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4967089_4967091_4967103_4967138_4967139_4967169 | output_images/4967089_4967091_4967103_4967138_4967139_4967169.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "William Schumacher Massey (August 23, 1920 – June 17, 2017) was an American mathematician, known for his work in algebraic topology. The Massey product is named for him. He worked also on the formulation of spectral sequences by means of exact couples, and wrote several textbooks, including A Basic Course in Algebraic Topology ().\nLife\nWilliam Massey was born in Granville, Illinois, in 1920, the son of Robert and Alma Massey, and grew up in Peoria. He was an undergraduate student at the University of Chicago. After serving as a meteorologist aboard aircraft carriers in the United States Navy for 4 years during World War II, he received a Ph.D. degree from Princeton University in 1949. His dissertation, entitled Classification of mappings of an -dimensional space into an n-sphere, was written under the direction of Norman Steenrod. He spent two additional years at Princeton as a post-doctoral research assistant. He then taught for ten years on the faculty of Brown University. In 1958 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. From 1960 till his retirement he was a professor at Yale University. He died on June 17, 2017, in Hamden, Connecticut. He had 23 PhD students, including Donald Kahn, Larry Smith, and Robert Greenblatt.\nSelected works\nSee also\nBlakers–Massey theorem\nExact couple\nMassey product\nExternal links\nAddress at Yale\nReferences\n1920 births\n2017 deaths\n20th-century American mathematicians\n21st-century American mathematicians\nTopologists\nBrown University faculty\nYale University faculty\nUniversity of Chicago alumni\nPrinceton University alumni\nUnited States Navy personnel of World War II\nPeople from Granville, Illinois\nMathematicians from Illinois\nFellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\nPaul Blackwell (11 July 1954 – 24 February 2019) was an Australian stage actor and occasional film actor.\nEarly life \nHe attended the National Institute of Dramatic Art from 1980 to 1982 and appeared in many productions from some of Australia's best-known theatre companies, including Company B, Sydney Theatre Company, State Theatre Company of South Australia, Patch Theatre and Opera Australia.\nHe appeared in several films, though often in small parts. His only major film role was in the 1996 film The Quiet Room directed by Rolf De Heer—it was critically acclaimed and was screened as part of the main competition of the 1996 Cannes Film Festival. In the last decades of his life, appearances included Candy, directed by Neil Armfield and starring Heath Ledger, Geoffrey Rush and Abbie Cornish; December Boys, starring Daniel Radcliffe; Hey, Hey, It's Esther Blueburger; and the silent film Dr. Plonk—another collaboration with Rolf De Heer.\nIn 2017 Blackwell toured Australia playing Parsons in Headlong, Almeida Theatre and Nottingham Playhouse's production of Duncan MacMillan and Robert Icke's adaptation of George Orwell's 1984 for GWB Entertainment, Ambassador Theatre Group Asia Pacific and State Theatre Company of South Australia.\nIn 2019 Blackwell received a Premier’s Award for Lifetime Achievement posthumously in the South Australian Ruby Awards.\nReferences\nExternal links\n1954 births\n2019 deaths\nAustralian male stage actors\nAustralian male film actors\nNational Institute of Dramatic Art alumni\nHenry Prather Fletcher (April 10, 1873 – July 10, 1959) was an American diplomat who served under six presidents.\nEarly life\nFletcher was born in Greencastle, Pennsylvania, in 1873 to Louis Henry Fletcher (1839–1927) and Martha Ellen (née Rowe) Fletcher (1840–1896). His siblings included James Gilmore Fletcher (1875–1960), David Watson Fletcher (1880–1957) and Florence Fletcher (1883–1957). He was the fourth cousin once removed of William McKinley.\nFletcher planned to attend Princeton University, but his family could not afford to send him, therefore, he studied law and shorthand in his uncle's law office.\nShortly after beginning to practice law, the Spanish–American War broke out and the United States declared war on Spain in 1898. Fletcher joined Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders as a private in Troop K. He served in the U.S. Army, both in Cuba and in the Philippines for two years.\nCareer\nAfter returning from the Philippines, he entered the diplomatic service under President Roosevelt's administration as secondary secretary of the United States legation in Havana, Cuba. In 1903, he was transferred to Beiping and then, in 1905, as secretary to the legation in Lisbon, Portugal. In 1907, he returned to China and negotiated an agreement whereby US capital was allowed to participate on equal terms with European capital for the first time.\nAs a reward, President William Howard Taft named him US Minister to Chile in 1909. He was in that position until 1914, by which time the mission had been raised to the status of an Embassy, making him the first United States Ambassador to Chile. He served in that role until March 9, 1916.\nIn 1916, President Woodrow Wilson appointed him United States Ambassador to Mexico, his term coinciding with the height of World War I. On January 19, 1917, the German Secretary of State, Arthur Zimmermann, sent a message to Mexico promising Texas, New Mexico and Arizona to Mexico if it entered the War on German's side. The note was intercepted in Washington and made public and is considered one of the immediate causes for the United States entering the war six weeks later. He presented his credentials on March 3, 1917, and served as ambassador in Mexico until January 25, 1919, when he returned to the United States.\nIn 1920, after directing the State Department's Latin American affairs for a year, he resigned and was appointed Under Secretary of State by President Warren G. Harding, serving from March 8, 1921, to March 6, 1922, under Secretary Charles Evans Hughes.\nThereafter, he served as ambassador to Belgium from 1922 until 1924 under both Harding and his successor, Calvin Coolidge, who became president after Harding's death in 1923. In 1923, he was sent to the Pan-American Conference in Santiago, taking the place of Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, who had declined to go. At that time, the United States Secretary of State was ex officio chair of the Pan-American Conference, although that changed in Santiago after Latin American criticism.\nFrom April 2, 1924, to August 3, 1929, he was appointed by Coolidge and served as the Ambassador to Italy. He was on close terms with the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini.\nLater career\nOn April 22, 1930, President Hoover appointed him chairman of the United States Tariff Commission after the Tariff Act of 1930. He was said to have accomplished more work in one year than what had been done in the previous seven.\nFrom 1934 to 1936, he was the chairman of the Republican Party and was a delegate to the Republican national conventions in 1936 and 1940.\nPersonal life\nIn 1917, he married Beatrice Bend (1874–1941), a daughter of George H. Bend, a member of the New York Stock Exchange who had gone bankrupt. Bend's sister, Amy Bend (1870–1957), was married to Cortlandt F. Bishop in 1899. Henry and Beatrice did not have any children.\nHe died in 1959 at his home in Newport, Rhode Island, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. He left an estate worth $3,000,000, and donated his personal papers to the Library of Congress. He also left a portrait of George Washington, by Edward Savage, to the National Gallery in Washington, D.C.\nHonours \n 1929: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold.\nReferences\nNotes\nSources\nExternal links"}] | |
4967170 | output_images/4967170.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Piha Surf Life Saving Club (sometimes called Piha Lifeguard Service) is a surf lifesaving club for the southern section of Piha, on the west coast of Auckland, New Zealand, some 45 km from the Auckland City centre. The patrol was featured in the TVNZ reality show Piha Rescue.\nThe club is the best-known of 17 surf lifesaving clubs in the Northern Region of New Zealand, and possibly one of the best-known surf lifesaving clubs in the entire country. Its high-profile is partly being due to its participation in the television series and partly through its location on one of the country's most-popular surfing beaches. The beach is also a regular venue for the annual \"Piha Big Wave Surf Boat Classic\".\nThe club was founded in January 1934 by Frank Ross, Cliff Holt, Bert Holt, Stan Holt, Laurie Wilson, and as such is the oldest club on Auckland's West Coast. The club colours were chosen as black, red and green: black for the iron sands of the West Coast, red for the sunsets above the Tasman Sea to the West, and green for the forest clad Waitākere Ranges that separate Piha from Auckland City.\nPiha has been the home club of many national champions in surf life saving and other sports, among them former Commonwealth Games swimming gold medallist Dave Gerrard, national boxing champion Jackie Jenkins, and the champion swimmer Buddy Lucas.\nPatrolling statistics \nThe table below gives a summary of the Patrol statistics for the Volunteer Lifeguards of Piha SLSC. This table excludes the statistics for the paid Regional Lifeguards who use Piha Surf Life Saving Club's equipment and facilities.\nRescue and bravery awards\nMeritorious Award for Bravery in Bronze, 1963. \nLifeguard: Don (E. D.) Wright\nWales Bank Outstanding Rescue of the Year Award, 1980. \nLifeguard: Murray Bray\nMeritorious Award for Bravery, 1984. \nLifeguards: Murray Bray and George Thomson\nPiha Lifeguard Service, BP Surf Rescue of the Year, 2001. \nLifeguards: Nick Kinghorn and Graham Valentine.\nRescue of the Month, March 2008. \nAwarded to Piha and United North Piha Life Guards for their combined rescue and advanced scene management.\nLife Guards involved: Abbi Manley, Cali Manley, Liz Manley, Vanda Karolczak, Paul Picot, Gary Turton, Ukiah Brown, Tony Featherstone (PC), Paul Downey, Jason Anderson, Merrin O'Brien, Jess Hosking, Jonathon Webber, Geoff Calvert, Hayley Seymour, Leif Neilson, Brent Airey.\nRescue of the Month, November 2009. \nLifeguards: Duncan Clarke, Geoff Calvert and Rob Wakelin.\nRescue of the Month, February 2010. \nLifeguards involved: Jonathon Webber, Greg Wilson, Anna Schubert, Murray Bray, Mike Wood, Chase Cahalane.\nRescue of the Month, February 2012. \nRegional Lifeguards Involved: Logan Adams, Kris O'Neill, Duncan Buchanan, Tommy Cantrell, Sam Bassett, Aaron Young, Anaru Clarke, Tom Jacka, Sam Jenkins.\nRescue of the Month, October 2012. \nLifeguards involved: Paul Picot, Alice Seagar, Paul Downey, Jason Anderson, Tony Featherstone, Tony Adams, Olivia Adams, Christian Robertson, Vanda Karolczak, Mikaela Ryan, Anna Karolczak Young, Roger Wallis, Jordan Pope, Eric Morighan and Ukiah Brown.\nRescue of the Month, September 2013. \nLifeguards involved: Duncan Clarke, Aramis Goodwin and Geoff Calvert.\nReel line and belt\nThe reel line and belt method of surf rescue was developed by clubbies at Bondi Beach, Australia. The first belts were fitted with cork floats that limited the swimmers ability to dive under approaching waves. The Ross Safety Belt which had a pin that could be pulled in an emergency to release the swimmer was introduced to Piha in 1947.\nDuring a rescue, the swimmer quickly donned the belt and headed into the surf, the reel was carried to near the water's edge and the reel-man and the lines-men paid out the line as the swimmer headed towards the patient. The best swimmers in the club were used as belt-men. If there was a sideways rip and too much line was payed out, the swim became very arduous. Once the patient had been reached and secured, the belt-man raised his arm to signal that he was ready to be pulled in. The linesmen hauled hand over hand on the line as the reel man wound in the line.\nSurf boats\nPiha Surf Life Saving Club pioneered the use of surf rescue boats in New Zealand, with the country's first surf boat, launched in 1936. On 9 April 1939 the first ever surf boat race held in New Zealand took place at Piha Beach with Piha winning against Wainui Club. In 1940 a Piha crew comprising Tom Pearce, Haden Way, Max Cleary, Jack Rae and Tiger O'Brien rowing in a randomly allocated boat were the inaugural winners of the National Surf Boat Championship Series, held at Wellington's Lyall Bay.\nIn 1967 Sir Jack Butland of Butland Industries provided the surf boat Piha built by Bailey Bros of Sydney to the club. In 1971 Sir Jack provided the club with Miss Chesdale. Another boat Ches'n' Dale was dedicated in 1979. More Ches'n'Dale boats followed, with numbers three and four donated in 1985.\nPiha won the gruelling Tuakua Sands River Race, from Tuakau to Port Waikato in 1983, 1984, 1985 and 1986. In various competitions during 1987 Piha accumulated 33 wins and 2 seconds. In 1985 at Mount Maunganui a Piha crew comprising Steve Booten, Mike MacDonald, Peter Digan, Mark McCarthny and Mike Zainey as sweep became the first New Zealand \"Test\" Crew to beat Australia.\nThe first attempt at rowing a surf boat from Onehunga to Piha over the unpredictable and treacherous Manukau Heads Bar was made in April 1971. It was decided to negotiate the north channel as the safer south channel used by shipping would have added another seven kilometers to the row. As the crew (Andy Sekula, Mike Zainey, Ray Markham, Brian Sullivan and Alan Foubister) rowed down the narrow northern channel, huge swells came up and the channel petered out leaving the boat in the suf zone. There was no route to get through the surf line leaving no option but to wait for a lull and head for the beach on a wave. The boat hit the beach with such force that the keel was split in half and all the ribs in the boat were broken. Despite the boat being a write off, sponsorship for the row and publicity gained about $2,000 for the club. The feat of getting all the way to Piha was only accomplished in 1992 with a crew comprising George Thompson, Brett Sullivan, Martin Wienk, Johan Broekhuizen, Duane Rice and Geoff Calvert rowing Lend Lease. The trip took over five hours in high swells and stiff winds. At one stage in this row George Thomson was thrown overboard after the surf boat hit a swell.\nThe first Piha Big Wave Classic (Day of the Giants) was held at Piha Beach in April 2005 with 12 crews on the beach. Piha came second in the open men's race. These races, held annually are part of the national surf life-saving championship surf boat series. In 2007 three Australian crews (Bronte, Jan Juc and Austinmer) competed in these races. In 2014 Piha became the first club to win the trifecta at Piha - Open Men's, Open Women's and Under 23 Men. The Big Wave Classic is held at Piha near the end of February every year, depending on tides.\nIn 2008 Piha crews comprising James Dallinger, Brad Mytton, Hayden Smith, Craig Knox, Matt Kirke, Mark Bourneville and Bruce O'Brien won the European Open Surf Boat Championships (also known as the World Surf Rowing Championships) at Biarritz, France. \nIn 2012 The Piha A crew of Matt Kirke, Paul Gerritsen, Ben Scott, Scott Lissington, Chris Morris and swept by Mark Bournville won the New Zealand Short and Long Course titles, the New Zealand Surf Boat Series, the ERCs, the Auckland Championships Short and Long Course titles. They also travelled to Australia and became the first-ever New Zealand crew to win the Aussie Open title, that same weekend they competed against the Australian men's crew in the battle of the ditch which Piha also won.\nIn 2013 Piha became the first club to win 5 Golds at a New Zealand National Surf Life Saving Championships (Open Men long and short courses, Under 23 Men long and short courses and under 19 Men long course).\nAt the 2014 New Zealand Nationals Phia A became the first crew to win 8 New Zealand titles in 5 consecutive seasons. \n The under 23 crew also scored a first - the first to win 5 New Zealand National titles in the under 23 division. The club also became the first to win 4 of the 6 divisional New Zealand Surf Boat Series titles - Men's Open, Women's Open, Under 23 Men's and Under 19 Women.\nThe current Piha surf boats, sponsored by Burger Fuel and Trillian Trust, are named after previous Piha boaties:- Tom Pearce, E D Wright, Buddy Lucas and Tiger O'Brien.\nPiha \"tear-drop\" surf rescue ski"}] | |
4967186_4967194_4967248_4967267_4967270_4967284 | output_images/4967186_4967194_4967248_4967267_4967270_4967284.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Harold 'Harry' Luntz (born 1937 in South Africa) is an Australian law professor. He is widely acknowledged as one of Australia's leading experts on torts law.\nCareer \nLuntz was educated at Athlone Boys' High School in Johannesburg and graduated from the University of Witwatersrand with degrees in arts and law. He served three years’ articles of clerkship at the same time as undertaking his law degree. In 1960, he was employed for a brief period as a solicitor in a firm of solicitors in Johannesburg and then took at Bachelor of Civil Law at Lincoln College, University of Oxford. He began publishing in academic journals in the early 1960s. Some of his appointments:\n 1970 — Visiting Associate Professor at Queen's University in Ontario, Canada.\n 1971 — Visiting Professor at the University of California, Berkeley.\n 1976 — Professor, University of Melbourne.\n 1986–88 — Dean of the Law Faculty, University of Melbourne.\n Visiting Fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford.\nHe was editor of the Australian Torts Law Journal. He wrote a text in 1974 that saw its fifth edition in 2008 ('Assessment of Damages for Personal Injury and Death'). This text is widely quoted in the highest courts of Australia, as well as England, Canada and the United States.\nHe is officially retired from University work, but he continues to maintain an office, teach, write essays and mark exams. Despite being an expert on negligence, he is a leading advocate of 'tort law reform' policy, that would replace the law of negligence with a no-fault compensation scheme, and/or provide such adequate social welfare that the awarding of damages becomes unnecessary.\nHe remains one of the world's foremost scholars and theoreticians of torts and damages law. On Australia Day (the 26th of January), he was awarded an AO for \"distinguished service to legal education, as an academic and editor, to professional development, and to the community.\"\nReferences\nExternal links\nA tribute from High Court Judge Michael Kirby on his retirement.\nLiving people\n1937 births\nFellows of Wolfson College, Oxford\nAustralian legal scholars\nLegal scholars of the University of Oxford\nOfficers of the Order of Australia\nSunshine Girl refers to pinup girls featured in most of the daily newspapers of the Sun chain in Canada.\nHistory\nThe feature started with the Toronto Sun, which was launched in 1971, and was adapted from British tabloids with similar featured women. While the British tabloids started publishing photos of topless models in 1970, the Sunshine Girls have never been photographed in this manner. The photos usually feature a clothed or swim-suited female model, actress, athlete. Although primarily published in color since the 1990s, prior to this the feature alternated between color and black and white and was exclusively black and white in the 1970s and early 1980s.\nTypically featured on page 3 of the Sun in through the 1990s, the Sunshine Girl moved to the back page of the sports section in the early 2000s. In 2011, the Sunshine Girl was restored to page 3 in some, not all, versions of the Sun, and two different photos of the same Sunshine Girl are run each day. Famous former SUNshine girls include: Amanda Coetzer, Ann Rohmer, Trish Stratus , Stacy Keibler, and Krista Erickson (Sun News Network anchor, who appeared on the date of that network's 2011 launch).\nAdditional images of the day's Sunshine Girl are posted each day to the Sun newspapers' websites, along with behind-the-scenes videos of select models.\nAt least twice a year, the Sun Group produces and sells a calendar featuring a selection of Sunshine Girls. Typically, the Girls who are selected for the calendar are chosen by the public online and by a mail-in vote.\nSpinoffs and knockoffs\n There was a Sunshine Boy feature in the Sun as well, further on in each daily paper. This feature was discontinued in 2006.\n Sunshine Girl Magazine is a men's magazine published from Miami, Florida. Sunshine Girl Magazine is sprung out of the Suns annual Sunshine Girl calendar.\nCriticism\nThe Sunshine Girl series has been criticized by some readers and media commentators for objectifying women. Critics have also condemned the series as degrading and inappropriate for a newspaper as a medium that purports to publish credible journalism. On November 14, 1985, the Ontario Press Council upheld at least one reader complaint, saying the feature \"portrays women as sex objects\", although there were no penalties attached to this ruling. Margaret Coulter of Toronto made the complaint, saying a newspaper was not an appropriate medium for the suggestive photos, which made her feel \"embarrassed and offended.\" Coulter said she had the same feelings about the Sunshine Boy feature.\nSee also\nPage 3\nReferences\nExternal links \n Official SUNshine Girl Facebook Application\n SUNshine Girl of the Canadian SUN news group\n Sunshine Girl Magazine\nToronto Sun\n1971 establishments in Canada\nArzachena (; ; ) is a town and comune in the province of Sassari, northern Sardinia, the second largest island off the coast of Italy. Arzachena lies half way between the original Costa Smeralda resort and Porto Rafael, both founded in the late 1950s. After Olbia and Tempio Pausania, it is the third largest commune in Gallura by inhabitants. \nThe frazione of Porto Cervo is the main resort area of Costa Smeralda for summer tourism, which since the 1960s has replaced agriculture as the main local source of economic activity. Nearby there are numerous archaeological sites from the Nuragic period, including those from a local sub-culture known as Arzachena culture (the necropolis of Li Muri and others).\nHistory\nLocated in an area once inhabited by the Arzachena culture, the region was known by the Romans as Turibulum, after a mushroom-shaped rock which is today the symbol of the town.\nThe oldest recorded use of the modern name is in a 1421 document, when king Alfonso IV of Aragon gave it (under the spelling Arsaghene) as a fief to Ramboldo de Cobaria. In the late 16th century it was mostly depopulated, and the current town was re-established in 1716 on a hill by King Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy. In 1909 the new village had 853 inhabitants, a population which grew substantially after the tourist boom associated with Costa Smeralda, which had originally been a small stretch of coast in the commune of Arzachena.\nFrazioni and localities\n Abbiadori"}] | |
4967305 | output_images/4967305.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Maya architecture spans several thousands of years, several eras of political change, and architectural innovation before the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Often, the buildings most dramatic and easily recognizable as creations of the Maya peoples are the step pyramids of the Terminal Preclassic Maya period and beyond. Based in general Mesoamerican architectural traditions, the Maya utilized geometric proportions and intricate carving to build everything from simple houses to ornate temples. This article focuses on the more well-known pre-classic and classic examples of Maya architecture. The temples like the ones at Palenque, Tikal, and Uxmal represent a zenith of Maya art and architecture. Through the observation of numerous elements and stylistic distinctions, remnants of Maya architecture have become an important key to understanding their religious beliefs and culture as a whole.\nUrban design\nAs Maya cities spread throughout the varied geography of Mesoamerica, the extent of site planning appears to have been minimal, their cities having been built somewhat haphazardly as dictated by the topography of each independent location. Maya architecture tends to integrate a great degree of natural features. For instance, some cities existing on the flat limestone plains of the northern Yucatán grew into great sprawling municipalities, while others built in the hills of Usumacinta utilized the natural loft of the topography to raise their towers and temples to impressive heights. However, some semblance of order, as required by any large city, still prevailed. At the onset of large-scale construction, a predetermined axis was typically established in congruence with the cardinal directions. Depending upon the location and availability of natural resources such as fresh-water wells, or cenotes, the city grew by connecting great plazas with the numerous platforms that created the sub-structure for nearly all Maya buildings, by means of sacbeob causeways. As more structures were added and existing structures re-built or remodelled, the great Maya cities seemed to take on an almost random identity that contrasts sharply with other great Mesoamerican cities such as Teotihuacan and its rigid grid-like construction.\nAt the heart of the Maya city existed the large plazas surrounded by their most valued governmental and religious buildings such as the royal acropolis, great pyramid temples, and occasionally ballcourts. Though city layouts evolved as nature dictated, careful attention was placed on the directional orientation of temples and observatories so that they were constructed in accordance with the Maya interpretation of the orbits of the stars. Immediately outside this ritual center were the structures of lesser nobles, smaller temples, and individual shrines: the less sacred and less important structures had a greater degree of privacy. Outside the constantly evolving urban core were the less permanent and more modest homes of the common people.\nClassic Era Maya urban design could easily be described as the division of space by great monuments and causeways. In this case, the open public plazas were the gathering places for the people and the focus of the urban design, while interior space was entirely secondary. Only in the Late Post-Classic era did the great Maya cities develop into more fortress-like defensive structures that lacked, for the most part, the large and numerous plazas of the Classic. In the Postclassic in Peten, Guatemala, smaller protected settlements emerged in defensible locations, for example on peninsulas and islands in the Petén Basin. These sites had diminutive plazas, and smaller ceremonials structures and the canons of architectural design were modified from the previous Classic period but were recognizable designs shifts from the Classic patterning.\nBuilding process\nAll evidence suggests that most stone buildings existed on top of a platform that varied in height from less than a meter to 45 meters depending on the importance of the building. A flight of stone steps often split the large platforms on one side, contributing to the common bi-symmetrical appearance of Maya architecture. Depending on the prevalent stylistic tendencies of an area, these platforms most often were built of stucco and cut stone exteriors filled with densely packed gravel. As is the case with many other Maya reliefs, those on the platforms often were related to the intended purpose of the residing structure. Thus, as the sub-structural platforms were completed, the grand residences and temples of the Maya were constructed on the solid foundations of the platforms. As all structures were built, little attention seems to have been given to their utilitarian functionality and much to external aesthetics; however, a certain repeated aspect, the corbelled arch, was often utilized to mimic the appearance and feel of the simple Maya hut.\nThough not an effective tool to increase interior space, as it required thick stone walls to support the high ceiling, some temples utilized repeated arches, or a corbelled vault, to construct what the Maya referred to as pibnal, or sweatbath, such as those in the Temple of the Cross at Palenque. As structures were completed, typically extensive relief work was added to the layer of stucco. However, many lintel carvings have been discovered, as well as actual stone carvings used as a facade. Commonly, these would continue uninterrupted around an entire structure and contain a variety of artwork pertaining to the inhabitants or purpose of a building. Though not the case in all Maya locations, broad use of painted stucco has been discovered as well.\nThough the Maya did not use a specific measuring unit, their buildings were still proportioned according to the golden mean. For their homes, the Maya would begin with a square then use a cord or vine to measure the square corner to corner. Then by arcing the cord down, a new base length could be established based on the previous square. The new rectangle's length would be the square root of two, which is a proportion found in nature. Since the Maya had religious connotations for which proportions they used and when their form of measurement is called sacred geometry. It was also practiced by the Egyptians. The Maya played with different proportions in their temples and homes to yield symmetrical and harmonious designs all without the use of actual units.\nIt has been suggested that, in conjunction with the Maya Long Count Calendar, every fifty-two years, or cycle, temples and pyramids were remodelled and rebuilt. It appears now that the rebuilding process was often instigated by a new ruler or for political matters, as opposed to matching the calendar cycle. However, the process of rebuilding on top of old structures is indeed a common one. Most notably, the North Acropolis at Tikal seems to be the sum total of 1,500 years of architectural modifications.\nBuilding materials\nThe Maya civilization used very simple tools for building their structures. The most common tools use were made of stone found in surrounding areas. Limestone was a huge part of the Maya tool making, as limestone was geographically very abundant in most settlements. Locations of the Maya cities were chosen with the access to necessary stones in mind. This allowed most quarries to be right outside the city for easy access to blocks needed for construction. Top limestone quarries used were Palenque and Tikal. Though limestone was the most important material, they still collected sandstone from Quiriguá and volcanic tuff from Copan.\nThe Maya people had taken advantage of mortar on most structural projects. The Mayas used a very difficult process of limestone under large amounts of heat to create their mortar. The mortar was so widely used, the Mayas even used it for sculptures, facades, and floor layers. Their mortar was very effective on a large building lifetime, but humid climates can have a negative effect on the mortar."}] | |
4967311_4967340_4967387_4967392 | output_images/4967311_4967340_4967387_4967392.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "is a fictional character from the Saint Seiya universe created by Masami Kurumada. As one of the protagonists of this media franchise, he has made appearances in the several manga, the original anime adaptation, OVAs, films and video games. He has also inspired a large number of collectibles. Considered the most mature and wisest of the five heroes, Shiryū is the Bronze Saint of the Dragon constellation, whose Cloth possesses legendary defensive and offensive properties. Shiryū is one of the ten surviving orphans trained to become Athena's Saints by Mitsumasa Kido. With Kido dead, Shiryū and his allies become the protectors of his adopted granddaughter, Saori, Athena's reincarnation.\nCritical reception to Shiryu has been mixed, with praise on his fight scenes in the series but criticism focused on the abuse of his training as a plot device to come up with new techniques to defeat enemies.\nCharacter outline\nOut of the five main characters from Saint Seiya, Shiryū is the calmest and most collected. He greatly respects his master Libra Dohko, from whom he learned not only how to use his Cosmo to fight, but also fundamental wisdom for life. He trained at Lushan for six years under his tutelage, during which time he befriended the old master's protégé Shunrei.\nIn addition to possessing great physical strength, Shiryū owns one of the most durable Bronze Cloths. Having spent the last two and a half centuries under the mineral-rich waterfall of Lushan, it is harder than diamonds. It is also legendary for the shield on its left arm and its right gauntlet, endowed with powerful piercing capabilities, which have earned the Cloth its nickname as \"the strongest fist and shield\". In times of extreme need, the five main Bronze Saints are also allowed to temporarily wear Gold Cloths. In the Sanctuary arc, Shiryū used the weapons of the Libra Gold Cloth to free Cygnus Hyōga from Aquarius Camus's ice coffin. In the two battles against Poseidon and Thanatos, he wore the Libra Cloth.\nShiryū sports the image of a green and white dragon on his back which is connected to his guardian constellation and only appears as his Cosmo is rising. Whenever his life is in danger, the image begins to fade. Once it completely vanishes, it is a sign that Shiryū's Cosmo has reached zero and he is dead.\nAbilities\nAs a Saint, Shiryu has been trained in mind and body to learn how to use the power of the Cosmos within his own body and use it for super strength, speed, agility, durability and reflexes. The constellation he uses for extra power is that of The Draco constellation, aka Dragon and by channeling his cosmos into the Dragon constellation using the cloth armor it's based on' he's able to combine his cosmos with the constellation's cosmos to increase his own power which he can use for cosmic energy blasts, heal himself and sense other people with their own cosmos. After he and his fellow bronze saints obtained the blood of the gold saints to repair their cloths when they were damaged they acquired even more power and upgraded cloths in the process, same for god cloth after their cloths were blessed by Saori aka Athena herself using her own blood as well.\nAppearances\nSaint Seiya\nSix years after the Graude Foundation sends Shiryū to train at in China, he obtains the Bronze Cloth of the Dragon constellation from Libra Dohko. He then returns to Japan to participate in the Galaxian Wars tournament, wherein he is narrowly defeated by Seiya. When Phoenix Ikki steals the Gold Cloth, Shiryū becomes involved in the battles to recover it from the Black Saints and eventually discovers that Saori Kido is the Goddess Athena whom he swore to protect. In the following battles against the Silver Saints, Shiryū is forced to blind himself to achieve victory against Perseus Algol. His injury does not keep him from battle and he joins his fellow Bronze Saints as they go to Sanctuary to depose the false Pope, Gemini Saga. He recovers his sight upon awakening his seventh sense in the fight against Cancer Deathmask.\nIn the Poseidon arc, he confronts the General Chrysaor Krishna. Having been repaired with the blood of the Gold Saints after the battles of the Twelve Temples, the Dragon Cloth becomes golden whenever Shiryū uses his Cosmo to the maximum and awakens his seventh sense. However, even that added protection is unable to keep Shiryū from losing his eyesight a second time to Krishna's overwhelming attacks. In the end, he manages to cutting through the General's chakras and defeat him. He then destroys the Pillar guarded by Krishna and joins Seiya to free Athena and reseal Poseidon.\nShiryū defeats several Specters during the Hades arc. He awakens his eighth sense and his Cloth is endowed with the power of Athena's divine blood by Aries Shion, which enables him to travel to Elysion and deliver Athena's divine Cloth to her. After a confrontation with the twin gods Hypnos and Thanatos, he awakens the Dragon God Cloth and successfully helps Athena defeat Hades.\nSaint Seiya: Next Dimension\nIn the official sequel of the manga of Saint Seiya, Shiryu and Shunrei have adopted a baby whom they named Shoryu. Then, he goes back in time with Hyoga, to the time of the previous Holy War against Hades in the eighteenth century, in order to help Saori / Athena save Seiya's life, who is cursed by the sword of the god of the underworld. Shiryu is proclaimed as the future Gold Saint of Libra successor to Dohko, from the Gold Saint of the eighteenth century Libra Dohko (Young).\nSaint Seiya Omega\nIn the original series Saint Seiya Omega, Shiryū is still alive well after the Hades arc events. According to the Saint Seiya Omega history, Shiryū finally returned to Lushan, where he married his love interest Shunrei and fathered a boy called Ryūhō. Due to an unspecified accident, however, Shiryū has lost all of his five senses and was forced to step down as a Saint, bequeathing his armor, duties and obligations to his son.\nFollowing the defeat of the God of Darkness Abzu, Shiryū's senses are restored, but he insists that Ryūhō must continue his duty as the next Dragon Saint. During the war against the Pallasites, Shiryū joins the assault on the enemy stronghold donning the Libra Cloth, which he inherited from the previous Libra Golden Saint, Genbu.\nOther appearances\nShiryu has also appeared in multiple spinoffs from the series including its films and novels such as the Gigantomachia.\nReception\nIn Japan, Shiryū is the most popular of the Saint Seiya protagonists, ranking first in the main characters poll of the five Bronze Saints. The Journal of Popular Culture noted the use of Shiryu's techniques where a dragon is seen alongside his fists as one of Kurumada's most striking illustrations in the Saint Seiya manga due to the style the impact has. Additionally, when Shiryu faces Cancer Deathmask, the writer addressed that Kurumada's message as seen through this fight scene is that people should still embrace violence based on what the aggressor has done, with Deathmask having attacked the innocent Shunrei. Kenji Akabane considers the character both \"cool\" and \"serious\".\nDVDVisionJapan praised Hirotaka Suzuoki's work for making Shiryu sound like a \"wise fighter\". His fight against Seiya was also found enjoyable by the reviewer for the amount of violence that might be seen as fanservice and the dramatic considerations when the cast believe one of the two would die. Chris Beveridge from AnimeOnDVD liked the fight between Shiryu and Death Mask, calling it one of the most interesting showdowns from the DVD reviewed also finding a level of risk enjoyable due to Shiryu nearly falling to the Underworld. Mark Thomas of the Fandom Post criticized Shiryu's overuse of his Rising Dragon as he tends to repeat in all of his fights even when his enemies manage to block it. Similarly, in a review of the series, writer Jason Thompson notes Kurumada tend to make overuse of Shiryu's training so that in a latter fight, he remembers to use a more powerful technique in order to defeat his enemies. Thompson also felt that Shiryu healing Seiya through removing his blood too gruesome in that a similar action is repeated when Shiryu blinds himself to defeat a Silver Saint. IGN noted that Shiryu stands out for being able fight despite being disabled and is one of Seiya's closest friends despite initially clashing as enemies in the series' beginning. In regards to the Netflix series, HobbyConsolas warned long time fans not to expect the original violent battle between Shiryu and Seiya from the original series as a result of the demographic intended.\nReferences\nAnime and manga characters who can move at superhuman speeds\nAnime and manga characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability\nAnime and manga characters with superhuman strength\nChild characters in anime and manga\nComics characters introduced in 1986\nDragons in popular culture\nFictional blind characters\nFictional characters who were petrified\nFictional characters with dimensional travel abilities\nFictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities\nFictional characters with extrasensory perception\nFictional characters with water abilities\nFictional fist-load fighters\nFictional Japanese people in anime and manga\nFictional male martial artists\nFictional shield fighters\nFictional swordfighters in anime and manga\nMale characters in anime and manga\nMartial artist characters in anime and manga\nOrphan characters in anime and manga\nSaint Seiya characters\nTeenage characters in anime and manga\nTime travelers\nRalph Howard Cosham (25 February 1936 – 30 September 2014), was a British-born American film, stage and voice actor and book narrator. Cosham also recorded under the name Geoffrey Howard. He lived in Reston, Virginia. He was a member of the acting companies of the Washington Theatre Club, the Folger Shakespeare Library, Arena Stage and the Shakespeare Theater all in Washington, DC. Cosham changed careers from British journalist to actor in the 1970s. Several of his works were awarded \"Audio Best of the Year\" by Publishers Weekly.\nRalph Cosham died of an illness on Tuesday, 30 September 2014 at his home in Reston, Virginia, at the age of 78.\nCareer\nIn early 1964, Hamilton Company LTD contracted with United Press International to prepare a special souvenir magazine of The Beatles' first visit to America. UPI assigned English immigrant Cosham to write this. His interviews with concertgoers and reports were published as \"The Beatles at Carnegie Hall,\" which remains easy to find today.\nIn voice acting he was featured in the video game The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion as the Breton males, including characters such as Jauffre, the Grandmaster of the Blades, and Vicente Valtieri; Dr. Guervich in Death Without Consent (2005); he played the voice part \"townspeople 3\" in Pirates of the Caribbean (2003).\nIn acting he was a driver in Shadow Conspiracy (1997); Supreme Court Justice Jensen in The Pelican Brief (1993), Judge Assel Steward in Suspect (1987); a Marine Lieutenant in Starman (1984); and played the part of Braddock's Captain in the TV mini-series George Washington (1984).\nAs a book narrator, Cosham (or as Howard) narrated over 100 books since 1992. Some titles include The Time Machine by H. G. Wells, The Castle by Franz Kafka, The Secret Agent (1996), Heart of Darkness (2002), Frankenstein (2002), Around the World in Eighty Days (2003), Alice in Wonderland (2004), Watership Down (2010), Dead Man's Chest (2001 novel by Roger Johnson, narrated in 2006), King Leopold's Ghost, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945, numerous works of C.S. Lewis including The Space Trilogy, Miracles, Mere Christianity, The Problem of Pain and The Screwtape Letters, as well as a collection of American short stories titled The American Experience: A Collection of Great American Stories (2004). Cosham was the first narrator for a series of mysteries written by Louise Penny; he won AudioFile Earphones and Library Journal awards for best audiobook and the Mystery Audie Award in 2013 for The Beautiful Mystery. Cosham recorded the first ten books of the series. \nAfter Cosham's death, Robert Bathurst was chosen to narrate future books.\nFilmography\nReferences\nExternal links\n Personal tributes to actor Ralph Cosham, Christopher Henley, October 16, 2014\n A Tribute to Ralph Cosham, Catherine Flye, October 14, 2014\n1936 births\n2014 deaths\nAmerican male actors\nAudiobook narrators\nVisočica (; also known as Brdo Grad, , \"Hill Town\") is a 213-metre-high hill in Bosnia and Herzegovina famous as the site of the Old town of Visoki .\nThe hill has, since at least 2006, been the subject of a pseudoarchaeological belief that it is part of an ancient man-made pyramid complex. This notion is rejected by legitimate archaeologists and geologists.\nOld town of Visoki"}] | |
4967393_4967401_4967403_4967448 | output_images/4967393_4967401_4967403_4967448.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Jewish Museum of Maryland is located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The museum tells the story of the American Jewish experience in the city of Baltimore and throughout the US state of Maryland.\nDescription\nThe museum is one of the country's leading centers for exhibits on Jewish history and culture. The museum has two galleries that host changing exhibits of local and national interest. The museum's collections include works of art, historical photographs, clothing, Jewish ceremonial art, rare books, everyday objects, documents, oral histories, and memorabilia. The museum was founded in 1960.\nThe museum is the only museum in America with two historic synagogues, preserved and interpreted for the public. The first is the Lloyd Street Synagogue, a Greek revival design by architect Robert Cary Long Jr. which was finished in 1845. The second is the B'nai Israel Synagogue, which was designed in a modified Moorish revival style by Henry Berge and finished in 1876. Both synagogues are situated in the heart of an historic Jewish neighborhood where they tell the stories of two great waves of Jewish immigrants to Baltimore, the second largest port of immigration in the United States. In these restored synagogues you can explore a matzoh oven, mikvehs (ritual baths), a magnificent hand-carved Torah Ark, women's balconies, and an active archaeology dig. \nB'nai Israel synagogue is an active Modern Orthodox synagogue of 200 families with services every Shabbat and Jewish Holy Day.\nLocation\nThe Jewish Museum of Maryland is located at 15 Lloyd Street in Baltimore and is a 10-minute walk from the National Aquarium in the Inner Harbor. The museum is closed for Jewish festivals and holy days: Rosh Hashana, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Shemini Atzeret, Simchat Torah, first two and last two days of Passover, and Shavuot.\nReferences, External links , The Jewish Museum of Maryland museum website, The Jewish Museum of Maryland, Baltimore Sun review, Jewish museums worldwide, Jewish Down Town website, Jewish Museum on Google Street View, 1960 establishments in Maryland, Ethnic museums in Maryland, Jewish-American history, Jewish museums in the United States, Jews and Judaism in Baltimore, Jonestown, Baltimore, Museums established in 1960, Museums in Baltimore, Religious museums in Maryland\nInvacare Corporation is an American manufacturer and distributor of non-acute medical equipment including wheelchairs, mobility scooters, walkers, pressure care and positioning, as well as respiratory products. Headquartered in Elyria, Ohio, the company currently distributes its product to more than 80 countries around the world. In February 2023, Invacare stated that it had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\nHistory\nThe history of Invacare can be traced back to 1885 when the Worthington Company began to produce a wide range of wheelchairs. The product lines were expanded several times, but its main focus remained in wheelchairs.\nIn the 1970s, Invacare was owned by Technicare, a Cleveland medical device manufacturer. With Mal Mixon as its Vice President of Marketing, the company branched into the field of diagnostic imaging. Later in 1978, Technicare was acquired by Johnson & Johnson who subsequently put Invacare up for sale. Driven by the wish of running his own firm, Mal Mixon expressed interest in buying Invacare. Because of financial constraint, Mixon had to borrow $4.3 million and raise another $2.5 million in order to buy Invacare at $7.8 million. The transaction closed on December 28, 1979.\nToday, through numerous acquisitions, Invacare has grown into a $1.8 billion medical product company, supplying over 25,000 medical equipment providers with its product and distributing them to more than 80 countries around the world.\nIn 2012, Invacare entered into a consent decree with the Federal Government regarding certain products and facilities.\nBy 2013, the FDA had accepted two certification reports by an independent auditor, making progress toward removing the consent decree. In 2015, after a follow-up inspection, the agency informed Invacare that more work was required in both the company’s controls over its design process and design history as outlined in report two.\nAlthough the third party auditor had submitted a third and final certification report whose acceptance could have lifted the consent decree, no review could be done on that report until the discrepancies noted in report two had been resolved.\nIn April 2017, the agency informed that company that it had accepted the revised second certification report allowing Invacare to resume design work in its Elyria, OH facility. The company is awaiting review and acceptance of the third certification report.\nHarvard Alumni Achievement Award\nOn September 27, 2007, A. Malachi Mixon was conferred the Harvard Business School's highest honor, the Alumni Achievement Award, by Dean Jay O. Light. The award was also given to Ayala Corp. chair Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala, Martin Sorrell, Donna Dubinsky and Hansjörg Wyss of Synthes.\nReferences, External links, Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange, Manufacturing companies based in Ohio, Wheelchair manufacturers, Elyria, Ohio, Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2023\nThe Department of Transportation (DOTr; ) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the maintenance and expansion of viable, efficient, and dependable transportation systems as effective instruments for national recovery and economic progress. It is responsible for the country's land, air, and sea communications infrastructure.\nUntil June 30, 2016, the department was named Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC; ). With Republic Act No. 10844 or \"An Act Creating the Department of Information and Communications Technology\", signed into law on May 20, 2016 during the administration of President Benigno Aquino III, the Information and Communications Technology Office was spun off the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and merged with all operative units of the DOTC dealing with communications, to form the new Department of Information and Communications Technology.\nHistory\nFrom 1899 to 1979, all transportation activities were integrated into the structure and activities of what is now today the Department of Public Works and Highways.\nEarly history\nOn July 28, 1979, the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC), headed by Minister José P. Dans Jr. was formally created pursuant to Executive Order No. 546. Under this Executive Order, the Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (MPWTC) was divided into two separate ministries: The Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC) and the Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH).\nThe MOTC became the primary policy, planning, programming, coordinating, implementing and administrative entity of the executive branch of the government in the promotion, development and regulation of a dependable and coordinated network of transportation and communication systems.\nThe infrastructure projects undertaken during this period included:, Light Rail Transit System, Computer-Controlled Traffic Lights System\nManila International Airport, renamed to Ninoy Aquino International Airport\nCentral Post Offices in Makati, Caloocan, Quezon City, and San Juan\nIt was also during this period that the motor vehicle registration and control was improved with the introduction of permanent vehicle license plates and the staggered registration system. A bus leasing program provided an additional 1,000 new buses in Metro Manila.\nThe operations of both the Philippine National Railways and the Metro Manila Transit Corporation were improved and expanded. At the same time, the Manila South Line of the PNR serving the Bicol Region was rehabilitated.\nPost-1986"}] | |
4967479 | output_images/4967479.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "José María Pino Suárez (; 8 September 1869 – 22 February 1913) was a Mexican politician, lawyer, journalist and newspaper proprietor who was a key figure of the Mexican Revolution and served as the 7th and last Vice President of Mexico from 1911 until his assassination in 1913, during the events of the Ten Tragic Days. Along with president Francisco I. Madero, he is remembered as a champion of democracy and an advocate for social justice in Mexico.\nBorn in Tenosique, into a prominent political family from the Yucatán Peninsula, his great-grandfather was Pedro Sainz de Baranda, a hero of the Mexican War of Independence. Pino Suárez was educated by the Jesuits in Mérida before earning his law degree in 1894. Later, he established a law firm in Mexico City in partnership with Joaquín Casasús and became involved in various businesses alongside his father-in-law, Raymundo Cámara.\nIn 1904, he founded El Peninsular, a newspaper that gave voice to a new generation of liberal intellectuals opposed to Olegario Molina, a powerful Porfirian cacique. El Peninsular quickly gained readers and advertisers, standing out for its use of modern printing technology, coverage of national and international news, and its editorial team that included prominent Yucatecan intellectuals. Pino Suárez authored a series of investigative journalism articles that exposed the exploitation of Maya and Yaqui indigenous people, who had been illegally reduced to conditions of slavery on some henequen haciendas. This provoked the anger of certain sectors of the Yucatecan oligarchy, known as the divine caste, who used their political and economic power to threaten the existence of the newspaper. The defense of freedom of expression against government censorship led Pino Suárez to enter the political arena.\nAs a supporter of Francisco I. Madero, he shared in Madero's struggle to democratize the country. As Madero's popularity grew, Porfirio Díaz, the dictator, decided to imprison him on charges of sedition. After escaping from prison, Madero issued the Plan de San Luis, which declared the 1910 federal elections fraudulent and demanded various political and social reforms, including the establishment of democratic institutions, prohibition of presidential reelection, agrarian reform, and an eight-hour workday, among others. This plan became a reference point for opponents of the Porfirian dictatorship and led to the Mexican Revolution. Pino Suárez organized the revolutionary cause in the southeastern region of Mexico and, threatened with imprisonment and forced into exile, joined Madero in San Antonio, Texas. There, Madero established a provisional government and appointed Pino Suárez as Secretary of Justice. After a significant military victory for the revolutionary cause, Pino Suárez was one of four peace commissioners tasked with negotiating the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez (1911), marking the end of the Porfirian dictatorship after three decades in power.\nAfter the triumph of the Revolution, Pino Suárez was appointed interim Governor of Yucatán by the State Congress, but his appointment was met with violent protests by followers of Delio Moreno Cantón, a populist politician with close ties to the old regime who had strong support among the working classes. In a closely contested election, Pino Suárez managed to gain the support of the majority of the regional economic elite and was elected to his own term as governor by a narrow margin. Shortly thereafter, he requested a leave of absence from his position to assume the Vice Presidency, and the State Congress appointed Nicolás Cámara Vales, his brother-in-law, as his successor in the governorship.\nThe presidential elections of 1911 were characterized as peaceful, clean, and democratic, marking an important milestone in the country's history. In those elections, Francisco I. Madero was elected President and José María Pino Suárez as Vice President, forming what is considered Mexico's first democratically elected government. In February 1912, Pino Suárez assumed a prominent role as Secretary of Education, and his main objective was to carry out a comprehensive educational reform. Aware of the low literacy rate in the country, he focused his efforts on making public education accessible beyond the elite, advocating for popular education. Additionally, he sought to promote an ideological transition in education, shifting from positivism to humanism. He faced opposition from los Científicos, the group that controlled the National School of Jurisprudence and resisted the educational reforms of the Madero government. This situation led to the founding of the Escuela Libre de Derecho, which was established in open opposition to Pino Suárez. Despite this, Pino Suárez authorized this institution to operate autonomously from the government.\nWithin the government, Pino Suárez led the renewal bloc, a liberal faction of the Maderist movement that advocated for public policies oriented towards social liberalism and the progressive reforms promised in the Plan de San Luis. Despite having a parliamentary majority, they faced a well-organized opposition that included former Porfirians. Despite the challenges, politicians from the renewal bloc played a significant role in the drafting of the Constitution of Mexico (1917), which stands out as the world's first constitution to include extensive social and economic guarantees and protections, such as provisions regarding labor, agrarian reform, and the social dimension of property rights.\nMadero's reformist government was considered too progressive by some and not radical enough by others. It had to contend with several rebellions led by different revolutionary and counterrevolutionary factions until it was overthrown in a military coup in February 1913. Subsequently, both Madero and Pino Suárez were assassinated on the orders of General Victoriano Huerta, the dictator who replaced them. In 1969, María Cámara Vales, Pino Suárez's widow, received the Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor from the Senate of Mexico, recognizing the sacrifice that the couple had made for the country.\nYouth and studies\nFamily origins \nBorn in Tenosique, Tabasco, \"almost by accident – his family was among the most notable in Mérida.\" He was the eldest son of José María Pino Salvatiel, a businessman, and Josefa Suarez; both his parents had been born in Mérida. Shortly after his birth, his mother died, an event that was devastating for the young man. He had a younger brother, Néstor Pino Suárez who served as a colonel and was mortally wounded in battle in 1912, trying to end the Quintero insurrection in Sinaloa.\nAs mentioned above, Pino Suárez came from a well-known family in the Yucatan Peninsula, his great-grandfather was Pedro Sainz de Baranda (1787-1845), a Naval Officer, industrialist and liberal politician born in San Francisco de Campeche, who having trained in the Spanish Navy, fought in the Battle of Trafalgar. Afterwards, he was a deputy in the constituent assembly which drafted the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812, before returning to Mexico to fight in the Mexican War of Independence and played an important role in founding the Mexican Navy. Under his command, Mexico captured the Fort of San Juan de Ulúa in Veracruz, the last remainder of Mexican territory still in Spanish hands, successfully thwarting a Spanish attempt to reconquer Mexico. Prior to his death in 1845, he served as Governor of Yucatán and is also credited with introducing the Industrial Revolution to Mexico, founding Aurora Yucateca, the first textile factory in the country to use steam power.\nPino's great-uncles were Joaquín Baranda and . Joaquín had served as Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Justice, Governor of Campeche, Senator, and was a long-serving cabinet minister (1882- 1901),being appointed as Secretary of Justice, Education and, briefly, Foreign Affairs under presidents Manuel González and Porfirio Díaz. He became one of the most powerful cabinet ministers of the porfiriato, but he resigned in 1901, after falling out with José Yves Limantour, the influnetial Secretary of the Treasury and head of the Cíentificos, a powerful group of technocrats; Limantour had demanded Baranda's resignation after the latter had successfully thwarted Limantour's candidacy for the presidency on a legal technisism, arguing his French origin. During his time in government, Joaquín Baranda was responsible for founding the Public Prosecutor's Office (Procuraduría General de la República) and the Normal school (Escuela Normal de Profesores). Meanwhile, Pedro Baranda was a General who fought for the liberal cause in the Reform Wars and the French Intervention, and participated in the constituent assembly that drafted the liberal Constitution of 1857. Later in his career, he promoted the creation of the states of Campeche and Morelos, serving as Governor of both states. In Campeche, the inflience of the Baranda brothers was such that for many years, the state capital was known as Campeche de Baranda, as noted by Rugeley:“ [Pedro Baranda] came from the highest echelons of southeastern political royalty. [He] haled from a Campeche-based family long active in civil and military affairs. His father, Pedro Sáinz de Baranda, [...] had championed a socially conservative, gaditano independence; shortly thereafter, he founded the famous Aurora Yucateca cotton mill in Valladolid, a bold experiment in industrial revolution […] Pedro himself had fought […] to create the state of Campeche, then fought against the interventionists in Tabasco. Promoted to the rank of General by Juárez, he then served as first governor of the state of Morelos and later as senator of his home state. The honorific \"Campeche de Baranda\" commemorates his role there, while an enormous statue of his father don Pedro, the elder, sword tightly in hand, greets the modern day motorist along the city's malecón.Another uncle of Pino Suárez was Joaquín Casasús, a lawyer, banker and economist who served as Ambassador to the United States and managed to obtain a favorable ruling for Mexico in the Chamizal dispute.\nHis first cousin, would later serve two terms as Governor of Tabasco.\nEducation \nShortly after Pino's birth, his mother died. His father, a busy businessman, entrusted his education to a Private Tutor. When Pino reached adolescence, it was decided that he should study in Mérida, where he lived in the house of Raúl Carrancá, a close friend of his father, who was then the Spanish Consul. His son, Raúl Carrancá y Trujillo, would later become an outstanding criminal defense lawyer. In Mérida, Pino was admitted to the prestigious , a Jesuit-run grammar school that had a curriculum based on the French Lycées. During those years, Pino became a close friend of Norberto Domínguez, then the headmaster, who would later become Archbishop of Yucatan. Pino graduated from San Ildefonso speaking fluent French and English. He obtained his law degree from Instituto Literario de Yucatán in 1894.\nMarriage and descendants \nIn 1896, he married María Cámara Vales, the eldest daughter of Raymundo Cámara Luján, a business magnate and head of the House of Cámara, \"a powerful clan of the high Yucatecan aristocracy.\" Her uncle was Agustín Vales Castillo, an industrialist and banker who served as the Mayor of Mérida between 1902 and 1907. Two of Marías brothers had political careers of their own: Nicolás Camára Vales served as Governor of Yucatán, while Alfredo Pino Cámara served as Governor of Quintana Roo.\nThe Pino Cámara couple had six children: Maria, Alfredo, José, Aída, Hortensia and Cordelia. When Pino Suárez died in February 1913, at the age of 43, María, the eldest of his daughters was a 14-year-old teenager while Cordelia, the youngest one, had not celebrated her first birthday.\nHis two sons, Alfredo and José, followed in their father's footsteps, excelling in the legal profession. Alfredo Pino Cámara, was an Associate justice of the Supreme court and is remembered for having acted as presiding judge in the criminal proceedings against Tina Modotti, the Italian actress and photographer accused of the First Degree Murder of Julio Antonio Mella, a political activist and one of the founders of the Communist Party of Cuba.\nSeveral of his daughters married off into well-known Yucatecan business families. María, her eldest daughter, married Fernando Ponce Alonzo in her first marriage. Ponce Alonzo was the grandson of , the founder of Cervecería Yucateca, an important brewery which was sold by the Ponce family to Grupo Modelo in the 1980s. In her second marriage, she married José González Sada, an industrialist who was the first cousin both of president Francisco I. Madero and Eugenio Garza Sada, chairman and CEO of the Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery and founder of Tecnológico de Monterrey. Similarly, Cordelia married Patricio Escalante Guerra, the grandson of , the wealthy industrialist responsible for developing the henequen industry in Yucatán; meanwhile, his great uncle was Carlos Peón Machado, a liberal politician who served as Governor of Yucatán; between 1894 and 1897.\nHis grandson, Ismael Moreno Pino, served as Deputy Foreign Secretary and Ambassador of Mexico to Germany, The Netherlands, Chile, the OAS in Washington, D.C. and the United Nations in New York City and Geneva, Switzerland. He was one of the key negotiators of the Treaty of Tlatelolco which led to the denuclearization of Latin America.\nEarly career\nEarly years: lawyer and businessman \nNewly wed, the Pino Cámara couple moved to Mexico City where Pino founded a law firm with his uncle, Joaquín Casasús, a distinguished jurist who had extensive connections with los Cientificos, the circle of technocratic advisors of President Díaz.\nAround 1899, he returned to Mérida where he undertook commercial activities in partnership with his father-in-law, Raymundo Cámara Luján, a wealthy businessman with close ties to the Yucatecan oligarchy (known as the Divine Caste). At that time, the export house headed by Cámara Luján and José María Ponce Solís, exported 16% of the total bales of henequen fiber that was exported to the US and European markets, which had an insatiable demand for the Yucatecan monoculture. Unlike other businessmen, Cámara Luján focused on the export of henequen and not on its production, finding that this business was more profitable. Similarly, unlike other Yucatecan capitalists, he had diversified his business interests to include railways, banking and brewing. In association with Eusebio Escalante Bates, he was owner of Compañía Agrícola del Cuyo y Anexas, S.A, a company which owned a private estate of 2,627 km2 in the northwestern part of Yucatán (roughly the size of Luxembourg or Rhode Island) which was used to exploit various raw materials such as chicle, sugar cane, tobacco, cocoa, cotton, banana, vanilla and various forest resources.48 The dyewood and chicle were destined for export to the US and European markets.\nBy the end of the 19th century, the henequen boom had transformed Mérida into the city with the most millionaires per capita in the world; between 1870 and 1920, henequen comprised 20% of Mexico's total exports, making it the second largest product in Mexico. most important Mexican exportable after precious metals. Much of this wealth had been concentrated in the hands of a small number of Yucatecan families of European descent (criollos). The rivalry between various business groups intensified in the first decade of the 20th century. On the one hand were Eusebio Escalante, José María Ponce Solís, Carlos Peón and Cámara Luján himself, who represented a group of capitalists \"made up of the traditional landowning families [...] whose prestige came from the viceregal era and who 'demonstrated a mysterious ability to adapt to the changing economic order'.\" On the other hand, there was Olegario Molina, whose fortune was newly minted but who intended to make use of the political and economic power that he monopolized as Governor of Yucatán and Secretary of Commerce and Industry to create a lucrative monopoly over the Henequen industry. In 1902, he signed a secret pact with Cyrus McCormick, the American businessman who headed International Harvester, to depress the prices of Henequen and force his competition into bankruptcy."}] | |
4967481_4967501_4967502_4967509_4967519 | output_images/4967481_4967501_4967502_4967509_4967519.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The High Resolution Microwave Survey (HRMS) was a NASA project that was to scan ten million frequencies using radio telescopes. A decade in the making, the objective was to find transmissions from alien intelligences. The primary point of observation for the project was the Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory in Puerto Rico. The project began in October 1992 with SETI researcher Jill Tarter on board. However, one year later, first-term Nevada Senator Richard Bryan was responsible for removing funding for the project.\nReferences\nExternal links \n The NASA High Resolution Microwave Survey\n BEACON eSpace at Jet Propulsion Laboratory: NASA's High Resolution Microwave Survey: The first Year of the Sky Survey\n Social implications of NASA’s high resolution microwave survey \nThe Current State of Target Selection for NASA's High Resolution Microwave Survey\nSearch for extraterrestrial intelligence\nNASA programs\nThe Northfield Community Schools is a community public school district that serves students in kindergarten through eighth grade from the City of Northfield, in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States.\nAs of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprising two schools, had an enrollment of 919 students and 82.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.1:1.\nThe district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group \"DE\", the fifth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.\nStudents in ninth through twelfth grades attend Mainland Regional High School, which serves students from Linwood, Northfield and Somers Point. The high school is located in Linwood. For the 1997-98 school year, Mainland Regional High School was recognized by the United States Department of Education as a National Blue Ribbon School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,226 students and 112.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.9:1.\nAwards and recognition\nSETDA, the State Educational Technology Directors Association, named the Middle School as the winner of its Student Voices Award, which honors \"an outstanding K-12 school or district that has leveraged technology to dramatically improve the educational experiences and achievement of their students.\" Northfield was praised for \"redesigning their school setting to invite innovative learning anywhere and anytime. Modeled from the d. School at Stanford University, the school implemented new furniture, whiteboards, bikes, turtles, and more ... Overall, this school has been transformed to a new digital learning environment that provides hands-on experiences for all learners.\"\nIn 2016, Principal Glenn Robbins was recognized by the National Association of Secondary School Principals as one of three top national Digital Principals for the innovative Design Thinking and Idea Street concepts in the Northfield Middle School.\nKaren Schroeder (nee Weeks/Casselman), 7th grade math teacher at Northfield Community School, was named the 2009/2010 Atlantic County Teacher of the Year. \nNorthfield Community School was named one of eight New Jersey Schools of Character.\nIn 2008, Northfield Community School was named the Healthiest School in Atlantic County in AtlantiCare's Healthy Schools contest.\nSchools\nSchools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:\nElementary school\nNorthfield Community Elementary School with 505 students in grades K-4\nMaureen Vaccaro, principal\nMiddle school\nNorthfield Community Middle School with 409 students in grades 5-8\nKevin Morrison, principal\nAdministration\nCore members of the district's administration are:\nPedro D. Bretones, superintendent\nLinda Albright, business administrator\nBoard of education\nThe district's board of education, with nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election.\nReferences\nExternal links\nNorthfield Community Schools\nSchool Data for the Northfield Community Schools, National Center for Education Statistics\nMainland Regional High School website\nNorthfield, New Jersey\nNew Jersey District Factor Group DE\nSchool districts in Atlantic County, New Jersey\nCastle Upton is situated in the village of Templepatrick, in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is around north-west of Belfast. Originally the site of a 13th-century fortified priory of the Knights of St John, the present building was constructed around 1610 by the Norton family who settled here during the Plantation of Ulster. Soon after, it was bought by the Upton family, later the Viscounts Templetown, who remained in possession until the 20th century. The castle was remodelled in the 1780s to designs by Robert Adam, who also designed the stable block now known as 'Adam Yard'. Upton was purchased in 1963 by Sir Robin Kinahan and Coralie de Burgh, by which time it was in a poor state of repair. Following restoration the Adam Yard was converted to housing, and the castle later opened as a wedding venue. In 2016 the property was placed on the market by Kinahan's son Danny Kinahan MP. The property is now owned by the Hughes family.\nHistory\nIt is sometimes stated that Castle Upton contains parts of the earlier priory buildings, but other sources conclude that no part of the building predates the work of the Norton family. Even the existence of a house of the Knights of St John at this site has been questioned, due to lack of evidence. Sir Robert Norton, an officer under Sir Arthur Chichester, Governor of Carrickfergus, obtained lands along the Six Mile Water, and started work on the castle in the late 16th century, building what is now the east wing. This work was completed by Sir Humphrey Norton in the first part of the 17th century, and like many castles of the Plantation period was surrounded by a bawn wall.\nThe castle was purchased in 1625 by Captain Henry Upton, who had served under the Earl of Essex, and was renamed for his own family. Upton became Member of Parliament for Carrickfergus in 1634, and several of his descendants served as Members for Carrickfergus and for County Antrim. The family supported the Protestant William III in the war against the Catholic James II. In 1776, Clotworthy Upton (1721–1785) was created Baron Templetown after serving in the household of Princess Augusta, dowager Princess of Wales. Lord Templetown commissioned Scottish architect Robert Adam to remodel Castle Upton in a castellated style. Although Adam never visited Ireland his scheme was mostly carried out, including alterations to the roof line and the addition of the north wing. Adam also designed a mausoleum and a stable block, comprising a double courtyard to the north-east of the house. This was completed in 1789, after John Upton had succeeded his father as 2nd Baron Templetown. He sat in the British House of Commons from 1802 to 1812 as one of two representatives for Bury St Edmunds, and in 1806 he was created Viscount Templetown. His successor Henry Montagu Upton, 2nd Viscount Templetown (1799–1863), commissioned Edward Blore to remodel the house in 1837.\nDuring the first half of the 20th century, Castle Upton was sold by the Upton family. The Adam alterations to the roof were removed, and the Adam wing fell into disrepair. In 1963 the semi-ruined house was purchased by Sir Robin Kinahan, a prominent businessman and former Lord Mayor of Belfast, for £53,000. His wife, the artist Coralie de Burgh, guided the restoration of Castle Upton over the succeeding years. Improvements were continued by their son, Danny Kinahan and his wife Anna, who later opened the castle as a wedding venue. In 2016 the Kinahans placed Castle Upton on the market for £1.35m.\nArchitecture\nOne of the notable achievements of this castle is the reconstruction of the wrecked Adam wing. This wing, now contains a ballroom in which an Italian, marble chimney has been added. The owners of this castle obtained this chimney from Downhill Castle in County Londonderry. The stable block was built from exact architectural copies of the now demolished old Fish Market of Leith, near Edinburgh, Scotland.\nThe surrounding graveyard contains the graves of such notables as William Orr (United Irishmens' Rebellion), and Josias Walsh, grandson of John Knox, the Scottish Reformer.\nReferences\n1610 establishments in Ireland\nHouses completed in 1610\nHouses completed in 1783\nUpton\nGrade A listed buildings\nCastles and fortifications of the Knights Hospitaller\nTom Bawcock's Eve is an annual festival, held on 23 December, in Mousehole, Cornwall.\nThe festival is held in celebration and memorial of the efforts of legendary Mousehole resident Tom Bawcock to lift a famine from the village by going out to fish in a severe storm. \nDuring this festival Stargazy pie (a mixed fish, egg and potato pie with protruding fish heads) is eaten and depending on the year of celebration a lantern procession takes place.\nOrigins \nThere are several theories of the origins of this festival, but the first recorded description was made by Robert Morton Nance in 1927 in the magazine Old Cornwall. Nance described the festival as it existed around the start of the 20th century. Within this work Nance also speculated that the name Bawcock was derived from Beau Coq (French) - he believed the cock was a herald of new light in Pagan times and the origins of the festival were pre-Christian. The most likely derivation of the name 'Bawcock' is from Middle English use (influenced by French) where \"bawcock\" is a nickname for a fine or worthy fellow. An example of such use can be found in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night Act 3. Scene 4: \"Why, how now, my bawcock!\" As the name Tom was often used as a generic description for any man, it is likely that Tom Bawcock was a symbolic name for 'any fine fellow' who risked his life in pursuit of fishing. Midwinter celebrations were also common in one of Cornwall's other principal traditional occupations: mining. Picrous Day and Chewidden Thursday seem to have similar origins to Tom Bawcock's Eve.\nThe only similar tradition in the British Isles that can be traced is St. Rumbold's night at Folkestone in Kent. This celebration also took place near Christmas time where eight whitings were offered in a feast to celebrate St. Rumbold In Italy, a Christmas Eve feast including numerous fishes is called 'Il Cenone', 'Big Dinner', or sometimes 'Cena della Vigilia' (the dinner of the vigil). Today the observance the feast of the Vigil is rarely practised in Italy, but survives in Italian-American households, where it is better known as the Feast of the Seven Fishes."}] | |
4967521 | output_images/4967521.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "31 May 2006 (Wednesday), Football: Pre-World Cup friendlies, 1 – 1 , 2 – 0 , 1 – 0 , 3 – 1 , 2 – 5 \nBaseball: Roger Clemens returns to baseball by signing a contract with the Houston Astros. The deal will pay him up to $12.6 million for the rest of the season. On Tuesday, he is to pitch for the Lexington Legends, the Astros' Single-A farm team, for whom Clemens' son Koby plays. (AP)\nFootball: Chelsea F.C. announce that they have signed former A.C. Milan and FC Dynamo Kyiv striker Andriy Shevchenko for a British record transfer of £34 million. BBC, UEFA\nCycling: 7-time winner of the Tour de France Lance Armstrong is cleared of drug abuse allegations dating back to 1999. (Forbes)\n2006 NBA Playoffs, Eastern Conference Final, Game 5, Detroit Pistons 91, Miami Heat 78 Miami leads series 3–2, 30 May 2006 (Tuesday), Football: Pre-World Cup friendlies\nWith only nine days to go to the start of the World Cup, coaches are fine-tuning their teams and tactics. (Guardian)\n 2 – 0 , 1 – 1 , 1 – 0 , 3 – 1 \nAt 17 years and 75 days, Theo Walcott becomes the youngest person ever to play for the senior England team.\n 2 – 2 \nJapan take an unexpected 2-goal lead over Germany before being pulled back.\n 1 – 2 \nColombian goalkeeper Luis Enrique Martinez scores a goal with a goal kick that went the entire length of the pitch.\n 3 – 0 , 2006 NBA Playoffs, Western Conference Final, Game 4, Phoenix Suns 106, Dallas Mavericks 86 Series tied 2–2, NHL 2006 Stanley Cup playoffs, Eastern Conference Final, Game 6\nBuffalo Sabres 2, Carolina Hurricanes 1 (OT): Danny Briere's overtime power play goal forces a seventh game Thursday (June 1) at Carolina. Series tied 3–3\n29 May 2006 (Monday), 2006 NBA Playoffs, Eastern Conference Final, Game 4, Miami Heat 89, Detroit Pistons 78 Miami leads series 3–1, 28 May 2006 (Sunday), Baseball\nBarry Bonds hits his 715th career home run, a two-run shot off Byung-hyun Kim in a home game against the Colorado Rockies. The home run puts Bonds past Babe Ruth for second place on the career homer list, behind only Hank Aaron, who had 755. The Rockies, however, go on to win 6–2. (AP)\nCycling\nGiro d'Italia: German sprinter Robert Förster wins the last stage of the Giro. Ivan Basso maintains his position and has therefore won the Giro.\nAuto racing, Formula One: Grand Prix of Monaco\nChampionship leader Fernando Alonso wins the Monaco Grand Prix after his main rivals fall by the wayside. He wins by 14.5 seconds from the McLaren of Juan Pablo Montoya, while David Coulthard finished 3rd, to ensure the first podium ever for Red Bull Racing. No champagne was sprayed on the podium, as a mark of respect to the CEO of Michelin, Édouard Michelin who died in a boating accident on 26 May. (Formula One), (BBC)\nIndyCar: 90th Indianapolis 500\nSam Hornish Jr. wins his first-ever Indianapolis 500 after beating Marco Andretti by just 6 feet, despite having to serve a drive-through penalty 30 laps from the end after leaving the pits with his fuel-hose still attached.\nNASCAR NEXTEL Cup: Kasey Kahne wins the Coca-Cola 600 in Concord, North Carolina\n2006 NBA Playoffs, Western Conference Final, Game 3, Dallas Mavericks 95, Phoenix Suns 88 Dallas leads series 2–1, NHL 2006 Stanley Cup playoffs, Eastern Conference Final, Game 5, Carolina Hurricanes 4, Buffalo Sabres 3 (OT) Carolina leads series 3–2, CHL Memorial Cup\nThe Quebec Remparts get a measure of revenge against their QMJHL championship counterparts, the Moncton Wildcats by defeating them on their home ice 6–2 to win the 2006 Memorial Cup.\nCricket: Sri Lanka in England:\nSecond Test at Edgbaston, Birmingham: England defeats Sri Lanka by six wickets. After winning the toss and batting, Sri Lanka were dismissed for a paltry 141, the wickets shared equally between the five used English bowlers. England's reply of 295 was centred on a century (142) by Kevin Pietersen; the next highest English score was 30. Muttiah Muralitharan claimed his 52nd five-wicket haul and his 15th ten-wicket haul, taking 6/86. A 125-run partnership between Michael Vandort and Tillakaratne Dilshan guide Sri Lanka to 231 in its second innings, an overall lead of only 78 runs: England reached the target with six wickets to spare. (Cricinfo Scorecard)\n27 May 2006 (Saturday), Rugby union: 2006 Super 14 Final\n Crusaders 19, Hurricanes 12: The Crusaders win the first Super 14 title after beating the Hurricanes in a game that was dampened by the conditions. Thick fog covered the ground close to an hour before kick off and despite talks to delay or postpone the game, the final went ahead as scheduled. Many fans in the ground and watching on television were unable to see much of the game and also hampered the calling of the game by the commentators. While the fog overshadowed the game itself, the Crusaders completely dominated territory and possession throughout the match. Much of the game was decided on penalties before Casey Laulala dived over late in the second half for the first try of the match and gave the Crusaders a seven point advantage and secured their sixth Super Rugby title. Stuff (Sport)\nAuto racing: Michael Schumacher is disqualified from pole position for the 2006 Monaco Grand Prix after it is ruled that he intentionally spun at Rascasse hairpin as time in the third and final session of qualifying ran up slowing down the cars behind him, including Fernando Alonso who then qualified 0.064 seconds off Schumacher's pace. Schumacher is relegated to the back of the grid, while Alonso will start from pole, promoting Mark Webber to 2nd. Alonso's teammate Giancarlo Fisichella is docked his three fastest laps for blocking David Coulthard, resulting in a demotion from 5th to 9th on the grid. (BBC)\nCycling\nGiro d'Italia: Ivan Basso wins the penultimate stage of the Giro, his third so far. Basso also takes considerable time out of all the other competitors, and with one stage to go, he has a 9-minute over the next placed rider in the contest for the Maglia rosa.\nMixed martial arts\nCurrent UFC Lightweight Champion Matt Hughes defeats former UFC champion Royce Gracie in the first round at UFC 60.\n2006 NBA Playoffs, Eastern Conference Final, Game 3, Miami Heat 98, Detroit Pistons 83 Miami leads series 2–1, NHL 2006 Stanley Cup playoffs, Western Conference Final, Game 5\nEdmonton Oilers 2, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim 1: Behind a 32-save performance by Dwayne Roloson and a 10-for-11 penalty-killing unit, the Oilers return to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 1990, winning the series 4–1, and are the first 8th seeded team to play for the Cup since the current playoff format was adopted in 1994.\nAmerican football\nNFL Europe: Behind running back Butchie Wallace, who is named the game's most valuable player, the Frankfurt Galaxy defeat the Amsterdam Admirals, 22–7, to win World Bowl XIV.\n26 May 2006 (Friday), 2006 NBA Playoffs, Western Conference Final, Game 2, Dallas Mavericks 105, Phoenix Suns 98 Series tied 1–1, NHL 2006 Stanley Cup playoffs, Eastern Conference Final, Game 4, Carolina Hurricanes 4, Buffalo Sabres 0 Series tied, 2–2, Cycling\nGiro d'Italia: Juan Manuel Gárate wins the 19th stage of the Giro, a tough mountain stage over seven hours. Ivan Basso maintains his firm hold of the Maglia rosa."}] | |
4967549_4967556_4967559 | output_images/4967549_4967556_4967559.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Douglas Martin Edward Ferreira, O.B.E., (1929–2003) was the longest-serving general manager of the Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway, a heritage railway in Cumbria, England known as the \"Ratty\". He was at the heart of the \"Ratty\" for 34 years.\nEarly life\nA pupil at the local St. Bees School, on leaving, Ferreira joined the Harrison Shipping Line as a cadet. After some years with the Line, he went to work in Preston and there he was salesman for the Company that made Bond Minicars, (Sharp's Commercials Ltd). It was during his time there that he drove Bond 3 wheel cars from Lands End to John o Groats, over the Semmering Pass through the snow, and became the first person to drive on a British motorway. He was first to set off on the opening of the Preston by-pass which became the first section of the new M6, in a Bond Minicar.\nCareer\nWhen the Ratty was put up for sale by auction in 1960, Doug brought his friend Guy Moser into the short but intensive campaign to secure the future of the line. Moser did all the legal work when \nit was bought by the Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway Preservation Society supported by Colin Gilbert and Sir Wavell Wakefield, who then appointed Ferreira as the new general manager, because of his experience gained as a volunteer on the newly reopened Festiniog Railway. \nDuring Ferreira's era, many changes occurred on the railway including the arrival of new locomotives - River Mite, Northern Rock, Royal Anchor, Shelagh of Eskdale, Lady Wakefield and Bonnie Dundee. Many saloon coaches appeared, and two locomotives based on 'Northern Rock', 'Northern Rock II' and 'Cumbria' were constructed for export to Japan.\nFerreira was able to think laterally, and he came up with many pioneering ideas, able to solve problems. Many other railways benefited from his work on the Ratty and his efforts to turn the Minor Railways Association into the heritage railways movement. High among many things was the complete relaying of the R&ER track, using hardwood sleepers and rail of a uniform heavy weight.\nIn 1975, the Ratty faced a problem - there was need to operate one train in section, as opposed to a time interval system. As conventional train staff and ticket was not practical, Uwe Jens Jansen a friend of Ferreira helped him introduce a new radio control and train order system based on European practice, which Jansen had taken from Hamburg to the Zillertalbahn in Austria. \nIn 1994, Ferreira retired as general manager, and the following year was awarded an O.B.E. for his services to tourism. In his retirement, he continued with his interest in the Ratty, and also worked as a consultant on railway projects worldwide from the Darjeeling Himalaya to Syria.\nDeath and legacy\nHe died on 24 May 2003 shortly after laying out a Lakeland rally route for the Bond Minicar Club. It is thought that few people have left such an enduring legacy on the Ratty as he did. A new memorial diesel-hydraulic locomotive, built in 2005 and owned by the railway's preservation society was named Douglas Ferreira in his honour.\nReferences, 1929 births, 2003 deaths, People educated at St Bees School, Officers of the Order of the British Empire, Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway\n\"Better Together\" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter Jack Johnson. The first track on Johnson's third studio album, In Between Dreams (2005), it was released as a single in February 2006. The song charted at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, a live version from the En Concert live album was released as a single in 2009, peaking at number 23 on the Mediabase Triple A chart. It was also included in a Cuban remix of the song which was included in Rhythms del Mundo. An edited version of Better Together featuring a ukulele was included in the album, The Mango Tree.\nThe song samples from the Hoagy Carmichael song Heart and Soul.\nThe song was chosen by Rob Brydon as one of his Desert Island Discs. and sung by him while as his portrayal of Bryn in Gavin & Stacey in the second season's finale.\nCharts, Certifications, References, 2006 singles, 2006 songs, 2009 singles, Jack Johnson (musician) songs, Music videos directed by The Malloys, Song recordings produced by Mario Caldato Jr., Songs with music by Hoagy Carmichael, Songs written by Frank Loesser, Songs written by Jack Johnson (musician), 2000s ballads\nThe Albanians of Kosovo (, ), also commonly called Kosovo Albanians, Kosovan Albanians or Kosovars (), constitute the largest ethnic group in Kosovo.\nKosovo Albanians belong to the ethnic Albanian sub-group of Ghegs, who inhabit the north of Albania, north of the Shkumbin river, Kosovo, southern Serbia, and western parts of North Macedonia. They speak Gheg Albanian, more specifically the Northwestern and Northeastern Gheg variants.\nAccording to the 1991 Yugoslav census, boycotted by Albanians, there were 1,596,072 ethnic Albanians in Kosovo or 81.6% of population. By the estimation in the year 2000, there were between 1,584,000 and 1,733,600 Albanians in Kosovo or 88% of population; as of 2011, their population share is 92.93%.\nHistory, Pre-7th century \nToponymical evidence suggests that Albanian was spoken in western and eastern Kosovo and the Niš region before the Migration Period. In this era, Albanian in Kosovo was in linguistic contact with Eastern Romance which was presumably spoken in contemporary eastern Serbia and Macedonia.\nMiddle Ages \nBetween 1246 and 1255, Stefan Uroš I had reported Albanian toponyms in the Drenica valley. A chrysobull of the Serbian Tsar Stefan Dušan that was given to the Monastery of Saint Mihail and Gavril in Prizren between the years of 1348-1353 states the presence of Albanians in the Plains of Dukagjin, the vicinity of Prizren and in the villages of Drenica.\nIn the 14th century in two chrysobulls or decrees by Serbian rulers, villages of Albanians alongside Vlachs are cited in the first as being between the White Drin and Lim rivers (1330), and in the second (1348) a total of nine Albanian villages are cited within the vicinity of Prizren. Toponyms such as Arbanaška and Đjake shows an Albanian presence in the Toplica and Southern Morava regions (located north-east of contemporary Kosovo) since the Late Middle Ages. "}] | |
4967567_4967570_4967571_4967634_4967636_4967641 | output_images/4967567_4967570_4967571_4967634_4967636_4967641.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Robert Tate (born October 19, 1973) is a retired American football cornerback and return specialist. He was drafted in the sixth round of the 1997 NFL Draft. Tate played nine seasons of professional football in the National Football League with the Minnesota Vikings, Baltimore Ravens and the Arizona Cardinals. Tate played in college for the University of Cincinnati. Originally a wide receiver, he was converted to defensive back upon entering the NFL. Tate played at Cincinnati with notable NFL players Artrell Hawkins, Sam Garnes and Jason Fabini.\nReferences\nAmerican football cornerbacks\nAmerican football return specialists\nCincinnati Bearcats football players\nMinnesota Vikings players\nBaltimore Ravens players\nArizona Cardinals players\n1973 births\nLiving people\nPlayers of American football from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\nHMS Aphis was a Royal Navy . She was built by Ailsa Shipbuilding Company, launched on 15 September 1915 and completed in November 1915. She was based in Port Said at the beginning of World War I, served in Romania and then the China Station until 1940. All of her fighting service was in the Mediterranean, taking part in the invasion of Pantelleria and landings in the south of France, returning briefly to the Pacific in 1945. She was scrapped at Singapore in 1947. Her class was intended for shallow, fast flowing rivers and they also proved suitable for inshore operations when her relatively heavy weaponry could be used to support Army operations.\nIn February 1942 after a successful Warship Week National Savings campaign, Aphis was adopted by the civil communities of Warminster and Westbury in Wiltshire.\nService\nDuring 1917 Aphis was operated on the Danube, in support of military operations, based at Bucharest. She remained there until 1919.\nIn 1927 she transferred to the China Squadron for service in the Yangtze Flotilla to support British shipping and nationals in China. The situation in China remained volatile and Aphis remained with the Yangtze Flotilla until June 1940 when she was redeployed to the Mediterranean Fleet at Alexandria.\nFor the next three years, Aphis provided artillery support for the Army. For example, in early December 1940, she bombarded Italian positions at Tobruk in company with her sister ships and and the monitor , and later that month, she bombarded harbour installations at Tobruk (three merchant ships were sunk). This continued into February 1941, when she was joined by three Australian destroyers (, and ). Army support operations continued into April when Aphis bombarded enemy positions at Bomba and Gazala during the 8th Army's withdrawal.\nAphis remained based at Alexandria until Malta became available for use as a naval base in March 1943. Based at Malta, nearer to the landings on the Italian islands and mainland Europe, she provided artillery support for the attack on Pantelleria in June (deployed with headquarters ship and destroyers and . Her planned deployment in support of the Sicily landings was cancelled in view of the class' vulnerability to air attack. Instead, after a period at Malta, Aphis supported British landings in Calabria in early September. She was deployed with her sister and monitors , and , to bombard enemy positions on the coast between Reggio Calabria and Pessaro before the Operation Baytown landings by the British XIII Corps.\nAfter another period at Malta, she participated in the support of the landings in the south of France, this time operating under United States command under Lt Commander Douglas Fairbanks Jr. She joined the Western Task Force, in June 1944, attached to the Special Operations Group at Ajaccio. The group was to mis-direct German resources by simulating large Allied landings and in mid-August they carried out bombardments between Antibes and the Var river. The operation was a complete success. A second diversionary operation took place off La Ciotat; Aphis and Scarab and the US destroyer bombarded the area. During the action, the allied ships were engaged by two German warships, the corvette UJ6082 and armed yacht UJ6083. Both German ships were sunk.\nIn mid-August 1944, Aphis resumed duty with the Mediterranean Fleet and in September she was deployed in the Adriatic to support of Army operations, based at Ancona. She returned to Malta in January 1945.\nIn July 1945, she left the Mediterranean to join the British Pacific Fleet at their forward base at Manus Island in the Admiralty Islands. By the time she arrived, Japan had surrendered and she did not join the fleet until after VJ Day. Subsequently, she was paid-off on arrival at Singapore and placed on the disposal list in 1946. She was sold for scrapping in May.\nReferences\nSources\n Lenton H.T, & Colledge, J.J., Warships of World War II, Ian Allan Publishing\nExternal links\n Transcribed logbooks February to April 1916 and November 1918 to May 1921\nInsect-class gunboats\n1915 ships\n'\"Flavour of the Old School\"' is a song by British R&B recording artist Beverley Knight, released as her debut single from her first album, The B-Funk (1995). The track, which peaked at number fifty on the UK Singles Chart when it was released in March 1995, was accompanied by a low budget music video that saw Knight in the recording studio singing directly into the camera. It was re-released however in October 1995, supported by a new video and strong support from urban radio. The song went on to become Knight's first top 40 single, peaking at number thirty-three in the official UK Singles Chart. The song later reappeared on the b-side of Knight's 1999 single \"Made it Back\". The video is frequently shown in rotation on MTV Base.\nCritical reception\nIn his weekly UK chart commentary for Dotmusic, James Masterton described the song as \"an interesting if unexciting piece of R&B.\" Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian felt that \"floor-fillers\", like the \"deliriously retronuevo single [...] pump up the hip-hop-based grooves while retaining the gospel-boogie feel of modern UK soul.\" A reviewer from Music & Media wrote, \"Everything sho' is funky here. Knight knows her classics from Rose Royce to Chaka Khan, but despite the title she isn't deaf for the latest developments in new jill swing. Have a taste of it.\" Ralph Tee from Music Weeks RM Dance Update said, \"Every now and again the UK soul scene comes up with something that blows everyone away, and this time it's Beverly Knight with this amazing vocal debut on a chunky, full-on swing cut good enough to rival any US production.\" Another editor, James Hamilton, declared it as a \"plaintive Janet Jackson-ish sweetly cooed jiggling funky hip hop soul jogger\".\nTrack list\n Original release CD: \"Flavour of the Old School\" (radio version) 4:06\n \"Flavour of the Old School\" (Featuring Rapro) (album version) 4:45\n \"Flavour of the Old School\" (Full Flava remix) 4:48\n \"Promise You Forever\" 5:51\nRe-releaseCD:'\n \"Flavour of the Old School\" (radio version) 4:06\n \"Flavour of the Old School\" (2B3 New Flava mix) 4:31\n \"Flavour of the Old School\" (Featuring Rapro) (Hip Hop mix) 4:09\n \"U've Got It\" 4:34\nCharts\nPersonnel\nWritten by Beverley Knight, Neville Thomas and Pule Pheto\nProduced by Neville Thomas and Pule Pheto\nAll vocals performed by Beverley Knight\nReferences"}] | |
4967698_4967723_4967730_4967758_4967769_4967784 | output_images/4967698_4967723_4967730_4967758_4967769_4967784.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Osmond iron (also spelt osmund and also called osborn) was wrought iron made by a particular process. This is associated with the first European production of cast iron in furnaces such as Lapphyttan in Sweden.\nOsmonds appear in some of the earliest English Customs accounts, for example in 1325. The kappe a Swedish iron weight used for osmond occurs in a commercial treaty in Novgorod in 1203, and this implies the production of osmond iron.\nOsmond iron was made by melting pig iron in a hearth that is narrower and deeper than a typical finery in an English finery forge. The hearth had a charcoal fire blown with bellows through a tuyere. As the iron melted, the drops fell through the blast and congealed. They were then lifted with an iron bar into the blast. As they melted they were caught on the end of a large staff, held in the fire and turned rapidly so that the drops spread out, forming a ball.\nOsmonds reached England during the later Middle Ages through the port of Gdańsk. However, there were hammer mills in its hinterland and that of Lübeck, which made the osmonds into bar iron. In the 1620s, Gustav II Adolf of Sweden prohibited his subjects from exporting unfinished iron, and all trade in osmonds ceased.\nThe osmond process was also used in the county of Mark in Westphalia, in southern Germany and Switzerland.\nThe process was introduced to Wales in connection with the establishment by William Humfrey and others of wireworks at Tintern in 1566, an enterprise that was shortly afterwards taken over by the Company of Mineral and Battery Works. Humfrey arranged to bring an expert maker of Osmond iron, Corslett Tinkhaus, from southwest Westphalia, where the production had reached a high level of technical proficiency. Tinkhaus arrived in Wales in 1567 and began working at Rhydygwern in the Glamorgan part of the lordship of Machen. This was where the first Machen Forge was, and he was evidently making osmond iron there. The iron was apparently forged with a tilt hammer, rather than the helve hammer, usual in finery forges. This was the raw material for the wireworks at Tintern. Osmond iron was made at Pontypool in the 18th century to supply wireworks there, and one of the forges there was still called the 'Osborn Forge' in the 19th century.\nReferences, Ferrous alloys, Metallurgical processes, Iron, County of Mark\n\"Sitting, Waiting, Wishing\" is a song written and sung by Jack Johnson. It is the sixth song on the album In Between Dreams, which was released in February 2005. It was released as a single in January 2005.\nThe music video features reverse narration, similar to Coldplay's video for \"The Scientist\". The song was inspired by one of his friends' pursuit of a woman.\nThe single, \"Sitting, Waiting, Wishing\" only became a chart hit in the United Kingdom after the re-release climbed into the Top 75 following Jack Johnson's exposure on the 2006 BRIT Awards on ITV1. The single climbed to hit status a week before the release of \"Better Together\". Both the original release and indeed the re-issue had failed to chart until this point. However, the single was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. Additionally, it was nominated for Best Male Video at the MTV Video Music Awards Japan ceremony in 2006.\nBackground\nJohnson explains the inspiration behind the song by saying: \"A friend of mine was trying to get this girl named Michelle,\" said Johnson, \"and I tried to write a song that would help him have a laugh at himself because he was spending so much time trying to get her and it obviously wasn't leading anywhere. That was one just to cheer up a friend.\"\nTrack listing, CD single, \"Sitting, Waiting, Wishing\" - 3:09, \"Free\" (with Donavon Frankenreiter) - 2:35, German single, \"Sitting, Waiting, Wishing\" - 03:09, \"Free\" (with Donavon Frankenreiter) - 2:35, \"Give It To You\" (with G.Love) - 03:22, \"Taylor\" (Video), Charts, 1 = re-issue, Certifications, References, 2005 singles, Jack Johnson (musician) songs, Songs written by Jack Johnson (musician), Music videos directed by The Malloys, Song recordings produced by Mario Caldato Jr.\nWinston Park is a small residential area that lies between Gillitts and Hillcrest in the Upper Highway Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.\nProperties in the area are relatively expensive and houses range in size from small condominium developments to several mansions.\nThere is a small school called Winston Park Primary School, situated at the entrance to the renowned Jan Smuts Avenue. Jan Smuts Avenue is the suburb's main street and is lined with approximately 2 km of very large and old Plane Trees. Winston Park hosts the Gillitts Sports Club, consisting of the separately managed Gillitts Squash Club and Gillitts Bowling Club - situated in Vian Road. The field adjacent to the squash courts was once home to the Highway United soccer club, but is now a designated community sports and recreational field for the use of local residents.\nWinston Park also forms part of the Comrades Marathon route, and every year the residents flock to the four way stop and Old Main Road to cheer on the runners. In the 2010 race the 14:00 cut off point was based near the Winston Park Caltex Garage.\nReferences, Sources, The Highway Mail, 1 June 2011., The Hilltop, 2 June 2011., Independent Electoral Commission (South Africa), 9 June 2011., Suburbs of Durban\nIn the United Kingdom, an arms-length management organisation (ALMO) is a not-for-profit company that provides housing services on behalf of a local authority. Usually an ALMO is set up by the authority to manage and improve all or part of its housing stock. Ownership of the housing stock itself normally stays with the local authority. , seventy ALMOs were managing over half of all UK council housing, consisting of more than a million properties. This number has since reduced as local authorities have taken services back in-house or stock has been transferred, of 2016 there are 37 ALMOs who manage nearly a third of local authority housing, approximately half a million council and ALMO homes.\nOwnership\nALMOs are owned by local authorities and operate under the terms of a management agreement between the authority and the organisation. An ALMO is managed by an (often unpaid) board of directors which includes tenants, local authority nominees, and independent members. At least a third of an ALMO board is normally made up of tenants.\nThe work of an ALMO may touch and overlap with that of a tenant management organisation (TMO).\nPurpose\nEstablishment of an ALMO separates the day to day housing management role of the landlord from the wider strategic housing role of the local authority. However, the local authority normally retains ownership of the housing and tenants remain secure tenants of the local authority. Ministers do not give consent to the establishment of a new ALMO without clear evidence that the council has consulted its tenants and leaseholders and can demonstrate a balance of support from them for the ALMO proposal. Unlike a stock transfer to a housing association, councils can transfer management of their housing to an ALMO without holding a ballot, although many councils undertake a ballot in any case.\nThrough the ALMO Programme, Communities and Local Government (CLG) offer additional resources towards the cost of achieving the Decent Homes Standard to councils which set up ALMOs that were assessed as 2* (good) or 3* (excellent) on inspection by the Housing Inspectorate (which was part of the Audit Commission).\nA number of ALMOs are considering whether to proceed with the construction of new housing which would be owned and managed by the ALMO. The ability of ALMOs to undertake new build projects is considered by the Government to be a way for ALMOs to develop and be financially viable post 2010, i.e. after the Decent Homes target date.\nCriticisms"}] | |
4967794_4967802_4967803 | output_images/4967794_4967802_4967803.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Thomas John Gumbleton (born January 26, 1930) is an American social activist and retired prelate of the Catholic Church. Gumbleton served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit from 1968 to 2006. According to Gumbleton, the Vatican forced him to resign as auxiliary bishop when he publicly supported passage of a state legislative bill in another diocese without the approval of that diocese's bishop.\nBiography, Early life\nBorn in Detroit, Michigan on January 26, 1930, Thomas Gumbleton attended Sacred Heart Seminary High School in that city. He then studied at St. John's Provincial Seminary in Plymouth, Michigan, and also the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1952, a Master of Divinity in 1956, and a Doctor of Canon Law in 1964.\nOn June 2, 1956, Gumbleton was ordained to the priesthood in Rome by Cardinal Edward Mooney for the Archdiocese of Detroit. In 1968, Gumbleton was appointed as vicar general for the archdiocese.\nAuxiliary Bishop of Detroit \nOn March 4, 1968, Pope Paul VI appointed Gumbleton as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit and titular bishop of Ululi. He was consecrated on May 1, 1968, by Archbishop John Dearden. Gumbleton served as the pastor to a number of parishes, including St. Aloysius, Holy Ghost and St. Leo's in Detroit, until 2007.\nDuring the 1972 Presidential election, Gumbleton endorsed Senator George McGovern for president due to his opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam War and conservative economic policies. When asked about McGovern's stance on abortion rights for women, Gumbleton responded that McGovern \"would not aid or support the current efforts to liberalize the abortion laws.\" \nIn December 1980, Gumbleton founded the Michigan Coalition for Human Rights with former Episcopal Bishop Harry McGehee, Jr. and Rabbi Richard Hertz. Gumbleton's Sunday homilies from St Leo's parish were documented by the National Catholic Reporter, where he also wrote a regular column.\nOn May 6, 1987, Gumbleton was one of eight protestors arrested at the US Department of Energy Nevada Test Site in Mercury, Nevada. The arrestees were protesting the testing of nuclear weapons there. On June 4, 1999, Gumbleton was among 26 protestors arrested for blocking an entrance to the White House in Washington, D.C. They were protesting the NATO bombing campaign in Serbia during the Kosovo War. On March 27, 2003, Gumbleton was arrested along with other protestors for violating a ban on large demonstrations in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C. The protest was about the US invasion of Iraq on March 19.\nResignation controversy\nOn January 11, 2006, Gumbleton testified at a hearing at the Ohio General Assembly in Columbus, Ohio, about sexual abuse in the Catholic church. The Assembly was considering a bill to create a legal window for victims of sexual abuse to sue the perpetrators. In his statement, Gumbleton endorsed the bill and called for all states to enact bills like this one. He also revealed that he was sexually abused by a priest as an adolescent while in the seminary. He stated; \"I don't want to exaggerate that I was terribly damaged. It was not the kind of sexual abuse that many of the victims experience. They are intimidated, embarrassed, and they just bury it. I understand that ... never told my parents.... I never told anybody.According to an account given by Gumbleton in 2011, the bishops of Ohio opposed the proposed sexual abuse bill and were incensed by his testimony. They immediately complained to the Vatican about him. A few days later, Gumbleton received a letter from Cardinal Giovanni Re in Rome, saying that Gumbleton had violated the solidarity of communio episcoporum (communion of bishops) by testifying for the bill in Ohio without the permission of the local bishop. Re ordered Gumbleton to resign immediately as auxiliary bishop and as pastor of St. Leo's Parish.\nOn February 6, 2006, Gumbleton submitted his letter of resignation as auxiliary bishop of Detroit to Pope Benedict XVI. Gumbleton had been required under church law to submit his resignation when he turned 75 in 2005. At that time, he had petitioned to remain in office.\nAfter resignation \nIn 2009, the Marquette Citizens for Peace and Justice invited Gumbleton to speak about peace at St. Mark's Lutheran Church in Marquette, Michigan. However, when Bishop Alexander Sample of the Diocese of Marquette heard about the invitation, he asked Gumbleton not to come. Sample said that Gumbleton had not done the courtesy of asking permission from Sample, and Sample did not agree with Gumbleton's views on the ordination of women and LBGTQ+ rights.\nViews, Catholic teaching regarding gay rights\nGumbleton has written extensively on Catholic teaching regarding homosexuality. Gumbleton often draws from his personal experience of having a gay brother. During his time as auxiliary bishop of Detroit, Gumbleton wore a mitre at a church service that displayed symbols of the cross, a rainbow and a pink triangle. The pink triangle caused particular complaints by some due to its use to identify gay men in Nazi concentration camps. Gumbleton also came into the public eye before the Vatican's Instruction with regard to the ordination of gay men was released, arguing against a ban in a 2007 issue of America.\nChurch structure and pacifism \nIn 2012, Gumbleton signed the Catholic Scholars' Jubilee Declaration on the reform of authority in the Catholic Church. On January 14, 2020, he declared that Catholics should not participate in US wars.\nSee also, Catholic Church hierarchy, Catholic Church in the United States, Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States, List of Catholic bishops of the United States, Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops, References, External links, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit Official Site, Bishop Gumbleton's Biography from the Archdiocese of Detroit, Bishop Gumbleton's article on the ordination of homosexuals, \"Interview with Bishop Thomas J. Gumbleton\", Frontline, PBS, Episcopal succession, 1930 births, Living people, 20th-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops, American Christian pacifists, American human rights activists, 21st-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops, American tax resisters, Clergy from Detroit, Pontifical Lateran University alumni, Roman Catholic activists, Sacred Heart Major Seminary alumni, Christian radicals, Catholic pacifists, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit, Religious leaders from Michigan\nRichard Thomas Gill (November 30, 1927 – October 25, 2010) was an American economist and opera singer. He held several teaching and administrative positions at Harvard University over 22 years. He was Assistant Dean of Harvard College, Allston Burr Senior Tutor (Dean) of Leverett House, and Teaching Fellow, Instructor, and Assistant Professor of Economics. In 1963, he received tenure as Lecturer on Economics and Master of Leverett House."}] | |
4967811_4967816 | output_images/4967811_4967816.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Sanford's sea eagle (Icthyophaga sanfordi), also known as Sanford's fish eagle or the Solomon eagle, is a sea eagle endemic to the Solomon Islands archipelago.\nTaxonomy\nSanford's sea eagle was discovered by and named after Dr Leonard C. Sanford, a trustee for the American Museum of Natural History. The first description was by Ernst Mayr in 1935. The \"sea eagle\" name is used to distinguish the species of the genus Haliaeetus from the closely related Ichthyophaga true fish eagles. The species was described in 1935 by Ernst Mayr who noticed that earlier observers had overlooked it, thinking it was a juvenile of the white-bellied sea eagle. It forms a superspecies with the white-bellied sea eagle. As in other sea eagle species pairs, the other taxon is white-headed. These two are genetically very close, it seems; their lineages separated not longer than 1 million years ago, probably only in the Middle Pleistocene, a few 100,000 years ago. Both share a dark bill, talons, and eyes with the other Gondwanan sea eagles.\nDescription \nIt can reach a length of and a weight between . Its wingspan is . It is the only large predator on the Solomon Islands. The eagles inhabit coastal forests and lakes up to an altitude of about 1500 m above sea level.\nTheir plumage is whitish brown to bright brown on the head and the neck. The underparts are brown to reddish brown and dark brown. The upperparts are darkish brown to gray-black. The eyes are bright brown. Uniquely among sea eagles, this species has an entirely dark tail throughout its life.\nBreeding\nThe breeding season is from August to October. The nest consists of two eggs.\nDiet\nThe diet consists of mainly of tideline carrion, fish, molluscs, crabs, tortoises, and sea snakes, and more rarely birds and megabats snatched from the rainforest canopy. It has also been reported to feed opportunistically on the northern common cuscus.\nIn culture\nThe eagle is often illustrated on postage stamps of the Solomon Islands.\nFootnotes , References, Cited works , Sanford's sea eagle, Endemic birds of the Solomon Islands, Birds of prey of Oceania, Sanford's sea eagle, Eagles\nCapital punishment is a legal penalty in Japan. In practice, it is applied only for aggravated murder, but the current Penal Code and several laws list 14 capital crimes, including conspiracy to commit civil war; conspiracy with a foreign power to provoke war against Japan; murder; obstruction of the operation of railroads, ships, or airplanes resulting in the death of the victim; poisoning of the water supply resulting in the death of the victim; intentional flooding; use of a bomb; and arson of a dwelling. Executions are carried out by long drop hanging, and take place at one of the seven execution chambers located in major cities across the country.\nDeath sentences are usually passed in cases of multiple murders, although there have been some extremely grave cases where individuals who committed a single murder have been sentenced to death and executed, such as those involving torture, extreme brutality (or cruelty) or kidnapping with a demand for ransom.\nSince 2000, 98 inmates have been executed in Japan, with the most recent being the execution of Tomohiro Katō, the perpetrator of the Akihabara massacre in 2008, who was executed on 26 July 2022. There are currently 106 death row inmates awaiting execution. Support for capital punishment has consistently been high among the Japanese public. In a poll conducted in November 2019 of 3,000 Japanese adults by the Cabinet Office, 80.8% of respondents stated they support the continued usage of the death penalty in Japan, while 9% stated it should be abolished in all cases. When the question proposed the introduction of life sentencing without parole, 35.1% answered that the death penalty should be abolished, while 52.0% said it should continue.\nJapan is one of four developed countries to continue the death penalty. It is the third most active developed death penalty country, after Singapore, and the United States.\nHistory\nAccording to the Kojiki, Japan's oldest historical book, the death penalty is believed to have first appeared in Japan in the first half of the 5th century during the reign of Emperor Nintoku. Methods of execution during this period included strangulation, beheading, and burning to death, and in some special cases, the death penalty was carried out and then exposed to public view. "}] | |
4967823_4967824_4967825 | output_images/4967823_4967824_4967825.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Pukyongosaurus (meaning \"Pukyong lizard\", after the Pukyong National University) is a genus of titanosauriform dinosaur that lived in South Korea during the Early Cretaceous period (Aptian - Albian). It may have been closely related to Euhelopus, and is known from a series of vertebrae in the neck and back. The characteristics that were originally used to distinguish this genus have been criticized as being either widespread or too poorly preserved to evaluate, rendering the genus an indeterminate nomen dubium among titanosauriforms. The 2022 study noted that Pukyongosaurus is probably a somphospondylan.\nDiscovery\nIn 2001, several fragments of a sauropod skeleton were discovered in the Hasandong Formation in Hadong County, South Korea. One of the caudal vertebrae ascribed to Pukyongosaurus has bite marks from theropod teeth.\nReferences \nMacronarians\nEarly Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia\nBarremian life\nHauterivian life\nFossils of South Korea\nFossil taxa described in 2001\nTaxa named by Dong Zhiming\nNomina dubia\nChötrul Düchen, also known as Chonga Choepa or the Butter Lamp Festival, is one of the four Buddhist festivals commemorating four events in the life of the Buddha, according to Tibetan traditions. Chötrul Düchen closely follows Losar, the Tibetan New Year. It takes place on the fifteenth day of the first month in the Tibetan calendar during the full moon (Bumgyur Dawa). The first fifteen days of the year celebrate the fifteen days during which the Buddha displayed miracles for his disciples so as to increase their devotion. During Chötrul Düchen (\"Great Day of Miraculous Manifestations\"), it is believed that the effects of both positive and negative actions are multiplied ten million times.\nTo commemorate the occasion, Tibetans make lamps, traditionally of yak butter, called butter lamps, in the shapes of flowers, trees, birds, and other auspicious symbols. They also create elaborate displays for the lamps in their homes and in public spaces, sometimes erecting structures as large as a building. All the lanterns are lit in celebration on the fifteenth day of the month.\nReferences\nTibetan Buddhist festivals\nBuddhist festivals in India\nFebruary observances\nMarch observances\nObservances set by the Tibetan calendar\nThe Makhnovshchina () was a mass movement to establish anarchist communism in southern and eastern Ukraine during the Ukrainian War of Independence of 1917–1921. Named after Nestor Makhno, the commander-in-chief of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, its aim was to create a system of free soviets that would manage the transition towards a stateless and classless society.\nThe Makhnovist movement first gained ground in the wake of the February Revolution, when it established a number of agricultural communes in Makhno's home town of Huliaipole. After siding with the Bolsheviks during the Ukrainian–Soviet War, the Makhnovists were driven underground by the Austro-German invasion and waged guerrilla warfare against the Central Powers throughout 1918. After the insurgent victory at the Battle of Dibrivka, the Makhnovshchina came to control much of Katerynoslav province and set about constructing anarchist-communist institutions. A Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents was convened to organise the region politically and economically, with a Military Revolutionary Council being established as the movement's de facto executive organ. \nSurrounded on all sides by different enemies, the Makhnovist line in the battle for the Donbas eventually fell to the advancing White movement in June 1919. The Makhnovists were subsequently driven into a retreat to Kherson, where they reorganised their military and led a successful counteroffensive against the Whites at the Battle of Peregonovka. With the White advance defeated, the Makhnovists came to control most of southern and eastern Ukraine in late 1919, even taking over a number of large industrial cities, despite being a predominantly peasant movement. \nThe Makhnovist control over the region was brought to an end when the Red Army invaded Ukraine in January 1920, initiating the Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict. The Makhnovists waged a guerrilla war against the forces of the Red Terror and war communism, supported in large part by their peasant base. Although a peace was briefly secured by the two factions, with the Starobilsk agreement, in order to combat the remnants of the White movement, the Makhnovists were again attacked by the Red Army (USSR) and eventually defeated by August 1921. Leading Makhnovists were either driven into exile, defeated by the USSR or captured and killed by the Red Army.\nEtymology and orthography \nThe term \"Makhnovshchina\" () can be loosely translated as the \"Makhno movement\", referring to the mass movement of social revolutionaries that supported the anarchist Nestor Makhno and his Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (RIAU).\nThe area controlled by the RIAU also came to be known as \"Makhnovia\" (; ), a term used primarily in Soviet historiography. This \"Makhnovist territory\" or \"Makhnovist region\" was alternatively referred to as a \"liberated zone\", \"liberated region\", \"liberated area\", or \"autonomous area\". \nIn June 1919, the Bolsheviks began to refer to the Makhnovist territory as the \"independent anarchist republic of Huliaipole\", in calls for the Makhnovshchina's abolition. According to Bolshevik sources, that month's Planned Fourth Regional Congress intended to assert the region's independence and establish the \"Priazov-Donets Republic\" or a \"libertarian republic of Makhnovia\". Later, during their alliance with the Bolsheviks in October 1920, the Makhnovists insisted on terms allowing for the establishment of an \"Autonomous Republic of Free Soviets\" in the region.\nHistory\nBackground\nWhat became the territory of the Makhnovshchina was centered in the region of Zaporizhzhia, which had previously been inhabited by Cossacks before its conquest by the Russian Empire. Rechristened as the province of Katerynoslav, land largely came to be used for agriculture, leading to the rise of a landed nobility and a middle-peasant class known as the kulaks, many of whom were Black Sea Germans. The region's poor peasants attempted to resist Pyotr Stolypin's agrarian reforms, which threatened to break up their traditional communes, but by the 20th century the region had been thoroughly integrated into the grain market and came to export nearly half of its wheat each year.\nAs the price of land was raised in order to prevent poor peasants from buying it, they became actively hostile to the concentration of land ownership by the pomeshchiks and kulaks. Supported by their local governments, peasants resolved to found their own agricultural cooperatives and began trading their grain in a system of market socialism. This eventually led to the development of an agricultural industry in Katerynoslav, which produced almost a quarter of the Russian Empire's agricultural machinery and developed the region's settlements into small industrial centers. The development of industry brought together the peasantry and proletariat for the first time, with peasants often moving to centers of industry to become wage-earners and then back to their villages during times of industrial crisis. This also caused the region to become quite ethnically diverse, with Ukrainians, Russians, Germans, Jews and Greeks all settled alongside each other. The region's common language soon became Russian and eventually, much of its Ukrainian population stopped speaking the Ukrainian language.\nDue in part to the diversity of the region's peasantry, the local Jewish population faced relatively little antisemitism, in comparison to the Jewish communities living in right-bank Ukraine. It was young Jews that eventually formed the nucleus of the nascent Ukrainian anarchist movement, which became a leading force during the 1905 Revolution in Ukraine. The town of Huliaipole saw strike actions and a series of robberies, carried out by a group of young anarchist-communists known as the Union of Poor Peasants. The group was eventually caught and its leading members arrested, with many of them being sentenced to the death penalty or life imprisonment.\nRevolution (February 1917 – February 1918)\nIn the wake of the February Revolution, Ukrainian intellectuals around Mykhailo Hrushevsky established the Central Council of Ukraine, which initially sought freedom of the press and education in the Ukrainian language, and eventually declared the autonomy of the Ukrainian People's Republic. In concert with the emergence of the movement for Ukrainian nationalism, largely made up of social democrats and socialist revolutionaries, the Ukrainian anarchist movement also began to experience a revival, catalyzed by the return of Nestor Makhno from his imprisonment in Moscow.\nWith Makhno as its leading figure, the anarchist movement in Huliaipole established a peasants' union, seized control of the town from the local provisional government and established a Soviet in its place, laying the foundations for the implementation of anarcho-communism. According to Michael Malet, Huliaipole \"was moving leftwards at a faster pace than elsewhere\", with the town successfully organizing a May Day demonstration and even declaring its support for the workers' uprising in Petrograd, while the Oleksandrivsk Soviet still supported the Provisional Government. The nascent Makhnovist movement undertook the seizure of land from the pomeshchiks and kulaks in Huliaipole and redistributed it to the peasantry, aiming to abolish the concentration of land ownership. By the summer of 1917, the town's peasants had stopped paying rent and had brought the land largely under the control of a land trust, which prevented landlords from selling off livestock or farming equipment.\nIn August 1917, the Ukrainian Central Council and Russian Provisional Government reached an agreement on the position of the Russia–Ukraine border, which placed Katerynoslav within the territory of the Russian Republic, a decision which was rejected by the province's anarchist movement. Viktor Chernov, the Russian Minister of Agriculture, attempted to implement a comprehensive package of land reform in the province, but his efforts were blocked by the Provisional Government. However, the Kornilov affair had resulted in the Provisional Government losing its control over Katerynoslav and the Makhnovists becoming the dominant force in the region. They subsequently resolved to implement land reform directly, without waiting for the Provisional Government's consent. On , the Huliaipole Congress of Soviets announced that it would be confiscating all land owned by the nobility and bringing it under common ownership, leading many landlords to flee the region. Attempts to bring the region back under the control of the Provisional Government met with resistance, both from the armed anarchist detachments led by Maria Nikiforova and from a series of strike actions by sympathetic industrial workers.\nOn 7 November 1917, the Central Council declared the autonomy of Ukraine, which brought Katerynoslav back within its borders. Although the Central Council safely controlled right-bank, its new territorial claims in the left-bank were met with indifference from the more ethnically mixed population. By December 1917, Eastern Ukraine had come under Soviet influence, with the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets establishing the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets in Kharkiv. Unable to reconcile their differences, a civil war soon broke out between the forces of the People's Republic and the new Soviet Republic.\nBefore the outbreak of the October Revolution, the Makhnovists had already established \"soviet power\" in Katerynoslav, implementing initiatives of workers' control and self-management. So when the Bolsheviks seized power under the slogan of \"all power to the soviets\", the Ukrainian anarchists initially supported it, while remaining critical of political and economic centralisation. As the Makhnovists desired to bring the region under Soviet power, they declared themselves against the new Ukrainian nation state, establishing armed detachments to combat both the forces of the Ukrainian People's Army and the Don Cossacks. An anarchist detachment led by Savelii Makhno aided in the capture of Oleksandrivsk and the reestablishment of Soviet power in the city. By January 1918, Southern Ukraine had largely come under the control of the Soviet Republic, which established revolutionary committees as its local organs of power. In Huliaipole, the local revolutionary committee included members of the Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party and the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, alongside the anarchists.\nThe rapid capture of territory by the Soviet Republic culminated on 8 February 1918, when the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv was captured by Mikhail Muravyov's Red Guards.\nWar of independence (February–November 1918)\nJust one day after the fall of Kyiv, the Central Council of Ukraine signed a peace treaty with the Central Powers, which invited the Imperial German Army to invade Ukraine and oust the Soviets from power. The Red Guards were unable to halt the imperial advance, which within a month forced the Bolsheviks to negotiate their own peace treaty with the Central Powers, ceding control of Ukraine to the German Empire and Austria-Hungary.\nWhen the Ukrainian nationalists in Huliaipole began threatening anarchists with reprisals, local anarcho-syndicalists initiated a campaign of \"revolutionary terror\" against them, assassinating one nationalist leader before being forced to the negotiating table by Nestor Makhno. The nationalists subsequently began planning a coup, threatening pogroms against the local Jewish community in order to bring them on side. On the night of 15–16 April, the Ukrainian nationalists carried out the coup, launching a surprise attack against the anarchist \"free battalion\" and disarming them, before arresting leading anarcho-communists. The following day, a demonstration managed to secure the release of the arrested anarchists but were unable to organize any armed defense of the town, which was soon occupied by the Austro-Hungarian Army. Before the end of the month, the Ukrainian People's Republic was overthrown by the Central Powers and replaced with the Ukrainian State. Under the rule of Pavlo Skoropadskyi, the new regime began returning land to the nobility and requisitioning grain from the peasantry, which fomented popular discontent that ignited the Ukrainian War of Independence.\nAt a conference in Taganrog, anarchist insurgents regrouped and agreed to return to Huliaipole in July 1918, in order to carry out an insurrection against the occupation forces. By the time they returned to Ukraine, the country was already in revolt against the Ukrainian State, with hundreds of thousands participating in armed uprisings and rail strikes, even in the face of harsh reprisals by the occupation forces. Peasant bands under various self-appointed otamans now attacked the occupation forces and eventually came to dominate the countryside; some defected to the Directorate or the Bolsheviks, but the largest portion followed either socialist revolutionary Nykyfor Hryhoriv or the anarchist flag of Makhno.\nOn 30 September, insurgent detachments led by Nestor Makhno and Fedir Shchus linked up at and defeated the occupation forces in battle. When the November Revolution brought World War I to an end, the occupation finally began to melt away. In right-bank Ukraine, the Ukrainian State was overthrown by the Directorate and the Ukrainian People's Republic was reestablished, while the region of Pryazovia quickly fell under the control of the Makhnovshchina. On 27 November, the Makhnovshchina's capital of Huliaipole was definitively retaken by the insurgents, who reestablished the local Soviet and reorganized the town's trade unions. Before long the Makhnovshchina's territory had expanded as far west as Katerynoslav, as far north as Pavlohrad, as far east as Yuzivka and as far south as the Sea of Azov.\nFree soviet power (November 1918 – June 1919)\nThe end of the imperial occupation and the fall of the Ukrainian State allowed the Makhnovshchina to shift its emphasis from military campaigns towards political concerns, transforming the movement \"from a destructive peasant uprising to a social revolutionary movement\". In order to restart the construction of a anarchist-communist society, the Makhnovists convened a Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents, which would act as the supreme authority of the Makhnovshchina. The Congress declared its intention to create \"a society without ruling landowners, without subordinate slaves, without rich or poor\", and called on workers and peasants to begin building this society themselves, \"without tyrannical decrees and orders, and in defiance of tyrants and oppressors throughout the world.\"\nUnder the direction of the democratically elected Military Revolutionary Council (VRS), the Makhnovshchina began to establish a new system of education, redistributed land and set up a number of agricultural cooperatives. The Ukrainian Soviet Army commander Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko reported that the Makhnovists had established a number of schools, hospitals and \"children's communes\", which had transformed Huliaipole into \"one of the most cultured centres of Novorossiya.\" The VRS also instituted adult educational programs and extended a number of civil liberties to the population, including freedom of speech, press and association, even allowing the Bolsheviks to agitate amongst the local populace. During this period, the peasants of the Makhnovshchina implemented a system of common ownership where \"land belongs to no one, and only those who work it may use it.\" The largest of the peasant communes was one named after the Polish communist Rosa Luxemburg, which, in May 1919, counted 285 members and 125 hectares of land."}] | |
4967845_4967848_4967863_4967872_4967896 | output_images/4967845_4967848_4967863_4967872_4967896.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Video feedback is the process that starts and continues when a video camera is pointed at its own playback video monitor. The loop delay from camera to display back to camera is at least one video frame time, due to the input and output scanning processes; it can be more if there is more processing in the loop.\nHistory\nFirst discovered shortly after Charlie Ginsburg invented the first video recorder for Ampex in 1956, video feedback was considered a nuisance and unwanted noise. Technicians and studio camera operators were chastised for allowing a video camera to see its own monitor as the overload of self-amplified video signal caused significant problems with the 1950s video pickup, often ruining the pickup. It could also cause screen burn-in on television screens and monitors of the time as well, by generating static brightly illuminated display patterns.\nIn the 1960s early examples of video feedback art became introduced into the psychedelic art scene in New York City. Nam June Paik is often cited as the first video artist; he had clips of video feedback on display in New York City at the Greenwich Cafe in the mid 1960s. \nEarly video feedback works were produced by media artist experimenters on the East and West Coasts of North America in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Video feedback artists Steina and Woody Vasulka, with Richard Lowenberg and others, formed The Kitchen, which was located in the kitchen of a broken-down hotel in lower Manhattan; while Skip Sweeney and others founded Video Free America in San Francisco, to nurture their video art and feedback experiments.\nDavid Sohn mentions video feedback in his 1970 book Film, the Creative Eye. This book was part of the base curriculum for Richard Lederer of St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, when he made video feedback part of an English curriculum in his 1970s course Creative Eye in Film. Several students in this class participated regularly in the making and recording of video feedback. Sony had released the VuMax series of recording video cameras and manually \"hand-looped\" video tape decks by this time which did two things: it increased the resolution of the video image, which improved picture quality, and it made video tape recording technology available to the general public for the first time and allowed for such video experimentation by anyone.\nDuring the 1980s and into the 1990s video technology became enhanced and evolved into high quality, high definition video recording. Michael C. Andersen generated the first known mathematical formula of the video feedback process, and he has also generated a Mendeleev's square to show the gradual progressive formulaic change of the video image as certain parameters are adjusted.\nIn the 1990s the rave scene and a social return to art of a more psychedelic nature brought back displays of video feedback on large disco dance floor video screens around the world. There are filters for Adobe Photoshop and non-linear video editors that often have video feedback as the filter description, or as a setting on a filter. These filter types either mimic or directly utilize video feedback for its result effect and can be recognized by its vortex, phantasmagoric manipulation of the original recorded image.\nIn entertainment\nMany artists have used optical feedback. A famous example is Queen's music video for \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" (1975). The effect (in this simple case) can be compared to looking at oneself between two mirrors.\nOther videos that use variations of video feedback include:\n Doctor Who – An Unearthly Child (series, 1963–1973, opening title sequence.)\n Earth, Wind & Fire — \"September\" (1978)\n The Jacksons – \"Blame It On the Boogie\" (1978)\n Kate Bush – \"Hammer Horror\" (1978)\n Amii Stewart – \"Knock on Wood\" (1979)\n Kool & the Gang – \"Get Down On It\" (1981)\n Todd Rundgren – \"Something to Fall Back On\" (1985)\n Smashing Pumpkins – \"Ava Adore\" (1998)\n Klaxons – \"Gravity's Rainbow\" (2008)\n Boxcutter – \"TV Troubles\" (2011)\n Django Django – \"Life's A Beach\" (2012)\n\"Howl-around\" and Doctor Who title sequence \nThis technique—under the name \"howl-around\"—was employed for the opening titles sequence for the British science fiction series Doctor Who, which employed this technique from 1963 to 1973.\nInitially this was in black and white, and redone in 1967 to showcase the show's new 625-line broadcast resolution and feature the Doctor's face (Patrick Troughton at that time). It was redone again, in colour this time, in 1970. The next title sequence for the show, which debuted in 1973, abandoned this technique in favour of slit-scan photography.\nIn science \nAn example of optical feedback in science is the optical cavity found in almost every laser, which typically consists of two mirrors between which light is amplified. In the late 1990s it was found that so-called unstable-cavity lasers produce light beams whose cross-section present a fractal pattern.\nOptical feedback in science is often closely related to video feedback, so an understanding of video feedback can be useful for other applications of optical feedback. Video feedback has been used to explain the essence of fractal structure of unstable-cavity laser beams. \nVideo feedback is also useful as an experimental-mathematics tool. Examples of its use include the making of Fractal patterns using multiple monitors, and multiple images produced using mirrors.\nOptical feedback is also found in the image intensifier tube and its variants. Here the feedback is usually an undesirable phenomenon, where the light generated by the phosphor screen \"feeds back\" to the photocathode, causing the tube to oscillate, and ruining the image. This is typically suppressed by an aluminum reflective screen deposited on the back of the phosphor screen, or by incorporating a microchannel plate detector.\nOptical feedback has been used experimentally in these tubes to amplify an image, in the manner of the cavity laser, but this technique has had limited use.\nOptical feedback has also been experimented with as an electron source, since a photocathode-phosphor cell will 'latch' when triggered, providing a steady stream of electrons. See US Patent 4,531,122 for a typical application.\nIn philosophy \nDouglas Hofstadter discusses video feedback in his book I Am a Strange Loop about the human mind and consciousness. He devotes a chapter to describing his experiments with video feedback.\nSee also \nAudio/Acoustic feedback\nComputer graphics\nCymatics\nDroste effect\nFeedback\nReal-time computer graphics\nRecursion\nSelf-reference\nStrange loop\nVideo art\nReferences\nAudiovisual ephemera\nFeedback\nArtistic techniques\n\"Good People\" is a protest song written and performed by Jack Johnson. It is the fourth track on the album In Between Dreams and was released as a single on May 9, 2005. Though the song has a positive and relaxing sound, it is a critic of contemporary television, especially with regard to frequent violence, and its effect on society. The song is similar to the song \"Cookie Jar\" from Johnson's previous album On and On, which also draws attention to the issue, but with a more explicit protest and melancholic sound.\nCommercial performance\n\"Good People\" peaked at number one on the Billboard Adult Alternative Songs chart in the United States. It also became a minor hit in the United Kingdom, peaking at number 50 on the UK Singles Chart. It additionally reached number 25 in New Zealand and number 92 in the Netherlands. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.\nTrack listings\nCanadian CD single\n \"Good People\"\n \"No Other Way\" (acoustic version)\n \"Butter Nut\"\n \"Good People\" (live video from the Kokua Festival)\nUK 7-inch single and European CD single\n \"Good People\"\n \"No Other Way\" (acoustic version)\nUK CD single\n \"Good People\"\n \"No Other Way\" (acoustic version)\n \"Butter Nut\"\nUK DVD single\n \"Good People\" (video)\n \"Butter Nut\" (live video from the Kokua Festival)\n \"Making of In Between Dreams\" (filmed at The Mango Tree Hawaii, October 2004)\nCharts\nCertifications\nRelease history\nReferences\n2005 singles\n2005 songs\nJack Johnson (musician) songs\nProtest songs\nSongs written by Jack Johnson (musician)\nSong recordings produced by Mario Caldato Jr.\nJimmy and the Boys were an Australian shock rock and new wave band, active from 1976 to 1982.\nThey pioneered the use of shock theatrics in Australia with an act that revolved around vocalist and contortionist Ignatius Jones and keyboard player Joylene Thornbird Hairmouth. The group recorded two studio albums, Not Like Everybody Else (November 1979) and Teddy Boys Picnic (July 1981). In May 1981 they scored their only Australian top 10 single with \"They Won't Let My Girlfriend Talk to Me\". In 1982, shortly after issuing their live album In Hell with Your Mother, they disbanded.\nAustralian rock music journalist, Jenny Hunter-Brown, described Jimmy and the Boys as a \"high voltage package of filth, glorious filth\". According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, their performances \"mixed S&M trappings, sex shop props, mock rape and other depravities with sub-Zappaesque humour, hard rock, jazz, reggae and disco\" and at the end of the 1970s they were \"one of the most popular live acts on the Australian scene\".\nHistory"}] | |
4967925_4967942 | output_images/4967925_4967942.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Mugwort or biboz is a common name for several species of aromatic flowering plants in the genus Artemisia. In Europe, mugwort most often refers to the species Artemisia vulgaris, or common mugwort. In East Asia the species Artemisia argyi is often called \"Chinese mugwort\" in the context of traditional Chinese medicine, Ngai Chou in Cantonese or () in Mandarin. Artemisia princeps is a mugwort known in Korea as () and in Japan as (). While other species are sometimes referred to by more specific common names, they may be called simply \"mugwort\" in many contexts.\nEtymology\nThe Anglo-Saxon Nine Herbs Charm mentions . A folk etymology, based on coincidental sounds, derives from the word \"mug\"; more certainly, it has been used in flavoring drinks at least since the early Iron Age. Other sources say mugwort is derived from the Old Norse (meaning \"marsh\") and German wuertz (wort in English, originally meaning \"root\"), which refers to its use since ancient times to repel insects, especially moths.\nThe Old English word for mugwort is where , could be a variation of the Old English word for \"midge\": . Wort comes from the Old English (root/herb/plant), which is related to the Old High German (root) and the Old Norse (plant).\nSpecies\nSpecies in the genus Artemisia called mugwort include:\n Artemisia absinthium L. — wormwood, traditionally used in the production of Absinthe.\n Artemisia argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot — Chinese mugwort, used in traditional Chinese medicine\n Artemisia douglasiana Besser ex Besser — Douglas mugwort or California mugwort, native to western North America\n Artemisia glacialis L. — alpine mugwort\n Artemisia granatensis Boiss. - Sierra Nevadan chamomille, endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the Iberian Peninsula\n Artemisia indica Willd. — Oriental mugwort\n Artemisia japonica Thunb. — Japanese mugwort\n Artemisia lactiflora Wall. ex DC. — white mugwort\n Artemisia norvegica Fr. — Norwegian mugwort\n Artemisia princeps Pamp. — Korean mugwort (ssuk), Japanese mugwort (yomogi), used as a culinary herb and in traditional Chinese medicine.\n Artemisia stelleriana Bess. — hoary mugwort\n Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte — Chinese mugwort\n Artemisia vulgaris L. — common mugwort, used as a culinary herb and medicinally throughout the world\nUses\nMugwort has seen continuous use in many cultures throughout the world as a medicinal, spiritual, and culinary ingredient since at least the Iron Age. In contemporary culture mugwort is commonly found in foods and drinks, and remains a common ingredient in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean traditional medicine, where the leaves are used directly as a food, or to obtain oil extracts, tinctures, or burned in what is called moxibustion. The mugwort plant has been used as an anthelminthic, so it is sometimes confused with wormwood (Artemisia absinthium). The downy hairs on the underside of the leaves can be scraped off and used as effective tinder. Mugwort has also been used therapeutically to relieve sleeplessness.\nFood\nAromatic and slightly bitter leaves, as well as young spring shoots, can be eaten raw or cooked. The leaves and buds, best picked shortly before mugwort flowers in July to September, can be used as a bitter flavoring agent to season fat, meat and fish. Mugwort was used to flavor beer before the introduction of hops.\nEssential oil\nThe composition of mugwort essential oil can vary depending on the genus of plant selected, its habitat, as well as the part of the plant extracted and the season of its harvest. Its main components can include camphor, cineole, α- and β-thujone, artemisia ketone (CAS: 546-49-6), borneol and bornyl acetate as well as a wide variety of other phenols, terpenes, and aliphatic compounds. The presence and concentration of thujone varies largely by species, as well as the climactic, and soil conditions where the plant is grown.\nInsecticide \nAll parts of the plant contain essential oils with all-purpose insecticidal properties (especially in the killing of insect larvae). This is best used in a weak infusion, but use on garden plants is not recommended, as it also reduces plant growth.\nMedicinal \nTraditional and contemporary medicinal applications vary by culture but include:\n Culinary: used for the specific purpose of aiding digestive, circulatory, and respiratory issues.\n Moxibustion: where the dried leaves are burned on pressure points of the body.\n Salve: directly applied to the body to treat bruises, itching, sores, poison ivy, eczema, body odor.\n Tincture or Extract: taken orally to help fevers, stomach aches, liver complications, colds and coughs.\n Essential Oil: studies relate various compounds within Mugwort oil to effects on blood pressure, tumor growth, and menstrual cycle, as well as anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, and antimicrobial effects.\nCultural\nMedieval Europe\nIn the European Middle Ages, mugwort was used as a magical protective herb. Mugwort was used to repel insects – especially moths – from gardens. Mugwort has also been used from ancient times as a remedy against fatigue and to protect travelers against evil spirits and wild animals. Roman soldiers put mugwort in their sandals to protect their feet against fatigue and cramps. Mugwort is one of the nine herbs invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon Nine Herbs Charm, recorded in the 10th century in the Lacnunga.\nGrieve's Modern Herbal (1931) states that \"in the Middle Ages, the plant was known as , it being believed that John the Baptist wore a girdle of it in the wilderness...a crown made from its sprays was worn on St. John's Eve to gain security from evil possession, and in Holland and Germany one of its names is 'St. John's plant', because of the belief that – if gathered on St. John's Eve – it gave protection against diseases and misfortunes.\"\nIn the Isle of Man, mugwort is known as bollan bane, and is still worn on the lapel at the Tynwald Day celebrations, which also have strong associations with St John.\nChina\nThere are several references to the Chinese using mugwort in cuisine. The famous Chinese poet Su Shi in the 11th century mentioned it in one of his poems. There are even older poems and songs that can be tracked back to 3 BC. It was often called () or () in Mandarin. Mugwort can be prepared as a cold dish or can be stir-fried with fresh or smoked meat. The Hakka Taiwanese also use it to make chhú-khak-ké (), doughy sweet dumplings. Mugwort is also used as a flavoring and colorant for a seasonal rice dish.\nIn traditional Chinese medicine, mugwort is used in a pulverized and aged form – called in English (from Japanese mogusa) – to perform moxibustion, that is, to burn on specific acupuncture points on the patient's body to achieve therapeutic effects. There is a belief that moxibustion of mugwort is effective at increasing the cephalic positioning of fetuses who were in a breech position before the intervention. A Cochrane review in 2012 found that moxibustion may be beneficial in reducing the need for ECV, but stressed a need for well-designed randomised controlled trials to evaluate this usage.\nGermany\nIn Germany, known as , it is mainly used to season goose, especially the roast goose traditionally eaten for Christmas.\nIndia "}] | |
4967948_4967967_4967986 | output_images/4967948_4967967_4967986.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Terra Sirenum is a large region in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars. It is centered at and covers 3900 km at its broadest extent. It covers latitudes 10 to 70 South and longitudes 110 to 180 W. Terra Sirenum is an upland area notable for massive cratering including the large Newton Crater. Terra Sirenum is in the Phaethontis quadrangle and the Memnonia quadrangle of Mars. A low area in Terra Sirenum is believed to have once held a lake that eventually drained through Ma'adim Vallis.\nTerra Sirenum is named after the Sirens, who were birds with the heads of girls. In the Odyssey these girls captured passing seamen and killed them.\nChloride deposits \nEvidence of deposits of chloride based minerals in Terra Sirenum was discovered by the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter's Thermal Emission Imaging System in March 2008. The deposits are approximately 3.5 to 3.9 billion years old. This suggests that near-surface water was widespread in early Martian history, which has implications for the possible existence of Martian life. Besides finding chlorides, MRO discovered iron/magnesium smectites which are formed from long exposure in water.\nBased on chloride deposits and hydrated phyllosilicates, Alfonso Davila and others believe there is an ancient lakebed in Terra Sirenum that had an area of 30,000 km2 and was 200 meters deep. Other evidence that supports this lake are normal and inverted channels like ones found in the Atacama desert.\nInverted relief \nSome areas of Mars show inverted relief, where features that were once depressions, like streams, are now above the surface. It is believed that materials like large rocks were deposited in low-lying areas. Later, erosion (perhaps wind which can't move large rocks) removed much of the surface layers, but left behind the more resistant deposits. Other ways of making inverted relief might be lava flowing down a stream bed or materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water. On Earth, materials cemented by silica are highly resistant to all kinds of erosional forces. Examples of inverted channels on Earth are found in the Cedar Mountain Formation near Green River, Utah. Inverted relief in the shape of streams are further evidence of water flowing on the Martian surface in past times.\nMartian gullies \nTerra Sirenum is the location of many Martian gullies that may be due to recent flowing water. Some are found in the Gorgonum Chaos and in many craters near the large craters Copernicus and Newton. Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters. Moreover, they lie on top of sand dunes which themselves are considered to be quite young.\nTongue-shaped glaciers\nPossible pingos \nThe radial and concentric cracks visible here are common when forces penetrate a brittle layer, such as a rock thrown through a glass window. These particular fractures were probably created by something emerging from below the brittle Martian surface. Ice may have accumulated under the surface in a lens shape; thus making these cracked mounds. Ice being less dense than rock, pushed upwards on the surface and generated these spider web-like patterns. A similar process creates similar sized mounds in arctic tundra on Earth. Such features are called “pingos,”, an Inuit word. Pingos would contain pure water ice; thus they could be sources of water for future colonists of Mars.\nConcentric crater fill\nConcentric crater fill, like lobate debris aprons and lineated valley fill, is believed to be ice-rich. Based on accurate topography measures of height at different points in these craters and calculations of how deep the craters should be based on their diameters, it is thought that the craters are 80% filled with mostly ice. That is, they hold hundreds of meters of material that probably consists of ice with a few tens of meters of surface debris. The ice accumulated in the crater from snowfall in previous climates. Recent modeling suggests that concentric crater fill develops over many cycles in which snow is deposited, then moves into the crater. Once inside the crater shade and dust preserve the snow. The snow changes to ice. The many concentric lines are created by the many cycles of snow accumulation. Generally snow accumulates whenever the axial tilt reaches 35 degrees.\nLiu Hsin Crater features\nMagnetic stripes and plate tectonics \nThe Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) discovered magnetic stripes in the crust of Mars, especially in the Phaethontis and Eridania quadrangles (Terra Cimmeria and Terra Sirenum). The magnetometer on MGS discovered 100 km wide stripes of magnetized crust running roughly parallel for up to 2000 km. These stripes alternate in polarity with the north magnetic pole of one pointing up from the surface and the north magnetic pole of the next pointing down. When similar stripes were discovered on Earth in the 1960s, they were taken as evidence of plate tectonics. Researchers believe these magnetic stripes on Mars are evidence for a short, early period of plate tectonic activity. When the rocks became solid they retained the magnetism that existed at the time. A magnetic field of a planet is believed to be caused by fluid motions under the surface. However, there are some differences, between the magnetic stripes on Earth and those on Mars. The Martian stripes are wider, much more strongly magnetized, and do not appear to spread out from a middle crustal spreading zone. \nBecause the area containing the magnetic stripes is about 4 billion years old, it is believed that the global magnetic field probably lasted for only the first few hundred million years of Mars' life, when the temperature of the molten iron in the planet's core might have been high enough to mix it into a magnetic dynamo. There are no magnetic fields near large impact basins like Hellas. The shock of the impact may have erased the remnant magnetization in the rock. So, magnetism produced by early fluid motion in the core would not have existed after the impacts.\nWhen molten rock containing magnetic material, such as hematite (Fe2O3), cools and solidifies in the presence of a magnetic field, it becomes magnetized and takes on the polarity of the background field. This magnetism is lost only if the rock is subsequently heated above a particular temperature (the Curie point which is 770 °C for iron). The magnetism left in rocks is a record of the magnetic field when the rock solidified.\nOther features\nInteractive Mars map\nSee also \n Climate of Mars\n Geology of Mars\n Glaciers on Mars\n Groundwater on Mars\n Impact crater\n List of craters on Mars\n Martian gullies\nReferences\nRecommended reading \n Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.\n Lorenz, R. 2014. The Dune Whisperers. The Planetary Report: 34, 1, 8-14\n Lorenz, R., J. Zimbelman. 2014. Dune Worlds: How Windblown Sand Shapes Planetary Landscapes. Springer Praxis Books / Geophysical Sciences.\nExternal links \n Martian Ice - Jim Secosky - 16th Annual International Mars Society Convention\nTerrae on Mars\nPhaethontis quadrangle\nMemnonia quadrangle"}] | |
4968003_4968012_4968024_4968033_4968041_4968050 | output_images/4968003_4968012_4968024_4968033_4968041_4968050.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The 1998 Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 7 May 1998 to elect members of Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council in Greater Manchester, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party kept overall control of the council.\n20 seats were contested in the election, with 15 being held by Labour, 3 by the Liberal Democrats and 2 by the Conservatives. The 3 main parties contested all of the 20 seats, with 3 Socialist Labour Party and 4 other candidates standing.\nThe election saw the lowest turnout in at least 30 years at 23.5%, a significant drop from the 36.8% turnout in the 1996 election. Farnworth ward saw the lowest turnout at 15%, while the highest was 32.6% in Astley Bridge. The Conservatives gained 2 seats in the election to become the main opposition party on the council again. They gained Astley Bridge and Bradshaw wards from Labour, having defeated the Labour candidate in Bradshaw by 2 votes after 5 recounts. However Labour held on in Kearsley by 8 votes and won Westhoughton from the Liberal Democrats to remain firmly in control of the council.\nAfter the election, the composition of the council was:, Labour 47, Conservative 8, Liberal Democrat 5, Election result, Council Composition, Prior to the election the composition of the council was:, After the election the composition of the council was:, LD - Liberal Democrats, Ward results, Astley Bridge ward, Blackrod ward, Bradshaw ward, Breightmet ward, Bromley Cross ward, Burnden ward, Central ward, Daubhill ward, Deane-cum-Heaton ward, Derby ward, Farnworth ward, Halliwell ward, Harper Green ward, Horwich ward, Hulton Park ward, Kearsley ward, Little Lever ward, Smithills ward, Tonge ward, Westhoughton ward, Sources, Notes, References, 1998, 1998 English local elections, 1990s in Greater Manchester\nThe Hackensack Public Schools are a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from the City of Hackensack, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.\nAs of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprising six schools, had an enrollment of 5,790 students and 431 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.4:1.\nThe district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group \"CD\", the sixth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.\nThe district's high school serves students from South Hackensack and Rochelle Park as part of sending/receiving relationships with the respective districts. In March 2020, the Maywood Public Schools announced that it had received approval from the New Jersey Department of Education to end the relationship it had established with Hackensack in 1969 and begin transitioning incoming ninth graders to Henry P. Becton Regional High School beginning in the 2020–21 school year. Maywood cited costs of nearly $14,800 per student in 2018 to send students to Hackensack while Becton would start a cost of $10,500 per student.\nHistory\nSuperintendent Karen Lewis was suspended in 2016. Assistant superintendent Joseph Cicchelli became an acting superintendent instead of fulfilling his planned retirement. Rosemary Marks became the superintendent in 2017.\nAwards and recognition\nHackensack High School (HHS) was named one of America's best high schools by Newsweek magazine in its 2013 rankings. Ranked among the top six percent of high schools in the country, HHS was recognized based on various criteria including Advanced Placement (AP) programs, the four-year, on-time graduation rate and number of graduates accepted into a two- or four-year college program.\nJackson Avenue Elementary School was recognized by Governor Jim McGreevey in 2003 as one of 25 schools selected statewide for the First Annual Governor's School of Excellence award.\nSchools\nSchools in the district, with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics, are:\nPreschool, Early Childhood Development Center, Elementary schools, Fairmount Elementary School (617 students in grades PreK-4), Rhonda Ashton-Loeb, principal, Fanny Meyer Hillers School (570 students in grades PreK-4), Joy Dorsey Whitting, principal, Jackson Avenue School (442 students in grades PreK-4), Christopher Moran, principal, Nellie K. Parker School (533 students in grades PreK-4), Lillian Whitaker, principal, Middle school, Hackensack Middle School (1,571 students in grades 5-8), Dr. Joy Dorsey Whiting, principal, High school, Hackensack High School (1,918 students in grades 9-12), James Montesano, principal, Administration, Core members of the district's administration are:, Robert Sanchez, superintendent, Dora Zeno, interim business administrator and board secretary, Board of education\nThe district's board of education, with nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held as part of the April school election. As one of the 13 districts statewide with school elections in April (five of which are in Bergen County), voters also decide on passage of the annual school budget.\nDemographics\nIn 1948 the district had a school with all African-American students but which had teachers of multiple races. While the school was in operation during de jure educational segregation in the United States, Noma Jensen of Journal of Negro Education wrote \"This school is all Negro by reason of population.\"\nReferences, External links, Hackensack Elementary School portal\nSchool Data for the Hackensack Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics\nPublic Schools, New Jersey District Factor Group CD, School districts in Bergen County, New Jersey\nIn knitting, an increase is the creation of one or more new stitches, which may be done by various methods that create distinctive effects in the fabric. Most knitting increases either lean towards the left or the right.\nMethods of single increasing (knitting)\n Yarn-over increase or \"eyelet increase\" – The simplest increase is to do a yarn-over between two existing stitches. On subsequent rows, the yarn-over will be knitted, making a new stitch. This disadvantage of this method is that a small hole (eyelet) is produced at the yarn-over. This can be improved by twisting the yarn-over stitch - similar to a \"make one\" (below) or purling the increase through the back loop in the return row.\n Raised Increase – Lift the strand connecting two knitted stitches in the row below onto the left needle (effectively producing a yarn-over) and knit it, either normally or twisted. This method (especially if twisted) leaves almost no hole, since forming the yarn-over stitch from the (presumably tight) connecting strand draws the two neighboring stitches together. If the strand is picked up coming from the front, the result will be a right-leaning decrease (M1R). If it is picked up from the back, the result will be a left-leaning decrease (M1L)\n Bar increase – Knit the stitch normally but without transferring the knitted stitch to the right needle; the same stitch is then knitted through the back loop (KFB - knit front & back). This increase creates a bar or a nub on the fabric. \n Moss increase – Knit the stitch normally but without transferring the knitted stitch to the right needle; the same stitch is then purled. This increase makes a bar or nub on the fabric."}] | |
4968061_4968065_4968071 | output_images/4968061_4968065_4968071.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Mike Masaru Masaoka (, October 15, 1915 – June 26, 1991) was a Japanese-American lobbyist, author, and spokesman. He worked with the Japanese American Citizens League for over 30 years. He was a key player in encouraging cooperation of the JACL with Japanese American internment during World War II, but also fought for rights of Japanese-Americans during and after the war.\nEarly life\nMasaoka was born in Fresno, California. The family moved to Salt Lake City where Masaoka legally changed his first name to \"Mike\" and became a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.\nHe became a champion debater and graduated in 1937 from the University of Utah in economics and political science.\nJapanese American Citizens League\nAt the age of 25, Masaoka was named National Secretary and Field Executive of the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) which was strictly a mainland organization with no connection to Hawaii just before the outbreak of World War II. During Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) hearings held in October 1941, Masaoka testified on employment discrimination faced by Japanese Americans in the defense industry, leading to pledges from various organizations to eliminate anti-Japanese bias.\nMasaoka was a key player in JACL's decision to cooperate with the Japanese American internment during the war, seeing that resistance would be counterproductive and increase the tension between the Nisei and the FDR Administration. In his position as a national spokesman, he urged cooperation and opposed legal challenges to the government and advised the government on how to run the camps (thus to reduce friction between the internees and their captors). He also advocated the segregation of so‑called \"troublemakers,\" though the War Relocation Authority cast the net more broadly than Masaoka had anticipated. The government used him as their liaison with the entire Japanese American population in the camps, although he himself was never imprisoned in a camp. As a result of his stance, Masaoka was widely denounced within the Japanese American community as a sellout and collaborator. \nMasaoka was involved in leading the call for the formation of a military unit from the mainland; however, different dynamics occurred in Hawaii which provided all of the men in the 100th Battalion in June 1942 and 2,686 men out of the 10,000 who answered the call in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team to join the 1,500 from the mainland. He later served as publicist for the highly decorated volunteer units, so that the contributions (and heavy price paid) of the Japanese Americans would be known nationwide.\nAfter World War II, Masaoka argued for reparations to Japanese Americans for wartime losses, naturalization and immigration privileges, and for halting deportations to Japan. His lobbying on behalf of the JACL helped pave the way for passage of the Japanese-American Claims Act of 1948.\nNear the end of his life, Masaoka strongly implied (without directly stating) that the government had pressured him to make statements and \"suggestions\" to go along with their policies. In a PBS interview, he said \"it was a kind of a shibai . . .We were pretty desperate.\" Shibai (芝居) is Japanese for performance or show.\nLater career\nMasaoka served as technical consultant for the 1951 film Go For Broke! which not only portrayed the heroics of the 442nd RCT and 100th Battalion, but also starred several veterans of the 442nd.\nIn 1950, Masaoka was involved in successfully lobbying for the rights of the Issei (Japanese immigrants) to naturalize as citizens. In 1952 he worked with the ACLU to bring a case in his mother's name, Masaoka vs. the State of California, to the California State Supreme Court that was one of the two cases that overturned the Alien Land Law (Masaoka v. People, 39 Cal.2d 883). \nIn 1950, Masaoka represented the JACL as a founding member of the Leadership Council on Civil Rights, and joined Dr. Martin Luther King's 1963 March on Washington. \nIn 1968, Masaoka received Japan's Order of the Rising Sun award.\nWith his own consulting firm, Mike Masaoka Associates, Masaoka lobbied on behalf of American and Japanese commercial interests. In 1972 he left JACL to become a full‑time lobbyist. His autobiography, They Call Me Moses Masaoka, written with Bill Hosokawa, was published in 1987. Associates considered the title a sign of his ego, though the title was originally bestowed derisively by political opponents during the 1940s. Masaoka noted with ironic humor that, unlike Moses, he led his people on a journey from the promised land of California to desert internment camps.\nPersonal life and death\nMasaoka was married to Etsu Mineta Masaoka, the elder sister of Secretary of Transportation and Congressman Norman Mineta. Masaoka died in Washington, DC in 1991.\nReferences, External links, Densho Encyclopedia article by Shiho Imai, 1915 births, 1991 deaths, Latter Day Saints from Utah, American military personnel of Japanese descent, Japanese-American civil rights activists, Internment of Japanese Americans, University of Utah alumni, People from Fresno, California, Activists from California, Converts to Mormonism, Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class\nGammelstad Church Town () is a UNESCO World Heritage Site situated in Gammelstaden 10 km north of Luleå, Sweden, at the northern end of the Gulf of Bothnia. It is the best preserved example of a type of town that was once widespread throughout northern Scandinavia. As Church Village of Gammelstad, Luleå, it was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1996.\nThe town is located about 10 kilometers upstream the Lule River. At its centre is the 15th-century Nederluleå Church surrounded by 424 wood-built houses. The houses were only used on Sundays and during religious festivals to accommodate worshipers from the surrounding countryside who could not return home the same day due to the long distance and difficult traveling conditions."}] | |
4968103_4968105 | output_images/4968103_4968105.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "William McIntyre (6 March 1806 – 12 July 1870) was a Scottish-Australian Presbyterian minister and educator.\nEarly life\nWilliam McIntyre was the fifth son and seventh child of Duncan McIntyre and Catherine Kennedy, who were sheep farmers in the parish of Kilmonivaig, Inverness-shire, Scotland. He was proficient in Latin and Greek when he commenced at the University of Glasgow in 1823. He graduated MA in 1829, completed Divinity in 1832, and was licensed by the Presbytery of Dunoon. He taught in a Glasgow school conducted by his older brother Allan and was recruited for Australia by Dr John Dunmore Lang, who heard him preach in Greenock in 1837. He was ordained for Australia with his friend James Forbes on 29 June 1837 by the Church of Scotland Presbytery of Glasgow. He was appointed Chaplain to some 260 immigrants on the Midlothian, which left Portree, Skye on 7 August 1837 and arrived in Sydney 12 December 1837.\nEarly Australian ministry\nMcIntyre was the first Gaelic-speaking minister in Australia and the immigrants who came out on the Midlothian mainly spoke that language. Lang falsely represented to Governor Gipps that Lord Glenelg had given public assurances that they would be allowed to settle as a group, which was contrary to the usual policy. Most became occupiers of small but productive farms on Andrew Lang's estate on the Paterson River. Particularly from 1857 they began to move north as new lands were opened and formed the nucleus of most of the congregations that adhered to the Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia minority which remained outside the general Presbyterian union of 1864/65.\nMcIntyre joined Lang's Synod in January 1838, taught at Lang's Australian College, and acted as Lang's locum tenens while Lang was overseas from January 1839 to March 1841. He facilitated the union of Lang's Synod and the Presbytery which was accomplished in October 1840. McIntyre was called to Maitland in 1840, but was only settled there in September 1841 following a second call. On 3 April 1844 he was married to Mary McIntyre (1786-1872), the sister and heir of Peter McIntyre (1783-1842) by James Forbes. They made the Pitnacree Estate at east Maitland their home. Peter's estate exclusive of runs and licence for over of land was sworn at not less than £25,000, so Mary was exceedingly wealthy. There were no children and most of the money found its way into church and charitable causes in due time.\nPresbyterian Church of Eastern Australia\nMcIntyre led those who protested and withdrew to form the Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia in October 1846. He partly financed the first PCEA church in Sydney, the old Pitt Street Congregational Church purchased in 1846. A brick church still existing was opened in Free Church Street, Maitland in 1849. McIntyre was anxious to see a thoroughly orthodox and evangelistic Church but was hampered by the difficulty of securing recruits prior to the discovery of Gold in 1851 and the tensions between Highlanders and Lowlanders. In 1854 he recruited his brother Allan and James McCulloch, who had married McIntyre's niece, for the PCEA ministry. McIntyre removed to St George's Church, Castlereagh Street, Sydney and was inducted 20 February 1862. He served without stipend and saw the debt of £12,000 reduced to £5,000 by the time of his death.\nLiterary and educational work\nMcIntyre supervised the training of the first locally trained Presbyterian minister (J.S. White, ordained by the Synod of Australia in 1847). He edited Lang's newspaper The Colonist during the latter's absence overseas in 1839-40. He conducted a fortnightly paper, The Voice in the Wilderness (1846-1852). His major literary work was an Exposition of the Sermon on the Mount, published in Edinburgh in 1854. He established the high school of Maitland in 1855, took a number of classes, including classics, acted as headmaster without payment (1857–59) and made the school one of the best in New South Wales. As well as a number of booklets and pamphlets, McIntyre published The Testimony monthly (1865–70) until shortly before his death.\nAttitude to Church Union\nScottish attitudes to colonial church union changed in 1857 and those of Free Church sympathy who stood apart from the union in Victoria in 1859 were refused recognition by the Free Church of Scotland in 1860 and 1861. McIntyre therefore contemplated union of New South Wales Presbyterians and thought he had secured a satisfactory basis in November 1863; it was certainly a better crafted basis than in Victoria. However, some of his natural Gaelic constituency would not contemplate union with those allied to the Established Church of Scotland. Those in Maclean seceded in December 1863. McIntyre ultimately became convinced that while in theory the basis was satisfactory the use which the unionists planned to make of it was not. By receiving ministers from the various Scottish churches on an equal footing, the church became complicit in practical involvement in the errors of the Established Church, he held, and therefore compromised the PCEA testimony against Erastianism. He considered that this signalled an approach to truth that seemed capable of extension to other doctrines of the Westminster Confession of Faith. Ultimately 5 of the 22 PCEA ministers continued outside the union accomplished 1864/65, and several united who were not really in favour. The still-maintained practice of a capella psalmody in the PCEA was not regarded as an issue of principle on the level of the Erastian issue by McIntyre and his colleagues.\nHe was an able man, a solid if not winsome preacher. He was a man of firm principles of whom Sir Samuel Griffith, one time Premier of Queensland and the first Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, wrote: \"On the whole he was a remarkable man, and his name deserves to be remembered as one of the foremost worthies of New South Wales.\"\nReferences\nFurther reading\nRowland S. Ward, Presbyterian Leaders in 19th Century Australia (Wantirna, Victoria 1993), pp. 82–97.\nExternal links\n Alan Dougan, McIntyre, William (1805–1870), in: Australian Dictionary of Biography\n1806 births\n1870 deaths\nAustralian Presbyterian ministers\nScottish emigrants to Australia\n19th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland\nAlumni of the University of Glasgow\nAustralian newspaper editors\nPeople from Highland (council area)\n19th-century Australian Presbyterian ministers\n19th-century Australian journalists\nCombarbalá is the capital city of the commune of Combarbala. It is located in the Limarí Province, Region of Coquimbo, at an elevation of 900 m (2,952 ft). It is known for the tourist astronomic observatory Cruz del Sur; the petroglyphs of Rincon las Chilcas; its typical handcraft made of the unique combarbalita stone; the classical basketball match at the end February; the Virgen de la Piedra catholic-pagan festivity, among other tourist attractions.\nOrigin of the name\nThere are two hypotheses that might to explain the origin of the name \"Combarbalá\". Both hypothesis are rooted in the Spanish transliteration of the aborigine name of the area. The first hypothesis holds that the word Combarbalá is derived from the Quechua word \"Cumparpayay\", which means \"to break with a hammer\", and designates the usual labor for obtaining minerals and stones from mines.\nThe second hypothesis holds that the origin of the word Combarbalá comes from the Mapudungun word \"Co Cam Bala\", where \"Co\" means Water, \"Cam\" means Far, and \"Bala\" means Duck. Thus, Cocambala literally means \"far away water with ducks\", or Duck's pond. In fact, there is a place known as Duck's pond very near to the city. This pond was used as a resting place by the Inca army in their advance to the south, and then by the Spanish conquistadores Diego de Almagro first, and later by Pedro de Valdivia.\nPeople of Combarbalá likes to make jokes about the name of the city: they hold that an aborigine of the area, who was named \"La\", left to travel with the Spaniards. \"La\" got used to shaving his face and returned with a dense beard, something unusual because South American aborigines don't grow beards. Because of this, people named the area as the place where \"Con-Barba-La\" —literally with-beard-La or bearded La—lived. This history is told for the amusement of children's during the celebration of the city foundation anniversary.\nHistory\nPrehispanic\nThe geographical area where Combarbalá is located was originally populated by Molle, Diaguita and Inca people. Molle people were the first to inhabit the area. The Molle people were hunter-gatherers, although they also practiced some primal forms of agriculture. They inhabited the area from c. 400 BCE to c. 900 CE Their origins are still unknown, although some hypothesis trace them back to the Amazon Rainforest, coming through what is now Bolivia to the Atacama and Coquimbo regions of Chile.\nThe Diaguita people arrived to the area c. 700 CE, about three hundred years after the Molle people. They crossed from Argentina through one of the several summer passages in the Andes mountain range. They practiced advanced forms of agriculture, pottery, stone work, weaving and metallurgy, mainly based on copper and bronze). They also carved figures in stone known as petroglyphs. These petroglyphs are believed to represent the cosmology of the Diaguita people. Nowadays, a number of these archeological treasures can be found in the area of Rincón las Chilcas.\nThe Inca conquerors arrived c. 1450 CE. It is believed that the conquest was peaceful, and mainly affected cultural aspects. They extended the Inca roads in the area, and practiced advanced forms of mining and agriculture.\nSpanish Conquest and Colony\nThe failed expedition of Diego de Almagro arrived in the area in c. 1536. As it is known, they returned shortly after to Peru, empty handed. After that, the expedition of Pedro de Valdivia arrived to the area c. 1541. They found the valley mostly uninhabited, because most of the indigenous people were hiding in the hills. The indigenous were already afraid of Spaniards, because of the deeds of Almagro and his people. The first Spanish chronologist recording the name of \"Cocambala\" valley was Jeronimo de Vivar. He wrote: \"It rains more heavier and more in summer (than Copiapó)... there are good rivers in this area\". He described the number of inhabitants as \"Not too many people\".\nBefore the official foundation of the town, the life there was characterized for being extremely hard. The first census showed that the overall population of the area (Combarbalá, Cogotí and Pama) was 240 people, distributed across 60 families. Most of the activities were related to farming and shepherding. In 1757, the overall population was around 1,140 people. That same year, Bishop Manuel de Alday established the vice-Parish in the area. In 1774, this was advanced to parish status. Later, on March 3, 1789, neighbors of the area ask the Spanish governor, Ambrosio O'Higgins, to establish a church in the area. This finally happened on November 30, 1789. The original name of the city was \"Villa de San Francisco de Borja de Combarbalá\". The foundation was done by Captain Juan Ignacio Flores, under the authority of governor and later viceroy, Ambrosio O'Higgins.\nAt the beginning of the 18th century, mines of copper, gold and silver were discovered in the area. Thus, Combarbalá became an important mining center. However, during the mid 80's, the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet dismantled the mineral processing plant that operated in the city, thus ending the era of mining wealth, and putting the city into an era of economic uncertainty. Lately on the 90's, and thanks to techniques of dry areas irrigation, growing of export-grade grapes have become the main economical activity, but only generating seasonal employment.\nGeography\nCombarbalá commune is located in the geographical area known as transversal valleys of central Chile. These are valleys that run perpendicularly from the Andes mountain range to the Coastal mountain range. The city is located right next to Combarbalá River, and the valley lies in between the Cogotí River valley to the north and the Valle Hermoso (Beautiful Valley) to the south. Those three are the main transversal valleys found in the commune.\nSome important heights located in the commune of Combarbalá are:\n Pabellón Hill: AMSL.\n Chaguareche Hill: AMSL.\n Ramadilla Hill: AMSL.\n Movilo Hill: AMSL.\nDemographics\nAccording to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Combarbalá spans an area of and has 13,483 inhabitants (6,695 men and 6,788 women). Of these, 5,494 (40.7%) lived in urban areas and 7,989 (59.3%) in rural areas. The population fell by 6.3% (899 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses."}] |
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