text stringlengths 11 1.65k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|
Robert Reich He advocated that the country provide more opportunities for workers to learn technological skills. In 1996, between Clinton's re-election and second inauguration, Reich decided to leave the department to spend more time with his sons, then in their teen years. He published his experiences working for the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334763 |
Robert Reich In 2004, he published "", a book on how liberals can forcefully argue for their position in a country increasingly dominated by what he called "radcons", or radical conservatives. In addition to his professorial role, he has been a weekly contributor to the American Public Media public radio program Market... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334763 |
Robert Reich In 2007 his book "" was published. In it he argued turbo-charged corporate competition, fueled by consumers and investors seeking the best possible deals from anywhere in the world, was generating severe social problems. But governments were failing to address them because big corporations and Wall Street ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334763 |
Robert Reich In it, Reich explained how America's widening inequality had contributed to the great recession and made it difficult for the economy to recover, by undermining the purchasing power of the middle class relative to the nation's productive capacity. In April 2012, his book "Beyond Outrage" was published as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334763 |
Robert Reich In 2020, he again endorsed Bernie Sanders for President. In 2017, he again teamed up with Jacob Kornbluth to produce the documentary "Saving Capitalism", based on his book of that name. Netflix chose the film to be a Netflix Original Documentary. In the documentary, Reich says the election of Donald Trump ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334763 |
Robert Reich In February 2017, Reich stated that he would not rule out that violence at UC Berkeley against Donald Trump supporter Milo Yiannopoulos was a right-wing false flag for Trump to strip universities of federal funding. This idea was described as "phantasmagorical" by "The Washington Post". In February 2018, h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334763 |
Robert Reich For the longer term, invest in education for lower income communities, starting with early-childhood education and extending all the way up to better access to post-secondary education." Reich is pro-union, saying: "Unionization is not just good for workers in unions, unionization is very, very important f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334763 |
Robert Reich Since shortly after the 2017 inauguration Reich began producing a "Resistance Report" program, offering contextual analysis of latest White House and Cabinet activities, typically a 15- to 30-minute presentation, available on social media sites like Facebook and YouTube. In late January 2020, Reich and Ine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334763 |
Public sector The public sector (also called the state sector) is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises. Public sectors include public goods and governmental services such as the military, law enforcement, infrastructure (public roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, el... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334803 |
Public sector Libertarians and anarcho-capitalists have also argued that the system by which the public sector is funded, namely taxation, is itself coercive and unjust. However, even notable small-government proponents have pushed back on this point of view, citing the ultimate necessity of a public sector for provisi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334803 |
Business @ the Speed of Thought is a book written by Bill Gates and Collins Hemingway in 1999. It discusses how business and technology are integrated, and explains how digital infrastructures and information networks can help someone get an edge on the competition. Gates asserts cyberspace and industry can no longer b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=335458 |
Economic statistics is a topic in applied statistics that concerns the collection, processing, compilation, dissemination, and analysis of economic data. It is also common to call the data themselves 'economic statistics', but for this usage see economic data. The data of concern to economic statistics may include thos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=340363 |
Death spiral financing is the result of a badly structured convertible financing used to fund primarily small cap companies in the marketplace, causing the company's stock to fall dramatically, which can lead to the company's ultimate downfall. Some small companies rely on selling convertible debt to large private inve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=342731 |
Death spiral financing There are some ways to limit the "spiral" situation, e.g. by prohibiting short selling so as to have a stronger incentive for the debt holder to see the stock price increase. It is also worth noting that in a spiral scenario, it becomes more and more difficult for the debt holder to recover its i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=342731 |
Index of Economic Freedom The is an annual index and ranking created in 1995 by The Heritage Foundation and "The Wall Street Journal" to measure the degree of economic freedom in the world's nations. The creators of the index took an approach similar to Adam Smith's in "The Wealth of Nations", that "basic institutions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345414 |
Index of Economic Freedom It is divided into the following sub-factors: Analyzes how prevalent are forms of political corruption and practices such as bribery, extortion, nepotism, cronyism, patronage, embezzlement, and graft. It is divided into the following sub-factors: Analyzes marginal tax rates on personal and cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345414 |
Index of Economic Freedom It is divided into the following sub-factors: Quantifies the extent to which tariff and nontariff barriers affect imports and exports of goods and services into and out of the country. Its sub-factors are: Analyses how free or constrained is the flow of investment capital of individuals and fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345414 |
Index of Economic Freedom Also claimed is that higher economic freedom is extremely significant in preventing wars; according to their calculations, freedom is around 54 times more effective than democracy (as measured by "Democracy Score") in diminishing violent conflict. Since the index was created in 1995, the score... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345414 |
Index of Economic Freedom 5 points lower, on average, than countries where government spending was under control. In their "Executive Highlights" of index results, the Heritage Foundation stated that "high levels of government spending in response to the global economic turmoil have not resulted in higher economic grow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345414 |
Index of Economic Freedom Critics such as Jeffrey Sachs have contested the Index's assumption that economic openness necessarily leads to better growth. In his book "The End of Poverty", Sachs graphed countries' ratings on the index against GDP per capita growth between 1995 and 2003, claiming to demonstrate no correla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345414 |
Index of Economic Freedom " According to Left Business Observer, growth in Index accounts for 10% of the variation in the growth of GDP. "Key: ██ Free (80–100)" "██ Mostly Free (70.0–79.9)" "██ Moderately Free (60.0–69.9)" "██ Mostly Unfree (50.0–59.9)" "██ Repressed (0–49.9)" The Index's 2008 definition of economic fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345414 |
Economic freedom Economic freedom, or economic liberty, is the ability of people of a society to take economic actions. This is a term used in economic and policy debates as well as in the philosophy of economics. One approach to economic freedom comes from the liberal tradition emphasizing free markets, free trade, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Economic freedom With regards to other measures such as equality, corruption, political and social violence and their correlation to economic freedom, it has been argued that the economic freedom indices conflate unrelated policies and policy outcomes to conceal negative correlations between economic growth and economi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Economic freedom Empirical evidence suggests that countries with strong property rights systems have economic growth rates almost twice as high as those of countries with weak property rights systems, and that a market system with significant private property rights is an essential condition for democracy. According to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Economic freedom The notion of "freedom of contract" was given one of its most famous legal expressions in 1875 by Sir George Jessel MR: The doctrine of freedom of contract received one of its strongest expressions in the US Supreme Court case of "Lochner v New York" which struck down legal restrictions on the working ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Economic freedom In his view, voluntary character of all transactions in a free market economy and wide diversity that it permits are fundamental threats to repressive political leaders and greatly diminish power to coerce. Through elimination of centralized control of economic activities, economic power is separated f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Economic freedom He uses the example of Sweden, in which the government at that time controlled 63 percent of GNP, as an example to support his argument that the basic problem with "The Road to Serfdom" is "that it offered predictions which turned out to be false. The steady advance of government in places such as Swed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Economic freedom The people living in the top one-fifth of countries enjoy an average income of $23,450 and a growth rate in the 1990s of 2.56 percent per year; in contrast, the bottom one-fifth in the rankings had an average income of just $2,556 and a -0.85 percent growth rate in the 1990s. The poorest 10 percent of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Economic freedom The nature of economic freedom is often in dispute. Robert Lawson, the co-author of "EFW", even acknowledges the potential shortcomings of freedom indices: "The purpose of the EFW index is to measure, no doubt imprecisely, the degree of economic freedom that exists." He likens the recent attempts of ec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Economic freedom For example, the treatment of a large informal sector (common in poor countries) as an indicator of restrictive government policy, and the use of the change in the ratio of government spending to national income, rather than the level of this ratio. Hartmann argues that these choices cause the social d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Economic freedom However, according to the Freedom House, "there is a high and statistically significant correlation between the level of political freedom as measured by Freedom House and economic freedom as measured by the Wall Street Journal/Heritage Foundation survey." Amartya Sen and other economists consider econ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Economic freedom Franklin D. Roosevelt included freedom from want in his Four Freedoms speech. Roosevelt stated that freedom from want "translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world". In terms of US polic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Economic freedom " The ILO further states that "The right of workers and employers to form and join organizations of their own choosing is an integral part of a free and open society." The socialist view of economic freedom conceives of freedom as a concrete situation as opposed to an abstract or moral concept. This vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Economic freedom Generally, countries with higher economic freedom have higher gross domestic product per capita and its growth rates, as well as better health care, education quality, environment protection, income equality, and happiness results. These trends of increasing prosperity are confirmed even when we compar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345419 |
Valuation (finance) In finance, valuation is the process of determining the present value (PV) of an asset. Valuations can be done on assets (for example, investments in marketable securities such as stocks, options, business enterprises, or intangible assets such as patents and trademarks) or on liabilities (e.g., bon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347107 |
Valuation (finance) Since the value of things fluctuates over time, valuations are as of a specific date like the end of the accounting quarter or year. They may alternatively be mark-to-market estimates of the current value of assets or liabilities as of this minute or this day for the purposes of managing portfolios ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347107 |
Valuation (finance) Their calculations are of various kinds including analyses of companies that focus on price-to-book, price-to-earnings, price-to-cash-flow and present value calculations, and analyses of bonds that focus on credit ratings, assessments of default risk, risk premia, and levels of real interest rates. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347107 |
Valuation (finance) Alternatively, private firms do not have government oversight—unless operating in a regulated industry—and are usually not required to have their financial statements audited. Moreover, managers of private firms often prepare their financial statements to minimize profits and, therefore, taxes. Alte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347107 |
Valuation (finance) Despite the risk of manager bias, equity investors and creditors prefer to know the market values of a firm's assets—rather than their historical costs—because current values give them better information to make decisions. There are commonly three pillars to valuing business entities: comparable com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347107 |
Valuation (finance) Alternatively, the second investment opportunity is a bond issued by small company and that bond also pays annual interest of 5%. If given a choice between the two bonds, virtually all investors would buy the government bond rather than the small-firm bond because the first is less risky while payin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347107 |
Valuation (finance) From the prices, one calculates price multiples such as the price-to-earnings or price-to-book ratios—one or more of which used to value the firm. For example, the average price-to-earnings multiple of the guideline companies is applied to the subject firm's earnings to estimate its value. Many pric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347107 |
Valuation (finance) An alternative approach to the net asset value method is the excess earnings method. (This method was first described in the U.S. Internal Revenue Service's "Appeals and Review Memorandum" 34, and later refined by Revenue Ruling 68-609.) The excess earnings method has the appraiser identify the valu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347107 |
Valuation (finance) In many of these cases, the company in question is valued using real options analysis - see Business valuation #Option pricing approaches. This value serves to complement (or sometimes replace) the above value. Startup companies such as Uber, which was valued at $50 billion in early 2015, are assign... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347107 |
Valuation (finance) Valuations of intangible assets are often necessary for financial reporting and intellectual property transactions. Stock markets give indirectly an estimate of a corporation's intangible asset value. It can be reckoned as the difference between its market capitalisation and its book value (by inclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347107 |
Valuation (finance) The first is that the cash flows to a financial service firm cannot be easily estimated, since capital expenditures, working capital and debt are not clearly defined: "debt for a financial service firm is more akin to raw material than to a source of capital; the notion of cost of capital and enterp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347107 |
Inward investment is the injection of money from an external source into a region, in order to purchase capital goods for a branch of a corporation to locate or develop its presence in the region. Foreign sources, such as transnational corporations or multinational corporations invest money by introducing new industria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347261 |
Inward investment Another aspect of inward investment is financial inward investment activity, which rather than focusing on attracting "offshoot" operations of overseas companies, focuses on encouraging global focused overseas venture capitalist and hedge-fund investment into companies in a country or region. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347261 |
Giffen good In economics and consumer theory, a is a product that people consume more of as the price rises and vice versa—violating the basic law of demand in microeconomics. For any other sort of good, as the price of the good rises, the substitution effect makes consumers purchase less of it, and more of substitute ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=348127 |
Giffen good The chapter entitled "A Rise in the Price of Bread Corn, beyond a certain Pitch, tends to increase the Consumption of it," contains a detailed account of what have come to be called Giffen goods, and which might better be called Gray goods. For almost all products, the demand curve has a negative slope: as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=348127 |
Giffen good There are three necessary preconditions for this situation to arise: If precondition #1 is changed to "The goods in question must be so inferior that the income effect is greater than the substitution effect" then this list defines necessary and sufficient conditions. The last condition is a condition on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=348127 |
Giffen good The substitution effect (point A to point B) raises the quantity demanded of commodity X from X to X while the income effect lowers the quantity demanded from X to X. The net effect is a reduction in quantity demanded from X to X making commodity X a by definition. Any good where the income effect more than... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=348127 |
Giffen good Modern consumer behaviour research methods often deal in aggregates that average out income levels, and are too blunt an instrument to capture these specific situations. Complicating the matter are the requirements for limited availability of substitutes, as well as that the consumers are not so poor that t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=348127 |
Giffen good However the theoretical distinction between the two types of analysis remains clear, which one should apply to any actual case is an empirical matter. Potatoes during the Irish Great Famine were once considered to be an example of a Giffen good. However, Gerald P. Dwyer and Cotton M. Lindsey challenged this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=348127 |
Giffen good In a 2005 article, Sasha Abramsky of "The Nation" conjectured that gasoline, in certain circumstances, may act as a Giffen good. However, no supporting evidence was offered, and evidence from the large increases in oil prices in 2008 would suggest that quantity demanded for gasoline did actually fall as a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=348127 |
Staples thesis In economic development, the staples thesis is a theory of export-led growth based on Canadian experience. The theory "has its origins in research into Canadian social, political, and economic history carried out in Canadian universities...by members of what were then known as departments of political ec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=349487 |
Staples thesis (Also important, however, were the shocks caused by volatility in the market for wheat and by the weather itself on the growing season.) In Central Canada, the main staple was fur, and the fur trade dominated the economy for many years. This fur trade was controlled by large firms, such as the Hudson's B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=349487 |
Staples thesis While the staples thesis originally described the evolution of the Canadian state, it has since been used to study the economies of many nations that are dependent upon resource extraction and primary industries. The staples thesis states that export of raw materials can sustain economic growth, while it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=349487 |
Transparency (behavior) Transparency, as used in science, engineering, business, the humanities and in other social contexts, is operating in such a way that it is easy for others to see what actions are performed. Transparency implies openness, communication, and accountability. Transparency is practiced in companies,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351227 |
Transparency (behavior) Radical transparency is a management method where nearly all decision making is carried out publicly. All draft documents, all arguments for and against a proposal, all final decisions, and the decision making process itself are made public and remain publicly archived. This approach has grown i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351227 |
Transparency (behavior) Signed in 2006 by 11 NGOs active in the area of humanitarian rights, the INGO Accountability Charter has been referred to as the “first global accountability charter for the non-profit sector”. In 1997, the One World Trust created an "NGO Charter", a code of conduct comprising commitment to acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351227 |
Transparency (behavior) It is not clear however if this provides less opportunity for the authorities to abuse the system for their own interests. When military authorities classify their plans as secret, transparency is absent. This can be seen as either positive or negative; positive because it can increase national ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351227 |
Transparency (behavior) A recent political movement to emerge in conjunction with the demands for transparency is the Pirate Party, a label for a number of political parties across different countries who advocate freedom of information, direct democracy, network neutrality, and the free sharing of knowledge. 21st cent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351227 |
Transparency (behavior) In the computer software world, open source software concerns the creation of software, to which access to the underlying source code is freely available. This permits use, study, and modification without restriction. In computer security, the debate is ongoing as to the relative merits of the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351227 |
Transparency (behavior) The German philosopher and media theorist Byung-Chul Han in his 2012 work "Transparenzgesellschaft" sees transparency as a cultural norm created by neoliberal market forces, which he understands as the insatiable drive toward voluntary disclosure bordering on the pornographic. According to Han, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351227 |
Transparency (behavior) She argues that the promotion of 'datapreneurial' activity through open data initiatives outsources and interrupts the political contract between governed and government. She is concerned that the dominant model of governmental data-driven transparency produces neoliberal subjectivities that red... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351227 |
Business oligarch A business oligarch is generally a business magnate who controls sufficient resources to influence national politics. A business leader can be considered an oligarch if the following conditions are satisfied: More generally, an oligarch is a "member of an oligarchy; a person who is part of a small gro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351535 |
Capital loss is the difference between a lower selling price and a higher purchase price, resulting in a financial loss for the seller. The IRS states that "If your capital losses exceed your capital gains, the excess can be deducted on your tax return." Limits on such deductions apply. Special wash sale rules apply if... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=352727 |
Aggregate demand In macroeconomics, aggregate demand (AD) or domestic final demand (DFD) is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a given time. It is often called effective demand, though at other times this term is distinguished. This is the demand for the gross domestic product of a country. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=353023 |
Aggregate demand Whereas the traditional IS-LM Model deals with a closed economy, Mundell–Fleming describes a small open economy. The Mundell–Fleming model portrays the short-run relationship between an economy's nominal exchange rate, interest rate, and output (in contrast to the closed-economy IS–LM model, which focu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=353023 |
Aggregate demand First, he argued that with a lower ‘effective aggregate demand’, or the total amount of spending in the economy (lowered in the Crash), the private sector could subsist on a permanently reduced level of activity and involuntary unemployment, unless there were active intervention. Business lost access t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=353023 |
Aggregate demand The aggregate demand is usually described as a linear sum of four separable demand sources: where These four major parts, which can be stated in either 'nominal' or 'real' terms, are: In sum, for a single country at a given time, aggregate demand (formula_26 or formula_27) is given by formula_28. These... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=353023 |
Aggregate demand Carefully using ideas from the theory of supply and demand, aggregate supply can help determine the extent to which increases in aggregate demand lead to increases in real output or instead to increases in prices (inflation). In the diagram, an increase in any of the components of formula_27 (at any gi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=353023 |
Aggregate demand Second, when they do suffer price cuts (as in Japan), it can lead to disastrous deflation. A post-Keynesian theory of aggregate demand emphasizes the role of debt, which it considers a fundamental component of aggregate demand; the contribution of change in debt to aggregate demand is referred to by so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=353023 |
Aggregate demand Thus, as the level of debt in an economy grows, the economy becomes more sensitive to debt dynamics, and credit bubbles are of macroeconomic concern. Since write-offs and savings rates both spike in recessions, both of which result in shrinkage of credit, the resulting drop in aggregate demand can wors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=353023 |
Aggregate demand From the perspective of debt, the Keynesian prescription of government deficit spending in the face of an economic crisis consists of the government net "dis"-saving (increasing its debt) to compensate for the shortfall in private debt: it replaces private debt with public debt. Other alternatives incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=353023 |
Starve the beast "Starving the beast" is a political strategy employed by American conservatives to limit government spending by cutting taxes, in order to deprive the federal government of revenue in a deliberate effort to force it to reduce spending. The term "the beast", in this context, refers to the United States ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363736 |
Starve the beast The tax cuts and deficit spending of former US President George W. Bush's administration were attempts to "starve the beast." Bush said in 2001: "so we have the tax relief plan [...] that now provides a new kind—a fiscal straightjacket [sic] for Congress. And that's good for the taxpayers, and it's inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363736 |
Starve the beast tax system causes fiscal illusion and results in greater public expenditure than would be the case in an idealized system in which everyone is aware in detail of what their share of the costs of government is. Empirical evidence shows that Starve the Beast may be counterproductive, with lower taxes act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363736 |
Starve the beast Senate committee in July 2010 that: "My guess is that if President Bush had announced a new war surtax to pay for Iraq or an increase in the Medicare payroll tax rate to pay for the prescription drug benefit, both initiatives would have been less popular. Given that the prescription drug benefit only p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363736 |
Starve the beast Senator Jon Kyl (R-AZ), a veteran of the Senate Finance Committee, stated "you should never have to offset the cost of a deliberate decision to reduce tax rates on Americans." Lobbyist Grover Norquist is a well-known proponent of the strategy and has famously said, "My goal is to cut government in half... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363736 |
Time-based currency In economics, a time-based currency is an alternative currency or exchange system where the unit of account is the person-hour or some other time unit. Some time-based currencies value everyone's contributions equally: one hour equals one service credit. In these systems, one person volunteers to wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364143 |
Time-based currency It was established in Birmingham, England, before folding in 1834. It issued "Labour Notes" similar to banknotes, denominated in units of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 hours. John Gray, a socialist economist, worked with Owen and later with Ricardian Socialists and postulated a "National Chamber of Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364143 |
Time-based currency The world's first timebank was started in Japan by Teruko Mizushima in 1973 with the idea that participants could earn time credits which they could spend any time during their lives. She based her bank on the simple concept that each hour of time given as services to others could earn reciprocal ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364143 |
Time-based currency He would later write that "Americans face at least three interlocking sets of problems: growing inequality in access by those at the bottom to the most basic goods and services; increasing social problems stemming from the need to rebuild family, neighborhood and community; and a growing disillusion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364143 |
Time-based currency " As a philosophy, timebanking, also known as Time Trade is founded upon five principles, known as TimeBanking's Core Values: Ideally, timebanking builds community. TimeBank members sometimes refer to this as a return to simpler times when the community was there for its individuals. An interview at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364143 |
Time-based currency One hour of time is worth one Time Dollar, regardless of the service provided in one hour or how much skill is required to perform the task during that hour. This "one-for-one" system that relies on an abundant resource is designed to both recognize and encourage reciprocal community service, resist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364143 |
Time-based currency The unit of currency, always valued at an hour's worth of any person's labor, used by these groups has various names but is generally known as a time credit in the US and the UK (formerly a time dollar in the US). Timebanking is primarily used to provide incentives and rewards for work such as mento... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364143 |
Time-based currency Time Dollars AKA time credits earned are then recorded at the timebank to be accessed when desired. A Timebank can theoretically be as simple as a pad of paper, but the system was originally intended to take advantage of computer databases for record keeping. Some Timebanks employ a paid coordinator... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364143 |
Time-based currency However, since the value of a time credit is fixed at one hour, it resists inflation and does not earn interest. In these ways it is intentionally designed to differ from the traditional fiat currency used in most countries. Consequently, it does little good to hoard time credits and, in practice, m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364143 |
Time-based currency While some member-run TimeBanks with relatively low overhead costs do exist, others pay a staff to keep the organization running. This can be quite expensive for smaller organizations and without a long-term source of funding, they may fold. In 2013 TIMEREPUBLIK launched the global Timebank. Its aim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364143 |
Time-based currency Gill Seyfang published a study in the "Community Development Journal" about the effects of a timebank located in the Gorbals area of Glasgow, Scotland, "an inner-city estate characterized by high levels of deprivation, poverty, unemployment, poor health and low educational attainment." The Gorbals T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364143 |
Experimental psychology refers to work done by those who apply experimental methods to psychological study and the processes that underlie it. Experimental psychologists employ human participants and animal subjects to study a great many topics, including (among others) sensation & perception, memory, cognition, learni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364299 |
Experimental psychology Weber's main interests were the sense of touch and kinesthesis. His most memorable contribution to the field of experimental psychology is the suggestion that judgments of sensory differences are relative and not absolute. This relativity is expressed in "Weber's Law," which suggests that the ju... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364299 |
Experimental psychology Oswald Külpe is the main founder of the Würzburg School in Germany. He was a pupil of Wilhelm Wundt for about twelve years. Unlike Wundt, Külpe believed experiments were possible to test higher mental processes. In 1883 he wrote Grundriss der Psychologie, which had strictly scientific facts and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364299 |
Experimental psychology Such results made people question the validity of introspection as a research tool, and led to a decline of voluntarism and structuralism. The work of the Würzburg School later influenced many Gestalt psychologists, including Max Wertheimer. was introduced into the United States by George Trumbu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364299 |
Experimental psychology While Peirce was making advances in experimental psychology and psychophysics, he was also developing a theory of statistical inference, which was published in "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" (1877–78) and "A Theory of Probable Inference" (1883); both publications that emphasized the imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364299 |
Experimental psychology Hick and Donald Broadbent, who focused on topics such as thinking, memory and attention. This laid the foundations for the subsequent development of cognitive psychology. In the latter half of the 20th century, the phrase "experimental psychology" had shifted in meaning due to the expansion of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364299 |
Experimental psychology This notion of empiricism requires that hypotheses and theories be tested against observations of the natural world rather than on a priori reasoning, intuition, or revelation. Closely related to empiricism is the idea that, to be useful, a scientific law or theory must be testable with availabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364299 |
Experimental psychology A notable early argument for parsimony was stated by the medieval English philosopher William of Occam, and for this reason the principle of parsimony is often referred to as Occam's razor. Some well-known behaviorists such as Edward C. Tolman and Clark Hull popularized the idea of operationism,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364299 |
Experimental psychology Control of extraneous variables, minimizing the potential for experimenter bias, counterbalancing the order of experimental tasks, adequate sample size, the use of operational definitions, emphasis on both the reliability and validity of results, and proper statistical analysis are central to ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364299 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.