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Question: <p>While doing transfer learning where my two problems are face-generation and car-generation is it likely that, if I use the weights of one problem as the initialization of the weights for the other problem, the model will converge to a local minima? In any problem is it better to train from scratch over tra... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/13567/is-convergence-to-a-local-minima-more-likely-with-transfer-learning |
Question: <p>I'm super new to deep learning and computer vision, so this question may sound dumb.</p>
<p>In this link (<a href="https://github.com/GeorgeSeif/Semantic-Segmentation-Suite" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/GeorgeSeif/Semantic-Segmentation-Suite</a>), there are pre-trained models (e.g., ResNet... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/17750/what-is-the-difference-between-using-a-backbone-architecture-and-transfer-learni |
Question: <p>I am currently working on a defect detection algorithm but I only have a few samples of defects.I googled for defect detection datasets and I found this one: </p>
<p><a href="http://resources.mpi-inf.mpg.de/conferences/dagm/2007/prizes.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://resources.mpi-inf.mpg.de/confer... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/5084/transfer-learning-from-model-trained-in-a-similar-dataset |
Question: <p>How can transfer learning be used to mitigate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophic_interference" rel="nofollow noreferrer">catastrophic forgetting</a>. Could someone elaborate on this?</p>
Answer: <p>Transfer learning is a field where you apply knowledge from a source onto a target. This is... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/14117/how-is-transfer-learning-used-to-mitigate-catastrophic-forgetting-in-neural-netw |
Question: <p>Lately, there are lots of posts on <em>one-shot</em> learning. I tried to figure out what it is by reading some articles. To me, it looks like similar to <em>transfer</em> learning, in which we can use pre-trained model weights to create our own model. <em>Fine-tuning</em> also seems a similar concept to m... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/21719/what-is-the-difference-between-one-shot-learning-transfer-learning-and-fine-tun |
Question: <p>I'm seeing conflicting info on what to do with the fully-connected output layer of a pre-trained network when it's used in transfer learning. <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/76370/how-many-layers-should-i-replace-in-transfer-learning-cnn">A previous answer</a> seems to imply that t... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/38033/keep-weights-of-output-layer-in-transfer-learning |
Question: <p>All examples of transfer learning I have seen for classification use initial weights of a network trained on a larger number of classes (say 1000 in the case of networks trained on ImageNet data) to address a new task that has a smaller number of classes. Can transfer learning be effectively used when the ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/38030/is-transfer-learning-effective-when-the-new-task-has-more-classes-than-the-origi |
Question: <p>I am reading some books and papers on Transfer Learning for Reinforcement Learning and have some questions.</p>
<p>Suppose previous MDPs and target MDP share the same state space, action space and transition function, but differ in their reward functions, parameterized as <span class="math-container">$r_{\... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/47888/why-people-dont-use-supervised-learning-in-transfer-learning-for-reinforcement |
Question: <p>Question on transfer learning object classification (MobileNet_v2 with 75% number of parameters) with my own synthetic data:</p>
<p>I made my own dataset of three shapes: triangles, rectangles and spheres. each category has 460 samples with diferent sizes, dimensions, different wobbles at edges. They look... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/16716/learning-object-recognition-of-primitive-shapes-through-transfer-learning-proble |
Question: <p>I'm building a model for <strong>facial expression recognition</strong>, and I want to use <em><strong>transfer learning</strong></em>. From what I understand, there are different steps to do it. The first is the <strong>feature extraction</strong> and the second is <strong>fine-tuning</strong>. I want to ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/28138/what-is-the-difference-between-feature-extraction-and-fine-tuning-in-transfer-le |
Question: <p>For example, you train on dataset 1 with an adaptive optimizer like Adam. Should you reload the learning schedule, etc., from the end of training on dataset 1 when attempting transfer to dataset 2? Why or why not?</p>
Answer: <p>When doing transfer learning it makes sense to have different update policies... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/10545/should-you-reload-the-optimizer-for-transfer-learning |
Question: <p>I'm trying to develop a better understanding of the concept of "out-of-distribution" (generalization) in the context of Bengio's "Moving from System 1 DL to System 2 DL" and the concept of "(meta)-transfer learning" in general. </p>
<p>These concepts seem to be very strongly related, maybe even almost ref... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/18754/what-is-the-difference-between-out-of-distribution-generalisation-and-meta |
Question: <p>I have a base model <span class="math-container">$M$</span> trained on a data say type 1 for task <span class="math-container">$T$</span>. Now, I want to update <span class="math-container">$M$</span> by applying transfer learning for it to work on data type 2 for the same task <span class="math-container"... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/32171/how-to-choose-the-new-layer-and-objective-function-for-transfer-learning-on-a-ne |
Question: <p>I’ve read the article titled <strong><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.09246" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Unsupervised Learning of Visual Representations by Solving Jigsaw Puzzles</a></strong>.</p>
<p>In this article, the authors create jigsaw puzzles and train a model to solve them. The process involves s... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/46590/how-to-apply-a-pre-trained-jigsaw-puzzle-model-for-transfer-learning-on-larger-i |
Question: <p>I am basically interested in vehicle on the road. </p>
<p><a href="https://github.com/ayooshkathuria/pytorch-yolo-v3" rel="nofollow noreferrer">YoloV3 pytorch</a> is giving a decent result.</p>
<p>So my interested Vehicles <code>Car</code> <code>Motorbike</code> <code>Bicycle</code> <code>Truck</code> a... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/14147/transfer-learning-to-train-only-for-a-new-class-while-not-affecting-the-predicti |
Question: <p>I am trying to create a model that is using a <em>one-shot learning</em> approach for a classification task. We do this because we do not have a lot of data and it also seems like a good way to learn this approach (it is going to be a university project). The task would be to classify objects, probably fro... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/23897/is-it-ok-to-perform-transfer-learning-with-a-base-model-for-face-recognition-to |
Question: <p>I want to train a neural network for the detection of a single class, but I will be extending it to detect more classes. To solve this task, I selected the PyTorch framework.</p>
<p>I came across <a href="http://cs231n.github.io/transfer-learning/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">transfer learning</a>, where we ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/5370/when-doing-transfer-learning-which-initial-layers-do-we-need-to-freeze-and-how |
Question: <p>I am working on a solar energy production forecasting problem using LSTM multi-step models to predict 1/4/8h ahead of solar energy production for different solar installations. Our goal is to help clients optimize their energy utilization by trading with their neighbours or respective Microgrids.</p>
<p>I ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/39888/transfer-learning-for-solar-energy-production-forecasting-with-lstm-generalized |
Question: <p>Assume one is using transfer learning via a model which was trained on ImageNet.</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Assume that the pre-processing, which was used to achieve the pre-trained model, contained z-score standardization using some mean and std, which was calculated on the training data.</p>
<p>Should one apply the... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/8744/in-transfer-learning-should-we-apply-standardization-if-the-pre-trained-model-w |
Question: <p>I am new to AI/ML and wanted to seek guidance as I am totally lost. I will simplify my issue as follows:</p>
<p>Let's say I would like to detect apples and oranges in images.
I would like to leverage a pre-trained Faster RCNN model for efficiency.
My understanding is that I need to remove the last two laye... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/42473/transfer-learning-using-pretrained-tensorflow-object-detection-model |
Question: <p>in <a href="https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/transfer_learning_tutorial.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this pytorch tutorial</a>, there is <code>transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])</code>, what is the purpose of this?</p>
<p>(i removed it and the code still works)</p>
... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/36396/what-is-normalize-for-in-pytorch-transfer-learning-tutorial |
Question: <p><strong>How do I best transfer and fine-tune a Q-learning policy that was trained on small instances to large instances?</strong></p>
<p><em>Some more details on the problem:</em>
I am currently trying to derive a decision policy for a dynamic vehicle dispatching problem.
In the problem, a decision point o... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/32041/transferring-a-q-learning-policy-to-larger-instances |
Question: <p>In Deep Learning and Transfer Learning, does layer freezing offer other benefits other than to reduce computational time in gradient descent?</p>
<p>Assuming I train a neural network on task A to derive weights <span class="math-container">$W_{A}$</span>, set these as initial weights and train on another t... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/39239/does-layer-freezing-offer-other-benefits-other-than-to-reduce-computational-time |
Question: <p>I am working on classifying the <a href="https://github.com/brendenlake/omniglot" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Omniglot dataset</a>, and the different papers dealing with this topic describe the problem as <em>one-shot learning</em> (classification). I would like to nail down a precise description of what cou... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/16138/precise-description-of-one-shot-learning |
Question: <p>I'm using MobileNetV2 for classification, and I want to add dense layers(i remove the last layer of the MobileNetV2 model). How do I choose the number of units for the dense layer after obtaining the feature vector (1280)? Is there a formula to determine the units for each dense layer I add?</p>
Answer: <... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/42877/how-to-determine-the-number-of-units-for-dense-layer-for-transfer-learning |
Question: <p>I am trying to train my model to classify 10 classes of hand gestures but I don't get why am I getting validation accuracy approx. double than training accuracy.</p>
<p>My dataset is from kaggle:<br />
<a href="https://www.kaggle.com/gti-upm/leapgestrecog/version/1" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.ka... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/27418/how-to-train-my-model-using-transfer-learning-on-inception-v3-pre-trained-model |
Question: <p>Here's a quote from the <code>T5 paper</code> (T5 stands for "Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer") titled <a href="https://www.jmlr.org/papers/volume21/20-074/20-074.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer</a> by <em>Colin Ra... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/31689/why-do-the-authors-of-the-t5-paper-say-that-the-architectural-changes-are-ortho |
Question: <p>I am currently writing my thesis about human pose estimation and wanted to use Google's inception network, modify it for my needs and use transfer learning to detect human key joints. I wanted to ask if that could be done in that way?</p>
<p>Assuming I am having n-keypoints, generating the n-feature maps,... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/17261/can-an-image-recognition-model-used-for-human-pose-estimation |
Question: <p>One disadvantage or weakness of Artificial Intelligence today the slow nature of learning or training success. For instance, an AI agent might require a 100,000 samples or more to reach an appreciable level of performance with a specific task. But this is unlike humans who are able to learn very quickly wi... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/8920/are-artificial-intelligence-learnings-or-trainings-transferable-from-one-agent-t |
Question: <p>I was reading <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925231220300874" rel="noreferrer">DT-LET: Deep transfer learning by exploring where to transfer</a>, and it contains the following:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>It should be noted direct use of labeled source domain data on a new scene o... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/27382/what-does-semantic-gap-mean |
Question: <p>I am tentatively trying to train a deep reinforcement learning model the maze escaping task, and each time it takes one image as the input (e.g., a different "maze").</p>
<p>Suppose I have about <span class="math-container">$10K$</span> different maze images, and the ideal case is that after training <spa... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/12569/training-a-reinforcement-learning-model-with-multiple-images |
Question: <p>I searched through the internet but couldn't find a reliable article that answers this question.</p>
<p>Can we use Autoencoders for unsupervised CNN feature learning of unlabeled images like the below
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/JC9DO.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/JC9DO.... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/12244/can-we-use-autoencoders-for-unsupervised-cnn-feature-learning |
Question: <p>Analogies are quite powerful in communication. They allow explaining complex concepts to people with no domain knowledge, just by mapping to a known domain. Hofstadter <a href="https://cogsci.indiana.edu/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">says they matter</a>, whereas Dijkstra says they are dangerous. Anyway, ana... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/3665/is-analogy-necessary-to-artificial-general-intelligence |
Question: <p>During transfer learning in computer vision, I've seen that the layers of the base model are frozen if the images aren't too different from the model on which the base model is trained on.</p>
<p>However, on the NLP side, I see that the layers of the BERT model aren't ever frozen. What is the reason for th... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/23884/why-arent-the-bert-layers-frozen-during-fine-tuning-tasks |
Question: <p>I see that domain adaptation and transfer learning has been widely adopted in image classification and semantic segmentation analysis. But it's still lacking in providing solutions to enterprise data, for example, solving problems related to business processes?</p>
<p>I want to know what characteristics of... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/23396/why-is-domain-adaptation-and-generative-modelling-for-knowledge-graphs-still-not |
Question: <p>I was reading <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228618750_Deep_learning_of_representations_for_unsupervised_and_transfer_learning" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Deep Learning of Representations for Unsupervised and Transfer Learning</a>,
and they state the following:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>They ha... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/27385/what-is-a-hebbian-linear-classifier |
Question: <p>I've seen two approaches for introducing custom tokens for transfer learning with large language models like Bert or GPT3. Some approaches introduce new tokens into the vocabulary and learn embeddings from scratch. This is the "traditional" approach. However, I've seen other papers that imitate c... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/37526/are-custom-tokens-better-than-punctuation-pseudo-tokens-for-llms |
Question: <p>I have a dataset A of videos. I've extracted the feature vector of each video (with a convolutional neural network, via transfer learning) creating a dataset B. Now, every vector of the dataset B has a high dimension (about 16000), and I would like to classify these vectors using an RBF-ANN (there are only... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/21030/is-the-high-dimensionality-of-input-vectors-a-problem-for-a-radial-basis-functio |
Question: <p>Generative models in artificial intelligence span from simple models like Naive Bayes to the advanced deep generative models like current day GANs. This question is not about coding and involves only science and theoretical part only.</p>
<p>Are there any standard textbooks that covers topics from scratch ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/28521/books-on-generative-models |
Question: <p>I'm working my way through how ChatGPT works. So I read that ChatGPT is a generative model. When searching for generative models, I found two defintions:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/gan/generative" rel="nofollow noreferrer">A <strong>generative</strong> model includ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/39012/what-makes-chatgpt-a-generative-model |
Question: <p>All of the generative models that I have found appear to use 32-bit seeds, at least on my testing.</p>
Answer: <p>32-bit seeds are used due to historical and compatibility reasons, and they provide <span class="math-container">$2^{32}$</span> over 4 billion initial states which is sufficient for most appl... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/47776/do-generative-models-with-64-bit-seeds-exist |
Question: <p>I have a little perplexity trying to distinguish <em>parametric</em> vs <em>non-parametric</em> generative model.</p>
<p>In my understanding, a <strong>parametric</strong> generative model would try to learn the probability density function by estimating the parameters of an underlying distribution we are ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/36308/parametric-vs-non-parametric-generative-models |
Question: <p>I am wondering how a plain auto encoder is a generative model though its version might be but how can a plain auto encoder can be generative. I know that Vaes which is a version of the autoencoder is generative as it generates distribution for latent variables and whole data explicitly. But I am not able t... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/36118/is-plain-autoencoder-a-generative-model |
Question: <p>I just finished reading this paper <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.10137" rel="nofollow noreferrer">MoFlow: An Invertible Flow Model for Generating Molecular Graphs</a>.</p>
<p>The paper, which is about generating molecular graphs with certain chemical properties improved the SOTA at the time of writin... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/27720/are-generative-models-actually-used-in-practice-for-industrial-drug-design |
Question: <p>From what I have understood reading the UCT paper <a href="http://ggp.stanford.edu/readings/uct.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Bandit based monte-carlo planning</a>, by Levente Kocsis and Csaba Szepesvári, MCTS/UCT requires a generative model. </p>
<ol>
<li><p>Does it mean that, in case there is no genera... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/3290/can-we-use-mcts-without-a-generative-model |
Question: <p>I'm looking for a modern machine learning book with graduate-level treatment of more recent topics such as diffusion and generative models, transformers etc.</p>
<p>I have a hard copy of <em>Deep Learning</em> by Goodfellow and Bengio; while I liked the book and read it extensively when it was published, i... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/41439/modern-graduate-level-machine-learning-books-with-focus-on-generative-models |
Question: <p>There are newer PRNGs like xoshiro/xoroshiro that have better quality than Mersenne Twister or WELL in a way that they pass statistical tests. Is the use of a better PRNG algorithm crucial to improve the output of generative models? (Anyway I couldn't find any information about what PRNGs are used in popul... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/47745/is-the-quality-of-generative-model-outputs-affected-by-the-quality-of-their-prng |
Question: <p>How does one tell if a given model is generative AI or predictive AI?</p>
<p>Do generative models have more outputs than inputs and <em>vice versa</em> for predictive models?</p>
Answer: <p>It's hard nowadays to draw a distinct line between the two with the advent of conditional generation and normalizing... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/46020/how-to-tell-if-a-model-is-generative-vs-predictive |
Question: <p>Given a generative model, G, trained on a dataset D. This generative model can be either GAN or Diffusion based. Supposed each sample, x_i, generated by G, can be evaluated by a readily available scoring function, S(x_i).</p>
<p>What are the possible ways to navigate the latent space of G to find generated... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/41608/maximize-a-scoring-function-within-the-latent-space-of-a-generative-model |
Question: <p>If the concern with using generative models for question answering is that these models aren't always producing factual information, why is it that people are using these models with Retrieval Augmented Generation (Open Generative QA/Closed Generative QA), rather than using a transformers-based extractive ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/43646/why-is-generative-qa-rag-so-popular-when-extractive-qa-models-exist-that-can-p |
Question: <p>I'm trying to come up with a generative model that can input a name and output all valid formats of it. </p>
<p>For example, "Bob Dylan" could be an input and the gen model will output "Dylan, Bob", "B Dylan", "Bob D" and any other type of valid formatting of a person's name. So given my example the gen... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/15978/whats-a-good-generative-model-for-creating-valid-formats-of-a-persons-name |
Question: <h3>Background</h3>
<p><strong>Generative modeling</strong> <br>
Generative modeling aims to model the probability of observing an observation <code>x</code>.
<span class="math-container">$$
p(x) = \frac{p(y\cap x)}{p(y|x)}
$$</span></p>
<p><strong>Representation Learning</strong></p>
<p>Instead of trying to ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/41818/what-is-x-y-px-py-in-generative-model-domain |
Question: <p>In the 2015 paper "<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.03585.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics</a>" by Sohl-Dickstein et al. on diffusion for generative models, Figure 1 shows the forward trajectory for a 2-d swiss-roll image using Gauss... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/40021/blurring-of-image-in-generative-model-using-diffusion-probabilistic-method |
Question: <p>I don't really understand the reason of this. I have listed the outputs of different models below.</p>
<p>Gan (source: self made simple GAN for CIFAR10)</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/U0gJW0ED.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/U0gJW0ED.png" alt="enter image description h... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/46021/why-generative-models-produce-mesh-structure-at-the-beginning |
Question: <p>OpenAI seems to be avoiding branding their reasoning models as "GPTs. See, for example, <a href="https://platform.openai.com/docs/models" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this page</a> from their API docs, which has one column for "GPT models" and another for "Reasoning models." Are the r... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/47974/are-the-newer-openai-models-such-as-o1-not-generative-pretrained-transformers |
Question: <p>Although the GAN is widely used due to its capability, there were generative models before the GAN which are based on probabilistic graphical models such as Bayesian networks, Markov networks, etc.</p>
<p>It is now a well-known fact that GANs are excelling at image generation tasks. But I am not sure wheth... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/30055/is-image-generation-not-existent-before-generative-adversarial-networks |
Question: <p>If we have a neural network that learns the generative model for <span class="math-container">$P(A, B, C)$</span>, the joint PDF of the random variables <span class="math-container">$A$</span>, <span class="math-container">$B$</span>, and <span class="math-container">$C$</span>.</p>
<p>Now, we want to lear... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/12128/given-the-generative-model-pa-b-c-would-it-be-faster-to-learn-pa-b-c-d |
Question: <p>I've curated a dataset of player-made Minecraft builds. Each unique Minecraft block is tokenized and treated as a unique "word" like in NLP. I've trained a Skip-Gram model on the dataset (using context "cubes" and target "blocks" as opposed to windows and words). Plotting the ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/46940/which-generative-model-architecture-and-loss-function-should-i-use-to-train-on |
Question: <p>Of my understanding mode-collapse is when there happen to be multiple classes in the dataset and the generative network converges to only one of these classes and generates images only within this class. On training the model more, the model converges to another class.</p>
<p>In Goodfellows NeurIPS presen... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/16441/how-exactly-does-adversarial-training-help-in-handling-mode-collapse-in-generati |
Question: <p>There are lots of explanations on DGM (Deep Generative Model) and generative classifier (most of the explanations on which are about generative classifier vs discriminative classifier)</p>
<p>But, I can hardly find the common parts between the two concepts. In my understanding, 'generative' from DGM is qui... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/38925/what-is-the-difference-between-the-term-generative-in-classical-machine-learni |
Question: <p>I have a quick question regarding the use of different latent spaces to represent a distribution. Why is it that a Gaussian is usually used to represent the latent space of the generative model rather than say a hypercube? Is it because a Gaussian has most of its distribution centred around the origin rat... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/21129/why-do-hypercube-latent-spaces-perform-poorer-than-gaussian-latent-spaces-in-gen |
Question: <p>Suppose there are dataset of handwritten digit of zero. We know that human handwritten are not perfects. But here the model will tries to draw the <strong>ideal version</strong> of the digit, e.g. perfect circle.</p>
<p>Because I accidentally trained GAN where all random latent vectors input is almost iden... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/46962/is-there-such-generative-model-that-drawing-idealized-version-of-dataset |
Question: <p>When I was reading about discriminative vs generative models, I came across their definitions:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Given a distribution of inputs <span class="math-container">$X$</span> and labels <span class="math-container">$Y:$</span></p>
<p>Discriminative models learn the conditional distribution <span... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/45040/what-does-it-mean-to-learn-a-distribution-and-what-does-it-contain |
Question: <p>Consider the following statement from the abstract of the paper titled <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.2661.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Generative Adversarial Nets</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>We propose a new framework for estimating generative models via an
adversarial process, in which we simultaneous... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/29946/which-probability-distribution-a-generator-in-generative-adversarial-network-ga |
Question: <p>I am aware that there is a plethora of deep generative models out there (e.g. variational autoencoders (VAE), GANs) that can model high-dimensional data as the images of latent variables under a non-linear mapping (typically neural network).</p>
<p>In more traditional methods such as probabilistic PCA, the... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/42418/pointers-to-deep-latent-variable-models-that-admit-analytical-approximations |
Question: <h3>Background</h3>
<p>I'm an undergraduate student with research interests in a field of physics that has significant overlap with graph theory, and a functioning knowledge of how simple neural nets work and how to build them with TensorFlow and Keras. As many people are, I'm fascinated by the recent advance... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/41921/how-can-i-improve-this-toy-graph-neural-network-generative-language-model |
Question: <p>I understand why deep generative models like DBN ( deep belief nets ) or DBM ( deep boltzmann machines ) are able to capture underlying structures in data and use it for various tasks ( classification, regression, multimodal representations etc ...).</p>
<p>But for the classification tasks like in <a hre... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/9933/why-is-the-last-layer-of-a-dbn-or-dbm-used-for-classification-task |
Question: <p>Epistemic uncertainty is uncertainty that arises from a lack of knowledge, for instance in machine learning epistemic uncertainty can be caused by a lack of training data. Estimating epistemic uncertainty is important for useful AI systems, since it allows the AI to "know that it doesn't know", t... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/48038/what-are-the-leading-methods-to-estimate-epistemic-uncertainty-in-large-language |
Question: <p>Consider the following abstract from the research paper titled <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.01973.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">A Note on the Inception Score</a> for instance</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Deep generative models are powerful tools that have produced
impressive results in recent years. These a... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/35100/should-i-need-to-interpret-the-word-metric-in-performance-metric-rigorously |
Question: <p>Although the main stream research is on Generative Adversarial Networks(GANs) using Multi Layer Percepteons (MLPs). The original paper titled <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.2661.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Generative Adversarial Nets</a> clealry says, in abstract, that GAN is possible with out MLP ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/29947/are-there-any-generative-adversarial-networks-without-multi-layer-perceptrons |
Question: <p>I see that domain adaptation and transfer learning has been widely adopted in image classification and semantic segmentation analysis. But it's still lacking in providing solutions to enterprise data, for example, solving problems related to business processes?</p>
<p>I want to know what characteristics of... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/23396/why-is-domain-adaptation-and-generative-modelling-for-knowledge-graphs-still-not |
Question: <p>My question relates to full-text translators that are not specifically based on LLMs. My current understanding is that the term Generative AI goes beyond LLMs and that the full-text translators (especially those which are based on artificial neural networks) also fall into this category.</p>
<p><a href="ht... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/43554/do-full-text-translators-such-as-deepl-or-google-translate-fall-under-the-term |
Question: <p>What I know about CRF is that they are discriminative models, while HMM are generative models, but, in the inference method, both use the same algorithm, that is, the Viterbi algorithm, and forward and backward algorithms.</p>
<p>Does CRF use the same features as HMM, namely features transition and state ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/13691/what-are-the-differences-between-crf-and-hmm |
Question: <p>Given that I'm training a generative model, (say a <em>generative adversarial network</em>), and I know that my (real) inputs (let's say vectors <span class="math-container">$\textbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n$</span>) satisfy linear constraints of the form e.g. <span class="math-container">$a_1\textbf{x}_1 + \do... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/34762/is-there-a-way-to-inject-linear-constrains-during-gan-training |
Question: <p>I found the following paragraph from <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02691" rel="nofollow noreferrer">An Introduction to
Variational Autoencoders</a> sounds relevant, but I am not fully understanding it.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A VAE learns stochastic mappings between an observed <span class="math-containe... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/32161/how-does-the-vae-learn-a-joint-distribution |
Question: <p>Let us assume that I am working on a dataset of black and white dog images.</p>
<p>Each image is of size <span class="math-container">$28 \times 28$</span>.</p>
<p>Now, I can say that I have a sample space <span class="math-container">$S$</span> of all possible images. And <span class="math-container">$p_{... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/25557/confusion-between-function-learned-and-the-underlying-distribution |
Question: <p>In the research paper titled <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1411.1784.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Conditional Generative Adversarial Nets</a> by <em>Mehdi Mirza and Simon Osindero</em>, there is a notion of conditioning a neural network on a class label.</p>
<p>It is mentioned in the abstract that we ne... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/30025/is-there-any-difference-between-input-and-conditional-input-in-the-case-of-n |
Question: <p>The <a href="https://wiseodd.github.io/techblog/2016/12/17/conditional-vae/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Conditional Variational Autoencoder (CVAE)</a>, introduced in the paper <a href="https://papers.nips.cc/paper/5775-learning-structured-output-representation-using-deep-conditional-generative-models.pdf" r... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/13698/is-there-a-continuous-conditional-variational-auto-encoder |
Question: <p>I have come across <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.07375.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> research paper where a Variational Autoencoder is used to map multiple styles from reference images to a linear latent space and then transfer the style to another image like this:
<a href="https://i.sstati... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/34515/how-can-a-vae-learn-to-generate-a-style-for-neural-style-transfer |
Question: <p>I have been reading about <a href="https://deepai.org/machine-learning-glossary-and-terms/autoregressive-model" rel="nofollow noreferrer">autoregressive models</a>. Based on what I've read, it seems to me that all autoregressive models use <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/deeplearning/comments/cgqpde/what... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/28384/why-is-ancestral-sampling-used-in-autoregressive-models |
Question: <p>Consider the following two paragraphs taken from the paper titles <strong><a href="https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2014/file/5ca3e9b122f61f8f06494c97b1afccf3-Paper.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Generative Adversarial Nets</a></strong> by <em>Ian J. Goodfellow et.al</em></p>
<p>#1: <strong>Abstract</s... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/36296/what-should-be-taken-as-random-variables-in-the-distributions-of-datasets |
Question: <p>Most machine learning models, such as multilayer perceptrons, require a fixed-length input and output, but generative (pre-trained) transformers can produce sentences or full articles of variable length. How is this possible?</p>
Answer: <p>In short, repetition with feedback.</p>
<p>You are correct that m... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/26531/how-are-certain-machine-learning-models-able-to-produce-variable-length-outputs |
Question: <p>I'm new to diffusion models so I'm trying to familiarize myself with the theory.</p>
<p>In the article <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.13456" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equations</a> (Song and al.), it's explained that we need to solve the ... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/47142/connexion-between-noise-and-score-in-diffusion-models |
Question: <p>In programming, if a new language could be improved by the language itself, it’s call self-hosting or bootstrapping.</p>
<p>To develop generative AI, there’s some steps, data preparing, model training, fine tuning. Is it possible to use AI it self to help with these steps and make big improvement in effici... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/41039/could-generative-ai-bootstrap |
Question: <p>When looking at the deep learning courses offered by top universities in the United States that are available online (not MOOCs, but actual classes), a few schools still cover (Restricted) Boltzmann Machines, although they are not many. However, I noticed that these techniques are not frequently applied no... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/46048/do-we-still-need-to-learn-about-boltzmann-machines |
Question: <p>Generative AI is being used to create amazing art; first through paid services like Midjourney and now also with free, open source alternatives like Stable Diffusion. Now you can even generate art in a particular style, first with Google's Dreambooth and later with open-source implementations of the same.<... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/37734/are-there-free-and-open-source-audio-versions-of-generative-ai-programs-like-sta |
Question: <p>I'm trying to gain some intuition beyond definitions, in any possible dimension. I'd appreciate references to read.</p>
Answer: <p>The intution that I have about these is that generative are "from abstract to concrete" whereas discriminative models are "from concrete to abstract".</p>
<p>For example: Det... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/2106/how-can-one-intuitively-understand-generative-v-s-discriminative-models-specifi |
Question: <p>I am interested in what insights can be gained about the mathematical class of auto-regressive encoder-decoders (LLMs), by comparing them to topological neural networks.</p>
<p>Specifically, I am looking for similarities and differences in their structures, behaviors, and mathematical properties.</p>
<p>In... | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/41030/comparing-auto-regressive-encoder-decoders-and-topological-neural-networks |
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