may be considered essentially as an electrochemical phenomenon. During corrosion at a particular spot on the surface of the object made of iron, oxidation takes place and that spot beha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion Factors such as relative size of anode, types of metal, and operating conditions (temperature, humidity, salinity, etc.) affect galvanic corrosion. The surface area ratio of the anode and cathode directly affects the corrosion rates of the materials. Galvanic corrosion is often prevented by the use of sacrifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion Some metals are more intrinsically resistant to corrosion than others (for some examples, see galvanic series). There are various ways of protecting metals from corrosion (oxidation) including painting, hot dip galvanizing, cathodic protection, and combinations of these. The materials most resistant to corros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion The passive film is different from oxide layers that are formed upon heating and are in the micrometer thickness range – the passive film recovers if removed or damaged whereas the oxide layer does not. Passivation in natural environments such as air, water and soil at moderate pH is seen in such materials as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion If breakdown occurs in the passive film due to chemical or mechanical factors, the resulting major modes of corrosion may include pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. Certain conditions, such as low concentrations of oxygen or high concentrations of species such as chloride whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion Pitting results when a small hole, or cavity, forms in the metal, usually as a result of de-passivation of a small area. This area becomes anodic, while part of the remaining metal becomes cathodic, producing a localized galvanic reaction. The deterioration of this small area penetrates the metal and can lead... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion The dark lines in the sensitized microstructure are networks of chromium carbides formed along the grain boundaries. Special alloys, either with low carbon content or with added carbon "getters" such as titanium and niobium (in types 321 and 347, respectively), can prevent this effect, but the latter require ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion For example, when sulfuric acid () flows through steel pipes, the iron in the steel reacts with the acid to form a passivation coating of iron sulfate () and hydrogen gas (). The iron sulfate coating will protect the steel from further reaction; however, if hydrogen bubbles contact this coating, it will be re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion Such high-temperature corrosion products, in the form of compacted oxide layer glazes, prevent or reduce wear during high-temperature sliding contact of metallic (or metallic and ceramic) surfaces. Thermal oxidation is also commonly used as a route towards the obtainment of controlled oxide nanostructures, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion Piles that have been coated and have cathodic protection installed at the time of construction are not susceptible to ALWC. For unprotected piles, sacrificial anodes can be installed locally to the affected areas to inhibit the corrosion or a complete retrofitted sacrificial anode system can be installed. Aff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion Some unprotected metallic alloys are extremely vulnerable to corrosion, such as those used in neodymium magnets, which can spall or crumble into powder even in dry, temperature-stable indoor environments unless properly treated to discourage corrosion. When surface treatments are used to retard corrosion, gre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion Painting either by roller or brush is more desirable for tight spaces; spray would be better for larger coating areas such as steel decks and waterfront applications. Flexible polyurethane coatings, like Durabak-M26 for example, can provide an anti-corrosive seal with a highly durable slip resistant membrane.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion At the end of the treatment, the pores are allowed to seal, forming a harder-than-usual surface layer. If this coating is scratched, normal passivation processes take over to protect the damaged area. Anodizing is very resilient to weathering and corrosion, so it is commonly used for building facades and othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion For effective CP, the potential of the steel surface is polarized (pushed) more negative until the metal surface has a uniform potential. With a uniform potential, the driving force for the corrosion reaction is halted. For galvanic CP systems, the anode material corrodes under the influence of the steel, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion It is used in aggressive environments, such as solutions of sulfuric acid. The formation of an oxide layer is described by the Deal–Grove model, which is used to predict and control oxide layer formation in diverse situations. A simple test for measuring corrosion is the weight loss method. The method involve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion As rust has a much higher volume than the originating mass of iron, its build-up can also cause failure by forcing apart adjacent parts. It was the cause of the collapse of the Mianus River Bridge in 1983, when the bearings rusted internally and pushed one corner of the road slab off its support. Three driver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion The economic impact on homeowners, condo dwellers, and the public infrastructure is estimated at 22 billion dollars as the insurance industry braces for a wave of claims due to pipe failures. Most ceramic materials are almost entirely immune to corrosion. The strong chemical bonds that hold them together leav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion A more common and related problem is "swelling", where small molecules infiltrate the structure, reducing strength and stiffness and causing a volume change. Conversely, many polymers (notably flexible vinyl) are intentionally swelled with plasticizers, which can be leached out of the structure, causing britt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion It is governed by two mechanisms: diffusion-controlled leaching (ion exchange) and hydrolytic dissolution of the glass network. Both mechanisms strongly depend on the pH of contacting solution: the rate of ion exchange decreases with pH as 10 whereas the rate of hydrolytic dissolution increases with pH as 10.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion Glass network dissolution is characteristic of the later phases of corrosion and causes a congruent release of ions into the water solution at a time-independent rate in dilute solutions (g/cm·d): where r is the stationary hydrolysis (dissolution) rate of the glass (cm/d). In closed systems the consumption of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Corrosion The standardized test ISO 719 is not suitable for glasses with poor or not extractable alkaline components, but which are still attacked by water, e.g. quartz glass, BO glass or PO glass. Usual glasses are differentiated into the following classes: Hydrolytic class 1 (Type I): This class, which is also called... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155443 |
Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of is: When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion. This relationship of direct proporti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155544 |
Charles's law Dalton was the first to demonstrate that the law applied generally to all gases, and to the vapours of volatile liquids if the temperature was well above the boiling point. Gay-Lussac concurred. With measurements only at the two thermometric fixed points of water, Gay-Lussac was unable to show that the eq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155544 |
Charles's law Unaware of the inaccuracies of mercury thermometers at the time, which were divided into equal portions between the fixed points, Dalton, after concluding in Essay II that in the case of vapours, “any elastic fluid expands nearly in a uniform manner into 1370 or 1380 parts by 180 degrees (Fahrenheit) of h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155544 |
Charles's law This fact is related to a phenomenon which is exhibited by a great many bodies when passing from the liquid to the solid state, but which is no longer sensible at temperatures a few degrees above that at which the transition occurs. The first mention of a temperature at which the volume of a gas might des... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155544 |
Charles's law However, Charles also stated: The kinetic theory of gases relates the macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure and volume, to the microscopic properties of the molecules which make up the gas, particularly the mass and speed of the molecules. In order to derive from kinetic theory, it is necessar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155544 |
Ibuprofen is a medication in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class that is used for treating pain, fever, and inflammation. This includes painful menstrual periods, migraines, and rheumatoid arthritis. It may also be used to close a patent ductus arteriosus in a premature baby. It can be used by mouth o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
Ibuprofen In the United States, it costs about 0.05 per dose. In 2017, it was the 28th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 24million prescriptions. is used primarily to treat fever (including post-vaccination fever), mild to moderate pain (including pain relief after surgery), painf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
Ibuprofen Infrequent adverse effects include esophageal ulceration, heart failure, high blood levels of potassium, kidney impairment, confusion, and bronchospasm. can exacerbate asthma, sometimes fatally. may be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum to demonstrate the presence of the drug in a person having experienced... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
Ibuprofen Like other NSAIDs, ibuprofen is an extremely rare cause of the autoimmune disease Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS). is also an extremely rare cause of toxic epidermal necrolysis. Drinking alcohol when taking ibuprofen may increase the risk of stomach bleeding. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
Ibuprofen Most symptoms are an excess of the pharmacological action of ibuprofen, and include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, ear ringing, and nystagmus. Rarely, more severe symptoms, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, seizures, metabolic acidosis, high blood levels of potassium, low ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
Ibuprofen Gastric lavage is now rarely used, but can be considered if the amount ingested is potentially life-threatening, and it can be performed within 60 minutes of ingestion. Purposeful vomiting is not recommended. The majority of ibuprofen ingestions produce only mild effects and the management of overdose is stra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
Ibuprofen Like aspirin and indomethacin, ibuprofen is a nonselective COX inhibitor, in that it inhibits two isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2. The analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity of NSAIDs appears to operate mainly through inhibition of COX-2, which decreases the synthesis of prostaglan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
Ibuprofen In addition to the conversion of ibuprofen to the S-enantiomer, the body can metabolize ibuprofen to several other compounds, including numerous hydroxyl, carboxyl and glucuronyl metabolites. Virtually all of these have no pharmacological effects. After oral administration, peak serum concentration is reached... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
Ibuprofen An isomerase (alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase) converts ("R")-ibuprofen to the active ("S")-enantiomer. was derived from propionic acid by the research arm of Boots Group during the 1960s. The name is derived from the 3 functional groups: isobutyl (ibu) propionic acid (pro) phenyl (fen). Its discovery was the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
Ibuprofen In the years since, the good tolerability profile, along with extensive experience in the population, as well as in so-called phase-IV trials (postapproval studies), have resulted in the availability of ibuprofen OTC in pharmacies worldwide, as well as in supermarkets and other general retailers. is its Inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
Ibuprofen In March 2011, researchers at Harvard Medical School announced in "Neurology" that ibuprofen had a neuroprotective effect against the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. People regularly consuming ibuprofen were reported to have a 38% lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease, but no such effect was fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155627 |
Fluoride () is an inorganic, monatomic anion with the chemical formula (also written ), whose salts are typically white or colorless. salts typically have distinctive bitter tastes, and are odorless. Its salts and minerals are important chemical reagents and industrial chemicals, mainly used in the production of hydrog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155650 |
Fluoride Fluorine is estimated to be the 13th-most abundant element in the earth's crust and is widely dispersed in nature, almost entirely in the form of fluorides. Many minerals are known, but of paramount commercial importance is fluorite (CaF), which is roughly 49% fluoride by mass. The soft, colorful mineral is fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155650 |
Fluoride Some plants concentrate fluoride from their environment more than others. All tea leaves contain fluoride; however, mature leaves contain as much as 10 to 20 times the fluoride levels of young leaves from the same plant. can act as a base. It can combine with a proton (): This neutralization reaction forms hyd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155650 |
Fluoride The difluorides of the transition metals often adopt the rutile structure whereas the dichlorides have cadmium chloride structures. Upon treatment with a standard acid, fluoride salts convert to hydrogen fluoride and metal salts. With strong acids, it can be doubly protonated to give . Oxidation of fluoride gi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155650 |
Fluoride Fluorine, in the form of fluoride, is considered to be a micronutrient for human health, necessary to prevent dental cavities, and to promote healthy bone growth. The tea plant ("Camellia sinensis" L.) is a known accumulator of fluorine compounds, released upon forming infusions such as the common beverage. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155650 |
Fluoride Compounds with C-F bonds fall into the realm of organofluorine chemistry. The main uses of fluoride, in terms of volume, are in the production of cryolite, NaAlF. It is used in aluminium smelting. Formerly, it was mined, but now it is derived from hydrogen fluoride. Fluorite is used on a large scale to separat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155650 |
Fluoride Fluoridation of water has its critics (see Water fluoridation controversy). Fluoridated toothpaste is in common use, but is only effective at concentrations above 1,000 ppm. salts are commonly used in biological assay processing to inhibit the activity of phosphatases, such as serine/threonine phosphatases. mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155650 |
Fluoride The AI for children ages 1–18 increases from 0.7 to 3.0 mg/day. The major known risk of fluoride deficiency appears to be an increased risk of bacteria-caused tooth cavities. As for safety, the IOM sets tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155650 |
Fluoride In areas where water is fluoridated this can be expected to be a significant source of fluoride, however fluoride is also naturally present in virtually all foods and beverages at a wide range of concentrations. The maximum safe daily consumption of fluoride is 10 mg/day for an adult (U.S.) or 7 mg/day (Europe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155650 |
Fluoride A case of a fatal poisoning of an adult with 4 grams of sodium fluoride is documented, and a dose of 120 g sodium fluoride has been survived. For sodium fluorosilicate (NaSiF), the median lethal dose (LD) orally in rats is 0.125 g/kg, corresponding to 12.5 g for a 100 kg adult. Treatment may involve oral admin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155650 |
Fluoride was known to enhance the measurement of bone mineral density at the lumbar spine, but it was not effective for vertebral fractures and provoked more non vertebral fractures. A popular urban myth claims that the Nazis used fluoride in concentration camps, but there is no historical evidence to prove this claim.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155650 |
Pyroelectricity (from the two Greek words "pyr" meaning fire, and electricity) is a property of certain crystals which are naturally electrically polarized and as a result contain large electric fields. can be described as the ability of certain materials to generate a temporary voltage when they are heated or cooled. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155715 |
Pyroelectricity All known pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric. Despite being pyroelectric, novel materials such as boron aluminum nitride (BAlN) and boron gallium nitride (BGaN) have zero piezoelectric response for strain along the c-axis at certain compositions, the two properties being closely related. Howe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155715 |
Pyroelectricity All polar crystals are pyroelectric, so the 10 polar crystal classes are sometimes referred to as the pyroelectric classes. Pyroelectric materials can be used as infrared and millimeter wavelength radiation detectors. An electret is the electrical equivalent of a permanent magnet. The pyroelectric coeff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155715 |
Pyroelectricity Pierre Curie and his brother, Jacques Curie, studied pyroelectricity in the 1880s, leading to their discovery of some of the mechanisms behind piezoelectricity. All crystal structures belong to one of thirty-two crystal classes based on the number of rotational axes and reflection planes they possess th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155715 |
Pyroelectricity Piezoelectric crystal classes: 1, 2, m, 222, mm2, 4, -4, 422, 4mm, -42m, 3, 32, 3m, 6, -6, 622, 6mm, -62m, 23, -43m Pyroelectric: 1, 2, m, mm2, 3, 3m, 4, 4mm, 6, 6mm Two effects which are closely related to pyroelectricity are ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity. Normally materials are very nearly ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155715 |
Pyroelectricity Similar to pyroelectric effect, the phenomenon is due to the asymmetric structure of the crystals that allows ions to move more easily along one axis than the others. As pressure is applied, each side of the crystal takes on an opposite charge, resulting in a voltage drop across the crystal. should not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155715 |
Pyroelectricity Progress has been made in creating artificial pyroelectric materials, usually in the form of a thin film, using gallium nitride (GaN), caesium nitrate (CsNO), polyvinyl fluorides, derivatives of phenylpyridine, and cobalt phthalocyanine. Lithium tantalate (LiTaO) is a crystal exhibiting both piezoelectr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155715 |
Pyroelectricity Possible advantages of pyroelectric generators for generating electricity (as compared to the conventional heat engine plus electrical generator) include: potentially lower operating temperatures, less bulky equipment, and fewer moving parts. Although a few patents have been filed for such a device, suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155715 |
Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda (mainly North America) or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO). is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
Sodium bicarbonate The modern chemical formulas of these compounds express their precise chemical compositions (which were unknown when the names "sodium carbonate" and "sodium bicarbonate" were coined) as sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO) and sodium carbonate (NaCO). These names are unambiguous since sodium always has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
Sodium bicarbonate Additionally, in the absence of acid, thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate also produces sodium carbonate, which is strongly alkaline and gives the baked product a bitter, "soapy" taste and a yellow color. Since the reaction occurs slowly at room temperature, mixtures (cake batter, etc.) can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
Sodium bicarbonate The main effect of sodium bicarbonate is to modify the pH of the soaking solution and cooking water; this softens the hard external shell, reduces cooking times and may alter the percentage of nutrients in the dish, its flavour and consistence. Baking soda may react with acids in food, including vita... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
Sodium bicarbonate However, it should not be applied to fires in deep fryers; the sudden release of gas may cause the grease to splatter. is used in BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an alternative to the more corrosive diammonium phosphate in ABC extinguishers. The alkaline nature of sodium bicarbonate makes it th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
Sodium bicarbonate In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left, and thus raises the pH. For this reason, sodium bicarbonate is used in medically supervised cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated only when th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
Sodium bicarbonate As early as the 1920s, bicarbonate was found to cause increased bone strength in patients who were losing calcium in their urine. In 1968, diets producing too much acid were thought to put bones at risk. Experiments by Anthony Sebastian of the University of California, San Francisco starting in the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
Sodium bicarbonate It works as a mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums, neutralizes the production of acid in the mouth, and also acts as an antiseptic to help prevent infections. in combination with other ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorant. may be used as a buffering agent, combined with table ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
Sodium bicarbonate Baking soda is commonly added to washing machines as a replacement for water softener and to remove odors from clothes. It is also effective in removing heavy tea and coffee stains from cups when diluted with warm water. Also, baking soda can be used as a multipurpose odor remover. During the Manhatt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
Sodium bicarbonate Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and an acid produces a salt and carbonic acid, which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and water: reacts with acetic acid (found in vinegar), producing sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide: reacts with bases such as sodium hydroxide to form carbonates: At temper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
Sodium bicarbonate Regarding the Solvay process, sodium bicarbonate is an intermediate in the reaction of sodium chloride, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. The product however shows low purity (75pc). Although of no practical value, NaHCO may be obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of sodium ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
Sodium bicarbonate " In "A Night at the Opera", Groucho's character addresses the opening night crowd at an opera by saying of the lead tenor: "Signor Lassparri comes from a very famous family. His mother was a well-known bass singer. His father was the first man to stuff spaghetti with bicarbonate of soda, thus causin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
Sievert The sievert (symbol: Sv) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI) and is a measure of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body. The sievert is important in dosimetry and radiation protection, and is named after Rolf Maximilian Sievert,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert For applications in radiation protection and dosimetry assessment the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) have published recommendations and data which are used to calculate these. These are under continual review, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert The CIPM also says that "in order to avoid any risk of confusion between the absorbed dose "D" and the dose equivalent "H", the special names for the respective units should be used, that is, the name gray should be used instead of joules per kilogram for the unit of absorbed dose "D" and the name sievert inste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert The ICRU is primarily responsible for the operational dose quantities, based upon the application of ionising radiation metrology, and the ICRP is primarily responsible for the protection quantities, based upon modelling of dose uptake and biological sensitivity of the human body. The ICRU/ICRP dose quantities ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert These are directly measurable physical quantities in which no allowance has been made for biological effects. Radiation fluence is the number of radiation particles impinging per unit area per unit time, kerma is the ionising effect on air of gamma rays and X-rays and is used for instrument calibration, and abs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert The ICRU sphere is a theoretical 30 cm diameter "tissue equivalent" sphere consisting of a material with a density of 1 g·cm and a mass composition of 76.2% oxygen, 11.1% carbon, 10.1% hydrogen and 2.6% nitrogen. This material is specified to most closely approximate human tissue in its absorption properties. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert These quantities cannot be measured in practice but their values are derived using models of external dose to internal organs of the human body, using anthropomorphic phantoms. These are 3D computational models of the body which take into account a number of complex effects such as body self-shielding and inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert These dose quantities are weighted averages of absorbed dose designed to be representative of the stochastic health effects of radiation, and use of the sievert implies that appropriate weighting factors have been applied to the absorbed dose measurement or calculation (expressed in grays). The ICRP calculation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert Since different radiation types have different biological effects for the same deposited energy, a corrective radiation weighting factor "W", which is dependent on the radiation type and on the target tissue, is applied to convert the absorbed dose measured in the unit gray to determine the equivalent dose. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert If the body has been subject to uniform irradiation, the effective dose equals the whole body equivalent dose, and only the radiation weighting factor "W" is used. But if there is partial or non-uniform body irradiation the calculation must take account of the individual organ doses received, because the sensit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert The operational quantities are used in practical applications for monitoring and investigating external exposure situations. They are defined for practical operational measurements and assessment of doses in the body. Three external operational dose quantities were devised to relate operational dosimeter and in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert The recommended depth for assessment is 10 mm which gives the quantity "H"(10). In order to simplify the means of calculating operational quantities and assist in the comprehension of radiation dose protection quantities, ICRP Committee 2 & ICRU Report Committee 26 started in 2010 an examination of different me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert This is dose from radionuclides which have been ingested or inhaled into the human body, and thereby "committed" to irradiate the body for a period of time. The concepts of calculating protection quantities as described for external radiation applies, but as the source of radiation is within the tissue of the b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert Deterministic (acute tissue effect) events happen with certainty, with the resulting health conditions occurring in every individual who received the same high dose. Stochastic (cancer induction and genetic) events are inherently random, with most individuals in a group failing to ever exhibit any causal negati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert net/publication/277289357) and Oxford University (Wade Allison, 2015, Nuclear is for Life, pp79–80, ) argue that this LNT model is now outdated and should be replaced with a threshold below which the body's natural cell processes repair damage and/or replace damaged cells. There is general agreement that the ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert For comparison, natural radiation levels inside the US capitol building are such that a human body would receive an additional dose rate of 0.85 mSv/a, close to the regulatory limit, because of the uranium content of the granite structure. According to the conservative ICRP model, someone who spent 20 years ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert All conversions between hours and years have assumed continuous presence in a steady field, disregarding known fluctuations, intermittent exposure and radioactive decay. Converted values are shown in parentheses. Notes on examples: The sievert has its origin in the röntgen equivalent man (rem) which was derived... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
Sievert 000001 Sv) and commonly used units for time derivative or "dose rate" indications on instruments and warnings for radiological protection are μSv/h and mSv/h. Regulatory limits and chronic doses are often given in units of mSv/a or Sv/a, where they are understood to represent an average over the entire year. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155823 |
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