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['13679173', '13679174'] | output_images/13679173,13679174.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Christopher Rochemical Society is a learned society (professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of electrochemistry solid-state science and related technology. The Society membership comprises more than 8,000 scientists and engineers in over 85 countries at all degree levels and in all fields of electrochemistry, solid-state science and related technologies. Additional support is provided by institutional members including corporations and laboratories. \nECS is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. \nThe Society publishes numerous journals including the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (the oldest peer-reviewed journal in its field), the Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, ECS Meeting Abstracts, ECS Transactions, and ECS Interface. The Society sponsors the ECS Monographs Series. These distinguished monographs, published by John Wiley & Sons, are the leading textbooks in their fields. \nThe ECS Digital Library on IOPscience encompasses over 160,000 journal and magazine articles and meeting abstracts. The Society supports open access through the Society’s initiative to make research freely available to world readers and free for authors to publish. \nThe Society has thirteen topic interest area divisions as well as regional sections in Asia, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, North America, and Southern Asia; over 100 ECS student chapters are located in major universities in all of these regions as well as Eastern Europe and South Africa. Student members benefit from exposure to experts in their fields, sharing research, volunteer activities, and career development. \nECS administers numerous international awards and supports STEM educational and outreach efforts.\nHistory \nThe Electrochemical Society was founded in 1902 in Philadelphia, PA. At the beginning, ECS was called the American Electrochemical Society.\nThe 19th century saw many applications of electricity to chemical processes and chemical understanding. Bridging the gap between electrical engineering and chemistry led people in industrial and academic circles to search for a new forum to discuss developments in the burgeoning field of electrochemistry.\nThe original constitution of the Society called for holding meetings and publishing papers presented there and the ensuing discussions. In 1902 the Society ushered in a new publication, Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. In 1907 the first “local” section was formed at the University of Wisconsin. That same year, the American Electrochemical Society Bulletin was launched; it became the Journal of The Electrochemical Society in 1948. "}] | |
['13679220', '13679235', '13679253'] | output_images/13679220,13679235,13679253.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Unione di Banche Italiane S.p.A., commonly known for its trading name UBI Banca, was an Italian banking group, the fifth largest in Italy by number of branches. It was formed on 1 April 2007 from the merger of the Banche Popolari Unite (trading as BPU Banca) and Banca Lombarda e Piemontese banking groups.\nUBI Banca shares were listed on the Borsa Italiana and included in the FTSE MIB (the blue chip index) until it was taken over by its larger Italian rival Intesa Sanpaolo in September 2020.\nHistory\nBanche Popolari Unite\nBanche Popolari Unite, trading as BPU Banca, was formed by the merger of Banca Popolare di Bergamo – Credito Varesino Group with Banca Popolare Commercio e Industria Group, both Popular Bank (), a kind of urban co-operative bank in Italy, in 2003. Their subsidiaries at that time were Banca Popolare di Ancona, Cassa di Risparmio di Fano (Carifano), Banca Popolare di Luino e di Varese and Banca Carime. Although the two groups merged, Banca Popolare di Bergamo and Banca Popolare Commercio e Industria were re-incorporated as a subsidiary in the form of società per azioni.\nCarifano was sold back to the minority shareholders of Banca Popolare di Ancona in 2005.\nIn 2006 the board of directors of Banche Popolari Unite agreed another merger with another Italian banking group Banca Lombarda.\nUnione di Banche Italiane\nThe UBI Banca Group was formed on 1 April 2007 from the merger of the BPU Banca Group and the Banca Lombarda Group. The Group operates mainly on the retail market and is present in most regions of Italy, although its focus is primarily on northern Italy. The parent company has its headquarters in Bergamo.\nOn 20 January 2015 the Council of Ministers issued a decree-law which requires Popular Banks () with assets of greater than €8 billion to demutualize into a società per azioni. In the same year UBI Banca was demutualized.\nOn 27 June 2016, the business plan for 2019–20 was announced. The subsidiaries Banca Popolare di Bergamo, Banco di Brescia, Banca Popolare Commercio e Industria, Banca Regionale Europea, Banca Popolare di Ancona, Banca Carime and Banca di Valle Camonica would be absorbed by parent company UBI Banca in 2016–17.\nOn 12 January 2017 UBI Banca submitted a binding bid of €1 to buy Nuova Banca delle Marche, Nuova Banca dell'Etruria e del Lazio and Nuova Cassa di Risparmio di Chieti (the three banks that were rescued on 22 November 2015 by Italian National Resolution Fund, a fund that was mandatory contributed by the banking sector, and was managed by the Bank of Italy), with conditions that the three banks would be recapitalized for an estimated €450 million by the fund, as well as selling some of the target banks' non-performing loans (NPLs) to lower the size of their risk-weighted assets to below €10.6 billion, increase coverage ratio for the NPLs (i.e. more write down and provision), and a minimum of CET1 ratio of 9.1%. UBI Banca would also recapitalized for a maximum of €400 million to counter-weight the effect of bad will (negative goodwill). On 18 January the bid was accepted and signing the contract. On 10 May, the transaction was completed. On the same day, a plan to merge the 3 banks into UBI Banca was also announced. In June 2017, about 167 million number of new shares were offered to the existing shareholders for €2.395 each (a discount compared to market value), to raise aforementioned €400 million for the completion of the acquisition of the 3 banks.\nAcquisition by Intesa Sanpaolo\nOn 17 February 2020, Carlo Messina, CEO of Intesa Sanpaolo, unexpectedly announced the launch of a voluntary public exchange offer for 4.9 billion euro towards UBI Banca. The initial proposal provided that for every ten shares of UBI Banca, seventeen newly issued Intesa Sanpaolo shares will be paid with a premium of 27.6% compared to the listing on the Stock Exchange on Friday 14 February 2020 (ex-dividend). Furthermore, on 27 April 2020, Intesa Sanpaolo, which with the success of the transaction gains access to three million UBI customers, submitted to the extraordinary shareholders' meeting the proposal for a capital increase in support of the voluntary public exchange offer, with a favorable vote of the same.\nGroup structure \nThe group is composed of the following companies: :\n an internet bank that specialises in the management of individual and family investments, IWBank Private Investments"}] | |
['13679271', '13679306', '13679373', '13679419', '13679429'] | output_images/13679271,13679306,13679373,13679419,13679429.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Long Eaton School is a secondary Academy on Thoresby Road in Long Eaton located between Nottingham and Derby.\nHistory \nThe £14,900 school opened on 29 October 1910 as the Long Eaton Higher Elementary School and Pupil Teachers' Centre on Tamworth Road. The first headmaster was Samuel Clegg. The school was created for Clegg on the recommendation of Prof. Michael Sadler (who was to go on and found universities). In 1913, the school became known as Long Eaton County Secondary School. In 1916, school dinners were introduced, with most of the vegetables being grown on site. In 1918, the school leaving age was raised from 12 to 14.\nIn 1945, it became the Long Eaton Grammar School. In 1972, it merged with the nearby Roper Secondary modern school, built in 1964, to become a comprehensive school. In 1989, it was renamed the Long Eaton Community School, to return to being known as The Long Eaton School in 1999.\nNew site\nOn 14 February 2006, the former building which had been the grammar school on Tamworth Road (B6540), close to Long Eaton's centre, was closed. Part of the old buildings were demolished for housing. That part was previously used for years 10–11 (ages 15–16) and also the Sixth Form. A brand new £15m school was built, under PFI funding by Babcock & Brown, adjacent to the former Roper School site, on the other side of the Erewash Canal. The new school is accessible via a footbridge over the canal. The former buildings of the Roper School were demolished. The new school is surrounded by a large security fence. It was built under the same PFI contract as Newbold Community School in Chesterfield.\nIt is a specialist science college, with an Eco status. The school recently had a new building built in 2005 and was visited by Gordon Brown on 10 November 2006 for the official opening. In September 2007, the school had to close for two days due to a water contamination of Legionnaire's disease.\nIn March 2020, like many schools in the United Kingdom, the school closed its doors to everyone except those with parents as key workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\nAcademy status"}] | |
['13679470', '13679479', '13679495', '13679511', '13679579'] | output_images/13679470,13679479,13679495,13679511,13679579.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "XS (sometimes marketed as XS - Shields up, fight back) is a first-person shooter released by SCi and GT Interactive on December 31, 1996.\nPlot\nThe game is set in the far future during a gladiator-style blood sport. The main character was told about the event by an associate who is believed dead at the start of the game. The player has to fight through a number of rounds of free for all deathmatch-style combat, choosing a pair of weapons to use before the match begins. The battles are to the death with the corpses of the losers used as meat for fast-food burgers. After defeating all the enemies the player's associate reveals himself and murders the player, taking the prize money for himself.\nReception\nReferences\nExternal links\n1996 video games\nDOS games\nDOS-only games\nFirst-person shooters\nVideo games developed in the United Kingdom\nMultiplayer and single-player video games\nGT Interactive games\nSCi Games games\nSprite-based first-person shooters\nVideo games about death games\nVideo games with 2.5D graphics\n\"Unknown Song\" is an instrumental track written and recorded by the British progressive rock group Pink Floyd. It has been released only on a bonus disc included in the 1997 re-release of the soundtrack to Michelangelo Antonioni's movie Zabriskie Point.\nMusic\nThe track is simple and consists of melodies that were used later; the riff that starts to play at 1:54 is a faster tempo version of the \"Funky Dung\" section of \"Atom Heart Mother Suite\". The main melody played by acoustic 12-string guitar throughout the song is somewhat typical to the band's later style – \"A Pillow of Winds\" or even \"Brain Damage\" can be heard as followers of the song's melodies.\nOther names\n\"Unknown Song\" is sometimes called \"Rain in the Country\" or \"Country Rain\" on bootleg recordings. A similar piece entitled \"Baby Blue Shuffle in D Major\" appeared in a 2 December 1968 BBC radio broadcast and shared melodies with part one of \"The Narrow Way\" from Ummagumma, but it may have been rather a different – or even the same – take of \"Unknown Song\". Rain in the country Take 2 ends in Crumbling Land which has similar music. The music of Country Song/The Red Queen Theme Take 1 is also similar.\nSee Also\n Crumbling Land\n Country Song/The Red Queen Theme\nReferences \n1969 songs\nPink Floyd songs\nRock instrumentals"}] | |
['13679691', '13679700', '13679747', '13679766', '13679799'] | output_images/13679691,13679700,13679747,13679766,13679799.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Peperga () is a small village in Weststellingwerf in the province Friesland of the Netherlands. As of 2017, it has a population of 85 people, living in approximately 35 houses, and is characterized by detached houses, several businesses and a church. Peperga is located on the A32 between Wolvega and Steenwijk, with public transportation offering a service to the nearby villages of Steggerda and De Blesse. \nPeperga is best known as the birthplace of Peter Stuyvesant, the last Director-General of the Dutch colony of New Netherland. The church, completed in 1810, was formerly dedicated to Saint Nicholas but is now named after Stuyvesant.\nHistory\nThe village originates in the Middle Ages and is listed as a parish in 1328; mention of it occurs in the seventeenth-century copy of a 1399 document as Pepergae (Pepergo is also found, in 1408 and 1510)—peper is a Frisian term for the boggy type of wetland on which the village was built. Peperga and nearby Blesdijke were burned by troops of Frederick of Blankenheim during war in 1413 at the time of the short-lived independence of the Stellingwerf area (comprising Weststellingwerf and Ooststellingwerf). The land was so wet that before 1660 the entire village, including the church, was moved one kilometer to a dryer area. It is found in the 1716 atlas by Bernardus Schotanus à Sterringa as a linear village with buildings exclusively on the north side of the road, except for a church on the south side, in the middle of the area. An 1850 atlas by Wopke Eekhoff shows that the village's meadows were dug up completely for peat. A provincial road in 1828 between Leeuwarden and Zwolle was the impetus for the formation of a new village west of Peperga, De Blesse. De Blesse, like nearby Blesdijke, derives its name from the little river Blesse, which separates Blesdijke from Peperga.\nIn 1865, the construction of a railway between Zwolle and Leeuwarden split the town in two: it separated Peperga from its west side, an area subsequently added to De Blesse. This division was boosted in the late eighties with the construction of a highway on the east side of the track. Peperga had its own railway station which opened in 1870 (with an adjoining cafe) as an expansion of an earlier home for railroad watchmen and closed on January 5, 1941. In the early seventies, the station was demolished. The nearby bridge over the river Linde is on the list of national state monuments as a Rijksmonument.\nNotable landmarks\nA medieval church had its \"elegant\" late-medieval tower expanded in 1537. Peter Stuyvesant's father Balthasar Stuyvesant was pastor of that (by then Dutch Reformed) church at the time of his son's birth in 1611 or 1612. Peter Stuyvesant was probably baptised there, though this cannot be proved since the parish register is missing. In 1810 a fire gutted the building and it was rebuilt. It was dedicated to Saint Nicholas until the church was closed for worship in autumn 2001 and sold. The church came into the hands of Folkert Munsterman, who wanted to convert it into a restaurant. This did not happen, and the church was sold again in 2007. The dysfunctional Van der Molen organ from 1912 was removed and replaced in 2007 by the 1903 from the Reformed Church of Woldendorp. The current owner has had the church renamed Peter Stuyvesant Kirke. The building is available for different purposes. The village also has a Dutch Reformed chapel, and a Roman Catholic church was built in 1837.\nA monument in the village honors Stuyvesant. It consists of a model of a sailing ship on top of a glacial erratic.\nDemographics\n 1954 – 378\n 1959 – 370\n 1964 – 328\n 1969 – 286\n 1974 – 150\n 2004 – 60\n 2008 – 90\n 2012 – 87\n 2016 – 82\nReferences\nExternal links\nGeography of Weststellingwerf\nPopulated places in Friesland\nEaston Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery located in Easton, Pennsylvania and the burial site of many notable individuals."}] | |
['13679842', '13679981', '13680018', '13680030', '13680142'] | output_images/13679842,13679981,13680018,13680030,13680142.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "\"Like a Boss\" is a song written and recorded by comedy hip hop troupe The Lonely Island and released on their debut studio album Incredibad. The song is a parody of the song of the same name from Slim Thug's debut album Already Platinum. The song is narrated by a businessman (Andy Samberg) who describes his increasingly outlandish daily activities as \"the boss\".\nThe music video initially aired as an SNL Digital Short on Saturday Night Live with actor Seth Rogen. In 2011, it was subject to a lawsuit from the producers of the song, who claimed they never received proper compensation for their work.\nSong\n\"Like a Boss\" premiered as a Saturday Night Live Digital Short on April 4, 2009. In the song, Andy Samberg is a businessman, evidently in middle management, having a performance review. The reviewer asks him to describe the things he does in an average day, and does so for the remainder of the song in his trademark aggressive style, with the activities described initially being mundane management tasks but becoming increasingly bizarre throughout the course of the song. The lyrics \"like a boss\" are repeated after every activity. This song parodies the song of the same name by Slim Thug.\nVideo\nThe video features Seth Rogen, recording over the vocals done by Akiva Schaffer on the single. The video adds additional visuals not included with the words of the song. It ends with Samberg's tombstone being shown (which has the epitaph \"He was da Best\"), and a skeptical Rogen trying to confirm some of the more bizarre events with Samberg. The \"bomb the Russians\" part shows Samberg attacking St. Basil's Cathedral.\nThe video features brief cameo appearances from Saturday Night Live writers John Mulaney and Paula Pell as the worker that Samberg micromanages and the birthday worker, respectively, Casey Wilson as the woman giving Samberg the memo, Kristen Wiig as Samberg's office crush Debra, Jason Sudeikis as Samberg's boss, and Bill Hader as the man on whom Samberg performs fellatio. It also features Jorma Taccone as the man giving him the lawsuit, and Akiva Schaffer selling him the gun. Abby Elliott and Bobby Moynihan can be seen in the video as background dancers."}] | |
['13680143', '13680174', '13680318', '13680336', '13680337'] | output_images/13680143,13680174,13680318,13680336,13680337.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "\"Vikings of the Gloves\" is a Sailor Steve Costigan short story by Robert E. Howard. It was originally published in the February 1932 issue of Fight Stories. It was reprinted under the title \"Including the Scandinavian!\" after Howard's death and attributed to the Fight Stories housename \"Mark Adam\". Howard earned $65 for the sale of this short story.\nThe story follows Costigan's participation in a \"Scandinavians Only\" boxing match in Japan and the complications that arise.\nPlot\nHaving docked in Yokohama and looking for a boxing match to raise money, Costigan and the crew of the Sea Girl find that the only fight club in town is booked up with Swedes vs. Danes matches because the whaling fleet is in port as well. Luck seems to come, however, when the Swedish sailor Dirck \"The Gotland Giant\" Jacobsen breaks his wrist and a replacement is needed quickly for the match against the Danish sailor Hakon Torkilsen that night.\nThe crew try to pass of Costigan as a Swede called Lars Ivarson. The club owner does not believe the ruse but has no other option. The fight goes ahead, although the crowd is unconvinced as well. Further complications soon arise. The first complication is that the match referee turns out to be a man Costigan knocked out earlier in the day for attempting to kick his dog Mike. He knows who Costigan is and tells him he'll reveal everything at the end of the match, at which point the crowd will turn on Costigan for intruding on a Scandinavian matter. The second complication emerges soon after the match starts. A rival captain got the Sea Girl's captain drunk and tricked him into betting the Sea Girl on Hakon Torkilsen to win and signing a contract as proof. Despite the captain's pleas, Costigan refuses to throw the fight, both for himself, for his ship mates who have bet everything on him, and for the Swedes that he is now representing.\nThe fight continues regardless and Hakon turns out to be an equal for Costigan. The complications distract Costigan and render his performance uneven. He is knocked down several times. The problem of the bet is resolved when the rival captain, Gid Jessup, gets too near the ring while Costigan has almost been knocked out of it. Costigan grabs the contract, the only proof of the bet, and begins to eat it. Jessup tries to retrieve it, but Swedes in the audience, thinking he is trying to interfere with their boxer, attack him. Free of that problem, Costigan decides to fight to the finish regardless of the referee's threat. This too is solved quite soon after when, in the confusion of the fight, the referee accidentally starts to count Costigan out in Spanish (having only used Swedish, Danish and Norwegian so far). Costigan realises that he isn't Scandinavian, either, and the referee admits that he is an American vaudeville linguist called John Jones who took the job because he needed the money.\nCostigan and Hakon fight savagely but Hakon eventually collapses in a corner and cannot get up again. The Swedish captain celebrates with Costigan and, after the match they have seen, does not mind that he clearly is not one of his countrymen.\nPublication history\nVikings of the Gloves was first published in the February 1932 issue of the pulp magazine Fight Stories. Since that time it has been reprinted in these publications:\n Fight Stories, Fall 1940, retitled as \"Including the Scandinavian!\" and attributed to the housename \"Mark Adam\"\n The Howard Review #2, March 1975\n REH Fight Magazine #3, September 1991\n Waterfront Fists and Others, 2003\n Waterfront Fists and Others, 2004\n Boxing Stories, 2005\nThe story is now in the public domain."}] | |
['13680367', '13680383', '13680395', '13680406', '13680414', '13680435', '13680486'] | output_images/13680367,13680383,13680395,13680406,13680414,13680435,13680486.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Scott Glenndale Martin King (born June 25, 1967) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in two National Hockey League games for the Detroit Red Wings during the 1990–91 and 1991–92 seasons. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1990 to 1993, was spent in the minor leagues. He was drafted 10th (190th overall) in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft.\nEarly life \nKing was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario. He headed west from his hometown to join the Richmond Sockeyes of the British Columbia Junior Hockey League during his teenage years.\nCareer\nMinor league hockey\nA fast reflex goalie with a right-handed catch, King quickly earned the starting job for the Sockeyes and played 40 games that year, winning 23 and with a 5.05 goals against average (GAA). During the 1985–86 season, King played for the Vernon Lakers and posting an even better 17–9–0 record in 29 games with a 4.64 GAA. The Detroit Red Wings decided to draft King 190th overall in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft.\nKing attended University of Maine after beginning the 1986–87 season with the Abbotsford Falcons. He had four successful years with the Maine Black Bears men's ice hockey team, being named to all-star teams, his last three years there and winning the Hockey East championship game in 1989 against the Boston College Eagles.\nNHL\nFor the 1990–91 season, King had graduated from the University Maine and joined the Detroit Red Wings organization. He started play for the Hampton Roads Admirals of the East Coast Hockey League playing 15 games. His 8–4–1 record allowed him to be quickly called up to the Adirondack Red Wings of the American Hockey League. In 24 games King posted an 8–10–2 record, but showed promise and poise in the crease. When injury struck Red Wings goalie Tim Cheveldae, a slew of promising minors were called up to try and fill the void for the big club. King was called up on January 28, 1991 to back up goaltender Glen Hanlon in a game against the New Jersey Devils. New Jersey scored four goals against Hanlon in the first 15 minutes and he was pulled, putting King into his first NHL game. King gave up two goals on 11 shots but ended up with no record as the Wings lost 2–6. King finished out the year with Adirondack."}] | |
['13680492', '13680508'] | output_images/13680492,13680508.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Discourses of Epictetus (, Epiktētou diatribai) are a series of informal lectures by the Stoic philosopher Epictetus written down by his pupil Arrian around 108 AD. Four books out of an original eight are still extant. The philosophy of Epictetus is intensely practical. He directs his students to focus attention on their opinions, anxieties, passions, and desires, so that \"they may never fail to get what they desire, nor fall into what they avoid.\" True education lies in learning to distinguish what is our own from what does not belong to us, and in learning to correctly assent or dissent to external impressions. The purpose of his teaching was to make people free and happy.\nThe Discourses have been influential since they were written. They are referred to and quoted by Marcus Aurelius. Since the 16th century, they have been translated into multiple languages and reprinted many times.\nTitle and dating\nThe books did not have a formal title in ancient times. Although Simplicius called them Diatribai (Διατριβαί, Discourses), other writers gave them titles such as Dialexis (Διαλέξεις, Talks), Apomnêmoneumata (Ἀπομνημονεύματα, Records), and Homiliai (Ὁμιλίαι, Conversations). The modern name comes from the titles given in the earliest medieval manuscript: \"Arrian's Diatribai of Epictetus\" (). The Greek word Diatribai literally means \"informal talks\".\nAs to the date, it is generally agreed that the Discourses were composed sometime in the years around 108 AD. Epictetus himself refers to the coins of Trajan, which shows he was teaching during that reign. Arrian was suffect consul in around 130, and since forty-two was the standard age for that position, he would have been at the right age of around twenty in 108. Furthermore the \"commissioner\" of the \"free cities\" to whom Discourse iii. 7 is addressed is thought to be the same man Pliny the Younger addresses his Letter viii. 24—a letter which has been dated to around 108.\nWriting\nThere were originally eight books, but only four now remain in their entirety, along with a few fragments of the others. In a preface attached to the Discourses, Arrian explains how he came to write them:\nThe Discourses purport to be the actual words of Epictetus. They are written in Koine Greek unlike the Attic Greek Arrian uses in his own compositions. The differences in style are very marked, and they portray a vivid and separate personality. The precise method Arrian used to write the Discourses has long been a matter of vigorous debate. Extreme positions have been held ranging from the view that they are largely Arrian's own compositions to the view that Epictetus actually wrote them himself. The mainstream opinion is that the Discourses report the actual words of Epictetus, even if they cannot be a pure verbatim record. A. A. Long writes:\nSetting\nThe Discourses are set in Epictetus' own classroom in Nicopolis and they show him conversing with visitors, and reproving, exhorting, and encouraging his pupils. These pupils appear to have been young men like Arrian, of high social position and contemplating entering the public service. The Discourses are neither formal lectures nor are they part of the curriculum proper. The regular classes involved reading and interpreting characteristic portions of Stoic philosophical works, which, as well as ethics, must have included instruction in the logic and physics which were part of the Stoic system. The Discourses instead record conversations which followed the formal instruction. They dwell on points which Epictetus regarded as of special importance, and which gave him an opportunity for friendly discourse with his pupils and to discuss their personal affairs. They are not, therefore, a formal presentation of Stoic philosophy. Instead the Discourses are intensely practical. They are concerned with the conscious moral problem of right living, and how life is to be carried out well.\nThemes\nThree parts of philosophy\nEpictetus divides philosophy into three fields of training, with especial application to ethics. The three fields, according to Epictetus, are, (1) desire (ὄρεξις); (2) choice (ὁρμή); (3) assent (συγκατάθεσις):"}] | |
['13680567', '13680600'] | output_images/13680567,13680600.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Thomas F. Kinslow (January 12, 1866 – February 22, 1901) was a professional baseball player who played catcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1886 until 1898. He played for eight teams in his ten-season career. Four of those seasons were with Brooklyn Bridegrooms of the National League (NL). During his playing days, his height was listed at , his weight as , he batted and threw right-handed, and had blonde hair.\nHe was a member of the Washington Light Infantry, a local Washington, D.C. militia, and played in many of their amateur baseball games throughout his life. When not playing, he tended to his bar. Noted for being a genial, friendly individual, he was quick to make friends, and was a fan-favorite in his hometown of Washington, D.C. Kinslow was a heavy drinker however, which caused him to miss games and team movements on occasion. Late into his career, these alcohol issues were much less tolerated, eventually hastening his exit from the game. He died at the age of 35, after a year-long battle with tuberculosis.\nEarly life\nThomas Kinslow was born on January 12, 1866 in Washington, D.C.; his father Michael worked as a laborer and an ice dealer, later working in the oyster business. He began playing amateur baseball in the city's first ward on a team known as the \"Quicks\", as well as a team named the Falcons. He later became a member of the Washington Light Infantry, Company C, a local militia, and played as their catcher against the 5th Maryland Regiment on June 29, 1885; a game won by Washington 11–7.\nBaseball career\nEarly career\nKinslow made his MLB debut with the Washington Nationals of the NL on June 4, 1886 as their starting catcher. He injured his finger in the third inning trying to catch a bad pitch thrown by Bob Barr, and had to leave the game. On June 15, he was again injured by a Barr pitch, and forced to leave the game with a dislocated finger. He played in three games for the Nationals in 1886, collecting two hits in eight at bats.\nIn 1887, he was signed by the Peanut Eaters of the Pennsylvania State Association, and played in 36 games before being sold to the Detroit Wolverines of the NL, along with Ed Beatin for $1,000 on July 27. Soon, the deal was put on hold by the NL, as the Cincinnati Red Stockings of the American Association (AA) also claimed they had a deal in place for these players. On September 6, an arbitration board for the NL and AA leagues convened to render their findings. They found that Detroit's contract with the players was dated on July 20, which superseded Cincinnati's contract that was signed on July 27, and awarded Detroit the players. Detroit then sold their contracts with the players to the London Tecumsehs of the International Association. Though he did not play for London in 1887, he did play in two games for the New York Metropolitans of the AA, going hitless in eight at bats.\nBrooklyn\nKinslow played the next two seasons for the Tecumsehs, and had a batting average of .200 in 1888, but improved it to .343 in 1889. In 1890, a new league was created, the Players' League (PL), and he signed with Ward's Wonders of Brooklyn. During the season, he had a batting average of .264, and caught 64 games. On June 28, he hit the first home run of his career in a game against Henry Gruber and the Cleveland Infants. Later, on July 11, he hit two home runs in the same game off of George Keefe of the Buffalo Bisons, the only time Kinslow would achieve this feat."}] | |
['13680604', '13680613', '13680626'] | output_images/13680604,13680613,13680626.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Wei Xuantong (魏玄同; 617 – November 2, 689), courtesy name Hechu (和初), was a Chinese politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaozong dominated by Empress Wu, And later alone the regency of his wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian) over their sons Emperor Zhongzong and Emperor Ruizong. During Emperor Gaozong's reign, he had drawn hatred from the official Zhou Xing as the conveyor of the bad news that Zhou was not getting promoted, and in 689, Zhou, having by that point become one of Empress Dowager Wu's trusted secret police officials, falsely accused Wei of opposing Empress Dowager Wu. She forced Wei to commit suicide.\nBackground \nWei Xuantong was born in 617, near the end of the Tang dynasty's predecessor, the Sui dynasty. He was from what would eventually become Ding Prefecture (定州, roughly modern Baoding, Hebei), and his grandfather Wei Shikuo (魏士廓) had served as a general for Northern Qi.\nDuring Emperor Gaozong's reign \nWei Xuantong himself had passed the imperial examination, and thereafter became the magistrate of Chang'an County, one of the two counties making up Tang's capital Chang'an. By 664, he was serving as the director of performance reviews at the ministry of civil service, when, on account of his friendship with the chancellor Shangguan Yi, who had been executed after unsuccessfully trying to persuade Emperor Gaozong to depose his powerful wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian), Wei was exiled to the Lingnan region. It was said that during his exile, he was not particularly interested in returning to politics, and he spent most of his days hunting.\nEarly in Emperor Gaozong's Shangyuan era (674–676), there was a general pardon, and Wei was recalled to the capital. Liu Shenli (劉審禮) the minister of public works was aware of Wei's talent, and he recommended Wei. Wei was subsequently made the secretary general of Qi Prefecture (岐州, roughly modern Baoji, Shaanxi), and then the deputy minister of civil service. In 682, he was given the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor de facto. He was also created the Baron of Julu.\nAround this time, Wei also submitted a lengthy petition to Emperor Gaozong, advocating a major reform of the civil service system. In his petition, he pointed out that during the Zhou dynasty and Han dynasty, the responsibilities for recommending, promoting, and evaluating officials were split between various central government officials and local officials, and that only during Cao Wei and Jin dynasty (266–420) did the responsibilities began to be concentrated in a single ministry of civil service—a system that he found faulty in that it required a small number of officials to make snap judgment as to the merits of the officials for the entire state, and therefore, even if the officials were capable and honest, they would not be able to make correct decisions all the time—and that the system was open to manipulation through corruption or incompetence. Emperor Gaozong did not take action on his petition."}] | |
['13680647', '13680658', '13680686', '13680695', '13680698', '13680702'] | output_images/13680647,13680658,13680686,13680695,13680698,13680702.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "T. M. Gray (born November 23, 1963) is an American horror author of many short stories, several novels and a nonfiction book on ghost hunting. Gray lives in Birch Harbor, Maine, and is a member of the Horror Writers Association.\nEarly life and education \nAt four years of age, Gray's family moved from Bar Harbor, Maine, to nearby Winter Harbor. She attended schools in Gouldsboro and Sullivan and took secretarial classes in Bangor. At age 17, she wrote her first novel and met Stephen King in October 1980. In December of that year, she fell in love with Robert Gray, a lobster fisherman from Wonsqueak Harbor, Maine. They married on August 10, 1984. They have two children, son Thomas Gardner (born in 1985) and daughter Robyn Elizabeth (born in 1991).\nCareer \nGray's professional writing career began with short horror stories. \"Compassion\" was one of the first to be published (in 1999 at Bloody Muse, a zine owned by Bram Stoker winning author Weston Oches). Since then, Gray's stories have been published in print magazines such as Morbid Curiosity, Thirteen Stories, Scared Naked and in various anthologies (Small Bites, The Blackest Death, Vol. II, and Femmes de la Brumme among others).\nGray's first novel, a rambling, error-ridden erotic vampire tale written in high school, was never published, nor was Gray's second novel, Eriksson's Vinlanda, a work based on the Icelandic Sagas. The third try was a success, however when Mr. Crisper (mass market size tpb) was published in 2004 by Hellbound Books, and later that year The Ravenous (trade paperback) was published by Black Death Books. Ghosts of Eden (hardcover) was published in 2005 by Five Star, a Thomson Gale imprint. Gray's nonfiction Ghosts of Maine was published by Schiffer Books in February 2008.\nWriting style \nIn an interview with Staci Layne Wilson of About.com, Gray admits being drawn to write dark tales at a young age. \"[Fairytales] triggered something in my psyche as a small child. Sleeping Beauty or Rapunzel, perhaps...and later on, George A. Romero's Night of the Living Dead and King's novel Salem's Lot. I've been asked why I chose horror as a genre for my writing. I always say it's the other way around: horror chose me.\"\nGray revealed the most memorable thing anyone has said about her work in an interview at The Eternal Night, a book review site in Britain. Says Gray, \"Well, a few years ago, I submitted a story to an editor who wrote back and said it was the sickest thing she ever read, but then she said it was \"sick in the best sense of the word\". I may be warped, but knowing that the editor had seen a lot of bizarre stuff in her career, I took her comment as a huge compliment, especially since the story was as psychological as it was gritty-physical. I went on to sell it elsewhere (twice!), and it received a Stoker recommendation, so I guess others thought it 'sick' as well.\"\nGray's books and stories take place in Maine, and according to a 2005 Library Journal review: \"Gray (Mr. Crisper and The Ravenous) continues her tradition of creating compelling horror tales with a strong foothold in setting and regional folklore.\" In a 2005 interview by Kopfhalter! magazine, Gray explains why so many of her works happen in coastal Maine: \"I like to think it's more cerebral than merely writing what I know, but when it comes right down to the wire, New England is a fairly scary place. Without question, coastal Downeast Maine is beautiful, breathtaking even, but bottom line is this: it's an isolated, harsh and natural beauty, and nature itself is neutral, neither bad nor good. It just is. Only when something terrible happens...it seems mighty evil. That's what's really frightening: the misinterpretation of events and the inability to foresee what lies ahead...\"\nCollaborations "}] | |
['13680742', '13680786', '13680802', '13680815', '13680825'] | output_images/13680742,13680786,13680802,13680815,13680825.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Derek Arthur Ramsay Jr. (born December 7, 1976) is a British-Filipino model, actor, and host. As of 2019, he is an exclusive talent of GMA Network. In 2021, he file for indefinite leave and is currently inactive in showbiz to attend personal life.\nEarly life and education\nRamsay was born on December 7, 1976, in Enfield, England, and he was raised in Cainta, Rizal, Philippines. His Filipina mother, Remedios Paggao, was the head of the housekeeping unit of 11 Cadogan Gardens in England, and his British father, Derek Arthur Ramsay Sr. was an inspector for the Metropolitan Police Service stationed in Scotland Yard. He was educated in the Philippines at Maria Montessori High School and a boarding school in England. He studied for an undergraduate degree in marketing in New Hampshire and Boston.\nCareer\nModelling\nEarly in the 2000s, Ramsay found work as an MTV VJ, a model, as well as TV commercial actor.\nTelevision and film\nRamsay first came into wider public attention in Eat Bulaga! as a co-host of the segment Pool Watch from 2001 to 2004 on GMA Network.\nIn April 2012, he signed a three-year contract and transferred to TV5.\nHis first show on TV5 was The Amazing Race Philippines. After his contract expired in February 2015, he signed another three-year contract with TV5 on 28 April 2015.\nAfter months of speculations about network transfer, Ramsay returned to GMA Network and signed an exclusive contract with the network on 3 April 2019. He started in the network as a co-host of Eat Bulaga! from 2001 to 2004. His first comeback Kapuso project was The Better Woman that garnered high ratings aired on 2019.\nIn 2020, he was supposed to topbilled a project Kapuso project entitled Sanggang Dikit however because of the pandemic the production was halt. Later on, he received an offer to do with To Love and To Hold but he declines the role due to lock-in taping."}] | |
['13680844', '13680849', '13680874'] | output_images/13680844,13680849,13680874.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Downderry () is a coastal village in southeast Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated west of Plymouth and one mile east of Seaton.\nDownderry has a long beach of light shingle. There is road access down to the beach via a slipway although this is blocked by a locked gate, pedestrian access is still possible. Dogs are allowed on the beach. The beach further east is a nudist beach.\nThe village and beach offer views of Looe Island to the west and Rame Head to the east and on clear days the Eddystone Lighthouse offshore.\nThe village has a Church of England church, a Methodist chapel, a shop with a post office, a pub, a restaurant, a coffee shop and a primary school.\nThe Church of St Nicolas Downderry began as a mission church to service the growing population of the village. The building dates from the late 19th century.\nPoints of interest\nBass rock\nApproximately east of the village center is a rocky outcrop known locally as \"Bass Rock\", this is a popular fishing spot as it affords access to deeper water.\nColeadon\n further on from Bass Rock are the cliffs of Coleadon, the promontory past these cliffs means access to the beach past this point is cut off at high tide.\nThe Long Stone (Shag Rock)\nPast Coleadon is a stretch of beach which ends in a rocky outcrop known locally as \"Shag Rock\" after the seabirds who can be seen sitting on the rock drying their wings after diving for fish. This marks the end of easy foot access to the coastline. There is a path up the cliff which leads to the road above this beach, the climb is pleasant but reasonably strenuous. The ruins of an old Victorian lodge, known as \"St Germans Hut\", can be found halfway up this cliff path.\nTelevision transmitter\nOn one of the hills above the village is a television transmitter which serves as a repeater for the local area.\nChain Home bunkers\nDuring the Second World War Downderry was the site of a Chain Home radar installation. The remains of this installation are present and can be found on the East side of the village. One of the bunkers has been converted into a residential garage, the other is no longer accessible from the road as it is now private property.\nNeolithic earthworks"}] | |
['13680885', '13680942', '13680953', '13680969', '13681024'] | output_images/13680885,13680942,13680953,13680969,13681024.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Model 1840 noncommissioned officers' sword was adopted by the United States military in 1840. Based primarily on a sword used by the French Army, the model 1840 NCO proved somewhat heavy hilted and ill balanced. For over 70 years, it was widely used by the Army; today its usage is restricted to ceremonial occasions. The sword had a 31-inch (79 cm) blade (some being slightly longer), a cast brass hilt resembling the more expensive wire-wrapped leather grips, and a leather scabbard rather than the steel used by cavalry troopers and officers, although some makers, such as Emerson and Silver, issued a steel scabbard rather than leather to protect from wear. Leather scabbards were phased out beginning in 1868.\nHistory\nThe sword replaced a weapon more commonly known as the Model 1832 foot artillery sword which was used by both the infantry and the artillery regiments from 1832 to 1840. Its wearing was granted to all sergeant ranks until it came out of use in 1875. Additionally first sergeants and above would wear a waist sash from 1821 to 1872. The sword was worn either on a white or black baldric or with an Enfield bayonet frog. A shorter version with a 26-inch blade was carried by musicians, this was called the Model 1840 musicians' sword.\nThe M1840 has had a long service life, seeing frontline service from the Mexican–American War to the American Civil War until the Spanish–American War. During the Civil War it wasn't always issued to volunteer regiments.\nThe primary contractor for the production of the M1840 NCO sword seems to have been the Ames Manufacturing Company. During the Civil War multiple companies were contracted by the U.S. government to manufacture edged weapons alongside Ames. Two of these companies, Emerson and Silver and Christopher Roby, manufactured M1840 NCO swords. The weapon was made with a blunt edge as swords at the time were sharpened only when they were expected to be used in action. The narrow blade was a compromise between cut and thrust actions, yet the thick spine favors stabbing over than slashing techniques. It was the main weapon of standard bearers (along with the Colt Army Model 1860 and Colt 1851 navy revolver) and hospital stewards, as well as a secondary weapon for infantry NCOs. The sword was also used by the Confederates who captured many after seizing state arsenals.\nIn 1868 the ordnance board recommended that no more leather sword, or bayonet scabbards be purchased, so after the leather ones were used up, a black Japanned steel scabbard was substituted, along with a new pattern leather frog. It remained in service as a ceremonial weapon until general orders No. 77 dated August 6, 1875 discontinued its use. A modern version of this sword with steel scabbard is currently permitted for wear by US Army platoon sergeants and first sergeants; in practice it is rarely seen outside the 3rd Infantry Regiment (the \"Old Guard\") and honor guards. Some army NCOs have this sword and wear it for social occasions, regardless of duty as a platoon sergeant or first sergeant.\nReferences \n Army regulations dated 1841, page 379\n Brassey's history of uniforms, Mexican–American War 1846–48, \n The U.S. Army in the west 1870–1880. uniforms weapons and equipment.\nExternal links\n http://www.civilwarantiqueshop.com/sw21.htm\n http://www.angelfire.com/wa/swordcollector/marks/page1.html\nSwords of the United States\nAmerican Civil War weapons\nCeremonial weapons\nPower to the People is the third book written by conservative radio show host Laura Ingraham. The book was published in 2007 by Regnery Publishing, and details Ingraham's views on the current political and cultural climate, including illegal immigration, the war against Islamofascism, the Supreme Court of the United States, the American education system, and the \"pornification\" of American culture. In the book, Ingraham describes how ordinary people can take charge and fight for traditional American values, she also presents examples of recent victories against amnesty for illegal immigrants and Verizon Wireless' sponsorship of Akon.\nThe book also details Ingraham's conversion to Catholicism and her battle with breast cancer.\n2007 non-fiction books\nPolitical books\nGreatest Hits: 18 Kids (known as Greatest Hits: 19 Kids on the reissue) is a greatest hits album by Keith Urban, released on 20 November 2007 by Capitol Nashville. It contains 16 of Urban's hits as well as two new songs. Two versions of the album were released: a regular edition and a special edition; the second disc includes 12 music videos. Both versions use the radio edits of Urban's songs, except for \"Somebody Like You.\" Also included is a cover of Steve Forbert's 1980 single \"Romeo's Tune\" and a re-recording of the non-single \"Got It Right This Time\", from his 2006 album Love, Pain & the Whole Crazy Thing.\nThe album debuted at number 11 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, selling at least 117,000 copies in its first week. It received a Gold certification from both the RIAA and CRIA. It has sold 1,208,700 copies in the U.S. as of April 2017."}] | |
['13681032', '13681038', '13681064', '13681081'] | output_images/13681032,13681038,13681064,13681081.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "High School Football Heroes (HSFH) is a ska punk band from Long Island, New York. HSFH blends the sound of 3rd wave ska with indie rock, drawing comparisons to acts such as Less Than Jake, Taking Back Sunday, RX Bandits and Sublime. The band released two records with Asbestos Records. In late 2006 the band disbanded as members opted to pursue other interests. In 2014 the band reunited and began releasing music in a yearly demo format. The most recent HSFH releases are always available for free download through the band's digital platforms. They are also available for streaming via all major outlets.\nMembers of High School Football Heroes have performed with Against Me!, Catch 22, The King Blues, Straylight Run, The Fad and Edna's Goldfish. Dave Solomon and Jason Rutcofsky were early members of Bomb the Music Industry!.\nOriginal Run \nHSFH began releasing yearly demos in 2001. During this time, the band also released a split EP with fellow Long Island ska band Premarital Sax, under Justin Conrad's Crappy Jack Records label. By 2003, enough EPs and demos had been distributed, and enough of a response had been garnered to warrant a full-length release. \"Close Only Counts in Horseshoes and Hand Grenades\" is the first (and only) full-length release from HSFH, consisting of 14 songs. The album was the first of two HSFH albums to be released by Asbestos Records (CT). Recorded at Sabella Studios of Roslyn Heights, NY, the 28 minute full length is a frantic, energy-filled production that provides a close representation of the band's live performances at the time.\nAfter three years of consistent touring, the band released a self-recorded six-song EP entitled \"We've Fooled Around Long Enough\". The album was recorded at Hofstra University, using Jason Rutcofsky's studio time as a student there. High School Football Heroes self-recorded and self-produced the album, with Dave Solomon and Chris Askin recording the guitar tracks in the absence of a permanent member at the time. Receiving extremely positive reviews and fueled by a long stint on the Van's Warped Tour, 3,500 copies of \"We've Fooled Around Long Enough\" were sold in the two months following its release.\nBreakup \nIn 2006, coming off of the Van's Warped Tour, the band decided to disband, citing various reasons. Between 2006–2014, members of HSFH joined or started other acts on Long Island including Barnaby Jones, Family Lumber, Trust in Numbers, Rice Cultivation Society, ROBBERS, and The Nix86.\nIn 2011, Dave Solomon, Joe Masterson, Jason Rutcofsky, Chris Askin and Travis Herdt (a past HSFH guitarist) formed Liars, Etc. With similar writing to HSFH, Liars Etc. carries a similar feel to HSFH, but without a horn section. Liars Etc. has not released any recorded music to date.\nGo Big! was formed and is fronted by Jason Rutcofsky. In addition to lead vocals, Rutcofsky performs on guitar, piano, synthesizer and saxophone. Joe Masterson and Dave Solomon of HSFH are also permanent members of Go Big!. The band is active and performs regularly in the Long Island/NYC area.\nReturn \nIn late 2013, Dave Solomon and George Argyrou began writing songs together, with intentions of performing as a two-piece acoustic act. Within a matter of months, HSFH reunited, adding Jeff Bourlier of Too Short Notice (NJ) on guitar as a permanent member. In December 2014, the band released \"2K14\", its first recording since 2006. In 2015, Jeff's brother Scott Bourlier (also formerly of Too Short Notice) joined HSFH on trombone.\nDiscography\n¡Viva La Rock! (2001, Crappy Jack Records)\nClose Only Counts in Horseshoes and Hand Grenades (2004, Asbestos Records)\nWe've Fooled Around Long Enough... (2006, Asbestos Records)\n2K14 (2014 - Digital)\n2K15 - Like Dynamite (2015 - Digital)\nExternal links\n Bandcamp\nAmerican ska punk musical groups\nMusical groups from Long Island\nIncheon National University (INU), previously also known as University of Incheon (UI), is a national university, operated by the legal entity (법인, 法人) established by the Government of the Republic of Korea, aiming for a world-class flagship university in the city of Incheon, part of Seoul Capital Area. "}] | |
['13681085', '13681194', '13681226', '13681230', '13681346', '13681399', '13681418'] | output_images/13681085,13681194,13681226,13681230,13681346,13681399,13681418.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "\"So High\" is a song by American singer John Legend. It was written by Legend along with Paul Cho and DeVon \"Devo\" Harris for his debut album Get Lifted (2004), while production was helmed by the latter. The song was originally recorded the same year on his third live album, Solo Sessions Vol. 1: Live at the Knitting Factory and is built around a sample of \"I Don't Need No Reason\" by American band Jr. Walker & The All Stars. Due to the inclusion of the sample, Leon Ware and Pam Sawyer are credited as songwriters. Released as the album's fourth and final single, it peaked at number 53 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Issued along a remix version which features different beats and singer Lauryn Hill on vocals was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals in 2005.\nTrack listings\nCharts\nReferences\n2005 singles\nGOOD Music singles\nJohn Legend songs\nLauryn Hill songs\nSongs written by John Legend\nSongs written by Lauryn Hill\nSongs written by Devo Springsteen\nSongs written by Leon Ware\nSongs written by Pam Sawyer\nWilson David Matthews (July 18, 1921 – May 12, 2002) was an American football coach. He became a high school coaching legend in the state of Arkansas after winning 10 state championships and producing a 33-win streak in 11 years at Little Rock Central High School. He later became an assistant to Frank Broyles at the University of Arkansas. \nBorn and raised in rural Atkins, Arkansas, Matthews attended local Atkins High School, where he played varsity football under coach Raymond Burnett and was a two-time All-State selection. Matthews went on to play at Arkansas Tech University, where he was an All-Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference (AIC) honoree in 1940 and 1941. He continued his playing career at the University of Arkansas for one year under George Cole. In 1943, Matthews was drafted for military service and assigned to the Monticello A&M V-12 Program, where he played with the Monticello Marine-Navy team. He earned his bachelor's degree and his master's in education from Arkansas. Matthews also served his country in the U.S. Marine Corps during World War II.\nIn 1944 Matthews became head coach at Rogers High School in Rogers, Arkansas. After a single season, finished with a 7–3 record, Matthews left Rogers for the Little Rock High School, where he became an assistant to his former high school coach Raymond Burnett. As Burnett moved on to coach Arkansas Tech University, Matthews was named head coach, taking over one of the premier high school football programs in the nations. The Little Rock Central Tigers had won the mythical national championship in 1946.\nMatthew's first Tiger teams went 12–0–1 in 1947 and 9–1–1 in 1948. His next two teams finished 10–1 and 10–2. In 1951, his team was 9–3 but a one-point loss to North Little Rock that season was the last defeat a Matthews-coached Central team had against competition from Arkansas. The Tigers were undefeated in the state the next six years. Matthews led the Tigers to unbeaten seasons in 1956 and 1957, and left the school with a 33-game winning streak. His 1957 team won the schools second mythical national championship.\nMatthews joined the University of Arkansas Razorbacks in January 1958, coaching the defensive ends and linebackers at Arkansas before taking administrative duties in 1969. He continued to coach the freshmen until being named assistant athletic director in 1973. As a varsity coach, Matthews coached two All-Americans and eight All-Southwest Conference players. During his tenure the Hogs appeared in eight bowl games. Matthews served as an assistant and then associate athletic director until 1992 when he assumed the title of associate athletic director emeritus. Matthews was inducted to the Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame in 1971."}] | |
['13681437', '13681456', '13681493', '13681543', '13681549', '13681588', '13681623'] | output_images/13681437,13681456,13681493,13681543,13681549,13681588,13681623.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "\"Svetlina\" AD (), or more commonly only Svetlina, is the name of 2 Bulgarian lighting manufacturing plants. The word () means \"light\", while AD is an abbreviation of () - the Bulgarian type of joint-stock company.\n\"Svetlina\" AD, Sliven \nLocated in the city of Sliven, this plant produces mainly lamps, lanterns and light bulbs intended for indoor and home use. However, the electrical components and bulbs for the street lamps, produced by the other plant of Svetlina in Stara Zagora, are also produced there. \"Svetlina\" Sliven is a successor of the first factory for production of electrical lamps in Bulgaria and on the Balkan peninsula. The beginning is laid during 1934 with incandescent lamps for general lighting service. Later on during 1957 begins the production of fluorescent lamps; during 1962 - of automobile lamps; during 1973 - of halogen lamps; during 1977 - of mercuri lamps with high pressure. Quartz glass with high purity is produced from 1977.\n\"Svetlina\" AD, Stara Zagora \nFounded in 1949 in the city of Stara Zagora, this plant produces vehicle lamps, ship projectors and many more. It also produces a variety of street lams, the most popular models of which are 36.9.900.094, 36.2.900.101 and 36.2.900.103. An interesting fact is that these lamp models survived for two decades before being replaced with newer, but (as reported by independent specialists in the field of lighting) inferior street lamps, produced by Hit Lighting - Bulgaria. Svetlina's lanterns are bigger and heavier than the Hit Lighting ones. However, they also have bigger refractors, thus spreading light more efficiently. In addition they have an original design, whether the lanterns of Hit Lighting look very similar to the current lanterns of other manufacturers, e.g. General Electric and Technosvet. Svetlina luminaries stayed almost the same in the outside (because their design is considered both standard and aesthetic, while in the same time not being obsolete), but constantly changed in the inside. They were also exported to many countries, particularly to USSR, Russia and Germany. Highly neglected from 2001 to 2006, these lanterns are currently regaining their popularity from the past. As of Early 2008, there aren't any sources available on whether or not these lamp models are still produced.\nSee also "}] | |
['13681634', '13681637', '13681677'] | output_images/13681634,13681637,13681677.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Taurinus of Évreux (died ca. 410), also known as Taurin, is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. His legend states that he was the first bishop of Évreux. He evangelized the region and died a martyr.\nLegend\nHis largely legendary life is known through a manuscript of the 10th century, itself based on a ninth-century text. The legendary life was written by a monk named Deodatus, who added details according to the standard passiones of the time, mixing factual information with wonderful stories. The garbling of dates and traditions thus ensures that it is impossible to date the time of Taurinus' episcopacy, although scholars usually place it at the beginning of the fourth or in the middle of the fifth century. \nTaurinus was born in Rome to Tarquinius, a heathen, and Eustycia (Eusticie, Euticia), a devout Christian. An angel appeared to Eustycia to announce that her son would have a great destiny. He was baptized by Pope Clement I; Denis the Areopagite (misidentified with Denis, first bishop of Paris), who was considered one of the first disciples of Paul, was his godfather. According to Louis Duchesne this legend arose about the ninth century, when Abbot Hilduin of Saint-Denis was intent on proving the identity of Dionysius the Areopagite with Dionysius (Denis), first Bishop of Paris. Thus, the legend assured that there was an \"apostolic succession\" from Paul directly to the episcopate of Évreux.\nTaurinus became bishop of Evreux around 385. His legend states that Taurinus faced a demon at Évreux that took three shapes: that of a lion, a bear and a buffalo. These metamorphoses either represented various deadly sins, or represented the official Roman religion (lion), the worship of Diana (bear), and the local agrarian-based religions (the buffalo). According to Orderic Vitalis in his Historia Ecclesiastica, Taurinus expelled the demon from the local temple of Diana, and when it obeyed his order to break its own idols it was not immediately cast into the Pit, but was instead punished by remaining in the place where it had ruled while seeing the people it had tormented saved. He reported that it was known by the local people as Gobelinus, and still haunted Évreux, appearing in various shapes, but hurt no-one. Taurinus then converted the local pagan temple into a church, dedicating it to the Virgin Mary. Two priests of the goddess, Cambise and Zara, had attempted to stop Taurinus from entering the temple, but they were immobilized after the bishop made the sign of the cross. They then asked to be converted to Christianity.\nA number of miracles were associated with Taurinus. His legend states that he raised a girl, Euphrasia, from the dead after she died in a fire. After he had done so, there was no trace of burn marks on her. Taurinus’ miracle led to 120 converts. Taurinus also brought back to life Marinus, the son of the local prefect, who had fallen into a hole and died from the impact. After a short prayer, Taurinus revived the young man. At once, Marinus requested baptism for himself and his entourage, and 1200 other people.\nAfter Taurinus' death, Maximus of Evreux was sent by Pope Damasus I to continue his predecessor's work.\nVeneration\nA monastery dedicated to Taurinus was built around the sixth century; it was restored in the tenth century at the instigation of Richard I of Normandy. \nBishop Landulphus is credited with having discovered, in answer to fervent prayer, the relics of Taurinus; he built a basilica in the Taurinus's honour. Taurinus' relics were translated to various places. In 892, Bishop Sebarius (Sébar) transferred some of his relics to Lezoux (Puy-de-Dôme). Some of this Lezoux group of relics was later carried to the Abbey of Cluny. In the ninth century, at the time of the invasion of the Normans, the remaining group was transferred to Gigny (Jura), and their presence there is attested as of the 12th century. Other relics were deposited in the church of Pézy before being transferred in 1024 to Chartres Cathedral."}] | |
['13681718', '13681817', '13681821'] | output_images/13681718,13681817,13681821.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Amplitude and phase-shift keying (APSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by modulating both the amplitude and the phase of a carrier wave. In other words, it combines both amplitude-shift keying (ASK) and phase-shift keying (PSK). This allows for a lower bit error rate for a given modulation order and signal-to-noise ratio, at the cost of increased complexity, compared to ASK or PSK alone.\nQuadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) can be considered a subset of APSK because all QAM schemes modulate both the amplitude and phase of the carrier. Conventionally, QAM constellations are rectangular and APSK constellations are circular, however this is not always the case. The distinction between the two is in their production; QAM is produced from two orthogonal signals. The advantage of APSK over conventional QAM is a lower number of possible amplitude levels and therefore a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). The resilience of APSK to amplifier and channel non-linearities afforded by its low PAPR have made it especially attractive for satellite communications, including DVB-S2.\nConstellations \nThere are many APSK constellations. Circular constellations are the most common. There may be multiple circular constellations of the same order, for example 16-APSK could be implemented using a (1, 5, 10) constellation or a (5, 11) constellation. Increasing the number of rings decreases the bit error rate but increases the PAPR. Other APSK constellations include triangular, rectangular and hexagonal constellations.\nA careful design of the constellation geometry can approach the Gaussian capacity as the constellation size grows to infinity. For the regular QAM constellations, a gap of 1.56 dB is observed. The previous solution, where the constellation has a Gaussian shape, is called constellation shaping.\nReferences\nFurther reading\n DVB-Flexible Serially Concatenated Convolutional Turbo Codes with Near-Shannon bound performance for telemetry applications, CCSDS-131.2-O-1.\n De Gaudenzi, R., Guillén i Fàbregas, A. and Martinez, A., 2006. Turbo‐coded APSK modulations design for satellite broadband communications. International journal of satellite communications and networking, 24(4), pp.261-281.\nQuantized radio modulation modes\nGeoffrey Harold Posner (born 7 July 1949) is a British television producer and director. Posner has directed and produced some of Britain's most successful comedy shows since the early 1980s.\nCareer\nStarting off as a director on the satirical show Not the Nine O'Clock News, he also directed Revolting Women for BBC Manchester in 1981, a sketch show featuring amongst others Jeni Barnett and Linda Broughton, and in 1982 went on to direct the groundbreaking BBC2 anti-sitcom The Young Ones. Working also as an assistant producer on that show, he went on to produce in the same year the unaired pilot of the Rowan Atkinson historical sitcom Blackadder. One of his biggest successes came in 1985, when he produced and directed the multi-award-winning Victoria Wood As Seen On TV, a sketch show written by (and starring) the comedian.\nPosner has since produced and directed some of the most popular British television comedies of the 1990s and 2000s. They include Harry Enfield's Television Programme, French & Saunders, Paul Calf's Video Diaries, and dinnerladies. More recently he was one of the TV directors covering the Live 8 concert. He was also producer of the second and third series of Little Britain.\nHis shows have won six BAFTA awards and been nominated for another seven.\nPosner formed Pozzitive Television with fellow TV producer David Tyler in 1992.\nPosner also directed the 1998 Eurovision Song Contest in Birmingham and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Concert in 2012.\nHe was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Essex in 2016.\nTelevision productions \nRevolting Women, director, episode one, 1981\nTop of the Pops, director, five episodes, 1980-1981 \nNot the Nine O'Clock News, director, series 4, 1982\nBlackadder, director, pilot, 1982\nBlankety Blank, director, one episode, 1982\nThe Young Ones, director, 1982\nCarrott's Lib, director, 1982 - 1983\nThe Lenny Henry Show, director, 1984-1988\n Madness The Pilot, director, TV short, 1984\nLenny Henry Tonite, director, 1986\nFrench and Saunders, director, 1987-1988\nThe Robbie Coltrane Special, director, 1989\nVictoria Wood: As Seen on TV, director/producer, 1989\nJohn Sessions' Tall Tales, director, 1991\nJosie, director, 1991\nPaul Merton: The Series, director, 1991\nHarry Enfield's Television Programme, director, 1992\nVictoria Wood's All Day Breakfast, director, 1992\nIt's A Mad World, World, World, World, director, 1994\nPaul Calf's Video Diary, director / producer, 1994\nVictoria Wood: Live In Your Own Home, director/ producer, 1994\nA Christmas Night With the Stars, director, 1994\nPauline Calf's Wedding Video, director/ producer, 1994\nCoogan's Run, director/ producer, 1995\nThe Tony Ferrino Phenomenon, director/ producer, 1997\nHarry Enfield and Chums, director/ producer, 1997\nVictoria Wood: Live, director/ producer, 1997\nEurovision Song Contest 1998, director, 1998\nStephen Fry's Live From The Lighthouse, director/ producer, 1998\nSteve Coogan: The Man Who Thinks He's It, director/ producer, 1998\ndinnerladies, director/ producer, 1998-2000\ntlc, director/ producer, 2002\nThe Prince's Trust 30th Birthday: Live, director/ producer, 2006\nLittle Britain series 2 and 3, director/ producer, 2004-2006\nMusic Hall Meltdown, director/ producer, 2007\nGiles Wemmbley-Hogg Goes Off... to Glastonbury, director/producer, 2007\nMarcus Brigstocke: Planet Corduroy, director/producer, 2007\nSaturday Live Again, director/ producer, 2007\nTwo Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, 'The Aftermath', director, 2009\nBig Top, director/ producer, 2009\nThe Angina Monologues, director/ producer, 2010\nThe One Ronnie, director/ producer, 2010\nCome Fly With Me, producer, 2010-2011\nThe One Griff Rhys Jones, director/ producer, 2012\nCatherine Tate's Nan, director/ producer, 2014-2015\nVictoria Wood: From Soup to Nuts, executive producer, 2018\nOther work \nPosner also produced and directed a number of live events, including the Opening Ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games, the Royal Wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton, and the Jubilee Gala 2013.\nNotable awards and nominations \nCarrott's Lib, BAFTA, Best Light Entertainment Programme - winner, 1984\nVictoria Wood: As Seen on TV, BAFTA, Best Light Entertainment Programme - winner, 1986\nVictoria Wood: As Seen on TV, BAFTA, Best Light Entertainment Programme - winner, 1987 a\nVictoria Wood on TV, BAFTA, Best Light Entertainment Programme - winner, 1988\nFrench and Saunders, BAFTA, Best Light Entertainment Programme - nominated, 1989\nThe Lenny Henry Show, BAFTA, Best Light Entertainment Programme - nominated, 1989\nHarry Enfield's Television Programme, BAFTA, Best Light Entertainment Programme - nominated, 1993"}] | |
13681835 | output_images/13681835.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Justin Meldal-Johnsen (born March 26, 1970) is an American musician, record producer, songwriter and musical director. He is best known for his work with artists such as Poppy, Beck, Paramore, Nine Inch Nails, M83, Air, and St. Vincent.\nMeldal-Johnsen served as the touring bassist, guitarist, and keyboardist for Nine Inch Nails between 2008 and 2009, and was Beck's bassist and musical director from 1996 until mid-2016. In 2021, he began work as a bassist, keyboardist and musical director for St. Vincent.\nOther artists Meldal-Johnsen has worked with include Garbage, The Mars Volta, Frank Ocean, Dixie Chicks, Tori Amos, Charlotte Martin, Dido, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Goldfrapp, Blood Orange, Pete Yorn, Turin Brakes, Marianne Faithfull and Ladytron. As a producer, Meldal-Johnsen has worked with M83, Paramore, Metric, Tegan and Sara, Deafheaven, Poppy, Jimmy Eat World, The Naked and Famous, School of Seven Bells, Neon Trees, Young the Giant, Ken Andrews, Division Day and more.\nMusician career and history\nMeldal-Johnsen grew up in Los Angeles, obsessively listening to his parents' records and received his first bass guitar at the age of twelve. Like most budding musicians, he spent his time playing along to his favorite bands' records and jamming in garages. His interests were wide, but centered on American post-punk (Hüsker Dü, Fugazi, The Minutemen, Sonic Youth) and UK post-punk, goth, and dream pop (Wire, Cocteau Twins, Gang of Four, Love and Rockets, Bauhaus, New Order, Joy Division). After high school at the age of seventeen, he worked the night shift as a janitor at Cherokee Recording Studios in Hollywood, looking in on late-night sessions, and occasionally invited to witness the proceedings.\nIn 1987 he met Beck, and the two would form a lasting friendship and shared musical interests that would eventually culminate in Justin joining Beck's touring band many years later. From 1988 to 1993, Meldal-Johnsen was in LA alternative rock bands Last Carousel and This Great Religion, with Tony Hoffer. In 1994, he joined the band Pet, which featured singer Lisa Papineau and guitarist Tyler Bates. Also in 1994, Meldal-Johnsen joined Los Angeles alt-noise band Medicine with Brad Laner, and recorded and toured with them until their eventual break-up in 1996. Laner and Meldal-Johnsen would continue to record and work together on projects such as Electric Company as well as Laner's various solo albums in years to come.\nIn early 1996, Beck asked Meldal-Johnsen to join his touring and recording band, which he was a member of from 1996 until leaving in May 2016, an announcement which was made during Beck's set at the Beale Street Music Festival during band introductions in a poignant send-off. He recorded with Beck on albums such as Odelay, Mutations, Midnite Vultures, Sea Change, Guero, The Information, Morning Phase, as well as a great quantity of hitherto unreleased material. \nIn 1998, he joined up with French band Air for their Moon Safari tour, followed by the recording of their 2001 album 10 000 Hz Legend. In 2002, he helped to form the band Ima Robot, and On September 6, 2003, Ima Robot released their first full-length album, the self-titled Ima Robot. The album featured the singles \"Dynomite\" and \"Song #1\" (released in the UK only), and the band supported their album by touring worldwide with artists such as Hot Hot Heat, The Von Bondies, Jane's Addiction, The Sounds, and others. In 2006, he briefly joined Gnarls Barkley, acting as the musical director and assembling the touring band. He was involved in just two performances before re-joining with Beck: The Coachella Festival and a secret show at The Roxy in Hollywood.\nIn 2008, Meldal-Johnsen met with Trent Reznor and was invited to join the Nine Inch Nails touring band as bassist, guitarist, and keyboard player. Meldal-Johnsen spent the majority of 2008 to 2009 in Nine Inch Nails on their Lights in the Sky (2008), and NIN|JA / Wave Goodbye (2009) tours. In 2010, Beck asked Meldal-Johnsen back into the studio to contribute to a large body of work to be divided amongst multiple eventual releases. During the 2010s he also toured with Beck, but mainly focused on producing. In 2017, he was honored by the Fender Musical Instrument Corporation with the worldwide release his own signature instrument, the JMJ Road Worn Mustang Bass. In 2021 he returned to performing in a new role as bassist, musical director, and synth player with St. Vincent, starting off with a performance on Saturday Night Live.\nProducing career"}] | |
['13681849', '13681867', '13681876', '13681933'] | output_images/13681849,13681867,13681876,13681933.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Air Chief Marshal Zulfiqar Ali Khan (Urdu: ذوالفقار علی خان; 10 December 1930 – 8 March 2005) , was the first four-star air officer in the Pakistan Air Force and later a diplomat. He was the Air Force's Chief of Air Staff from 15 April 1974 to 22 July 1978. Upon retirement, he served on a diplomatic assignment, and headed the diplomatic mission to the United States as Pakistan's ambassador from 1989 to 1990.\nBiography\nZulfikar Ali Khan was born in Lahore, Punjab, British India, on 10 December 1930. He attended a local school in Lahore where he did his matriculation.\nFrom 1947, he attended the Military College Jhelum, but joined the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) in 1948 when he transferred to the Pakistan Air Force Academy in Risalpur, NWFP in Pakistan. He was commissioned in the Air Force as a pilot officer and passed out from the PAF Academy in 1950 in the class of 7th GD pilot course on 21 December 1950. IN 1956, Flt-Lt. Khan first command assignment was to No. 20 Squadron Eagles.\nIn the 1960s, Squadron-Leader Khan was educated at the Air War College, where he earned a degree in staff course. In 1965, Sq-Ldr. Zulfikar Ali Khan participated in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, commanding No. 9 Squadron Griffins against the Indian Air Force. From 1966 to 1968, Wg-Cdr. Zulfiqar Ali Khan was posted in the Foreign ministry and briefly served as air attaché at the High Commission of Pakistan in New Delhi, led by H.E. Arshad Hussain.\nIn 1968, he was promoted to group captain and was posted in East Pakistan, where he was appointed as officer commanding of operations wing of Dacca Air Base, under its Air Officer Commanding, Air Cdre. Inamul Haq. Air Cdre. Khan participated in Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan against the Indian Air Force.\nGp-Capt. Khan was taken prisoner by the Indian Army after the Eastern Command was surrendered by its GOC-in-C, Lieutenant-General A. A. K. Niazi. In 1973, he was repatriated to Pakistan and was allowed to continue his military service and was promoted to a one-star rank, air-commodore, and took over the Air Force Academy as its commandant in 1973, but later posted as commandant of the Air War College for a short time.\nHis assignments include Officer commanding No. 11 Squadron Arrows, No. 9 Sq. Griffins, and AOC of the Sargodha Air Force Base.\nChief of Air Staff\nIn 1974, Air-Cdre. Zulfiqar Ali Khan was promoted to air vice marshal and was appointed as Deputy Chief of the Air Staff of Aerial Planning at the Air Headquarters in Islamabad but was later posted as Director-General of Air Operations.\nOn 14 April 1974, AVM Zulfiqar Ali Khan was surprisingly appointed the second Chief of Air Staff to take over the command of the Air Force as an air-marshal. The appointment was controversial since Air-Marshal Zafar Chaudhry resigned, and Air-Marshal Khan had succeeded seven senior air officers in the Air Force.\nIn 1975, he helped established the Northern Air Command, based in PAF Base Kalabagh, oversaw the induction of the MiG-15 as a jet trainer, establishment of the Air Defence Command, and provided his support to rebuilding Mirage III aircraft at the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex.\nOn 1 January 1976, Air-Mshl. Khan was promoted to four-star rank, air chief marshal (ACM), becoming the first four-star officer in the Pakistan Air Force. ACM Zulfiqar Ali Khan was then made senior member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, and honored with the NI(M) for meritorious services. During this same time, ACM Zulfikar Ali Khan helped establish the Combat Commanders' School set up under Gp-Capt. Cecil Chaudhry."}] | |
['13681944', '13682063'] | output_images/13681944,13682063.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Swami Vipulananda () (27 March 1892 – 20 July 1947), also known as Vipulananda Adigal, was a Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu social reformer, literary critic, author, poet, teacher and ascetic from the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Vipulananda was an early pioneer associated with the Indian-based Ramakrishna Mission in Sri Lanka. Along with other reformers, Vipulananda was instrumental in the revival of the Hindu religion and native traditions in Sri Lanka after a long period of dormancy and decline during the previous 500 years of colonial rule by various European powers.\nBiography \nVipulananda was born in the village of Karativu, in the south of Batticaloa in Sri Lanka in 1892. His father's name was Samiththamby and mother's name was Kannamma. His birth name was Mylvaganam. Vipulananda had his early education in St. Michael's College National School in Batticaloa city. After completing his high school education at the age of 16, Vipulananda became a teacher in various cities across the island nation. During his tenure as a teacher he completed his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of London, and also became the first Sri Lankan Tamil Pandithar, a degree awarded by the Tamil Nadu-based Madurai Tamil Sangam, a linguistics academy created to promote the study of Tamil language. Vipulananda eventually became the head of operations of the Ramakrishna Mission in Sri Lanka as well as a professor of Tamil language in two universities.\nLiterary contributions \nApart from Vipulananda's knowledge of Tamil he also knew English, Greek, Latin, Sanskrit and Sinhala.\nAfter researching Tamil music and other Indian musical forms and musical instruments for many years, Vipulananda produced the seminal book of scientific research in Tamil called the Yazh Nool, or Book of Stringed Musical Instruments, which was published just before he died in 1947. The book was an effort by the author to understand and explain the intricacies and technicalities of genre of Tamil music in general, and the stringed musical instruments in particular, using modern techniques and tools of research and calculations based on mathematics and physics. Yal Nool is recognized as a unique work of its kind.\nUsing the literary traditions in Sanskrit, Greek and English he wrote Mathangaculamani, a translation of twelve of Shakespeare's plays, as a treatise on drama with commentaries focusing on various aspects of drama such as the plot, structure, sequence of action, characterization, subjective experience and gestures. Professor Chelva Kanaganayagam, in a critical review of Mathangaculamani, concludes that \nVipulananda also served as editor of several publications including Ramakrishna Vijayam (Tamil), Vivekananda (Tamil) and Prabuddha Bharata (English). He also edited and helped publish literary works of several well-known scholars. His translations from English to Tamil include selected writings of Swami Vivekananda, Bengali Nobel Laureate Rabindra Nath Tagore and historian Kathiresan Chettiar. He also translated from Tamil to English selected poems from the Sangam literature period, devotional songs from the Bhakti movement period, and poems of Subramanya Bharathi and Navaneetha Krishna Bharathi.\nVipulananda authored six major Tamil publications: a collection of four Prabanthangal, Mathangaculamani, The Great Dance of Thillai, Umamageswaram (all related to Saiva traditions of the Hindu religion), Dictionary of Technical Terms on Chemistry and Yal Nool. A collection of 170 essays, written from 1914 to 1947, were published posthumously in four parts in 1995. He also wrote many poems, and a collection of 32 of his poems was published in 1995. He was a good public speaker and most of his speeches, focusing mainly on history of the Tamils, Tamil literature, Tamil music and musical instruments, and Vedanta philosophy, were published in international journals and magazines.\nRamakrishna Mission \nFounded in 1897 by Swami Vivekananda, the disciple of Ramakrishna, the Ramakrishna Mission is a unique order of ascetics and volunteers dedicated to service to community, irrespective of religious, caste, creed or language differences. The mission, while promoting spiritual development, does not believe in religious conversion. The mission's charitable and philanthropic activities focus mainly on the provision of educational and medical services to the weaker segment of the population through schools, hospitals and orphanages run by the mission. It became a counter weight to Christian missionary-run charitable organizations throughout South Asia.\nVipulananda initially met the head of the Mylapore Ramakrishna Mission, Swami Sarvananda, in Colombo in 1916. This was followed up with another visit in Jaffna in 1917. He entered the Mylapore Ramakrishna Math in 1922 for his monastic training. On completion of the training in 1924, he was given the name Vipulananda. After his ordination he dedicated his life to educational and spiritual pursuits and service to the community in Sri Lanka and India."}] | |
['13682132', '13682155', '13682216', '13682262', '13682267', '13682299', '13682306', '13682323', '13682373'] | output_images/13682132,13682155,13682216,13682262,13682267,13682299,13682306,13682323,13682373.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Ancient theatre of Ohrid of the Hellenistic period is located in Ohrid, North Macedonia. It was built in 200 BC and is the only Hellenistic-type theatre in the country as the other three in Scupi, Stobi and Heraklea Lynkestis are from Roman times. It is unclear how many people the original theater used to seat, as only the lower section still exists. The open theater has a perfect location: the two hills that surround it keep it protected from winds that could interfere with acoustics during performances.\nDuring Roman times, the theater was also used for gladiator fights. However, since the theater was also a site of executions of Christians by the Romans, it rapidly turned to a highly disliked site by the locals. In fact, as a result of this dislike, the theater was abandoned and buried by the locals after the demise of the Roman Empire. This allowed for most of the structure to be well preserved, only to be uncovered accidentally in the 1980s. Namely, during construction work around some of the houses in the area, large stone blocks with carvings of the Greek god Dyonisius and the muses were showing up, which led archaeologists to believe that a Greek theater (Dionysus and the muses were related to the performance arts) must have been located nearby. \nSince the late 1980s, the theater is again a site of public performances, such as plays, concerts, operas, ballet performances. Recently, high-profile cultural performances such as those by the Bolshoi and José Carreras take place each summer as part of the Ohrid Summer Festival.\nSee also\n List of ancient Greek theatres\nReferences\nArchaeological sites in North Macedonia\nOhrid\nTheatre\nTheatre\nTheatre\nOhrid\nKangnam County is one of the two suburban counties of Pyongyang, North Korea. It is north-west of Songrim, north-east of Hwangju County, west of Chunghwa County, and south of Nakrang-guyok. It is the location of cooperative farms and smaller industrial complexes. It became part of Pyongyang in May 1963, when it was separated from South P'yŏngan. In 2010, it was administratively reassigned from Pyongyang to North Hwanghae; foreign media attributed the change as an attempt to relieve shortages in Pyongyang's food distribution system. However, it was returned to Pyongyang in 2011.\nDivisions \nThe county is divided into one town (up), and 18 'ri' (villages)."}] | |
['13682381', '13682443', '13682447', '13682464', '13682481', '13682487'] | output_images/13682381,13682443,13682447,13682464,13682481,13682487.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh (fl. 1603 – 1616), sometimes anglicised as Lewey O'Clery, was an Irish Gaelic poet and historian. He is best known today as the author of Beatha Aodha Ruaidh Uí Dhomhnaill, a biography of Red Hugh O'Donnell.\nLife\nBorn in Tír Conaill (modern-day County Donegal), Lughaidh was the cousin of renowned Gaelic historian Mícheál Ó Cléirigh and one of five sons of Maccon Ó Cléirigh, a court poet to the O'Donnells. The Ó Cléirighs had a long tradition as one of Gaelic Ireland's foremost learned families, and the Tír Conaill branch had served the O'Donnells for over two hundred years. Lughaidh and his brothers are the last generation of their sept to be included in the Ó Cléirigh genealogies of the 17th-century.\nIn the lead up to the Ulster Plantation, he was involved as a juror and commissioner in the land surveys in Donegal. Lughaidh participated in the Contention of the bards, an event which probably took place between 1616 and 1624. Of the thirty poems produced by the participants, four were reportedly written by Ó Cléirigh. The 19th-century historian John O'Donovan believed that Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh was the father of the annalist Cucoigriche (Peregrine) Ó Cléirigh, but this has since been disputed. The date of Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh's death is unknown.\nBeatha Aodha Ruaidh Uí Dhomhnaill\nÓ Cléirigh is best known as the author of Beatha Aodha Ruaidh Uí Dhomhnaill (Life of Red Hugh O'Donnell), a biography of Red Hugh, a leader in the Nine Years' War. The work was a major source for the account of the period given in the Annals of the Four Masters and is the fullest contemporary source for O'Donnell's life and career. Lughaidh's work is identified in the Annals merely as the book of Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh. The vagueness of the description led many early scholars to conclude that Cucoigriche Ó Cléirigh had authored the work. In his 1851 edition of the Annals O'Donovan cited Cucoigriche as the author of the Beatha, believing it to be a different text to the work attributed to Lughaidh by the annalists. Eugene O'Curry was the first to attribute the Beatha to Lughaidh, suggesting that Cucoigriche was merely the scribe.\nBeatha Aodha Ruaidh Uí Dhomhnaill is composed in ornate and archaic form of Irish. Unsurprisingly it has a strong Donegal bias. The text survives in one contemporary manuscript, Dublin, Royal Irish Academy MS 23 P 24, written in the hand of Cucoigriche Ó Cléirigh. The work was first edited and translated by Denis Murphy in 1895. A fuller Irish Texts Society edition by Paul Walsh was published in two volumes in 1948 and 1957.\nSee also\n Peregrine Ó Duibhgeannain\n Mícheál Ó Cléirigh\n John O'Donovan (scholar)\nReferences\nExternal links\n Catalogue description and digital images of the manuscript at Irish Script on Screen\n Walsh's edition of Beatha Aodha Ruaidh Uí Dhomhnaill online at CELT\n17th-century Irish historians\nPeople of Elizabethan Ireland\nWriters from County Donegal\n17th-century Irish-language poets\nIrish chroniclers\nIrish scribes\nBookers Tower is a Grade II listed four-storey octagonal tower built in the 19th century, in the Gothic style. It is in Guildford, Surrey, and can be found along Beech Lane, behind the Mount Cemetery (resting place of Lewis Carroll).\nBuilt on high ground to the west of Guildford town centre, it was commissioned by the then mayor of Guildford, Charles Booker in memory of his sons, Charles and Henry, who had both died at the age of 15, and was completed in 1839. After its completion it was used to commemorate Queen Victoria's marriage to Albert, in 1840. In later years Bookers Tower was used by the Victorian scientist, John Rand Capron, in experiments involving lightning. In World War II it was used an air raid observation post.\nThe tower is not open to the public.\nReferences\nBuildings and structures in Guildford\nTowers in Surrey\nGrade II listed buildings in Surrey\nFollowing the Six-Day War, United Nations Security Council adopted on June 14, 1967 Resolution 237, which called upon the government of Israel to ensure the safety and welfare of the inhabitants of the areas where military operations had taken place and to facilitate the return of those inhabitants who had fled. The resolution also recommended the governments concerned to respect humanitarian principles governing the treatment of prisoners of war and the protection of civilian persons in times of war contained in the Geneva Conventions. The Council also requested the Secretary-General to follow the effective implementation of this resolution and report back.\nSee also\nList of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 201 to 300 (1965–1971)\nSix-Day War\nReferences\nText of the Resolution at undocs.org\nExternal links\n 0237\n 0237\nUnited Nations Security Council resolutions concerning the Israeli–Palestinian conflict\nSix-Day War\nJune 1967 events\nIn computer science, the segment tree is a data structure used for storing information about intervals or segments. It allows querying which of the stored segments contain a given point. A similar data structure is the interval tree.\nA segment tree for a set of n intervals uses O(n log n) storage and can be built in O(n log n) time. Segment trees support searching for all the intervals that contain a query point in time O(log n + k), k being the number of retrieved intervals or segments.\nApplications of the segment tree are in the areas of computational geometry, geographic information systems and machine learning.\nThe segment tree can be generalized to higher dimension spaces.\nDefinition"}] | |
['13682527', '13682531', '13682542'] | output_images/13682527,13682531,13682542.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. war crimes in Vietnam was founded in New York by Ralph Schoenman in November 1969 to document American atrocities throughout Indochina. The formation of the organization was prompted by the disclosure of the My Lai Massacre on November 12, 1969, by Seymour Hersh, writing for the New York Times. The group was the first to bring to public attention the testimony of American Vietnam War veterans who had witnessed or participated in atrocities.\nOrigins\nSchoenman had previously worked on the International War Crimes Tribunal founded by Bertrand Russell. \nThe Commission of Inquiry had a policy‐making board which included Noam Chomsky, Schoenman, Dick Gregory, Melvin L. Wulf, director of the Legal Department, American Civil Liberties Union, Eric Seitz, executive secretary, National Lawyers Guild and Andy Stapp.\nSchoenman left the National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam in the hands of two New Left anti-war activists, Tod Ensign and Jeremy Rifkin. They were joined in early 1970 by several Vietnam War veterans, including Robert Bowie Johnson, a West Point graduate and former infantry captain, and Michael Uhl, a retired 1st lieutenant in military intelligence.\nAmerican Vietnam War veterans and GIs offer personal witness to war crimes\nOverview\nThe National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam's first press conference was in Toronto, Canada, March 4, 1970. Ensign and Rifkin convened three more press conferences in the following two months: Springfield, Massachusetts (April 6, 1970); New York City, New York and Los Angeles, California (April 14); and Boston, Massachusetts (May 7, 1970). Uhl then traveled to Sweden and Australia to brief reporters that American Vietnam war veterans had first-hand evidence of atrocities they had either witnessed or committed themselves. National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam continued to mount press conferences in other cities, culminating in a three-day National Veterans Inquiry, held in Washington, D.C., on December 1, 2 and 3.\nThe testimony offered by veterans at these events provided documentation that American atrocities in Vietnam were not uncommon. This evidence was a counterpoint to the U.S. Army command's assertion that the My Lai massacre was an exception. National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam leaders asserted that atrocities committed by American soldiers were a result of military field policies like \"search-and-destroy\", \"free-fire zones\" and \"forced urbanization\", the saturation bombing of villages believed to be controlled by enemy forces.\nMajor events"}] | |
['13682556', '13682558'] | output_images/13682556,13682558.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Foodland () is a chain of supermarkets operating in Thailand. It is operated by Foodland Supermarket Co. Ltd., and was established in 1972 by Somsak Teraphatanakul. The chain, which positions itself as an upmarket brand, operates twenty-two branches throughout the country.\nHistory \nIn the year 1972, the grocery store business is very new in Thailand the only groceries store that was available at that time is “Daily Lane”. Thus, Mr. Somsak Teraphatakul and his partners decided to first open the grocery store named “Pleonchit Supermarket” it is the first 24 hours opening of a supermarket in Asia. After 6 months, Mr. Somsak and his partner have made a decision to open the second branches of the supermarket named “Patpong Supermarket” which is located on Patpong road.\nUnfortunately, Mr. Somsak does not specialise in the field of retail business service in the form of supermarket chains. So he decided to employ a specialist in retail business from Hongkong as a managing director of company services to assist his business to succeed and develop. For the third branch, he decided to buy the supermarket chain “Daily lane” and changed to name to “Foodland” as well as the 1st and 2nd branches.\nBusiness Crisis During The Pandemic\nEconomic Stimulus \nFoodland uses marketing techniques like the \"buy one, get one free\" campaign. This will be conducted typically once every month to increase sales. Which the feedback was very interested.\nPeg the price \nSince the pandemic started, the political problems in Thailand and various countries have led to a skyrocketing increase in cost. Foodland has dealt with many suppliers to peg the price and to help the customers. As well as the butcher that Foodland produces themselves, the large amount of pork is used and whether the cost of the pork is increasing by 30%, Foodland still trying to fix the price."}] | |
['13682582', '13682656', '13682662', '13682664', '13682670', '13682686'] | output_images/13682582,13682656,13682662,13682664,13682670,13682686.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "In the development of the human embryo, the intraembryonic coelom (or somatic coelom) is a portion of the conceptus forming in the mesoderm during the third week of development. During the third week of development, the lateral plate mesoderm splits into a dorsal somatic mesoderm (somatopleure) and a ventral splanchnic mesoderm (splanchnopleure). The resulting cavity between the somatopleure and splanchnopleure is called the intraembryonic coelom. This space will give rise to the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The coelomic spaces in the lateral mesoderm and cardiogenic area are isolated. The isolated coelom begins to organize into a horseshoe shape. The spaces soon join together and form a single horseshoe-shaped cavity: the intraembryonic coelom. It then separates the mesoderm into two layers.\nIt briefly has a connection with the extraembryonic coelom.\nSee also\n Cavitation (embryology)\nReferences\nExternal links\n http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/hdisqueembry/triderm09.html \n https://web.archive.org/web/20071016082700/http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/coelom.htm"}] | |
['13682714', '13682719', '13682831', '13682898'] | output_images/13682714,13682719,13682831,13682898.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Farrel Corporation is an American manufacturing company based in Ansonia, Connecticut. Today, they manufacture process equipment for the plastics industry, and employ roughly 100 people.\nHistory\nFarrel was founded in 1848 as a foundry by Almon Farrel. During the American Civil War, they produced bayonets and cannon barrels. In 1926, Farrel Foundry merged with Birmingham Iron Foundry of Derby, Connecticut. During the 1920s, Farrel-Birmingham began creating gears for use in US Navy propulsion systems in Buffalo, New York. In 1941, the Navy contracted with Farrel-Birmingham and General Motors to begin manufacturing a rapid reversal gear system that would allow vessels to reverse engines without first slowing down. In 1942, Farrel-Birmingham\nreceived the E award from the Navy for their efforts.\nIn 1963, Farrel Birmingham adopted the current name of Farrel Corporation and began manufacturing process equipment for plastic plants. During the 1970s and 1980s, Farrel went through several owners. In 1986, a group of private equity investors including Rolf Liebergesell, Charles S. Jones and Alberto Shaio, acquired the company from Emhart Corporation (which later merged with Black & Decker) for $1.0 million plus assumption of debt. At the CEO’s direction, Charles S. Jones’s firm divested the Roll Grinder products division, the Railroad products division, the steel extrusion division, and a 25% equity stake in the Italian Pomini enterprise. The Railroad products division was acquired by Simmons Machine Tool Corporation (now NSH USA Corporation) in Albany, New York. Then, Farrel, under Liebergesell’s direction, focused exclusively on its core operations of plastic and rubber equipment. By 1991, under the leadership of Al Shaio, head of sales, revenue doubled to $105 million, with $5.4 million in operating income.\nIn 1992, Charles S. Jones led Farrel’s IPO on NASDAQ, underwritten by Paine Webber and First Albany for a pre-money valuation of $52.1 million, giving the original investors a 52.1x return in less than six years, with an IRR of 92.1%. Following the acquisition, Charles S. Jones led the acquisition of Farrel’s major competitors, including Rockstedt OHG in Germany, Francis Shaw Rubber Machinery Ltd. and PRC Fabrications Ltd in the United Kingdom and Skinner Engine in Erie, Pennsylvania.\nIn 2009, Farrel was acquired by the HF Machinery Group division of L. Possehl & Co., of Lübeck, Germany.\nIn 2016, Farrel built a new facility in Ansonia.\nReferences\nExternal links\nManufacturing companies based in Connecticut\nCompanies based in New Haven County, Connecticut"}] | |
['13682920', '13682924', '13682978'] | output_images/13682920,13682924,13682978.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Benjamin A. Muncil (28 Aug 1867 – 16 Dec 1930) was an American master builder in the Adirondacks early in the 20th century. He was a major figure in the architectural development of the Adirondack Great Camps; among his many projects was Marjorie Merriweather Post's Camp Topridge, Northbrook Lodge, and White Pine Camp, a summer White House of US President Calvin Coolidge.\nBorn in Vermontville, New York, he started life as a lumberman at age 14 and as a guide and camp caretaker on Upper St. Regis Lake at age 18. He was the first to use \"brainstorm siding,\" wavy-edged cladding, in place of clapboard, at several camps, including White Pine Camp on Osgood Pond in 1907. Other projects included Camp Longwood and the Huntington camp, both on Spitfire Lake, and the Little Camp on Upper St. Regis Lake. The main boathouse at Topridge, with its curving cedar railings and twig work screens, is one of the major and last examples of the naturalistic rustic tradition introduced by W. W. Durant. He also designed the American Craftsman style Brighton Town Hall at Brighton, New York in 1914 and Northbrook Lodge at Paul Smiths, New York in 1919–1922.\nReferences\nExternal links\nAdirondack Connections article on two Muncil sites. (pdf)\nUnited States Department of the Interior, National Park Service ADIRONDACK CAMPS THEME STUDY (pdf)\nAmerican carpenters\nRustic style architects\nAdirondack Great Camps\n1867 births\n1930 deaths\nPeople from Franklin County, New York\nGuaro is an informal descriptive term for people from Lara State, in Venezuela. Guaro also means a blond haired person sometimes is used to refer a person that is not that intelligent relating it to the color of hair, it is also used by inhabitants of Lara, Yaracuy, Portuguesa, and Trujillo to refer to people (i.e. \"ese guaro\") much like \"bloke\" or \"dude\" is used in UK and US English. Also, in those regions, Guaro is an adjective used to describe someone who talks (or says) too much. Guaroloco (crazy guaro) is traditionally said of mischievous or extroverted people. It's relatively easy to recognize the people from this region of Venezuela because of their extensive use of the word guaro and its derivatives.\nVenezuelan culture\nDemonyms\nThe following is a list of characters from the Japanese anime franchise Bubblegum Crisis.\nand allies"}] | |
['13682985', '13682989'] | output_images/13682985,13682989.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "James Faed (4 April 1821 – 23 September 1911) was one of three famous Scottish brother painters/artists.\nEarly life\nJames was the second son of the six children of James Faed, tenant of Barlay Mill, near Gatehouse of Fleet, Galloway, and Mary née McGeoch. Two of his brothers, John and Thomas and his son James Faed, Jnr. also became artists.\nIn his early years his father thought James had a marked talent for engineering. When he was sixteen he built a dinghy in one of the outhouses at Barlay Mill, taking him a year. At seventeen he went to Maryport with his father and brother John. While John was painting miniatures, James did the same work as his father's men.\nPainter\nHowever, with his father's death in 1842 and his work at Barlay Mill virtually at an end, in 1846 James joined his two brothers, John and Thomas, who were living at 6 South West Circus Place in Edinburgh. James began to paint fine landscapes, miniatures, and portraits in oils and watercolours and became a regular exhibitor at the Royal Scottish Academy for twenty years. His watercolour Coast Scene on the Colvend Coast is in the Aberdeen Art Gallery. Two of his miniatures, Isabella Lockhart Robertson and Miss Mary Duncan (both now in private hands) are particularly fine.\nBy 1850 James and Thomas had moved out of Circus Place and obtained a house together at 16 Comely Bank.\nMezzotinter\nIntroduced to the mezzotint engraver, John Bonnar, James became interested in a more rapid process for preparing the plate for the engraver – possibly the engineering streak in him his father noticed. He also developed an intense interest in mezzotinting and soon began his career in that art and as an engraver in general. As a mezzotinter, for over fifty years, he was possibly only excelled in his day by Samuel Cousins (1801–1887). Several of Faed's mezzotints were commissioned by the Royal Association for the Promotion of Fine Arts in Scotland.\nEngraver\nAbout 1871 James went to Australia in order to visit his brother William, who had emigrated, and stayed at Stony Park, Brunswick, the home of Theodotus John Sumner. When that house was later destroyed by fire, a record discovered mentioned that many engravings of cottage life, and proofs, by James Faed, were lost in the fire, but that some which survived were hung in the dining room of the rebuilt house.\nHis engravings of portraits became widely in demand and his first patron was John Watson Gordon who in 1850 became President of the Royal Scottish Academy and Her Majesty's Limner for Scotland. Faed engraved at least one hundred and thirty three plates, one of which was a Royal Commission for the painting of Queen Victoria and Prince Arthur, by Winterhalter, and his last commission was a portrait of the Countess of Seafield which was hung in the Royal Academy in 1877."}] | |
['13683007', '13683009', '13683030', '13683035', '13683045'] | output_images/13683007,13683009,13683030,13683035,13683045.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Jules Denis Onana (born 12 June 1964 in Yaoundé) is a retired Cameroonian football player. He is the brother of Elie Onana. He played for the club Canon Yaounde, and also took part in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, playing 3 of the 5 matches of the Cameroon national football team. He decided to retire in 2005 after he played in several clubs in Cameroon, France and Indonesia with Pelita Jaya. After retirement, he served as the player agent in Asian countries. He had 56 caps for Cameroon national football team.\nHonour\nCanon Yaounde\nCameroonian Championship: 1 (1991)\nCameroonian Cup: 1 (1993)\nReferences\nExternal links\n1964 births\nLiving people\nFootballers from Yaoundé\nCameroonian men's footballers\nCameroonian expatriate men's footballers\nCameroon men's international footballers\n1990 FIFA World Cup players\n1990 African Cup of Nations players\n1992 African Cup of Nations players\nElite One players\nIndonesian Premier Division players\nCanon Yaoundé players\nPersma Manado players\nPersis Solo players\nMadura United F.C. players\nExpatriate men's footballers in Indonesia\nCameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia\nMen's association football defenders"}] | |
['13683076', '13683082', '13683090', '13683139'] | output_images/13683076,13683082,13683090,13683139.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The San Cristobal mine in Lipez, Potosí Department, Bolivia is an open-pit silver, lead and zinc mine near the town of San Cristóbal, Potosí. The mine, operated by Sumitomo Corporation, produces approximately 1,300 metric tons of zinc-silver concentrate and 300 tons of lead-silver concentrate per day, , by processing 40,000 to 50,000 tons of rock. It is one of Bolivia's largest mining facilities and, according to Sumitomo, the world's sixth-largest producer of zinc and third-largest producer of silver. It is located in southwestern Bolivia and hosts approximately 450 million ounces of silver and 8 billion pounds of zinc and 3 billion pounds of lead contained in 231 million tonnes of open-pittable proven and probable reserves. As the ore body is open both at depth and laterally, reserve expansion potential is considered excellent. The mine has been in various stages of development since the early 1980s but only recently came into full operation.\nGeology\nSilver was discovered in what would become the Hedionda mine, during the 17th century, by A.A. Barba, a Spanish priest. Carbon dioxide poisoning limited the exploitation of the silver though. Compania Minera de San Cristobal operated the Toldos mine from 1870 to 1921. The Polish engineer J. Jackowski operated the Hedionda mine from 1896 to 1901, and from 1927 to 1936, using a groove in the floor to channel carbon dioxide out of the mine. P. Zubrzycki operated the mine from 1963, before transferring rights to the Lipez Mining Co. in 1966. The Cooperativa Minera Litoral started operating the Animas mine in 1965.\nThe geologic history from Tertiary and Quaternary periods includes 1) deposition and folding of the Potoco Formation, 2) erosion of this formation, 3) deposition of the Quehua Formation, 4) intrusion of the andesite porphyry stocks, 5) hydrothermal circulation altering rocks and depositing oxide-siderite-barite veins containing silver, 6) intrusion of dacite porphyry stocks, uplift of the Potoco and Quehua Formations, and deposition of dacite porphyry lava flows, 7) intrusion of breccia pipes and faulting, 8) deposition of dacite tuff, 9) hydrothermal circulation altering rocks and depositing galena, sphalerite, pyrite, native silver and barite, 10) erosion.\nOwnership\nSan Cristobal Mining Inc. announced on February 13,2023, that it has completed the acquisition of Minera San Cristóbal S.A. and all of its associated assets from Sumitomo Corporation. Quinton Hennigh, President and Director of San Cristobal Mining, said the transaction was funded by Crescat Capital LLC (Denver, Colorado) and other financial partners.\nThe San Cristóbal mine was formerly developed by Apex Silver Mines Ltd. of Denver, Colorado, a company founded in 1993. In September 2006, Sumitomo Corporation of Japan acquired a 35% share of the facility in a financing deal. The acquisition was supported by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation and Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI). Sumitomo Corporation assumed full ownership following Apex Silver's 2009 bankruptcy filing.\nLabor conditions\nA miner works 12-hour shifts from 7 in the morning to 7 at night. Locals alternate working for two weeks with one week of leave. Most of the workers are from local towns in the AltiPlano including San Cristobal, and Culpina K.\nControversy\nThe San Cristobal mine faces some controversy with the Bolivian government due to Bolivian President Evo Morales's desire to nationalize, at least in all but name, the mining industry in Bolivia. Previously the oil and natural gas industry was nationalized and Bolivian troops seized the fields; initially the nationalization took shape in the form of increased taxes for profits in this industry - from 50% to 83%. There has been great fear that next would be the mining industry.\nHowever, on May 1, 2007, President Morales signed Presidential Decree 29117 that assured all mining concessions existing at the time of the Decree will be respected and will remain in effect. This is the most significant step since the May 10, 2006 ruling by the Bolivian Supreme Court which declared the Mining Code to be unconstitutional. The court's ruling is not effective until May 2008 and the court urged the Bolivian Congress to enact legislation during that time which may supersede the ruling.\nUnder the Mining Code, all mineral deposits in Bolivia are the property of the State. Mining concessions awarded by the State grant the holder, subject to certain payments, the exclusive right to carry out prospecting, exploration, exploitation, concentration, smelting, refining and marketing activities with respect to all mineral substances located within a given concession. Under Bolivian law, local and foreign companies are treated equally in obtaining mineral concessions.\nThe court determined that the natural resources of Bolivia are owned by the public and the public must maintain ownership in part of these resources regardless of concessions made to foreign entities wishing to develop these resources. It ruled the State does not have the proper authority to give the aforementioned concessions to private companies wishing to engage in the mining of natural resources. In essence that is to say that a foreign company cannot own in full a mining operation in Bolivia without the State owning a part of it."}] | |
['13683160', '13683164', '13683172', '13683178'] | output_images/13683160,13683164,13683172,13683178.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Alabama Hawks were a professional American football team based in Huntsville, Alabama. They were members of various minor league football circuits in the 1960s: the Southern Football League (1963–64); the North American Football League (1965–66), the Professional Football League of America (1967), and finally the Continental Football League during the league's last two years (1968–1969). While in the CoFL, the Hawks played in the Eastern Division of the Atlantic Conference. During the 1968 season, the team was also known as the Huntsville Hawks.\nIn 1967, in the PFLA's last year of operation, the Hawks won the Western Division with a 9–3 record and hosted the league's championship game at Milton Frank Stadium, losing 31–20 to the Joliet Chargers.\nThe Hawks served as an \"unofficial\" minor league affiliate of the Atlanta Falcons. On August 2, 1969, the Falcons came to Huntsville to play an exhibition game against the Hawks at Milton Frank Stadium; playing mostly rookies, Atlanta easily beat Alabama, 55–0. The contest marked the only time an NFL squad played a Continental League team. (In 1972, the New York Jets rookies would play the minor league Long Island Chiefs and in 1974, the Houston Oilers rookies would play the minor league San Antonio Toros)\nThe Hawks sent several notable players on to the NFL including Jeff Van Note, Chip Myers, Glen Condren, and Art Strahan, uncle of Michael Strahan. Hawks running back Billy \"Tootie\" Hill—who set a record by scoring ten touchdowns in a single game—went on to coach high school football in the area and, later, the semi-pro Rocket City Titans of the Gridiron Developmental Football League.\nReferences\nContinental Football League teams"}] | |
['13683314', '13683368', '13683427', '13683440', '13683508'] | output_images/13683314,13683368,13683427,13683440,13683508.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "James Cranswick Tory (October 24, 1862 – June 26, 1944) was a Nova Scotia businessman and politician. He was born in 1862 to Robert Kirk Tory and Anorah Ferguson in Guysborough County and lived in the village of Guysborough. He attended McGill University in Montreal and worked at Sun Life Assurance Company. In 1894, he married Caroline Whitman. Tory served as a Liberal MLA for Guysborough County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1911 to 1925. He was a minister without portfolio in the province's Executive Council from 1921 to 1925. Tory was appointed the 14th Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia and served from 1925 to 1930. He died in Halifax.\nTory's younger brothers were Henry Marshall Tory, founding president of the University of Alberta and the National Research Council of Canada, and John A. Tory Sr. (1869–1950).\nA portrait of him hangs in the Tupper Building, Dalhouise University, Nova Scotia.\nExternal links\n Tory Tory Tory\n Marble, AE Nova Scotians at home and abroad: biographical sketches ... (1977) p. 385 \n1862 births\n1944 deaths\nCanadian people of English descent\nLieutenant Governors of Nova Scotia\nNova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs\nPeople from Guysborough County, Nova Scotia\nJames Cranswick\nMcGill University alumni\nBusinesspeople from Nova Scotia"}] | |
['13683580', '13683612', '13683619', '13683647', '13683664'] | output_images/13683580,13683612,13683619,13683647,13683664.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Achim Richter (born 21 September 1940 in Dresden) is a German nuclear physicist. He became a professor at the Institute of Nuclear Physics at the Darmstadt University of Technology in 1974 and retired in September 2008. From 1 November 2008 to 31 October 2012 he was director of the European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*) in Trento, Italy. Since 1 November 2012, he has been professor again at the Institute for Nuclear Physics of TU Darmstadt.\nBiography \nRichter was born to builder Georg Edmund Richter and his wife Elsa (née Wenzel). He attended primary and secondary school in Dresden, graduating as dux of the school in 1958, with a university diploma. After his application to study physics at the technical university in Dresden, he was rejected five times on political and ideological grounds, he escaped from East Germany in 1959, via West Berlin.\nIn 1959 he started studying physics at the University of Heidelberg, and was accepted as a member of the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes (Study Foundation of German People) in 1963, two years later he graduated with a degree in physics. In 1967 he was awarded a doctorate by professor Wolfgang Gentner at the Max-Planck-Institute of Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg. From 1967 to 1968 he worked as a research associate in the physics department at Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida. From 1969 to 1970 he worked as a post-doctoral colleague in the physics department of the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois.\nIn 1971 Richter became a research associate at the Max-Planck-Institut of nuclear physics. After completing his post-doctoral qualification in physics at the University of Heidelberg he became an associate professor there. From 1971 to 1973 Richter was a scientific advisor and professor at the Ruhr University Bochum. In 1974 he became director of the institute of nuclear physics of the Darmstadt University of Technology.\nRichter is a member of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (German Physical Society) and of the Deutschen Hochschulverband (German Association of University Professors). At the end of 2005, the American Physical Society elected him as the first non-American to be senior editor of the Reviews of Modern Physics.\nRichter has played the viola from childhood. He is married to Christine Monika.\nWorks \nRichter and his staff members achieved significant research results with the development of the superconducting electron accelerators in Darmstadt S-DALINAC, which was the first accelerator of this kind in Europe, and furthermore the design and setup of the first free electron Laser (FEL) in Germany.\nHe is regarded as the discoverer of the scissors mode in heavy deformed atomic nuclei in 1984. His scientific working fields cover a broad spectra in the areas of nuclear physics, atomic physics, radiation physics, acceleration physics and nonlinear dynamic systems. \nThere are researches about symmetries and conservation laws in light nuclei and phenomena of fluctuations in nuclear reactions, experiments for the electromagnetic suspenses of nuclei with photons, electrons and hadrons as well as works on the area of channeling radiation, non-linear dynamics and quantum chaos.\nHonors \nRichter won numerous honors and recognitions: \n 1964: Winner of the University Award for Physics\n 1988: Gay-Lussac Humboldt Prize\n 1990: Correspondent of the Royal Society of South Africa\n 1992: Winner of the Max Planck Research Award\n 1995: Honorary doctorate of Chalmers University of Technology in Göteborg, Sweden\n 1996: Honorary doctorate of Ghent University, Belgium\n 1996: Correspondent of the Heidelberger Academy of Sciences\n 2000: Honorary doctorate of University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa\n 2000: Honorary doctorate of Kharkov National University, Ukraine\n 2001: Winner of the Stern-Gerlach Medal of German Physical Society\n 2002: Fellow of the American Physical Society\n 2005: Correspondent of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Göteborg, Sweden\n 2006: Gained Tage Erlander Professorship of the Swedish Research Councils\n 2007: Gained an Order of Merit of the State of Hessen\n 2010: Member of the Royal Physiographic Society in Lund, Sweden\n 2010: Member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina\nReferences\nExternal links \nHomepage of Richter at the TU Darmstadt"}] | |
['13683722', '13683732', '13683761', '13683785'] | output_images/13683722,13683732,13683761,13683785.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Howard Peter Tumlinson (June 7, 1920 – June 5, 2008) was an American comic book artist whose work appeared from the late 1940s through the 1950s in titles published by the Marvel Comics predecessors Timely Comics and Atlas Comics, and a book illustrator. His comics work includes most of the early stories of the Western hero Kid Colt.\nBiography\nEarly life and career\nPete Tumlinson was born in Glasgow, Montana, one of four sons of, along with Jack, Dick and Robert, of O. G. and Maude Weaver Tumlinson. Tumlinson attended Texas A&M University, where he originated the cartoon character \"Ol' Sarge\", who became an unofficial student mascot adorning the likes of stickers and coffee mugs decades later. Tumlinson then did military service in World War II, serving as a pilot for SHAEF, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force.\nHis earliest confirmed comic-book work is penciling \"I Hate My Husband!\", an eight-page story (either co-penciled with or inked by George Klein) in the Timely Comics romance title My Own Romance #7 (July 1949). Other early credits include stories in such Western-romance comics as Cowboy Romances #3 (March 1950) and, tentatively credited, Rangeland Love #2 (March 1950). Some sources credit Tumlinson with a small amount of work on the masked-crimefighter series Blonde Phantom in 1948, and in the mythological-superheroine series Venus #6 (Aug. 1949). Another source cites early, uncredited work in D.S. Publishing's 1948-1949 crime comic Gangsters Can't Win and the Western feature \"Nuggets Nugent\" in Orbit Publications' 1948-1951 The Westerner Comics.\nAtlas Comics\nShortly after this, publisher Martin Goodman's comics division had gone from being known as Timely Comics to Atlas Comics. There Tumlinson was the primary artist on Kid Colt, Outlaw from issues #14-24 (May 1951 - Jan. 1953) before turning over the reins, figuratively speaking, to the character's longtime signature artist, Jack Keller. Tumlinson had previously drawn an anthological Western story, \"The Magic of Manitou\", for Kid Colt, Outlaw #13 (March 1951). Later, Tumlinson drew Western stories for Atlas' Outlaw Fighters, Two-Gun Western and Wild Western."}] | |
['13683801', '13683831', '13683910', '13683913', '13683933', '13683972'] | output_images/13683801,13683831,13683910,13683913,13683933,13683972.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "William Parsons Woodard (September 10, 1896 – February 20, 1973), was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He was a scholar of Japanese religion, and served as an advisor on religion and cultural resources during the allied command after World War II.\nPersonal life\nIn 1918 Woodard graduated from Kalamazoo College with a history degree. He spent a short period of military service as a sergeant during World War I. Woodard married Harriet Mead in May 1920 and graduated from Union Theological Seminary in 1921.\nHarriet died in Tokyo, October 9, 1956. Later that year, Woodard married Margaret (Peggy) Cuddeback, a missionary and YWCA secretary.\nWoodard died February 20, 1973, in Pomona, California.\nCareer\nIn 1921 he went to Japan as a missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Congregational Christian Churches). He stayed in Japan until 1941. During the later part of his stay he worked as a secretary in the headquarters of the Kumiai Christian Church.\nFrom 1942 to 1947, he served in the U.S. Navy as an intelligence officer, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Commander. He returned to Japan in 1945 after the end of World War II. He remained in Japan working with the military in a variety of roles related to the Religious Juridical Persons Law, until the end of the Allied occupation in 1952, when he returned to the States.\nIn 1953 he went back to Japan to found the International Institute for the Study of Religions. He served as their director until 1966, when he again returned to the United States.\nAfter returning to the States, Woodard lectured at Claremont Graduate School from 1966 until 1972.\nResearch work\nIn Japan, he showed an interest in Japanese religion, co-authoring with Motonori Ono Shinto: The Kami Way. [Tokyo]: Bridgeway Press, 1962.. with over 500 copies in WorldCat libraries.\nWoodard's research and study of Japanese religions during the Occupation resulted in his 1957 article \"Religion-State Relations in Japan\" in Contemporary Japan v.24, 640-676 (1957), which was at the time considered \"The only scholarly work which concentrates on the occupation's religious efforts\" This was then expanded into his book The Allied Occupation of Japan and Japanese Religions (1972). The book was translated into Japanese as 天皇と神道 : GHQの宗教政策 / Tennō to Shintō : GHQ no shūkyō seisaku.\nIn 1975, WE Skillend writing in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Affairs said \"No student of Japanese religion during the years since the war can fail to acknowledge a debt of gratitude to Mr. Woodard. \" A Companion to Japanese History, said in 2007 that \"Woodard's 1972 study remains the standard work on Japan's religious reformation \".\nSelected works\nReferences \nCongregationalist missionaries in Japan\n1896 births\n1973 deaths\nClaremont Graduate University faculty\nWriters from Kalamazoo, Michigan\nAmerican Congregationalist missionaries\nAmerican expatriates in Japan\nA referendum was held in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island on November 28, 2005, to determine whether to adopt the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) system as recommended by the Prince Edward Island Electoral Reform Commission in 2003.\nThe referendum failed, with \"Yes\" receiving only 36.42% of the popular vote.\nHowever, a subsequent nonbinding plebiscite in November 2016 resulted in a vote of 52.4% in favour of MMP vs. 42.5% for the First-past-the-post system. This was followed by a referendum pitting FPTP and MMP against each other in conjunction with the April 23, 2019 provincial election. The result of that referendum was 49% for MMP vs. 51% for FPTP, but neither side reached the threshold of a majority in 60% of the seats for the referendum to be binding.\nResults\nThe question asked was: Should Prince Edward Island change to the Mixed Member Proportional System as presented by the Commission of PEI's Electoral Future? \n* In order to pass, the referendum had to receive 60% of the province-wide popular vote and a simple majority in 60% (16 of 27) of the electoral districts.\nAnalysis \nThe referendum was held in response to some extraordinarily lopsided results in PEI from the first-past-the post system - cases where the opposition was reduced to only one or two seats despite having a combined 45% share of the vote. The referendum failed to pass by a vote of 64% to 36% in favour of the status quo for a number of reasons, but for Jeannie Lea, the primary lesson to be learned appears to be the need for a referendum such as this to be done as a two-step process, in which the first step is to ask whether a change is considered desirable and the second step involves the choice of a specific model, as was done successfully in New Zealand under the 1992/93 referendum. Otherwise, a bias is created because some people will vote against the proposed because they would prefer something somewhat different.\nOn the other hand, in a 2018 referendum held in the Canadian province of British Columbia, which included a two step question, the voters rejected switching to proportional representation (PR) voting by a similar (61% to 39%) margin."}] | |
['13683986', '13684049'] | output_images/13683986,13684049.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The 2007 Alberta Royalty Review was an independent panel, chaired by William M. Hunter, established by the government of Alberta to review the level of resource royalties collected by the provincial government from petroleum and natural gas companies. In their final report entitled \"Our Fair Share\" released on September 18, 2007 the panel concluded that Albertans, who own their natural resources, were not receiving their \"fair share\" from energy development. Royalty rates and formulas had \"not kept pace with changes in the resource base and world energy markets.\" As a result of the review new regulations came into effect under the Alberta Mines and Minerals Act including the Petroleum Royalty Regulation, 2009, and the Natural Gas Royalty Regulation, 2009. The government of Alberta expected to collect approximately $2 billion annually with new royalty formulas implemented in 2009. Instead of an increase in royalties on oil and gas, Alberta collected $13.5 billion less from 2009 to 2014 with the new formula. There was a flaw in the 2009 New Well Royalty Rate formula which was in effect by May 1, 2011, regarding the royalties on gas which had provided almost 67% of total royalties collected by Alberta prior to 2009. Under the 2009 formula applied to Natural Gas and By-products represented a decrease from the previous fixed rates. With this formula gas royalties declined by approximately $5 billion per year and provided only 17% of total royalties. In 2008 the global price of oil plummeted from an all-time high of $145 a barrel on July 8, 2008 to $32 a barrel later in 2008 resulting in \"the cancellation of many energy projects\" in Alberta. By 2015 several of these oil projects had not resumed. In spite of this, Alberta collected $2 billion in oil sands royalties in the post-2009 period with the new rate of 20% compared to $1.5 billion from 2004 to 2009 with the old rate of 15%.\nAverage Royalty Rates\nBackground \nIn areas surveyed and homesteaded early in Alberta's history all sub-soil resource rights belong to the land owner, but in the areas surveyed later or in the massive crown land areas of the northern half of the province where the current productive oil fields are located, the Crown, represented by the provincial government, owns all sub-soil resources.\nUnlike many other oil-producing jurisdictions such as Saudi Arabia or Norway, Alberta does not have a National Oil Company that owns and exploits all petroleum resources. Instead privately owned oil companies of various sizes, from inside and outside Canada are encouraged to drill for oil and gas or mine oilsands on Crown land, and in exchange pay a royalty.\nIn 1930, the Natural Resources Transfer Act, shifted control of natural resources in Alberta from the federal government to the provincial government.\nRoyalty rates\nIn 1931 the Alberta government set the royalty rate at five per cent on oil and gas, creating a rift with the oil industry."}] | |
['13684050', '13684062', '13684071'] | output_images/13684050,13684062,13684071.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The National Order of Women Legislators (NOWL) (1938 - 2014) was an organization for women legislators in the United States. Emma Poeter's book about its history was published in 1981. Smith College has a collection of the group's records. It was founded in 1938. It is non-partisan. It has used a small gold owl as an insignia. Its first meeting was attended by 31 legislators. Tea was served and the group was invited to the White House. In 2014 it reorganized as the National Foundation for Women Legislators, a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt foundation established by the National Order of Women Legislators (NOWL) in the USA. Headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia, it assists women legislators with public opinion and legislative issues..\nAccording to Lauren Kozakiewicz, the National Order of Women Legislators never reached the level of influence or solidarity desired by its members. Harvard University has a collection of speeches from the group's meeting in Baltimore, Maryland in 1968.\nOrganization\nThrough annual educational and networking events, the National Foundation for Women Legislators supports elected women from all levels of governance. As a non-profit, non-partisan organization, NFWL does not take ideological positions on public policy issues, but rather serves as a forum for women legislators to be empowered through information and experience.\nSee also\nThe NFWL Annual Conference is a national forum designed to encourage the building of alliances among elected women, industry leaders, and issue experts. The Conference fosters a safe environment for sharing ideas, discussing current events, and learning about new initiatives and programs through plenary sessions, workshops, roundtables and policy committees. The goal of the Annual Conference is to intellectually equip elected women to mold public opinion and prepare for legislative debate. Presentations throughout the Conference offer elected women new perspectives and innovative ideas that may inevitably lead to policy resolutions and legislation in their respective states. As a non-partisan organization, NFWL does not take ideological positions on any current issue, but rather exists to assist women leaders in the process of issue education, networking, re-elections, and leadership.\nNFWL's Annual Conference is unique because a majority of the elected women who attend the Conference are given scholarships to support their presence. As a result, NFWL garners high attendance rates at all Conference events. This allows NFWL's supporters to have direct access to elected women from across the country in a variety of settings.\nReferences\nExternal links\n Board of Directors\nNational Order of Women Legislators Records, 1933-1988 Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College\nAmerican women in politics\nNon-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.\nKrystina Helena Jaczek ( ) is a Canadian physician and Liberal politician, currently serving as the Member of Parliament for Markham—Stouffville in the House of Commons of Canada and formerly the Minister of Public Services and Procurement and Receiver General for Canada.\nIn October 2021, Jaczek was appointed Minister responsible for the Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario (FedDev Ontario) in the Cabinet of Canada. Before entering federal politics in 2019, Jaczek served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 2007 to 2018 representing Oak Ridges—Markham. She served as Minister of Community and Social Services from 2014 until 2018 and as Minister of Health and Long-Term Care in 2018, under the leadership of Kathleen Wynne.\nBackground"}] | |
['13684100', '13684141', '13684180', '13684205', '13684222'] | output_images/13684100,13684141,13684180,13684205,13684222.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "John Peake Knight (13 December 1828 – 23 July 1886) was an English railway manager and inventor, credited with inventing the traffic light in 1868.\nBiography\nKnight was born in Nottingham and attended Nottingham High School. His elementary school is unknown.\nHe left school at the age of 12 to work in the parcel room of Derby railway station. Knight was promoted quickly and by the age of 20 had joined the South Eastern Railway, rising to the rank of Superintendent. He was appointed Traffic Manager for the London to Brighton Line in 1869 and General Manager the following year. He did a great deal to improve the quality of railway travel on the railway, introducing the Westinghouse air brake, safer carriages with communication cords, electric lighting, and Pullman cars.\nHe and his wife, Elizabeth, had five sons. The eldest founded J P Knight Ltd., a tugboat operator.\nKnight died in 1886. The Prince of Wales had a special wreath placed on his coffin during the funeral. He is buried in Brompton Cemetery in London.\nInvention of traffic lights\nIn 1866, a year in which 1,102 people were killed and 1,334 injured on roads in London, Knight proposed a signalling system to regulate horse-drawn traffic and reduce the number of road accidents. Knight's invention was operated by a policeman and used a semaphore system based on railway signalling during the day, and red and green gas-powered lamps at night.\nThe world's first traffic light was installed on 9 December 1868 in London near Westminster Bridge, at the intersection of Great George Street and Bridge Street, London SW1. However, in 1869, a gas leak caused one of the lights to explode, badly injuring the policeman operating it, and the system fell out of favour and was removed as a result. Traffic lights did not appear again in the United Kingdom until 1929, when the first electric signals were introduced in London.\nA memorial plaque to Knight's invention can be seen at 12 Bridge Street, Westminster, the corner building close to where the original traffic lights were erected. Minister for Roads and Road Safety Baroness Hayman unveiled the plaque on 4 March 1998.\nSee also \n Lester Wire – American inventor of the electric traffic light\nReferences\nExternal links\nJohn Peake Knight plaque at Plaques of London.\n1828 births\n1886 deaths\nEnglish railway mechanical engineers\nPeople educated at Nottingham High School\nVijayabahu I (born Prince Keerthi) (ruled 1055–1110), also known as Vijayabahu the Great, was a medieval king of Sri Lanka. Born to a royal bloodline, Vijayabahu grew up under Chola occupation. He assumed rulership of the Ruhuna principality in the southern parts of the country in 1055. Following a seventeen-year-long campaign, he successfully drove the Cholas out of the island in 1070, reuniting the country for the first time in over a century. During his reign, he re-established Buddhism in Sri Lanka and repaired much of the damage caused to infrastructure during the wars. He offered the Thihoshin Pagoda(Lord of Sri Lanka Buddha image) to Burma king Alaungsithu and it is now still in Pakokku.\nEarly life\nVijayabahu was born around 1039, by the name of Kitti (Keethi) in Ruhuna principality, under Chola occupation. As a result, there were When he was fifteen years old Kitti defeated the last of such rulers, Lokissara, with the aim of becoming the king of Ruhuna. Subsequently, in 1055, he became king of Ruhuna and attained the name of Vijayabahu.\nAccording to the \"Panakaduwa Copper \" (Panakaduwa inscription which written on copper sheets about the gifts, offerings and given by King Vijayabahu I to his higher military officer) King Vijayabahu I's own words says that Prince Kiththi and King Moggallana's whole family was under the protection of Ruhunu Dandanayaka Sitnaru-bim Budalnavan and he provided a great support to the king to make the country under the same flag.\nThe Chola army frequently attacked Vijayabahu's troops in Ruhuna. However, he managed to free Ruhuna from the Cholas by 1058 and take it under his complete control.\nRevolts against the Cholas \nIn the 11th century, the Chola Empire of Southern India reached its imperial state. Emperor Rajaraja I Invaded and annexed the Kingdom of Anuradhapura in 992, while his son Emperor Rajendra I invaded Ruhuna in 1017, capturing king Mahinda V. The kingdom became an subadatrate of the Cholas while Kassapa VI, the son of Mahinda ascended the throne.\nFirst Battle of Polonnaruwa \nAfter securing Ruhuna, his intention was to capture Polonnaruwa, the capital of the country. In 1066, he launched the first attack on Polonnaruwa, and captured and held the city for a brief time. However, after receiving reinforcements from South India, the strengthened Chola army attacked again, forcing Vijayabahu to flee.\nHe established himself in Wakirigala after this and concentrated on organizing his army for a fresh attempt to capture Polonnaruwa. During this time, he also had to face rebellions from other Sinhala leaders fighting for the throne. Overcoming these rebellions, Vijayabahu continued to muster his armies in order to retake the Capital, but was not strong enough to attempt another attack against the Chola army. He made Katharagama in Ruhuna as his capital and also he started to organize an army to defeat the Cholas.\nSecond Battle of Polonnaruwa \nCivil war broke out during 1069–1070 in the Chola Empire in South India, Tamil Nadu, throwing the country into turmoil. The concerns within Chola empire prevented the empire from focusing on Sri Lanka, providing an opportunity for Vijayabahu to attack again while the Chola forces in Polonnaruwa were more or less isolated.\nHe has gained the support of many kingdoms to defeat the Cholas such as Burma and Pandya who also wanted to defeat Cholas in their kingdom.\nStarting from Mahanagakula on the south of the Walawe river, Vijayabahu dispatched three armies to attack Polonnaruwa from three fronts. One army was sent along the western shore of the country to Mahathittha port to deal with any reinforcements arriving from South India. Afterwards, part of this army moved towards Polonnaruwa and attacked from the North-west, while the other part held the ports to prevent reinforcements from arriving. A second army was sent from the east across Magama to attack Polonnaruwa from the east. The third and main force advanced across the country, led by the king. Surrounded by these three armies, Polonnaruwa was besieged for seven months before king Vijayabahu's forces entered the city and massacred the Chola army. In 1070, Vijayabahu became the ruler of Polonnaruwa. The loss of Sri Lanka was a great loss for the cholas. Mathota port (Mannar) and Gokannathittha port (Trincomalee) were very important since they connected the Eastern and western sea trading routes. Thus the chola economy was severely weakend.\nRuling of the country"}] | |
['13684240', '13684255', '13684257', '13684319'] | output_images/13684240,13684255,13684257,13684319.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Kjell Anders Nordström (born 26 February 1958) is a Swedish economist, writer and public speaker.\nBiography \nBorn in Skärholmen, a suburban district in southern Stockholm, Nordström grew up on a small island in the Finnish Åland archipelago. His parents returned to Sweden in the 1960s. He was first educated as an engineer and thereafter commenced studies at the Stockholm School of Economics where he earned a Ph.D. in 1991.\nUntil 2004 he was an assistant professor at the Institute of International Business (IIB) at the Stockholm School of Economics. His research and consulting focus is in the areas of strategic management, multinational corporations and globalization. He has served as an advisor/consultant to several large multinationals and to the government of the United Kingdom.\nToday, Nordström and Ridderstråle work as professional public speakers in the field of strategic management. The 2005 Thinkers 50, the bi-annual global ranking of management thinkers, ranked Nordström and Ridderstråle at number nine internationally and number one in Europe.\nWork \nIn 2000 the book Funky Business - Talent Makes Capital Dance, which was written by Kjell A. Nordström and his colleague Jonas Ridderstråle, was published. The book, which is described as a \"manifesto of what our time requires from business firms and their leaders\", became an international best-seller and has to date been translated into 33 languages. In 2000, both Amazon.co.uk and the webzine Management General rated it as one of the five best business books of the year. Another survey ranked it as the 16th best business book of all time.\nIn 2003, the follow-up Karaoke Capitalism - Management for Mankind, also written together with Jonas Ridderstråle, was published. The book, which also became an international success, has to date been contracted for publication in 23 languages. In March 2004, Nordström and Ridderstråle appeared on CNN's program Global Office for an extensive interview on the ideas behind Karaoke Capitalism.\nPublications \n Vahlne, Jan-Erik, and Kjell A. Nordström (1992). Is the globe shrinking: Psychic distance and the establishment of Swedish sales subsidiaries during the last 100 years.\nReferences\nExternal links \n Interview with Dr. Kjell A. Nordström, Manner of Man Magazine \n1958 births\nLiving people\nSwedish business theorists\nSwedish economists\nSwedish male writers\nBusiness speakers\nAcademic staff of the Stockholm School of Economics\nWriters from Stockholm\nStockholm School of Economics alumni\nMembers of the Riksdag 2002–2006"}] | |
['13684347', '13684355', '13684373', '13684393'] | output_images/13684347,13684355,13684373,13684393.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Clímaco Calderón Reyes (August 23, 1852 – July 19, 1913) was a Colombian lawyer and politician, who became 15th President of Colombia for one day, following the death of President Francisco Javier Zaldúa.\nBiographic data \nCalderón was born in Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Boyacá Department, on August 23, 1852, in what was then the Republic of New Granada. He died in Bogotá, Cundinamarca on July 19, 1913, at the age of 60.\nPersonal life\nHis parents were Carlos Calderón Reyes and Clotilde Reyes Fonseca, half sister of future President Rafael Reyes Prieto. He was married to Amelia Pérez Triana, daughter of President Santiago Pérez de Manosalba.\nAfter finishing school in his native city, he attended Our Lady of the Rosary University in Bogotá, where he graduated with a Doctorate in Jurisprudence, where he also worked as professor of Civil and Penal law.\nPolitical career\nCalderón started his political ascend in Boyacá where he was judge in the Circuit court of Tunja, deputy in the Legislative Assembly, and Director of Education during the administration of José Eusebio Otálora."}] | |
13684431 | output_images/13684431.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "This list of NHS trusts in England provides details of current and former English NHS trusts, NHS foundation trusts, acute hospital trusts, ambulance trusts, mental health trusts, and the unique Isle of Wight NHS Trust. , 217 extant trusts employed about 800,000 of the NHS's 1.2 million staff. \nNHS trusts were introduced in 1992, and their number, composition, form and naming has changed over time such that there are perhaps 1,000 distinct trust names in the literature; this list seeks to identify establishment, merger, dissolution and renaming events, and the succession of services from one name or trust to another. Sufficiently distinct names are listed on distinct rows; minimally changed names (especially X NHS Trust changed to X NHS Foundation Trust) are listed on a single row. Dates are generally as established in underlying legislation; operational start and end dates may differ. Former trusts are listed below the current trusts. \nThis list excludes community health trusts established under the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 and their successors, primary care trusts, for which see the list of primary care trusts in England. All such trusts were abolished on 31 March 2013.\nAll trusts are supervised by NHS England.\n for the distinct system of NHS Health Boards in Scotland, see NHS Scotland\n for the system in Northern Ireland, see Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland\n for the system in Wales, see NHS Wales and List of NHS Wales trusts and health boards\nA \n Airedale NHS Foundation Trust, established 1 November 1991 as Airedale NHS Trust, authorised as a foundation trust on 1 June 2010.\n Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, established 21 December 1990 as Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital and Community Services NHS Trust, changed its name to The Royal Liverpool Children’s National Health Service Trust on 15 March 1996, authorised as a foundation trust 1 August 2008. \n Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust"}] | |
['13684459', '13684522', '13684541'] | output_images/13684459,13684522,13684541.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Kingdom of Mysore (Kannada ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ) (1399 - 1947 CE) was a kingdom in southern India founded in 1399 by Yaduraya in the region of the modern city of Mysore, the Karnataka state. The Wodeyar dynasty ruled the Southern Karnataka region until Indian independence in 1947, when the kingdom was merged with the Union of India.\nSociety\nThe society in the Kingdom followed age old and deeply established norms of social interaction between people in the centuries prior to the 18th century. In the 18th century, fundamental changes occurred due to the struggle between native and foreign powers. Wars between Hindu kingdoms and Sultanates continued, though the battles between native rulers (including Muslims) and the new foreigners, the British, took centre stage. Social reforms in the 19th century ushered in a more flexible society which granted people of lower castes access to schools, public office and courts. The spread of English education, the introduction of the printing press, and the criticism of the prevailing social system by Christian missionaries also had a positive influence. Literature became more secular, while the fine arts such as music, drama, dance and painting saw a renaissance. The rise of modern nationalism all over India had its impact on Mysore as well. This manifested itself in two ways - a longing to preserve all that was good in past tradition and an acceptance of western influence.\nFor centuries, primary education was imparted in Agraharas and Pathashalas where Sanskrit and the local vernacular was the medium of instruction. With the arrival of Islam, instruction to Muslims in the Arabic language was given in Madrasas. With the rise of British power, the English education gained prominence. These changes were orchestrated by Lord Elphinstone, the governor of the Madras Presidency. He developed his own method which had considerable influence on the status of education in the presidency. His plan became the constitution of the central collegiate institution or University Board, which gained fruition in 1841. Accordingly, a high school department of the university was established. For imparting education in the interior regions, schools were raised in principal towns which eventually were elevated to college level, with each college becoming central to many Zilla schools (local schools). The language of instruction in these schools was English. The earliest English medium schools appeared in 1833 in Mysore and spread across the region. In 1858, the department of education was founded in Mysore and it is estimated that by 1881, there may have been 2087 English medium schools in the Mysore Kingdom. Higher education became available with the formation of Bangalore Central College (1870) and Maharajas college in Mysore (1879). The Maharanis college in Mysore (1901) and the St. Agnes college in Mangalore (1921) served women. The Mysore University was founded in 1916.\nSocial reforms aimed at practices such as sati, untouchability and emancipation of the lower classes swept across India and had their positive influence on Mysore territory as well. Welfare organisations that were founded in Bangalore and Mangalore were the Brahmo Samaj (1866 and 1870), the Theosophical society (1886 and 1901) and the Arya Samaj (1894 and 1919). In 1894, the Mysore kingdom passed laws to abolish marriage of girls below the age of eight and in 1923 provided women the right to franchise. Re-marriage of widowed women and marriage of destitute women was encouraged by enlightened men and women of Mysore. There were uprisings against British authority in India and in the Mysore region. The first unsuccessful revolt, aided by the French, came in the Malnad region in early 1800 by a Maratha called Dhondiya Wagh who was eventually killed. This event was followed by a revolt of a Zamindar Virappa in Koppal (1819), the rebellion of brave queen Rani Chennamma of Kittur in 1824, by her trusted aide Sangolli Rayanna in 1829. In october 1831, the British took over the government of Mysore. They issued a proclamation severely warning the rebels against their continued operations. Then, while some insurgents surrendered and others carried on their defiant activities for some time more up to 1833. Raja Sarjappa Nayaka of the family of the old Tarikere Nayaka Chiefs, who tried to continue the fight, was captured about the same time in Kanara which had been annexed by the British. Then the Kodagu uprising in 1835 (after the British dethroned the local ruler Chikkaviraraja) and the Kanara uprising of 1837.\nThe era of printing heralded by the Christian missionaries resulted in the first Kannada book publication in 1817, followed by a Kannada Bible in 1820, an English-Kannada dictionary in 1824, a Kannada-English dictionary in 1832 and the first Kannada newspaper called Mangaluru Samachara in 1843 (later renamed Kannada Samachara). The Mysore Amba Vilas palace opened a press in 1840 followed by a government press in Bangalore (1842). Eighty six Kannada printing presses were operating by the end of 19th century. This popularised the publication of ancient Kannada classics such as Pampa Bharata by Adikavi Pampa in 1891, the Jaimini Bharata by Lakshmisa in 1848 and the Basavapurana in 1850. On the same lines as the English language historicals published by British and Indian historians recording the achievements of Karnataka Empires, Alur Venkata Rao published a consolidated Kannada version called Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava rekindling Kannada nationalism."}] | |
['13684549', '13684604', '13684605', '13684628'] | output_images/13684549,13684604,13684605,13684628.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Ezequiel Hurtado Hurtado was a politician, military general and statesman who became President of Colombia. He was born in Silvia, in the department of Cauca, December 14, 1825, and died in Popayán, September 4, 1890. His parents were Nicolas Hurtado and Maria Trinidad Hurtado. He went to school at Colegio San Jose and then studied law at the University of Cauca, where he graduated on January 27, 1852. He subsequently became a University lecturer in law.\nHis initial military involvement was in 1851, in defence of legal institutions. Two years later his military and political career started in earnest with the Colombian Liberal Party in the fight against the dictator Jose Maria Melo.\nFrom 1860 he took part in revolutionary movements against the Conservative Government of Mariano Ospina Rodriguez. He joined the army of General Thomas Cipriano de Mosquera which was successful in 1861, and he was promoted to the rank of General.\nSubsequently he was part of the Cauca Assembly and served as a government minister on various occasions. He also took part in the Convention of Rionegro which produced the 1863 Constitution.\nIn 1868 he was elected as a Parliamentary representative and then a Senator. In 1878 President Julian Trujillo Largacha appointed him Minister of War and Navy, and a year later he was elected Governor of the Sovereign State of Cauca (1879–1883). Hurtado's elevation was due to the \"April Revolution\" (1879), led by Generals Eliseo Payan and Juan de Dios Ulloa, who represented a coalition of independents and \"mosqueristas\" who opposed the abuses committed by radicals.\nLeaving office in 1883, he was elected by Congress to be the Designated President of the Republic and was appointed Presiding Judge by the Supreme Court of Justice. He exercised presidential power between April and August 1884, due to the delay of Rafael Nuñez assuming power. In his responsibilities he appointed as cabinet ministers of Housing, Finance, Public Works, External Relations, Public Education and War the following: Manuel M. Castro, Felipe Angulo, Mariano Tanco y José María Caro, José J. Vargas, Eustorgio Salazar, Napoleón Borrero and José María Campo Serrano.\nWhen he left the Presidency he campaigned against the Nuñez's Regeneration project of, and in the war of 1885 he was taken prisoner and suffered harsh treatment. He was subsequently exiled to Costa Rica (Central America), but in 1889, shortly before his death, was allowed to return to Colombia.\nHis remains are now in the Panteon de los Proceres Cemetery in Popayán (Cauca). This burial ground was inaugurated by Guillermo León Valencia in 1940.\n1825 births\n1890 deaths\nPresidents of Colombia\nPresidential Designates of Colombia\nColombian Liberal Party politicians\nFrancisco Augusto Besosa (born October 26, 1949) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico.\nEarly life and education \nBesosa was born on October 26, 1949, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, the oldest son of Frank A. Besosa and Augusta V. (Tuty) Stubbe. He attended primary schools in San Juan, and graduated in 1967 from the Taft School in Watertown, Connecticut. He then attended Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, receiving an Artium Baccalaureus degree with a concentration in History in 1971.\nAfter college, because he had a very low draft number (7), he enlisted in the United States Army under the college option program to attend Officer Candidate School. In April, 1972, he graduated from the 23-week course of the United States Army Infantry Officer Candidate School in Fort Benning, Georgia, and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the Military Intelligence Branch. After completing the Counterintelligence Officer and Personnel Security Adjudications courses at the United States Army Intelligence Center and School in Fort Huachuca, Arizona, he was posted to Detachment R, 500th Military Intelligence Group in Okinawa, Japan, where he served as Deputy Chief of the detachment's counterintelligence field office until 1974. Besosa was then reassigned as the Assistant S-2 (Intelligence and Security Officer) of the 313th Military Intelligence Battalion in Fort Bragg, North Carolina. When the 504th Military Intelligence Group was activated in Hunter Army Airfield in Savannah, Georgia, Besosa was assigned as the Group's S-2, with the additional duty of the Group's Race Relations/Equal Opportunity Officer. In 1976, he was honorably discharged as a Captain, and was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal. In March, 2007, Besosa was elected to the Infantry Officer Candidate School Hall of Fame. Once discharged from the Army, Besosa attended Georgetown University Law Center, receiving his Juris Doctor in 1979.\nLegal career "}] | |
['13684709', '13684722', '13684732', '13684801'] | output_images/13684709,13684722,13684732,13684801.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Sew Fast Sew Easy was a corporation based in the Garment District in New York City, that is best known for sewing classes, sewing patterns and sewing books. It was founded in 1991 by Elissa K. Meyrich, a designer in New York City's garment district for over 26 years, an instructor at Parsons School of Design, and an author and contributing writer to sewing publications. Sew Fast Sew Easy classes were part of a resurgence in traditional home economics enabled by networked technologies including Internet chat groups and digitally-adjustable patterns. The company created NYC's first Stitch and Bitch group in 1997. The company started an Internet guestbook, the Stitch and Bitch Cafe, in 1998.\nA controversy around rights to the phrase \"Stitch and Bitch\" then arose. In 2002, Sew Fast Sew Easy registered a service mark designation for \"Stitch & Bitch Café.\"\n However in 1999 a knitting group calling itself \"Stich ‘n Bitch had been established in the East Village by knitting book author Debbie Stoller. In 2005, many sellers on Café Press who created goods using related phrases received cease and desist letters on behalf of Sew Fast Sew Easy, who filed for a \"Stitch and Bitch\" trademark related to sewing goods. The website freetostitchfreetobitch.com was formed shortly after, urging crafters to boycott and protest Sew Fast Sew Easy. Stoller filed a petition to cancel Sew Fast Sew Easy's trademark application, arguing that the term had been in use previous to 1998. The two parties settled in 2008. Sew Fast Sew Easy ceased operations in December 2012.\nBrands marketed by Sew Fast/Sew Easy included:\nSew Fast Sew Easy sewing classes, books, and patterns.\nStitch & Bitch, and Stitch & Bitch Cafe sewing and knitting products.\nCompany timeline\n1991 – Opened the first Sew Fast Sew Easy classes held in a small studio in New York City.\n1992 – Sew Fast Sew Easy opens a full service sewing center with knitting and crochet classes, sewing notions, patterns and machines. \n1994 – New York Newsday features an article on Sew Fast Sew Easy entitled \"It's SEW Soothing\".\n1995 – Sew Fast Sew Easy creates its first computer fit made-to-measure sewing patterns.\n1996 – The New York Post features an article in which the classes by Sew Fast Sew Easy are described as being \"on the cutting edge\".\n1997 – The New York Times publishes an article discussing Sew Fast Sew Easy's computer fit made-to-measure patterns. Burda Mode magazine labels Elissa Meyrich a \"PowerFrau\" (powerhouse). The New York Times features the company in an article. Sew Fast Sew Easy creates its first Stitch and Bitch Nights in New York City.\n1998 – The online forum, Stitch & Bitch Café, along with the Sew Fast Sew Easy website are started. Magnetic seam guides are made to support the Stitch & Bitch Café brand and incorporated into manuals and instructions. How to be your own Designer first airs on Manhattan Neighborhood Network, Public-access television.\n1999 – Sewing trade magazine, Round Bobbin, titles Sew Fast Sew Easy as the pioneer of hip sewing as \"Lone Cowgirl on the Open Prairie\" while MSN Sidewalk lists its classes in a City Survival Guide. CNN and The New York Times feature Sew Fast Sew Easy's voodoo doll making classes.\n2001 – First release of its online video learning series. \n2002 – Best of New York lists company as \"Tailor Made\". Sew Fast Sew Easy: All You Need to Know When You Start to Sew by Elissa K. Meyrich is published by St. Martin's Press.\n2003 – The New York Historical Society features Sew Fast Sew Easy patterns in exhibit. \n2004 – Stitch & Bitch product line expanded to include knitting.\n2005 – Sew Fast Sew Easy featured in Teen Vogue. \n2006 – RIP IT!: How to Deconstruct and Reconstruct the Clothes of Your Dreams by Elissa K. Meyrich is published by Simon & Schuster and featured in Elle Girl and Readymade magazines and on Venuszine.com."}] | |
['13684882', '13684890', '13684895'] | output_images/13684882,13684890,13684895.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Anderson family is a group of professional wrestlers, a part fictional, part real, extended family largely consisting of brothers, cousins and children.\nGene Anderson\nNWA Hall of Famer Gene Anderson (the only actual 'Anderson' of the original group), born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, started his professional wrestling career in 1958. Gene was trained by WWE Hall of Famer Vern Gagne.\nThe Minnesota Wrecking Crew\nAfter spending a few years working for WWE Hall of Famer Stu Hart's Canadian wrestling promotion Stampede Wrestling, Gene started working for Verne Gagne's Minneapolis, Minnesota based American Wrestling Association (AWA) in 1961. In 1965, Gene formed the tag team The Minnesota Wrecking Crew with fellow Minnesota native Larry Heiniemi, who had started his professional wrestling career that same year.\nLars Anderson\nLarry, who had been performing under his real name, became Lars Anderson and was billed as being Gene's brother.\nOle Anderson\nIn 1968, while working for Paul Jones' Georgia Championship Wrestling (GCW), Gene invited Alan Rogowski, who had been wrestling as Rock Rogowski since he started his professional wrestling career the year prior, to join the team. Alan began performing as Ole Anderson, the brother of Gene and Lars. The three would team together in different combinations until Lars moved to Hawaii in 1969. After Lars moved, Gene and Ole continued the team and Lars would only make sporadic appearances from then on. Gene and Ole remained a team until 1982.\nArn Anderson\nWhile working for Bill Watts' Mid-South Wrestling Association (MSW) in 1983, Martin Lunde, who started his professional wrestling career in 1981, was sitting in the locker room during an MSW event when Watts was having a conversation with Matt Osborne, Ted DiBiase and Jim Duggan. The three men Watts were talking to were nearing the end of their run with MSW and Watts was sending them to Atlanta, Georgia to work for GCW, which was owned by Jim Barnett at the time. Watts told Osborne that he was going to be managed by Paul Ellering and that he would be performing as a part of a tag team. Watts explained that they needed to find Osborne a tag team partner when Sylvester Ritter (Junkyard Dog), who was also in the locker room, suggested that since Martin strongly resembled Ole Anderson, who was currently working in GCW, he should be sent over to GCW as an Anderson and be Osborne's tag team partner. Watts looked over at Martin and agreed that he did in fact look a lot like Ole and then made the decision to send him to GCW as well.\nWhen Martin arrived in Atlanta he introduced himself to Ole who immediately reacted to the fact that Martin did in fact look like him. Ole gave Martin, who had previously wrestled under his real name and Super Olympia, the new name Arn Anderson. Arn was ultimately billed as the brother of Gene, Lars and Ole but at other times he was billed as a cousin or nephew. Ole and Arn would start teaming together later that year, shortly after Arn's tag partner Osborne was released from GCW. Ole and Arn would remain a team until Ole retired in 1987.\nWhile he is not related to Ole by blood, Arn did marry Ole Anderson's daughter, making Ole his father in law.\nIn combined total, the four original Andersons were tag team champions 41 times, winning 12 different tag team championships across the United States. Several modern tag teams have taken names similar to the Minnesota Wrecking Crew as an homage to the group.\nRic Flair\nAs early as 1974, the 2 time WWE Hall of Famer Ric Flair was being billed as the cousin of Ole and Gene, teaming with them sporadically until 1977.\nIn 1977, Flair teamed with Blackjack Mulligan and Greg Valentine in a feud against his storyline cousins Gene and Ole. In 1981, Ric reunited with Gene and Ole.\nIn 1985, while working for Southeastern Championship Wrestling (SECW), Arn was asked by SECW promoter Robert Fuller to ride with Flair while he was there working for the promotion. Arn, who was a fan of Flair, gladly accepted. Flair later convinced Arn to make the move from SECW, where he was very comfortable in his position in both his wrestling career and living situation in Pensacola, Florida, to Jim Crockett's Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling (MACW). Arn would once again need Flair's convincing when Arn was prepared to leave MACW after receiving a payout that was less than he was making with SECW. During this time in MACW, Flair began working as a team with Ole and Arn in different combinations in a feud against WWE Hall of Famer Dusty Rhodes, Magnum T. A., Billy Jack Haynes and Manny Fernandez.\nRip Hawk\nIn 1974, at the same time as being billed as an Anderson cousin, Flair was also being billed as the nephew of American professional wrestler Rip Hawk. Rip Hawk was by extension billed as related to the Anderson family.\nThe Four Horsemen\nIn June 1984, Flair began a feud with WWE Hall of Famer Tully Blanchard, until November 1985 when they became a team. In early 1986, Flair and Blanchard allied themselves with Flair's storyline cousins Ole and Arn. Shortly afterward, J. J. Dillon, who was already managing Blanchard, joined the team as their manager. According to Arn Anderson, the team finally felt complete when Dillon joined the group.\nDuring an impromptu interview after an 8 man tag team match that the group won, Arn said, \"The only time this much havoc had been wreaked by this few a number of people, you need to go all the way back to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse\". The name The Four Horsemen stuck and the team used that name going forward."}] | |
['13684921', '13684930', '13684974', '13685073'] | output_images/13684921,13684930,13684974,13685073.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Nailao, also known as Beijing yogurt (), is a traditional fermented milk drink that is popularly consumed throughout China. The word suannai means \"sour milk\".\nPreparation\nNailao (or suānnǎi) is prepared by heating milk and adding sugar to it. Two types of nuts mixed with raisins and rice wine made from glutinous rice are poured in and thoroughly stirred. A special device called lào tǒng (酪桶, ) is used during production. A lào tǒng contains a heat chamber in the center, providing the heat needed for cooking. The milk is mixed with rice wine and honey or sugar and is rapidly poured into fifty small bowls. The bowls are then stacked along the inner wall of the yogurt barrel, heated for about thirty minutes, and later cooled.\nServing\nPlaces that sell suānnǎi traditionally serve it in ceramic containers that must be returned to the vendor. However, many vendors now serve suān nǎi in disposable plastic cups.\nIn 2011, a factory specializing in Beijing-style yogurt was opened in the US.\nSee also\n List of yogurt-based dishes and beverages\nReferences \nBeijing cuisine\nChinese desserts\nYogurts\nYogurt-based drinks\nSylvia Jones (born ) is a Canadian politician who has served as the deputy premier of Ontario and Ontario minister of health since June 24, 2022. Jones sits as the member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for Dufferin—Caledon, representing the Progressive Conservative (PC) party, and has held her seat since she was first elected following the 2007 general election. She joined the provincial cabinet after the PCs formed government in 2018, and has been successively the minister of tourism, culture and sport, the minister of community safety and correctional services, and the solicitor general of Ontario.\nBackground\nJones grew up on her family's farm. She attended Fanshawe College, where she received a diploma in radio broadcasting. She worked as an executive assistant for former PC party leader John Tory. She and her husband David live in Dufferin County and are the parents of two children.\nPolitics\nJones ran in the 2007 provincial election as the Progressive Conservative candidate in the new riding of Dufferin—Caledon. She was re-elected in 2011 and 2014. The Ontario PCs were in opposition from the time of Jones' election to the 2018 provincial election.\nIn opposition "}] | |
['13685099', '13685108', '13685257'] | output_images/13685099,13685108,13685257.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Manned models \nMany research workers, hydraulics specialists and engineers have used scale models for over a century, in particular in towing tanks. Manned models are small scale models that can carry and be handled by at least one person on an open expanse of water. They must behave just like real ships, giving the shiphandler the same sensations. Physical conditions such as wind, currents, waves, water depths, channels and berths must be reproduced realistically.\nManned models are used for research (e.g. ship behaviour), engineering (e.g. port layout) and for training in shiphandling (e.g. maritime pilots, masters and officers). They are usually at 1:25 scale.\nSimilitude of manned models \nWorldwide, manned model schools have chosen to apply the similitude law of William Froude (1810-1879) for its manned models. This means that gravity is considered to be preponderant over the other forces acting on the hull (viscosity, capillarity, cavitation, compressibility, etc.).\nThe different aspects of similitude may thus be defined as follows:\nPhysical similitude \nSimilitude of shape: The model has exactly the same geometric shape as the real ship. This means that all the length (L) dimensions of the real ship are divided by the same factor, the scale factor. The designers of Port Revel chose a scale (S) of 1:25, so:\nS(L) = 25 (smaller, hence distance is 25 times less)\nIn this similitude, the proportions are kept (the ratios between the various dimensions of the ship are identical). This is also the case with the block coefficient. Furthermore, the angles are a length ratio, so they are also identical to the original ones. The scale factors of the areas and volumes are deduced from this, i.e.:\nS2(L) = 252 = 625\nS3(L) = 253 = 15 625\nSimilitude of mass (M): The model used for shiphandling training must not only resemble the original but also move in the same way as the original when subjected to similar forces. Consequently, the scale factor for the mass (M) and displacement is the same as that for the volumes, i.e.:\nS(M) = S3(L) = 253 = 15 625\nSimilitude of forces (F): If the external forces on the model are in similitude, like the shapes, masses and inertia, the model's movement will be in similitude. It can thus be shown that the forces (F) must be at the same scale as the masses and weights, so:\nS(F) = S(M) = 253 = 15 625\nSimilitude of speed(V): In agreement with Froude's law, the velocity scale is the square root of the length scale, so:\nS(V) = S1/2(L) = sqrt(25) = 5 (times slower than in real life)"}] | |
['13685265', '13685306', '13685436', '13685462'] | output_images/13685265,13685306,13685436,13685462.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Logic Theorist is a computer program written in 1956 by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, and Cliff Shaw. It was the first program deliberately engineered to perform automated reasoning, and has been described as \"the first artificial intelligence program\". Logic Theorist proved 38 of the first 52 theorems in chapter two of Whitehead and Russell's Principia Mathematica, and found new and shorter proofs for some of them.\nHistory \nIn 1955, when Newell and Simon began to work on the Logic Theorist, the field of artificial intelligence did not yet exist. Even the term itself (\"artificial intelligence\") would not be coined until the following summer.\nSimon was a political scientist who had already produced classic work in the study of how bureaucracies function as well as developing his theory of bounded rationality (for which he would later win a Nobel Prize). The study of business organizations requires, like artificial intelligence, an insight into the nature of human problem solving and decision making. Simon remembers consulting at RAND Corporation in the early 1950s and seeing a printer typing out a map, using ordinary letters and punctuation as symbols. He realized that a machine that could manipulate symbols could just as well simulate decision making and possibly even the process of human thought.\nThe program that printed the map had been written by Newell, a RAND scientist studying logistics and organization theory. For Newell, the decisive moment was in 1954 when Oliver Selfridge came to RAND to describe his work on pattern matching. Watching the presentation, Newell suddenly understood how the interaction of simple, programmable units could accomplish complex behavior, including the intelligent behavior of human beings. \"It all happened in one afternoon,\" he would later say. It was a rare moment of scientific epiphany.\n\"I had such a sense of clarity that this was a new path, and one I was going to go down. I haven't had that sensation very many times. I'm pretty skeptical, and so I don't normally go off on a toot, but I did on that one. Completely absorbed in it—without existing with the two or three levels consciousness so that you're working, and aware that you're working, and aware of the consequences and implications, the normal mode of thought. No. Completely absorbed for ten to twelve hours.\"\nNewell and Simon began to talk about the possibility of teaching machines to think. Their first project was a program that could prove mathematical theorems like the ones used in Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead's Principia Mathematica. They enlisted the help of computer programmer Cliff Shaw, also from RAND, to develop the program. (Newell says \"Cliff was the genuine computer scientist of the three\").\nThe first version was hand-simulated: they wrote the program onto 3x5 cards and, as Simon recalled:In January 1956, we assembled my wife and three children together with some graduate students. To each member of the group, we gave one of the cards, so that each one became, in effect, a component of the computer program ... Here was nature imitating art imitating nature.\nThey succeeded in showing that the program could successfully prove theorems as well as a talented mathematician. Eventually Shaw was able to run the program on the computer at RAND's Santa Monica facility."}] |
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