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Cost of carry The cost of carry or carrying charge is cost of storing a physical commodity, such as grain or metals, over a period of time. The carrying charge includes insurance, storage and interest on the invested funds as well as other incidental costs. In interest rate futures markets, it refers to the differentia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2021923 |
Cost of carry For example, a US investor buying a Standard and Poor's 500 e-mini futures contract on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange could expect the cost of carry to be the prevailing risk-free interest rate (around 5% as of November, 2007) minus the expected dividends that one could earn from buying each of the stock... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2021923 |
Wesley Clair Mitchell (August 5, 1874 – October 29, 1948) was an American economist known for his empirical work on business cycles and for guiding the National Bureau of Economic Research in its first decades. Mitchell was referred to as Thorstein Veblen's "star student." Paul Samuelson named Mitchell (along with Harr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2024484 |
Wesley Clair Mitchell There were interruptions for government service during the First World War and Mitchell served on many government committees; he was chairman of the President's Committee on Social Trends (1929–33). In 1923–4 he was president of the American Economic Association. Mitchell and John Whitridge Willia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2024484 |
Wesley Clair Mitchell Mitchell’s thesis, published as "A History of the Greenbacks," considered the consequences of the inconvertible paper regime established by the Union in the Civil War. However this, and the follow-up study "Gold Prices and Wages Under the Greenback Standard," transcended conventional monetary hist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2024484 |
Wesley Clair Mitchell Mitchell's research strategy was thus quite different from that adopted by H. L. Moore or Irving Fisher who started from a hypothesis and went looking for evidence to support it. Moore and Mitchell offer another contrast in that, while Moore embraced the new statistical methods of correlation and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2024484 |
Wesley Clair Mitchell There is a bibliography in the volume edited by Burns (below). Lucy Sprague Mitchell, Wesley Mitchell's wife, wrote the book "Two lives; the story of and myself" (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1953). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2024484 |
Productivity paradox The productivity paradox refers to the slowdown in productivity growth in the United States in the 1970s and 80s despite rapid development in the field of information technology (IT) over the same period. As highlighted in a widely cited article by Erik Brynjolfsson, productivity growth slowed down... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028055 |
Productivity paradox In the latter view, this disconnect is emblematic of our need to understand and do a better job of deploying the technology that becomes available to us rather than an arcane paradox that by its nature is difficult to unravel. Some point to historical parallels with the steam engine and with electr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028055 |
Productivity paradox However, the 1990s saw evidence of a delayed IT-related productivity jump, arguably resolving the original paradox; the broader issue of what measurable factors best explain the dramatic productivity ups-and-downs of the past two hundred years, as well as whether the rate of productivity growth is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028055 |
Productivity paradox One hypothesis to explain the productivity paradox is that computers are productive, yet their productive gains are realized only after a lag period, during which complementary capital investments must be developed to allow for the use of computers to their full potential. Diminishing marginal retu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028055 |
Productivity paradox The explanations can be divided in three categories: Other economists have made a more controversial charge against the utility of computers: that they pale into insignificance as a source of productivity advantage when compared to the industrial revolution, electrification, infrastructures (canals... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028055 |
Productivity paradox These systems processed data on punched cards by running the cards through tabulating machines, the holes in the cards allowing electrical contact to activate relays and solenoids to keep a count. The flow of punched cards could be arranged in various sequences to allow sophisticated data processin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028055 |
Productivity paradox Credit card transactions now represent a large percentage of low value transactions on which credit card companies charge merchants. Most of such credit card transactions are more of a habit than an actual need for credit and to the extent that such purchases represent convenience or lack of planni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028055 |
Productivity paradox With networking came information overload in the form of e-mail, with some office workers receiving several hundred each day, most of which are not necessary information for the recipient. Some hold that one of the main productivity boosts from information technology is still to come: large-scale r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028055 |
Productivity paradox A large share of the productivity gains outside the IT-equipment industry itself have been in retail, wholesale and finance. A major advance was computerized stock market transaction processing, which replaced the system that had been in place since the Civil War but by the last half of 1968 caused... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028055 |
Price mechanism In economics, a price mechanism is the manner in which the profits of goods or services affects the supply and demand of goods and services, principally by the price elasticity of demand. A price mechanism affect both buyer and seller who negotiate prices. A price mechanism, part of a market system, com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028306 |
Price mechanism If fuel becomes more expensive, then the demand for fuel would not decrease fast but eventually companies will start to produce alternatives such as biodiesel fuel and electrical cars. A price mechanism is a system by which the allocation of resources and distribution of goods and services are made on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028306 |
Price mechanism Some negotiation is necessary in order for a transaction to occur. The negotiation often comes in the form of adjusting the bid prices and the ask prices as the value of the share goes up and down. For example, if the share is worth $10, a buyer may "bid" $9.97 (3 cents less), and a seller may ask for $... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028306 |
Price mechanism Internet dating for instance could be based on offers to talk for a period of time, accepted by those who are compensated not in money but in additional credits to keep using the system. Or, a political party could trade support for different measures in a platform, perhaps using allocation voting to "b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028306 |
Price mechanism Some theorists assert that, with appropriate controls, a market mechanism can replace a hierarchy, even a command hierarchy, by ordering actions for which the highest bid is received: An infamous example is the assassination market proposed by Timothy C. May, which were effectively bets on someone's dea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2028306 |
Channel stuffing is a business practice in which a company, or a sales force within a company, inflates its sales figures by forcing more products through a distribution channel than the channel is capable of selling. Also known as trade loading, this can be the result of a company attempting to inflate its sales figur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2031489 |
Channel stuffing At the beginning of the next period, no new orders are placed, and, barring any action, the cycle is then repeated. This affects customers, with gluts and shortages as buyers turn to competing products. Corporations have been known to engage in channel stuffing and hide such activities from their inves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2031489 |
Sequential game In game theory, a sequential game is a game where one player chooses their action before the others choose theirs. Importantly, the later players must have some information of the first's choice, otherwise the difference in time would have no strategic effect. Sequential games hence are governed by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2060863 |
Sequential game Repeated games can illustrate the psychological aspect of these games, including trust and revenge, as each player makes a decision at every stage game based on how the game has been played out so far. Unlike sequential games, simultaneous games do not have a time axis as players choose their moves with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2060863 |
Common external tariff A common external tariff (CET) must be introduced when a group of countries forms a customs union. The same customs duties, import quotas, preferences or other non-tariff barriers to trade apply to all goods entering the area, regardless of which country within the area they are entering. It is d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2061866 |
Common external tariff STRUCTURE OF CET This is related to the internalization of terms-of-trade effects in the Common External Tariff which has the following Structure as adopted by the ECOWAS Council of Ministers at its 70th ordinary session in June 2013 is as follows The goods declared to Customs in the Community, m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2061866 |
Presentation technology are tools used to assist in conveying information during a presentation. When a speaker is verbally addressing an audience it is often necessary to use supplementary equipment and media to clarify the point. If the audience is large or the speaker is soft-spoken, a public address system may be e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2077488 |
Presentation technology Presentations are often used in the business world where careful attention is paid to the design of the presentation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2077488 |
Pink-collar worker A pink-collar worker refers to someone working in the care-oriented career field or in fields historically considered to be women’s work. This may include jobs in the beauty industry, nursing, social work, teaching, secretarial work, or child care. While these jobs may also be filled by men, they are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker Furthermore, the World Health Organization's 2011 World Health Statistics Report states that there are 19.3 million nurses in the world today. In the United States, women comprise 92.1% of the registered nurses that are currently employed. Pink-collar occupations include: Historically, women were res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker In order for factories to save money, women were required to clean and adjust the machines while they were running, which resulted in accidents where women lost their fingers or hands. Many women who worked in the factories earned meager wages for working long hours in unsafe conditions and as a resu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker In 1917, Louisa Lee Schuyler opened the Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing, which was the first to train women as professional nurses. After completing training, female nurses worked in hospitals or more predominantly in field tents. World War II marked the emergence of large numbers of women workin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker Female secretaries were also popular. They were instructed to be efficient, tough, and hardworking while also appearing soft, accommodating, and subservient. Women were expected to be the protector and partner to their boss behind closed doors and a helpmate in public. These women were encouraged to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker Two-thirds of the American Geographical Society (AGS)'s employees were women, who served as librarians, editorial personnel in the publishing programs, secretaries, research editors, copy editors, proofreaders, research assistants and sales staff. These women came with credentials from well-known col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker A single woman working in a factory in the early 20th century earned less than $8 a week, which is equivalent to roughly less that $98 dollars a week today. If the woman was absent or was late, employers penalized them by docking their pay. These women would live in boarding houses costing $1.50 a we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker Those that were pinching pennies pushed themselves to produce more product so that they earned more money. Women who earned enough to live on found it impossible to keep their salary rate from being reduced because bosses often made "mistakes" in computing a worker's piece rate. As well as this, wome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker In 1975, a study was carried out that examined the pay differences between single and married women. It was found that married women made substantially less than single women, as single women made up to 97% of what a single man would make and married women would only make up to 62% of married men's p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker Being educated was an expectation for women entering the paying workforce, despite the fact that their male equivalents did not need a high school diploma. While in college, a woman would experience extracurricular activities, such as a sorority, that offered a separate space for the woman to practic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker As female labor became a crucial part of the economy, efforts by the Women's Bureau increased. The Bureau pushed for employers to take advantage of "women-power" and persuaded women to enter the employment market. In 1913 the ILGWU signed the well-known "protocol in the Dress and Waist Industry" whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker It raised wages, shortened workers' hours, and increased employment for the first time maximizing hour and minimizing wage provisions benefiting female workers. The NRA had its flaws however, it only covered half of the women in the workforce particularly manufacturing and trade. The NRA regulated wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker "Pink ghetto" can also describe the placement of female managers into positions that will not lead them to the board room, thus perpetuating the "glass ceiling". This includes managing areas such as human resources, customer service, and other areas that do not contribute to the corporate "bottom lin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker Scholars such as Judy Wajcman argue that technology has long been monopolized by men and is a great source of their power historically. However, more millennial men are doing pink collar work because technology is affecting blue collar work. Machines are able to perform many of the tasks that were ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Pink-collar worker Men going into positions such as teaching, nursing and childcare faced many negative stereotypes in these lines of work, as men have traditionally been viewed as stern, strong and holding dominant attitudes. This stereotype about men negatively impacts men in these lines of work, as it is expected th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2086925 |
Package loan A package loan is a real estate loan used to finance the purchase of both real property and personal property, such as in the purchase of a fully furnished condominium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2098740 |
Economic progressivism is a political philosophy incorporating the socioeconomic principles of social democrats and political progressives. These views are often rooted in the concept of social justice and have the goal of improving the human condition through government regulation, social protections and the maintenan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2103443 |
Economic progressivism Many organizations that promote economic progressivism can be characterized from a range of applying criticism of capitalism to being anti-capitalist and include principles and policies based on Keynesianism, Marxism and other left-wing schools of socioeconomic thought. can also be seen as a pote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2103443 |
Economic progressivism Meanwhile, less developed countries, and postcolonial nations, in continents like Africa and Asia, developed a tradition of social welfare systems being implemented to aid the population develop across social and economic indices. The development of economic progressivism has been markedly differ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2103443 |
Economic progressivism The government become heavily involved in stimulating economic growth through increased expenditure, following Keynesian economic policies of using fiscal policy through government subsidies and investment in various industries like infrastructure, agriculture, and commodities to provide to incre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2103443 |
Economic progressivism Progressive economics has made a comeback to the forefront public discourse after the Great Recession of the late 2000s, when people’s dissatisfaction with government policies favouring big business, and the bailout of banks led to the emergence of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Subsequently, V... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2103443 |
Economic progressivism In Britain, England and Wales had the English Poor Laws in place since the 16th century. The laws existed under various period undergoing several modifications until the 20th century, when the Liberal Party implemented several welfare reforms across the country. TheLiberal welfare reforms from 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2103443 |
Economic progressivism In Germany one had the struggle between left leaning Social Democrats and the right leaning Christian Democrats, while in the UK the struggle was between the Labour Party in the left and the Conservatives on the right. The welfare state and policies like progressive taxation emerged throughout Eu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2103443 |
Voucher privatization is a privatization method where citizens are given or can inexpensively buy a book of vouchers that represent potential shares in any state-owned company. has mainly been used in the early to mid-1990s in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe — countries such as Russia, Bulgaria, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2107129 |
MONIAC The (Monetary National Income Analogue Computer) also known as the Phillips Hydraulic Computer and the Financephalograph, was created in 1949 by the New Zealand economist Bill Phillips (William Phillips) to model the national economic processes of the United Kingdom, while Phillips was a student at the London Sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2110105 |
MONIAC Savings reduce the funds available to consumers and investment income increases those funds. The showed it by draining water (savings) from the expenditure stream and by injecting water (investment income) into that stream. When the savings flow exceeds the investment flow, the level of water in the savings and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2110105 |
MONIAC When a set of parameters resulted in a viable economy the model would stabilise and the results could be read from scales. The output from the computer could also be sent to a rudimentary plotter. had been designed to be used as a teaching aid but was discovered also to be an effective economic simulator. At the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2110105 |
List of economics journals The following is a list of scholarly journals in economics containing most of the prominent academic journals in economics. Popular magazines or other publications related to economics, finance, or business are not listed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2117793 |
Moral economy A moral economy is an economy that is based on goodness, fairness, and justice, as opposed to one where the market is assumed to be independent of such concerns. The concept was an elaboration by English historian E.P. Thompson, from a term already used by various eighteenth century authors, who felt that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2118562 |
Moral economy The book begins with a telling metaphor of peasants being like a man standing up to his nose in water; the smallest wave will drown him. Similarly, peasants generally live so close to the subsistence line that it takes little to destroy their livelihoods. From this, he infers a set of economic principles ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2118562 |
Moral economy Where economic transactions arise between strangers who cannot be informally sanctioned by a social network, the free rider problem lacks a solution and a moral economy becomes harder to maintain. In traditional societies, each person and each household is a consumer as well as a producer. Social networks... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2118562 |
Moral economy "Right Relationship" by Brown and Garver, discusses the urgent need for achieving an economy that is recognized to be a subsidiary of the overall ecosystem of the planet. They address key questions regarding the purpose, function, appropriate size, fairness, and governance of a world economic system and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2118562 |
Moral economy Laws that determine what sort of contracts will be given effect by the judiciary, and what sort of contracts are void or voidable, often incorporate concepts of a moral economy; in many jurisdictions, traditionally a contract involving gambling was considered void in law because it was against public poli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2118562 |
Moral economy Thompson emphasized the continuing force of this tradition in his pioneering article on "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century" (1971). Later historians and sociologists have uncovered the same phenomenon in a variety of other situations, including peasants' riots in continental... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2118562 |
Moral economy Unsurprisingly, a revolutionary reorganization of some of the most fundamental parts of society often resulted in the severe dislocation of many people's everyday lives and the loss of whole generations to schemes like Stalin's failed policy of collective farming. However, many of the small and pragmatic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2118562 |
Backward bending supply curve of labour In economics, a backward-bending supply curve of labour, or backward-bending labour supply curve, is a graphical device showing a situation in which as real (inflation-corrected) wages increase beyond a certain level, people will substitute leisure (non-paid time) for paid workti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2119223 |
Backward bending supply curve of labour With wages rising, the tradeoff between working an additional hour for pay and taking one extra hour of unpaid time changes in favor of working. Thus, more hours of labour-time will be offered at the higher wage than the lower one. The second and countervailing effect is that the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2119223 |
Backward bending supply curve of labour The above examines only the effect of changing wage rates on workers already subject to those rates; only those individuals' labour supply response was considered. The additional labour supplied by workers working in other sectors (or unemployed), who are now more attracted to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2119223 |
Backward bending supply curve of labour Similarly, a rise in wages can cause a decrease in the amount of labour-time offered for sale, and individuals take advantage of the higher wage to spend time on needed self- or family-maintenance activities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2119223 |
Lithium economy The lithium economy is a concept analogous to other element-based economies, such as the hydrogen economy, methanol economy, ethanol economy, electron economy, vegetable oil economy, or liquid nitrogen economy but where the energy storage medium is lithium. Analogous "economies" are the "aluminium econo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2120798 |
Lithium economy The energy is stored in unoxidised lithium atoms, which release energy when oxidised. A lithium atom is seven times as heavy as a hydrogen atom, and at room temperature, hydrogen is a gas, while lithium is solid. This means energy per mass is much worse, but since lithium is much more compact, it has mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2120798 |
Sunspots (economics) In economics, the term sunspots (or sometimes "a sunspot") usually refers to an "extrinsic" random variable, that is, a random variable that does not affect economic fundamentals (such as endowments, preferences, or technology). "Sunspots" can also refer to the related concept of extrinsic uncertai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2122367 |
Sunspots (economics) On the other hand, sunny weather has a small but significant positive impact on stock returns, probably due to its impact on traders' moods. In economics, a sunspot equilibrium is an economic equilibrium where the market outcome or allocation of resources varies in a way unrelated to economic funda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2122367 |
Sunspots (economics) Cass and Shell refer to Keynes' "animal spirits", and to the notion of self-fulfilling prophecy to illuminate their use of the term "extrinsic uncertainty". Formally however they define it as any variable that does not directly affect the fundamentals of the economy. Much work on sunspot equilibria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2122367 |
Our Currency, Our Country Our Currency, Our Country: The Dangers of European Monetary Union is a 1996 book by British Conservative politician John Redwood. In the book, he argues that the European single currency would be a bad idea for the United Kingdom for political, economic and legal reasons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2126098 |
Confusopoly (aka Dilbert's confusopoly) is confusing marketing designed to prevent the buyer making informed decisions. A portmanteau of confusion and monopoly or oligopoly, Dilbert's author Scott Adams defines confusopoly as ""a group of companies with similar products who intentionally confuse customers instead of co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2131447 |
Microeconomic reform (or often just economic reform) comprises policies directed to achieve improvements in economic efficiency, either by eliminating or reducing distortions in individual sectors of the economy or by reforming economy-wide policies such as tax policy and competition policy with an emphasis on economic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2134402 |
Microeconomic reform Similarly, the consequences of some microeconomic reforms initiated in the 1990s, such as National Competition Policy are still being worked through. The policy agenda associated with microeconomic reform included: The Chinese economic reform () refers to the program of economic changes called "Soc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2134402 |
Microeconomic reform Narasimha Rao and his finance minister Manmohan Singh, did away with investment, industrial and import licensing and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors. Since then, the overall direction of liberalization has remained the same, irr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2134402 |
Microeconomic reform The Labour Party subsequently retreated from these policies, but it became the core doctrine of the New Zealand ACT party. The reforms created a very business-friendly regulatory framework. A 2008 study ranked New Zealand 99.9% in "Business freedom", and 80% overall in "Economic freedom", noting am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2134402 |
Microeconomic reform During the mid-1990s, several civil wars ended and a wave of democratization started. The growth rate reached 1.2 percent a year between 1994 and 1997 which is the highest rate during that generation. However, the growth is a result of a donor-led process of structural adjustment as compatible with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2134402 |
Microeconomic reform Later in 2002, there was another attempt to make a market liberalization reform, which the government tries to let the demand and supply determine the price level, which used to be controlled by the central government. It also gave some authority to local producers to make some economic decisions b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2134402 |
Economic development corporation An economic development corporation ("EDC") is an organization common in the United States, usually a 501(c)(3) non-profit, whose mission is to promote economic development within a specific geographical area. These organizations are complementary to Chambers of Commerce. Whereas a Cham... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2138118 |
Surplus labour (German: "Mehrarbeit") is a concept used by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy. It means labour performed in excess of the labour necessary to produce the means of livelihood of the worker ("necessary labour"). The "surplus" in this context means the "additional" labour a worker has to do in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2140110 |
Surplus labour According to Marx, capital had its origin in the commercial activity of "buying in order to sell" and "rents" of various types, with the aim of gaining an income (a surplus value) from this trade. But, initially, this does not involve any capitalist mode of production; rather, the merchant traders and re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2140110 |
Surplus labour Forced labour, slavery, gross mistreatment of workers etc. are no longer generally acceptable, although they continue to occur; working conditions and pay levels can usually be contested in courts of law. Marx acknowledged that surplus labour may not just be appropriated directly in "production" by the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2140110 |
Surplus labour Thus, the more trade becomes "globalised", the greater the "intermediation" between producers and consumers; consequently, the intermediaries appropriate a growing fraction of the final value of the products, while the direct producers obtain only a small fraction of that final value. The most important ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2140110 |
Surplus labour The analytical Marxist John Roemer challenges what he calls the "fundamental Marxian theorem" (after Michio Morishima) that the existence of surplus labour is the necessary and sufficient condition for profits. He proves that this theorem is logically false. However, Marx himself never argued that surplu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2140110 |
Surplus labour In other words, work performed in households—often by those who do not sell their labour power to capitalist enterprises at all—contributes to the sustenance of capitalist workers who may perform little household labour. Possibly the controversy about the concept is distorted by the enormous differences ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2140110 |
Market moving information is a term used in stock market investing, defined as information that would cause any reasonable investor to make a buy or sell decision. It is also sometimes referred to as material information. When a public company insider fails to publicly disclose material, market moving information to ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2141578 |
Samba effect The samba effect was the nearly 35% drop in the value of the Brazilian real that occurred in 1999. The effect was caused by the 1997 Asian financial crisis which led Brazil to increase interest rates and to institute spending cuts and tax increases in an attempt to maintain the value of its currency. These... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2141649 |
MENA is an English-language acronym referring to the Middle East and North Africa, which corresponds to the Greater Middle East. It is alternatively called the WANA (Western Asia and North Africa), as well as the MENAP, which also includes South Asian countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The MENAP covers an extensive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2150475 |
MENA The Middle East-North Africa region comprises 20 countries and territories with an estimated Muslim population of 315 million or about 23% of the world's Muslim population. The term "MENA" is often defined in part in relation to majority Muslim countries that based on the countries located in the region, although ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2150475 |
MENA From April 2013, the International Monetary Fund started using a new analytical region called "MENAP" (Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan), which adds Afghanistan and Pakistan to countries. Now MENAP is a prominent economic grouping in IMF reports. The term "MENAT" (Middle East, North Africa, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2150475 |
Tax break is any item that avoids taxes, including any tax exemption, tax deduction, or tax credit. It is also used in the United States to refer to favorable tax treatment of any class of persons. As of 2013, expansion and exploitation by major corporations of like-kind exchanges, originally intended to relieve family... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2151903 |
President's Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform On January 7, 2005, President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the President's Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, a bipartisan panel to advise on options to reform the United States income tax code to make it simpler, fairer, and more pro-growth to benefi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2152022 |
Encouraged Industry Catalogue As one of the key tools used by the People's Republic of China (PRC) government to direct foreign investment into mainland China, the is significant in international trade with mainland China. It classifies various industries into the four groups which are "Encouraged, Permitted, Restricte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2160902 |
Sunrise industry A sunrise industry is one that is new or relatively new, is growing fast and is expected to become important in the future. Examples of sunrise industries include hydrogen fuel production, petrochemical industry, food processing industry, space tourism, and online encyclopedias. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2168581 |
Independent business An independent business is a business that is free from outside control. It usually means a privately owned establishment, as opposed to a public limited company, the latter of which is owned by investment shares traded in the stock market. In many cases, independent businesses are sole proprietors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2172375 |
Airport problem In mathematics and especially game theory, the airport problem is a type of fair division problem in which it is decided how to distribute the cost of an airport runway among different players who need runways of different lengths. The problem was introduced by S. C. Littlechild and G. Owen in 1973. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2179555 |
Jump process A jump process is a type of stochastic process that has discrete movements, called jumps, with random arrival times, rather than continuous movement, typically modelled as a simple or compound Poisson process. In finance, various stochastic models are used to model the price movements of financial instrume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2180750 |
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