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Warfarin Other broad-spectrum antibiotics can reduce the amount of the normal bacterial flora in the bowel, which make significant quantities of vitamin K, thus potentiating the effect of warfarin. In addition, food that contains large quantities of vitamin K will reduce the warfarin effect. Thyroid activity also appea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Warfarin Between 2003 and 2004, the UK Committee on Safety of Medicines received several reports of increased INR and risk of haemorrhage in people taking warfarin and cranberry juice. Data establishing a causal relationship is still lacking, and a 2006 review found no cases of this interaction reported to the FDA; nev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Warfarin Both the enantiomers of warfarin undergo CYP-mediated metabolism by many different CYPs to form 3',4',6,7,8 and 10-hydroxy warfarin metabolites, major being 7-OH warfarin formed from S-warfarin by CYP2C9 and 10-OH warfarin from R-warfarin by CYP3A4. is slower acting than the common anticoagulant heparin, thoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Warfarin inhibits the vitamin K-dependent synthesis of biologically active forms of the clotting factors II, VII, IX and X, as well as the regulatory factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z. Other proteins not involved in blood clotting, such as osteocalcin, or matrix Gla protein, may also be affected. The precurso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Warfarin The coagulation factors are produced, but have decreased functionality due to undercarboxylation; they are collectively referred to as PIVKAs (proteins induced [by] vitamin K absence/antagonism), and individual coagulation factors as PIVKA-"number" (e.g.PIVKA-II). The end result of warfarin use, therefore, is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Warfarin Polymorphisms in two genes ("VKORC1" and "CYP2C9") play a particularly large role in response to warfarin. VKORC1 polymorphisms explain 30% of the dose variation between patients: particular mutations make VKORC1 less susceptible to suppression by warfarin. There are two main haplotypes that explain 25% of var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Warfarin " A 2014 meta-analysis showed that using genotype-based dosing did not confer benefit in terms of time within therapeutic range, excessive anticoagulation (as defined by INR greater than 4), or a reduction in either major bleeding or thromboembolic events. In the early 1920s, there was an outbreak of a previou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Warfarin In 1933 Karl Paul Link and his lab of chemists working at the University of Wisconsin set out to isolate and characterize the haemorrhagic agent from the spoiled hay. It took five years before Link's student Harold A. Campbell recovered 6 mg of crystalline anticoagulant. Next, Link's student Mark A. Stahmann t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Warfarin However, coumarins themselves do not influence clotting or warfarin-like action, but must first be metabolized by various fungi into compounds such as 4-hydroxycoumarin, then further (in the presence of naturally occurring formaldehyde) into dicoumarol, in order to have any anticoagulant properties. Fungal att... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Warfarin After an incident in 1951, where an army inductee attempted suicide with multiple doses of warfarin in rodenticide but recovered fully after presenting to a Naval Hospital and being treated with vitamin K (by then known as a specific antidote), studies began in the use of warfarin as a therapeutic anticoagulan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Warfarin The is 50–500 mg/kg. The IDLH value is 100 mg/m (warfarin; various species). The use of warfarin itself as a rat poison is now declining, because many rat populations have developed resistance to it, and poisons of considerably greater potency are now available. Other 4-hydroxycoumarins used as rodenticides in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Warfarin People can be exposed to warfarin in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin absorption, and eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for warfarin exposure in the workplace as 0.1 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. The Na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Warfarin The drug is marketed under many brand and generic names including Aldocumar, Anasmol, Anticoag, Befarin, Cavamed, Cicoxil, Circuvit, Cofarin, Coumadin, Coumadine, Cumar, Farin, Foley, Haemofarin, Jantoven, Kovar, Lawarin, Maforan, Marevan, Marfarin, Marivanil, Martefarin, Morfarin, Orfarin, Panwarfin, Scheme, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238097 |
Henry's law In physical chemistry, is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid. The proportionality factor is called constant. It was formulated by the English chemist William Henry, who studied the topic in the early 19th century. In hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238199 |
Henry's law The value of formula_2 decreases with increased solubility. There are several variants of both fundamental types. This results from the multiplicity of quantities that can be chosen to describe the composition of the two phases. Typical choices for the aqueous phase are molar concentration (formula_4), mola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238199 |
Henry's law The Henry solubility can also be expressed as the dimensionless ratio between the aqueous-phase concentration formula_17 of a species and its gas-phase concentration formula_24: For an ideal gas, the conversion is: where formula_27 is the gas constant and formula_28 is the temperature. Sometimes, this dimen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238199 |
Henry's law Using molality, the Henry solubility can be defined as Here formula_5 is used as the symbol for molality (instead of formula_47) to avoid confusion with the symbol formula_47 for mass. The SI unit for formula_41 is mol/(kg·Pa). There is no simple way to calculate formula_12 from formula_41, since the conver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238199 |
Henry's law The Bunsen coefficient, which is named after Robert Bunsen, has been used mainly in the older literature. According to Sazonov and Shaw, the Kuenen coefficient formula_71 is defined as "the volume of saturating gas V(g), reduced to T° = 273.15 K, p° = bar, which is dissolved by unit mass of pure solvent at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238199 |
Henry's law The temperature dependence of equilibrium constants can generally be described with the van 't Hoff equation, which also applies to constants: where formula_91 is the enthalpy of dissolution. Note that the letter formula_1 in the symbol formula_91 refers to enthalpy and is not related to the letter formula_... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238199 |
Henry's law For example, the intrinsic solubility constant of formaldehyde can be defined as In aqueous solution, formaldehyde is almost completely hydrated: The total concentration of dissolved formaldehyde is Taking this equilibrium into account, an effective constant formula_101 can be defined as For acids and bases... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238199 |
Henry's law Describing the solution in terms of molality is preferred because molality is invariant to temperature and to the addition of dry salt to the solution. Thus, the Sechenov equation can be written as where formula_109 is the constant in pure water, formula_41 is the constant in the salt solution, formula_111 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238199 |
Henry's law Although the standard concentration "c"° is taken to be 1 mol/l by convention, the standard state is a hypothetical solution of 1 mol/l in which the solute has its limiting infinite-dilution properties. This has the effect that all non-ideal behavior is described by the activity coefficient: the activity co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238199 |
Henry's law For a dilute solution, the concentration of the solute is approximately proportional to its mole fraction "x", and can be written as This can be compared with Raoult's law: where "p"* is the vapor pressure of the pure component. At first sight, Raoult's law appears to be a special case of Henry's law, where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238199 |
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids Nucleic acid electrophoresis is an analytical technique used to separate DNA or RNA fragments by size and reactivity. Nucleic acid molecules which are to be analyzed are set upon a viscous medium, the gel, where an electric field induces the nucleic acids (which are negatively charg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238301 |
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids In other instances, such as PCR amplified samples, enzymes present in the sample that might affect the separation of the molecules are removed through various means before analysis. Once the nucleic acid is properly prepared, the samples of the nucleic acid solution are placed in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238301 |
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids For short DNA segments such as 20 to 60 bp double stranded DNA, running them in polyacrylamide gel (PAGE) will give better resolution (native condition). Similarly, RNA and single-stranded DNA can be run and visualised by PAGE gels containing denaturing agents such as Urea. PAGE gel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238301 |
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids In field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE, a kind of PFGE), it is possible to have "band inversion" - where large molecules may move faster than small molecules. The conformation of the DNA molecule can significantly affect the movement of the DNA, for example, supercoiled DNA us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238301 |
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids Circular DNA are more strongly affected by ethidium bromide concentration than linear DNA if ethidium bromide is present in the gel during electrophoresis. All naturally occurring DNA circles are underwound, but ethidium bromide which intercalates into circular DNA can change the ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238301 |
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids High concentrations gel however requires longer run times (sometimes days) and high percentage gels are often brittle and may not set evenly. High percentage agarose gels should be run with PFGE or FIGE. Low percentage gels (0.1−0.2%) are fragile and may break. 1% gels are common fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238301 |
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids However, the migration of DNA molecules in solution, in the absence of a gel matrix, is independent of molecular weight during electrophoresis, i.e. there is no separation by size without a gel matrix. Hydrodynamic interaction between different parts of the DNA are cut off by stream... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238301 |
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids For DNA molecules of size greater than 1 kb, a reptation model (or its variants) is most commonly used. This model assumes that the DNA can crawl in a "snake-like" fashion (hence "reptation") through the pores as an elongated molecule. At higher electric field strength, this turned ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238301 |
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids Real-time fluorescence microscopy of stained molecules showed more subtle dynamics during electrophoresis, with the DNA showing considerable elasticity as it alternately stretching in the direction of the applied field and then contracting into a ball, or becoming hooked into a U-sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238301 |
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids It has similar sensitivity levels to EtBr, but, like SYBR Green, is significantly more expensive. In countries where safe disposal of hazardous waste is mandatory, the costs of EtBr disposal can easily outstrip the initial price difference, however. Since EtBr stained DNA is not vis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238301 |
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids The ethidium bromide fluoresces reddish-orange in the presence of DNA, since it has intercalated with the DNA. The DNA band can also be cut out of the gel, and can then be dissolved to retrieve the purified DNA. The gel can then be photographed usually with a digital or polaroid cam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238301 |
Adverse pressure gradient In fluid dynamics, an adverse pressure gradient occurs when the static pressure increases in the direction of the flow. Mathematically this is expressed as: formula_1 for a flow in the positive formula_2-direction. This is important for boundary layers, increasing the fluid pressure is akin to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238493 |
Adverse pressure gradient The dimples on a golf ball, the fuzz on a tennis ball, or the seams on a baseball are good examples. Aeroplane wings are often engineered with vortex generators on the upper surface to produce a turbulent boundary layer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238493 |
Lead(II) nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Pb(NO). It commonly occurs as a colourless crystal or white powder and, unlike most other lead(II) salts, is soluble in water. Known since the Middle Ages by the name plumb dulcis, the production of lead(II) nitrate from either metallic lead or lead ox... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238508 |
Lead(II) nitrate It has been produced as a raw material for making pigments such as chrome yellow (lead(II) chromate, PbCrO) and chrome orange (basic lead(II) chromate, PbCrO) and Naples yellow. These pigments were used for dyeing and printing calico and other textiles. It has been used as an oxidizer in black powder a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238508 |
Lead(II) nitrate Research interest in the crystal structure of lead(II) nitrate was partly based on the possibility of free internal rotation of the nitrate groups within the crystal lattice at elevated temperatures, but this did not materialise. Lead nitrate decomposes on heating, a property that has been used in pyro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238508 |
Lead(II) nitrate The crystal structure shows that the nitrate group forms a bridge between two lead atoms. One interesting aspect of this type of complexes is the presence of a physical gap in the coordination sphere; i.e., the ligands are not placed symmetrically around the metal ion. This is potentially due to a lead... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238508 |
Lead(II) nitrate Lead is known to substitute for zinc in a number of enzymes, including δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (porphobilinogen synthase) in the haem biosynthetic pathway and pyrimidine-5′-nucleotidase, important for the correct metabolism of DNA and can therefore cause fetal damage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238508 |
Marsh test The is a highly sensitive method in the detection of arsenic, especially useful in the field of forensic toxicology when arsenic was used as a poison. It was developed by the chemist James Marsh and first published in 1836. Arsenic, in the form of white arsenic trioxide , was a highly favored poison, being o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238522 |
Marsh test A yellow precipitate, arsenic trisulfide (AsS) would be formed if arsenic was present. Even so, these tests have proven not to be sensitive enough. In 1832, a certain John Bodle was brought to trial for poisoning his grandfather by putting arsenic in his coffee. James Marsh, a chemist working at the Royal Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238522 |
Marsh test The intensity of the stain could then be compared to films produced using known amounts of arsenic. Not only could minute amounts of arsenic be detected (as little as 0.02 mg), the test was very specific for arsenic. Although antimony (Sb) could give a false-positive test by forming stibine (SbH) gas which d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238522 |
Marsh test The circumstantial evidence was great: it was shown that she bought arsenic trioxide from a local chemist, supposedly to kill rats which infested their home. In addition, their maid swore that she had mixed a white powder into his drink. Although the food was found to be positive for the poison using the old... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238522 |
Marsh test The existence of the also served a deterrent effect: deliberate arsenic poisonings became rarer because the fear of discovery became more prevalent. is used in "Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously" to prove that a certain chocolate is poisoned with arsenic. Lord Peter Wimsey’s manservant Bunter uses Marsh’s test ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238522 |
Arsine (IUPAC name: arsane) is an inorganic compound with the formula AsH. This flammable, pyrophoric, and highly toxic pnictogen hydride gas is one of the simplest compounds of arsenic. Despite its lethality, it finds some applications in the semiconductor industry and for the synthesis of organoarsenic compounds. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238525 |
Arsine Alternatively, sources of As react with protonic reagents to also produce this gas. Zinc arsenide and sodium arsenide are suitable precursors: The understanding of the chemical properties of AsH is well developed and can be anticipated based on an average of the behavior of PH and SbH. Typical for a heavy hydrid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238525 |
Arsine With solid AgNO, AsH reacts to produce yellow AgAsNO, whereas AsH reacts with a solution of AgNO to give black AgAs. The acidic properties of the As–H bond are often exploited. Thus, AsH can be deprotonated: Upon reaction with the aluminium trialkyls, AsH gives the trimeric [RAlAsH], where R = (CH)C. This reacti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238525 |
Arsine With this apparatus, arsine is obtained by applying vacuum to the gas cylinder valve outlet. For semiconductor manufacturing, this method is practical, as these processes usually operate under high vacuum. Since before WWII AsH was proposed as a possible chemical warfare weapon. The gas is colorless, almost odor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238525 |
Arsine The presence of As is indicated by formation of a deposit in the heated part of the equipment. On the other hand, the appearance of a black mirror deposit in the "cool" part of the equipment indicates the presence of antimony (the highly unstable SbH decomposes even at low temperatures). The Marsh test was widel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238525 |
Arsine There is little information on the chronic toxicity of arsine, although it is reasonable to assume that, in common with other arsenic compounds, a long-term exposure could lead to arsenicosis. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238525 |
Elimination reaction In most organic elimination reactions, at least one hydron (H) is lost to form the double bond: the unsaturation of the molecule increases. It is also possible that a molecule undergoes reductive elimination, by which the valence of an atom in the molecule decreases by two, though this is more comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238527 |
Elimination reaction E1 eliminations happen with highly substituted alkyl halides for two main reasons. Specific features : 1 . Rearrangement possible 2 . Independent of concentration and basicity of base The reaction rate is influenced by the reactivity of halogens, iodide and bromide being favored. Fluoride is not a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238527 |
Elimination reaction The ability to form a stable product containing a C=C or C=X bond, as well as orbital alignment considerations, strongly favors β-elimination over other elimination processes. However, other types are known, generally for systems where β-elimination cannot occur. The next most common type of elimin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238527 |
Elimination reaction More recently, γ-silyl elimination of a silylcyclobutyl tosylate has been used to prepare strained bicyclic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238527 |
Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula . It is one of several nitrogen oxides. is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of nitric acid, millions of tons of which are produced each year for use primarily in the production of fertilizers. At higher temperatures it is a reddish-brown. is a paramagn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238528 |
Nitrogen dioxide typically arises via the oxidation of nitric oxide by oxygen in air: is formed in most combustion processes using air as the oxidant. At elevated temperatures nitrogen combines with oxygen to form nitric oxide: In the laboratory, can be prepared in a two-step procedure where dehydration of nitric acid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238528 |
Nitrogen dioxide This reaction is negligibly slow at low concentrations of NO characteristic of the ambient atmosphere, although it does proceed upon NO uptake to surfaces. Such surface reaction is thought to produce gaseous HNO (often written as HONO) in outdoor and indoor environments. Nitric acid decomposes slowly t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238528 |
Nitrogen dioxide Outdoors, can be a result of traffic from motor vehicles. Indoors, exposure arises from cigarette smoke, and butane and kerosene heaters and stoves. Workers in industries where is used are also exposed and are at risk for occupational lung diseases, and NIOSH has set exposure limits and safety standard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238528 |
Nitrogen dioxide Only very high concentrations of the gaseous form cause immediate distress: 100–200 ppm can cause mild irritation of the nose and throat, 250–500 ppm can cause edema, leading to bronchitis or pneumonia, and levels above 1000 ppm can cause death due to asphyxiation from fluid in the lungs. There are oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238528 |
Nitrogen dioxide The effects of toxicity on health have been examined using questionnaires and inperson interviews in an effort to understand the relationship between () and asthma. The influence of indoor air pollutants on health is important because the majority of people in the world spend more than 80% of their tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238528 |
Nitrogen dioxide Exposure to () is especially harmful for children with asthma. Research has shown that children with asthma who live in homes with gas stoves have greater risk of respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, cough and chest tightness. Additionally, gas stove use was associated with reduced lung function in g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238528 |
Nitrogen dioxide Replacing gas stoves with electric ranges could greatly reduce the exposure to indoor NO and improve the respiratory function of children with asthma. It is important to keep gas stoves and heaters in good repair so they are not polluting extra NO. 2015 International Residential Code that requires that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238528 |
Nitrogen dioxide housing units are located within of a major highway, railroad, or airport (approximately 48 million people). Studies show a connection between breathing elevated short-term NO concentrations, and increased visits to emergency departments and hospital admissions for respiratory issues, especially asthma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238528 |
Ilya Prigogine Viscount Ilya Romanovich Prigogine (; ; 28 May 2003) was a physical chemist and Nobel laureate noted for his work on dissipative structures, complex systems, and irreversibility. Prigogine was born in Moscow a few months before the Russian Revolution of 1917, into a Jewish family. His father, Roman (Ruvi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238560 |
Ilya Prigogine He was a member of numerous scientific organizations, and received numerous awards, prizes and 53 honorary degrees. In 1955, was awarded the Francqui Prize for Exact Sciences. For his study in irreversible thermodynamics, he received the Rumford Medal in 1976, and in 1977, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238560 |
Ilya Prigogine In his 1955 text, Prigogine drew connections between dissipative structures and the Rayleigh-Bénard instability and the Turing mechanism. Dissipative structure theory led to pioneering research in self-organizing systems, as well as philosophical inquiries into the formation of complexity on biological e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238560 |
Ilya Prigogine The Liouville space extension proposal by Prigogine and co-workers aimed to solve the arrow of time problem of thermodynamics and the measurement problem of quantum mechanics. Prigogine co-authored several books with Isabelle Stengers, including "The End of Certainty" and "La Nouvelle Alliance" ("Order o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238560 |
Ilya Prigogine As Prigogine explains, determinism is fundamentally a denial of the arrow of time. With no arrow of time, there is no longer a privileged moment known as the "present," which follows a determined "past" and precedes an undetermined "future." All of time is simply given, with the future as determined or a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238560 |
Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present. The law is a specific case of the ideal gas law. A modern statement is: states that "equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238680 |
Avogadro's law Similarly, if the number of moles of gas is decreased, then the volume also decreases. Thus, the number of molecules or atoms in a specific volume of ideal gas is independent of their size or the molar mass of the gas. The derivation of follows directly from the ideal gas law, i.e. where "R" is the gas c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238680 |
Avogadro's law As Ampère was more well known in France, the hypothesis was usually referred there as Ampère's hypothesis, and later also as Avogadro–Ampère hypothesis or even Ampère–Avogadro hypothesis. Experimental studies carried out by Charles Frédéric Gerhardt and Auguste Laurent on organic chemistry demonstrated t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238680 |
Avogadro's law His calculation gave rise to the concept of the Loschmidt constant, a ratio between macroscopic and atomic quantities. In 1910, Millikan's oil drop experiment determined the charge of the electron; using it with the Faraday constant (derived by Michael Faraday in 1834), one is able to determine the numbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238680 |
Methylene blue Methylene blue, also known as methylthioninium chloride, is a medication and dye. As a medication, it is mainly used to treat methemoglobinemia. Specifically, it is used to treat methemoglobin levels that are greater than 30% or in which there are symptoms despite oxygen therapy. It has previously been u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238790 |
Methylene blue When large amounts of methemoglobin occur secondary to toxins, methemoglobin reductases are overwhelmed. Methylene blue, when injected intravenously as an antidote, is itself first reduced to leucomethylene blue, which then reduces the heme group from methemoglobin to hemoglobin. can reduce the half life... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238790 |
Methylene blue This allows the submucosal tissue plane to be identified after the polyp is removed, which is useful in determining if more tissue needs to be removed, or if there has been a high risk for perforation. is also used as a dye in chromoendoscopy, and is sprayed onto the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238790 |
Methylene blue Romanowsky in the 1890s), it gets serially demethylated and forms all the tri-, di-, mono- and non-methyl intermediates, which are Azure B, Azure A, Azure C, and thionine, respectively. This is the basis of the basophilic part of the spectrum of Romanowski-Giemsa effect. If only synthetic Azure B and Eos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238790 |
Methylene blue has been used as a placebo; physicians would tell their patients to expect their urine to change color and view this as a sign that their condition had improved. This same side effect makes methylene blue difficult to test in traditional placebo-controlled clinical studies. Another use of methylene blue ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238790 |
Methylene blue Prophylactic administration of methylene blue the day before initiation of ifosfamide, and three times daily during ifosfamide chemotherapy has been recommended to lower the occurrence of ifosfamide neurotoxicity. It has also been used in septic shock and anaphylaxis. consistently increases blood pressur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238790 |
Methylene blue The specifics of absorption depend on a number of factors, including protonation, adsorption to other materials, and metachromasy - the formation of dimers and higher-order aggregates depending on concentration and other interactions: is widely used as a redox indicator in analytical chemistry. Solutions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238790 |
Methylene blue The test is very sensitive and the blue coloration developing upon contact of the reagents with dissolved HS is stable for 60 min. Ready-to-use kits such as the "Spectroquant" sulfide test facilitate routine analyses. The methylene blue sulfide test is a convenient method often used in soil microbiology ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238790 |
Methylene blue The presence of free dye solution can be checked with stain test on a filter paper. In biology methylene blue is used as a dye for a number of different staining procedures, such as Wright's stain and Jenner's stain. Since it is a temporary staining technique, methylene blue can also be used to examine R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238790 |
Methylene blue It is usually used to protect newly laid fish eggs from being infected by fungus or bacteria. This is useful when the hobbyist wants to artificially hatch the fish eggs. Methylene Blue is also very effective when used as part of a "medicated fish bath" for treatment of ammonia, nitrite, and cyanide poiso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238790 |
Methylene blue It became the lead compound in research leading to the discovery of chlorpromazine. The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) of methylene blue is methylthioninium chloride. was identified by Paul Ehrlich about 1891 as a possible treatment for malaria. It disappeared as an anti-malarial during the Paci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238790 |
Halide A halide is a binary phase, of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less electronegative (or more electropositive) than the halogen, to make a, e.g., fluoride, chloride, or theoretically tennesside compound. The alkali metals combine directly with halogens under ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239097 |
Halide Silver halides are used in photographic films and papers. When the film is developed, the silver halides which have been exposed to light are reduced to metallic silver, forming an image. Halides are also used in solder paste, commonly as a Cl or Br equivalent. Synthetic organic chemistry often incorporates halo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239097 |
Phosphodiesterase A phosphodiesterase (PDE) is an enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond. Usually, "phosphodiesterase" refers to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, which have great clinical significance and are described below. However, there are many other families of phosphodiesterases, including phospholipases ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239462 |
Phosphodiesterase The PDE nomenclature signifies the "PDE family" with an Arabic numeral, then a capital letter denotes the "gene in that family", and a second and final Arabic numeral then indicates the "splice variant" derived from a single gene (e.g., PDE1C3: family 1, gene C, splicing variant 3). The superfamily of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239462 |
Phosphodiesterase Sildenafil (Viagra) is an inhibitor of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5, which enhances the vasodilatory effects of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum and is used to treat erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil is also currently being investigated for its myo- and cardioprotective effects, with particular ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239462 |
Phosphodiesterase This leads to intraplatelet accumulation of cAMP and/or cGMP, inhibiting platelet aggregation. Zaprinast inhibits the growth of asexual blood-stage malaria parasites ("P. falciparum") "in vitro" with an ED value of 35 μM, and inhibits PfPDE1, a "P. falciparum" cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, with an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239462 |
Aromaticity In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a property of cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat) structures with a ring of resonance bonds that gives increased stability compared to other geometric or connective arrangements with the same set of atoms. Aromatic molecules are very stable, and do not break apart easily... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239836 |
Aromaticity as a chemical property bears no general relationship with the olfactory properties of such compounds (how they smell), although in 1855, before the structure of benzene or organic compounds was understood, chemists like Hofmann were beginning to understand that odiferous molecules from plants, such as terpe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239836 |
Aromaticity Benzene is a more stable molecule than would be expected without accounting for charge delocalization. As it is a standard for resonance diagrams, the use of a double-headed arrow indicates that two structures are not distinct entities but merely hypothetical possibilities. Neither is an accurate representa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239836 |
Aromaticity The following diagram shows the positions of these p-orbitals: Since they are out of the plane of the atoms, these orbitals can interact with each other freely, and become delocalized. This means that, instead of being tied to one atom of carbon, each electron is shared by all six in the ring. Thus, there a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239836 |
Aromaticity This property led to the term "aromatic" for this class of compounds, and hence the term "aromaticity" for the eventually discovered electronic property. In the 19th century chemists found it puzzling that benzene could be so unreactive toward addition reactions, given its presumed high degree of unsaturati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239836 |
Aromaticity Here, Armstrong is describing at least four modern concepts. First, his "affinity" is better known nowadays as the electron, which was to be discovered only seven years later by J. J. Thomson. Second, he is describing electrophilic aromatic substitution, proceeding (third) through a Wheland intermediate, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239836 |
Aromaticity Whereas benzene is aromatic (6 electrons, from 3 double bonds), cyclobutadiene is antiaromatic, since the number of π delocalized electrons is 4, which of course is a multiple of 4. The cyclobutadienide(2−) ion, however, is aromatic (6 electrons). An atom in an aromatic system can have other electrons that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239836 |
Aromaticity By the same mechanism, the signals of protons located near the ring axis are shifted upfield. Aromatic molecules are able to interact with each other in so-called π–π stacking: The π systems form two parallel rings overlap in a "face-to-face" orientation. Aromatic molecules are also able to interact with ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239836 |
Aromaticity Hence, cyclobutadiene is non-aromatic; the strain of the asymmetric configuration outweighs the anti-aromatic destabilization that would afflict the symmetric, square configuration. Hückel's rule of aromaticity treats molecules in their singlet ground states (S). The stability trends of the compounds descri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239836 |
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