inputs stringlengths 469 9.23k | targets stringlengths 1 85 | _template_idx int64 0 9 | _task_source stringclasses 1
value | _task_name stringclasses 1
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Given the background: Einstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on cause and effect, measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typical... | less | 7 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Habitat destruction has played a key role in extinctions, especially in relation to tropical forest destruction. Factors contributing to habitat loss include: overconsumption, overpopulation, land use change, deforestation, pollution (air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination) and global ... | Papua New Guinea | 0 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Please answer the following question: Given the background: In the U.S., the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or other fossil fuels. This causes air pollution, acid rain, and global warming. Fossil fuels are also limited and may eventually run out. Like fossil fuels, radioactive elements are limited.... | Jacksonville | 8 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Please answer the following question: Given the background: Sometimes muscles and tendons get injured when a person starts doing an activity before they have warmed up properly. A warm up is a slow increase in the intensity of a physical activity that prepares muscles for an activity. Warming up increases the blood flo... | Green | 9 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Figure B above shows an important relationship between the wavelength and frequency of a wave. The top wave clearly has a shorter wavelength than the second wave. However, if you picture yourself at a stationary point watching these waves pass by, more waves of the first kind would pass by in a gi... | short | 0 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Once again, a mutation is the change in the DNA or RNA sequence. In multicellular organisms, mutations can be subdivided into germline mutations and somatic mutations. Germline mutations occur in the DNA of sex cells, or gametes, and are therefore potentially very serious. These mutations can be p... | germline | 7 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Question: Given the background: Predators play an important role in an ecosystem. For example, if they did not exist, then a single species could become dominant over others. Grazers on a grassland keep grass from growing out of control. Predators can be keystone species . These are species that can have a large effect... | team B | 4 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Please answer the following question: Given the background: The intentional cultivation of arthropods and other small animals for human food, referred to as minilivestock, is now emerging in animal husbandry as an ecologically sound concept. However, the greatest contribution of arthropods to human food supply is by po... | Granite | 8 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are ... | France | 0 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the question: Given the background: Pollutants also affect the atmosphere through their contribution to global warming. Global warming is an increase in the Earth’s temperature. It is thought to be caused mostly by the increase of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gases can be released by factories... | Osaka | 6 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Answer the following question: Given the background: In slippery conditions some riders prefer to ride fixed because they believe the transmission provides increased feedback on back tire grip. However, there is also an increased risk of loss of control in such conditions. This is especially so when taking into account... | Hill | 5 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Answer the following question: Given the background: When humans dig up and use fossil fuels, we have an impact on the carbon cycle ( Figure below ). This carbon is not recycled until it is used by humans. The burning of fossil fuels releases more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than is used by photosynthesis. So, t... | Illinois | 5 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the question: Given the background: There are many examples in the chemical world of changes in entropy. Phase transitions are one obvious example. When a substance makes a transition from the liquid state to the gaseous state, the particles have many more possible arrangements, because they are no longer confine... | state B | 6 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Greenhouse Effect: The solar energy reaching the surface of the Earth is concentrated in short wavelengths, which can easily penetrate the greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane. The Earth, however, is cooler than the sun and it radiates its heat in the form of energy in the far infr... | Tim | 2 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the question: Given the background: Many different chemical substances cause cancer. Dozens of chemicals in tobacco smoke, including nicotine, have been shown to cause cancer ( Figure below ). In fact, tobacco smoke is one of the main sources of chemical carcinogens. Smoking tobacco increases the risk of cancer o... | Jim | 6 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Question: Given the background: Biodiversity is determined by many things, and one of them is abiotic stress. If an environment is highly stressful, biodiversity tends to be low. If abiotic stress does not have a strong presence in an area, the biodiversity will be much higher.This idea leads into the understanding of ... | Western | 4 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Please answer the following question: Given the background: In slippery conditions some riders prefer to ride fixed because they believe the transmission provides increased feedback on back tire grip. However, there is also an increased risk of loss of control in such conditions. This is especially so when taking into ... | Low | 8 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Fish reproduce sexually. They lay eggs that can be fertilized either inside or outside of the body. In most fish, the eggs develop outside of the mother's body. In the majority of these species, fertilization also takes place outside the mother's body. The male and female fish release their gamete... | Tim | 7 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Please answer the following question: Given the background: Greenhouse Effect: The solar energy reaching the surface of the Earth is concentrated in short wavelengths, which can easily penetrate the greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane. The Earth, however, is cooler than the sun and it radiates its heat... | time B | 8 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Another example of negative feedback has to do with blood glucose levels. When glucose (sugar) levels in the blood are too high, the pancreas secretes insulin to stimulate the absorption of glucose and the conversion of glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver. As blood glucose levels d... | Fred | 2 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Question: Given the background: Earthquakes may take place every day near a volcano. But before an eruption, the number and size of earthquakes increases. This is the result of magma pushing upward into the magma chamber. This motion causes stresses on neighboring rock to build up. Eventually the ground shakes. A conti... | Green | 4 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the question: Given the background: Fish reproduce sexually. They lay eggs that can be fertilized either inside or outside of the body. In most fish, the eggs develop outside of the mother's body. In the majority of these species, fertilization also takes place outside the mother's body. The male and female fish ... | Hill | 6 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the question: Given the background: Fish reproduce sexually. They lay eggs that can be fertilized either inside or outside of the body. In most fish, the eggs develop outside of the mother's body. In the majority of these species, fertilization also takes place outside the mother's body. The male and female fish ... | Mound | 6 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: The benefits provided by no-tillage to predators may lead to larger predator populations, which is a good way to control pests (biological control), but also can facilitate predation of the crop itself. In corn crops, for instance, predation by caterpillars can be higher in no-till than in convent... | Barb | 0 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the question: Given the background: The Hawaiian Islands ( Figure above ) are in the central Pacific Ocean. The islands are volcanoes that increase in age from southeast to northwest. The youngest island is the Big Island of Hawaii at the southeast end of the chain. The volcanoes get older through Maui, Kahoolawe... | Ann | 6 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Hydrogen bonds cause water to have a relatively high boiling point of 100°C (212°F). Because of its high boiling point, most water on Earth is in a liquid state rather than in a gaseous state. Water in its liquid state is needed by all living things. Hydrogen bonds also cause water to expand when ... | Europa | 2 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Answer the following question: Given the background: Cancer is a disease that causes cells to divide out of control. Normally, the body has systems that prevent cells from dividing out of control. But in the case of cancer, these systems fail. Cancer is usually caused by mutations. Mutations are random errors in genes.... | Group C | 5 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Question: Given the background: The general trend in electronegativity is that the value increases from left to right across a row in the periodic table and decreases down a column. The most electronegative element is fluorine, which has a value of 4.0. As discussed in the lesson "Trends in the Periodic Table," electro... | Tralokine | 4 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Einstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on cause and effect, measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typical... | case B | 0 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Rain dissolves fertilizer in the soil. Runoff carries it away. The fertilizer ends up in bodies of water, from ponds to oceans. Nitrogen is a fertilizer in the water. Since there is a lot of nitrogen, it causes algae to grow out of control. Pictured below is a pond covered with algae ( Figure belo... | Fiddle | 1 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Question: Given the background: False precision (also called overprecision, fake precision, misplaced precision and spurious precision) occurs when numerical data are presented in a manner that implies better precision than is justified; since precision is a limit to accuracy, this often leads to overconfidence in the ... | better decisions | 4 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Q:Given the background: A mycorrhiza (Greek for "fungus roots") is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus may colonize the roots of a host plant by either growing directly into the root cells, or by growing around the root cells. This association prov... | Ken | 3 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Q:Given the background: Although some lipids in the diet are essential, excess dietary lipids can be harmful. Because lipids are very high in energy, eating too many may lead to unhealthy weight gain. A high-fat diet may also increase lipid levels in the blood. This, in turn, can increase the risk for health problems s... | Jeff | 3 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Fungi not only evolve to avoid the defenses of the plants, but they also attempt to prevent the plant from enacting the mechanisms to improve its defenses. Anything the fungi can do to slow the evolution process of the host plants will improve the fitness of future generations because the plant wi... | Eastern | 2 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Cancer is a disease that causes cells to divide out of control. Normally, the body has systems that prevent cells from dividing out of control. But in the case of cancer, these systems fail. Cancer is usually caused by mutations. Mutations are random errors in genes. Mutations that lead to cancer ... | Charlotte | 0 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: A large log placed in a fire will burn relatively slowly. If the same mass of wood were added to the fire in the form of small twigs, they would burn much more quickly. This is because the twigs provide a greater surface area than the log does. An increase in the surface area of a reactant increas... | group Q | 1 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: When humans dig up and use fossil fuels, we have an impact on the carbon cycle ( Figure below ). This carbon is not recycled until it is used by humans. The burning of fossil fuels releases more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than is used by photosynthesis. So, there is more carbon dioxide ent... | Bhutan | 7 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Please answer the following question: Given the background: The Hawaiian Islands ( Figure above ) are in the central Pacific Ocean. The islands are volcanoes that increase in age from southeast to northwest. The youngest island is the Big Island of Hawaii at the southeast end of the chain. The volcanoes get older throu... | Janice | 8 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Question: Given the background: Precipitation in grasslands is equal to or less than evapotranspiration and causes soil development to operate in relative drought. Leaching and migration of weathering products is therefore decreased. Large amounts of evaporation causes buildup of calcium (Ca) and other large cations fl... | Bill | 4 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Q:Given the background: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a substance or an object. The basic SI unit for mass is the kilogram (kg), but smaller masses may be measured in grams (g). To measure mass, you would use a balance. In the lab, mass may be measured with a triple beam balance or an electronic balance,... | more | 3 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Answer the following question: Given the background: Candied fruit, also known as crystallized fruit or glacé fruit, has existed since the 14th century. Whole fruit, smaller pieces of fruit, or pieces of peel, are placed in heated sugar syrup, which absorbs the moisture from within the fruit and eventually preserves it... | apples | 5 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Answer the following question: Given the background: When the temperature of reactants is higher, the rate of the reaction is faster. At higher temperatures, particles of reactants have more energy, so they move faster. They are more likely to bump into one another and to collide with greater force. For example, when y... | coffee B | 5 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Q:Given the background: The Tasmanian devil is a nocturnal and crepuscular hunter, spending the days in dense bush or in a hole.[64] It has been speculated that nocturnalism may have been adopted to avoid predation by eagles and humans.[65] Young devils are predominantly crepuscular.[66] There is no evidence of torpor.... | Western | 3 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Please answer the following question: Given the background: Candied fruit, also known as crystallized fruit or glacé fruit, has existed since the 14th century. Whole fruit, smaller pieces of fruit, or pieces of peel, are placed in heated sugar syrup, which absorbs the moisture from within the fruit and eventually prese... | basket A fruits | 8 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Please answer the following question: Given the background: Among the tropical oceans, the western Indian Ocean hosts one of the largest concentration of phytoplankton blooms in summer, due to the strong monsoon winds. The monsoonal wind forcing leads to a strong coastal and open ocean upwelling, which introduces nutri... | Pacific | 8 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Please answer the following question: Given the background: Plucking, also referred to as quarrying, is a glacial phenomenon that is responsible for the erosion and transportation of individual pieces of bedrock, especially large "joint blocks". This occurs in a type of glacier called a "valley glacier". As a glacier m... | Alps | 9 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Q:Given the background: Another major cause of extinction is global warming , which is also known as global climate change. During the past century, the Earth's average temperature has risen by almost 1°C (about 1.3°F). You may not think that is significant, but to organisms that live in the wild and are constantly ada... | time B | 3 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: The jejunum is the second part of the small intestine, where most nutrients are absorbed into the blood. As shown in Figure below , the mucous membrane lining the jejunum is covered with millions of microscopic, fingerlike projections called villi (singular, villus). Villi contain many capillaries... | Fox | 2 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Any unused energy in food, whether it comes from carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids, is stored in the body as fat. An extra 3,500 Calories of energy results in the storage of almost half a kilogram (1 pound) of stored body fat. People who consistently consume more food energy then they need may be... | Boar | 1 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Almost all earthquakes occur at plate boundaries. All types of plate boundaries have earthquakes. Convection within the Earth causes the plates to move. As the plates move, stresses build. When the stresses build too much, the rocks break. The break releases the energy that was stored in the rocks... | Woo | 2 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Please answer the following question: Given the background: Rain dissolves fertilizer in the soil. Runoff carries it away. The fertilizer ends up in bodies of water, from ponds to oceans. Nitrogen is a fertilizer in the water. Since there is a lot of nitrogen, it causes algae to grow out of control. Pictured below is a... | Ireland | 9 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: Protozoa generally feed by engulfing and digesting other organisms. As consumers, they have various roles in food chains and webs. Some are predators. They prey upon other single-celled organisms, such as bacteria. In fact, protozoa predators keep many bacterial populations in check. Other protozo... | group G | 0 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
Given the background: In the U.S., the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or other fossil fuels. This causes air pollution, acid rain, and global warming. Fossil fuels are also limited and may eventually run out. Like fossil fuels, radioactive elements are limited. In fact, they are relatively rare, so... | Park | 2 | P3 | ropes_given_background_situation | zs_opt |
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