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img_00000 | output_images/img_00000.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction in film. The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards. This change resulted from the Art Directors' branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) being renamed the Designers' branch. Since 1947, the award is shared with the set decorators. It is awarded to the best interior design in a film.\nThe films below are listed with their production year (for example, the 2000 Academy Award for Best Art Direction is given to a film from 1999). In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees in alphabetical order.\nSuperlatives\nWinners and nominees\n1920s\n1930s\n1940s\n1950s\n1960s\n1970s\n1980s\n1990s\n2000s\n2010s\n2020s\nSee also\n BAFTA Award for Best Production Design\n Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Production Design\nIndividuals with multiple wins\n11 wins\n Cedric Gibbons\n8 wins\n Edwin B. Willis\n7 wins\n Richard Day\n6 wins\n Thomas Little\n Walter M. Scott\n5 wins\n Lyle R. Wheeler\n4 wins\n John Box\n Samuel M. Comer\n F. Keogh Gleason\n George James Hopkins\n3 wins\n Edward Carfagno"}] | |
img_00001 | output_images/img_00001.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "This is a list of characters in Ayn Rand's 1957 novel Atlas Shrugged.\nMajor characters\nThe following are major characters from the novel.\nProtagonists\nDagny Taggart\nDagny Taggart is the protagonist of the novel. She is vice-president in Charge of Operations for Taggart Transcontinental, under her brother, James Taggart. Given James' incompetence, Dagny is responsible for all the workings of the railroad.\nFrancisco d'Anconia\nFrancisco d'Anconia is one of the central characters in Atlas Shrugged, an owner by inheritance of the world's largest copper mining operation. He is a childhood friend, and the first love, of Dagny Taggart. A child prodigy of exceptional talents, Francisco was dubbed the \"climax\" of the d'Anconia line, an already prestigious Argentine family of skilled industrialists. He was a classmate of John Galt and Ragnar Danneskjöld and student of both Hugh Akston and Robert Stadler. He began working while still in school to show that he could have been successful without the aid of his family's wealth. Later, Francisco bankrupts the d'Anconia business to put it out of others' reach. His full name is given as \"Francisco Domingo Carlos Andres Sebastián d'Anconia\".\nJohn Galt\nJohn Galt is the primary male hero of Atlas Shrugged. He initially appears as an unnamed menial worker for Taggart Transcontinental, who often dines with Eddie Willers in the employees' cafeteria, and leads Eddie to reveal important information about Dagny Taggart and Taggart Transcontinental. Only Eddie's side of their conversations is given in the novel. Later in the novel, the reader discovers this worker's true identity.\nBefore working for Taggart Transcontinental, Galt worked as an engineer for the Twentieth Century Motor Company, where he secretly invented a generator of usable electric energy from ambient static electricity, but abandoned his prototype, and his employment, when dissatisfied by an easily corrupted novel system of payment. This prototype was found by Dagny Taggart and Hank Rearden. Galt himself remains concealed throughout much of the novel, working a job and living by himself, where he unites the most skillful inventors and business leaders under his leadership. He delivers a lengthy broadcast speech that presents the author's philosophy of Objectivism.\nHenry \"Hank\" Rearden\nHenry (known as \"Hank\") Rearden is one of the central characters in Atlas Shrugged. He owns the most important steel company in the United States, and invents Rearden Metal, an alloy stronger, lighter, cheaper and tougher than steel. He lives in Philadelphia with his wife Lillian, his brother Philip, and his elderly mother. Rearden represents a type of self-made man and eventually divorces Lillian, abandons his steel mills following a bloody assault by government-planted workers, and joins John Galt's strike.\nEddie Willers\nEdwin \"Eddie\" Willers is the Special Assistant to the Vice-President in Charge of Operations at Taggart Transcontinental. His father and grandfather worked for the Taggarts, and himself likewise. He is completely loyal to Dagny and to Taggart Transcontinental. Willers does not possess the creative ability of Galt's associates, but matches them in moral courage and is capable of appreciating and making use of their creations. After Dagny shifts her attention and loyalty to saving the captive Galt, Willers maintains the railroad until its collapse.\nRagnar Danneskjöld\nOne of Galt's first followers, and world-famous as a pirate, who seizes relief ships sent from the United States to the People's States of Europe. He works to ensure that once those espousing Galt's philosophy are restored to their rightful place in society, they have enough capital to rebuild the world. Kept in the background for much of the book, Danneskjöld makes a personal appearance to encourage Rearden to persevere in his increasingly difficult situation, and gives him a bar of gold as compensation for the income taxes he has paid over the last several years. Danneskjöld is married to the actress Kay Ludlow; their relationship is kept hidden from the outside world, which only knows of Ludlow as a retired film star. Considered a misfit by Galt's other adherents, he views his actions as a means to speed the world along in understanding Galt's perspective.\nAccording to Barbara Branden, who was closely associated with Rand at the time the book was written, there were sections written describing Danneskjöld's adventures at sea, cut from the final published text. In a 1974 comment at a lecture, Rand said that Danneskjöld's name was a tribute to Victor Hugo's novel, , wherein the hero becomes the first of the Counts of Danneskjöld. In the published book, Danneskjöld is always seen through the eyes of others (Dagny Taggart or Hank Rearden), except for a brief paragraph in the very last chapter.\nAntagonists\nJames Taggart\nThe President of Taggart Transcontinental and the book's most important antagonist. Taggart is an expert influence peddler but incapable of making operational decisions on his own. He relies on his sister, Dagny Taggart, to actually run the railroad, but nonetheless opposes her in almost every endeavor because of his various anti-capitalist moral and political beliefs. In a sense, he is the antithesis of Dagny. This contradiction leads to the recurring absurdity of his life: the desire to overcome those on whom his life depends, and the horror that he will succeed at this. In the final chapters of the novel, he suffers a complete mental breakdown upon realizing that he can no longer deceive himself in this respect.\nLillian Rearden\nThe unsupportive wife of Hank Rearden, who dislikes his habits and (secretly at first) seeks to ruin Rearden to prove her own value. Lillian achieves this, when she passes information to James Taggart about her husband's affair with his sister. This information is used to blackmail Rearden to sign a Gift Certificate which delivers all the property rights of Rearden Metal to others. Lillian thereafter uses James Taggart for sexual satisfaction, until Hank abandons her.\nDr. Floyd Ferris\nFerris is a biologist who works as \"co-ordinator\" at the State Science Institute. He uses his position there to deride reason and productive achievement, and publishes a book entitled Why Do You Think You Think? He clashes on several occasions with Hank Rearden, and twice attempts to blackmail Rearden into giving up Rearden Metal. He is also one of the group of looters who tries to get Rearden to agree to the Steel Unification Plan. Ferris hosts the demonstration of the Project X weapon, and is the creator of the Ferris Persuader, a torture machine. When John Galt is captured by the looters, Ferris uses the device on Galt, but it breaks down before extracting the information Ferris wants from Galt. Ferris represents the group which uses brute force on the heroes to achieve the ends of the looters.\nDr. Robert Stadler"}] | |
img_00002 | output_images/img_00002.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Agricultural science (or agriscience for short) is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or agriculturists.\nHistory\nIn the 18th century, Johann Friedrich Mayer conducted experiments on the use of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate) as a fertilizer.\nIn 1843, John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert began a set of long-term field experiments at Rothamsted Research in England, some of which are still running as of 2018.\nIn the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term \"agricultural science\". The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The Smith–Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built. For the next 44 years after 1906, federal expenditures on agricultural research in the United States outpaced private expenditures.\nProminent agricultural scientists\n Wilbur Olin Atwater\n Robert Bakewell\n Norman Borlaug\n Luther Burbank\n George Washington Carver\n Carl Henry Clerk\n George C. Clerk\n René Dumont\n Sir Albert Howard\n Kailas Nath Kaul\nThomas Lecky\n Justus von Liebig\n Jay Laurence Lush\n Gregor Mendel\n Louis Pasteur\n M. S. Swaminathan\n Jethro Tull\n Artturi Ilmari Virtanen\n Sewall Wright\nFields or related disciplines\nScope\nAgriculture, agricultural science, and agronomy are often confused. However, they cover different concepts:\nAgriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research.\nAgronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based crops.\nSoil forming factors and soil degradation\nAgricultural sciences include research and development on:\n Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of drought-resistant crops and animals, development of new pesticides, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro cell culture techniques)\n Minimizing the effects of pests (weeds, insects, pathogens, mollusks, nematodes) on crop or animal production systems.\n Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products)\n Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., soil degradation, waste management, bioremediation)\n Theoretical production ecology, relating to crop production modeling\n Traditional agricultural systems, sometimes termed subsistence agriculture, which feed most of the poorest people in the world. These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than that of industrial agriculture, which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems.\n Food production and demand on a global basis, with special attention paid to the major producers, such as China, India, Brazil, the US and the EU.\n Various sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment (e.g. soil science, agroclimatology); biology of agricultural crops and animals (e.g. crop science, animal science and their included sciences, e.g. ruminant nutrition, farm animal welfare); such fields as agricultural economics and rural sociology; various disciplines encompassed in agricultural engineering.\nSee also\n Agricultural Research Council\n Agricultural sciences basic topics\n Agriculture ministry\n Agroecology\n American Society of Agronomy\n Genomics of domestication\n History of agricultural science"}] | |
img_00003 | output_images/img_00003.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Austin is the capital of Texas in the United States.\nAustin may also refer to:\nGeographical locations\nAustralia\n Austin, Western Australia\nCanada\n Austin, Manitoba\n Austin, Ontario\n Austin, Quebec\n Austin Island, Nunavut\nFrance\n Saint-Austin, hamlet at la Neuville-Chant-d'Oisel, Normandy\nUnited States\n Austin, Arkansas\n Austin, Colorado\n Austin Township, Macon County, Illinois\n Austin, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois\n Austin, Indiana\n Austin, Kentucky\n Austin, Minnesota\n Austin, Missouri\n Austin, Nevada\n Austin, Ohio\n Austin, Oregon\n Austin, Pennsylvania\n Austin, Texas\n Austin County, Texas (the city of Austin, Texas is located in Travis County)\nSchools\n Austin College, Sherman, Texas\n University of Texas at Austin, flagship institution of the University of Texas System\n Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee\nReligion\n Augustine of Hippo\n An adjective for the Augustinians\nBusiness\n American Austin Car Company, short-lived American automobile maker\n Austin Automobile Company, short-lived American automobile company"}] | |
img_00004 | output_images/img_00004.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The American National Standards Institute (ANSI ) is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide.\nANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards.\nThe organization's headquarters are in Washington, D.C. ANSI's operations office is located in New York City. The ANSI annual operating budget is funded by the sale of publications, membership dues and fees, accreditation services, fee-based programs, and international standards programs.\nMany ANSI regulations are incorporated by reference into United States federal statutes (i.e. by OSHA regulations referring to individual ANSI specifications). ANSI does not make these standards publicly available, and charges money for access to these documents; it further claims that it is copyright infringement for them to be provided to the public by others free of charge. These assertions have been the subject of criticism and litigation.\nHistory \nANSI was most likely formed in 1918, when five engineering societies and three government agencies founded the American Engineering Standards Committee (AESC). In 1928, the AESC became the American Standards Association (ASA). In 1966, the ASA was reorganized and became United States of America Standards Institute (USASI). The present name was adopted in 1969.\nPrior to 1918, these five founding engineering societies:\n American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE, now IEEE)\n American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)\n American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)\n American Institute of Mining Engineers (AIME, now American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers)\n American Society for Testing and Materials (now ASTM International)\nhad been members of the United Engineering Society (UES). At the behest of the AIEE, they invited the U.S. government Departments of War, Navy (combined in 1947 to become the Department of Defense or DOD) and Commerce to join in founding a national standards organization.\nAccording to Adam Stanton, the first permanent secretary and head of staff in 1919, AESC started as an ambitious program and little else. Staff for the first year consisted of one executive, Clifford B. LePage, who was on loan from a founding member, ASME. An annual budget of $7,500 was provided by the founding bodies.\nIn 1931, the organization (renamed ASA in 1928) became affiliated with the U.S. National Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), which had been formed in 1904 to develop electrical and electronics standards.\nMembers\nANSI's members are government agencies, organizations, academic and international bodies, and individuals. In total, the Institute represents the interests of more than 270,000 companies and organizations and 30 million professionals worldwide. \nANSI's market-driven, decentralized approach has been criticized in comparison with more planned and organized international approaches to standardization. An underlying issue is the difficulty of balancing \"the interests of both the nation's industrial and commercial sectors and the nation as a whole.\"\nProcess\nAlthough ANSI itself does not develop standards, the Institute oversees the development and use of standards by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations. ANSI accreditation signifies that the procedures used by standards developing organizations meet the institute's requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.\nANSI also designates specific standards as American National Standards, or ANS, when the Institute determines that the standards were developed in an environment that is equitable, accessible and responsive to the requirements of various stakeholders."}] | |
img_00005 | output_images/img_00005.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky (; 4 April 1932 – 29 December 1986) was a Russian film director and screenwriter. Widely considered one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinema history, Tarkovsky's films explore spiritual and metaphysical themes, and are noted for their slow pacing and long takes, dreamlike visual imagery, and preoccupation with nature and memory.\nTarkovsky studied film at Moscow's VGIK under filmmaker Mikhail Romm, and subsequently directed his first five features in the Soviet Union: Ivan's Childhood (1962), Andrei Rublev (1966), Solaris (1972), Mirror (1975), and Stalker (1979). A number of his films from this period are ranked among the best films ever made. After years of creative conflict with state film authorities, Tarkovsky left the country in 1979 and made his final two films abroad; Nostalghia (1983) and The Sacrifice (1986) were produced in Italy and Sweden respectively. In 1986, he also published an influential book about cinema and art entitled Sculpting in Time. He died later that year of cancer, a condition possibly caused by the toxic locations used in the filming of Stalker.\nTarkovsky was the recipient of several awards at the Cannes Film Festival throughout his career, including the FIPRESCI prize, the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury, and the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury. He was also awarded the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for his debut film, Ivan's Childhood. In 1990, he was posthumously awarded the Soviet Union's prestigious Lenin Prize. Three of his films—Andrei Rublev, Mirror, and Stalker—featured in Sight & Sound 2012 poll of the 100 greatest films of all time.\nLife and career\nChildhood and early life\nAndrei Tarkovsky was born in the village of Zavrazhye in the Yuryevetsky District of the Ivanovo Industrial Oblast (modern-day Kadyysky District of the Kostroma Oblast, Russia) to the poet and translator Arseny Aleksandrovich Tarkovsky, a native of Yelysavethrad (now Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine), and Maria Ivanova Vishnyakova, a graduate of the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute who later worked as a proofreader; she was born in Moscow in the Dubasov family estate.\nAndrei's paternal grandfather Aleksandr Karlovich Tarkovsky (in ) was a Polish nobleman who worked as a bank clerk. His wife Maria Danilovna Rachkovskaya was a Romanian language teacher who arrived from Iași. Andrei's maternal grandmother Vera Nikolayevna Vishnyakova (née Dubasova) belonged to an old Dubasov family of Russian nobility that traces its history back to the 17th century; among her relatives was Admiral Fyodor Dubasov, a fact she had to conceal during the Soviet days. She was married to Ivan Ivanovich Vishnyakov, a native of the Kaluga Governorate who studied law at the Moscow State University and served as a judge in Kozelsk.\nAccording to the family legend, Tarkovsky's ancestors on his father's side were princes from the Shamkhalate of Tarki, Dagestan, although his sister Marina Tarkovskaya who did a detailed research on their genealogy called it \"a myth, even a prank of sorts,\" stressing that none of the documents confirms this version.\nTarkovsky spent his childhood in Yuryevets. He was described by childhood friends as active and popular, having many friends and being typically in the center of action. His father left the family in 1937, subsequently volunteering for the army in 1941. He returned home in 1943, having been awarded a Red Star after being shot in one of his legs (which he would eventually need to amputate due to gangrene). Tarkovsky stayed with his mother, moving with her and his sister Marina to Moscow, where she worked as a proofreader at a printing press.\nIn 1939, Tarkovsky enrolled at the Moscow School No. 554. During the war, the three evacuated to Yuryevets, living with his maternal grandmother. In 1943, the family returned to Moscow. Tarkovsky continued his studies at his old school, where the poet Andrei Voznesensky was one of his classmates. He studied piano at a music school and attended classes at an art school. The family lived on Shchipok Street in the Zamoskvorechye District in Moscow. From November 1947 to spring 1948 he was in the hospital with tuberculosis. Many themes of his childhood—the evacuation, his mother and her two children, the withdrawn father, the time in the hospital—feature prominently in his film Mirror.\nIn his school years, Tarkovsky was a troublemaker and a poor student. He still managed to graduate, and from 1951 to 1952 studied Arabic at the Oriental Institute in Moscow, a branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. Although he already spoke some Arabic and was a successful student in his first semesters, he did not finish his studies and dropped out to work as a prospector for the Academy of Science Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals and Gold. He participated in a year-long research expedition to the river Kureyka near Turukhansk in the Krasnoyarsk Province. During this time in the taiga, Tarkovsky decided to study film.\nFilm school student\nUpon returning from the research expedition in 1954, Tarkovsky applied at the State Institute of Cinematography (VGIK) and was admitted to the film-directing program. He was in the same class as Irma Raush (Irina) whom he married in April 1957.\nThe early Khrushchev era offered good opportunities for young film directors. Before 1953, annual film production was low and most films were directed by veteran directors. After 1953, more films were produced, many of them by young directors. The Khrushchev Thaw relaxed Soviet social restrictions a bit and permitted a limited influx of European and North American literature, films and music. This allowed Tarkovsky to see films of the Italian neorealists, French New Wave, and of directors such as Kurosawa, Buñuel, Bergman, Bresson, Wajda (whose film Ashes and Diamonds influenced Tarkovsky) and Mizoguchi.\nTarkovsky's teacher and mentor was Mikhail Romm, who taught many film students who would later become influential film directors. In 1956, Tarkovsky directed his first student short film, The Killers, from a short story of Ernest Hemingway. The longer television film There Will Be No Leave Today followed in 1959. Both films were a collaboration between the VGIK students. Classmate Aleksandr Gordon, who married Tarkovsky's sister, in particular directed, wrote, edited, and acted in the two films with Tarkovsky.\nAn important influence on Tarkovsky was the film director Grigory Chukhray, who was teaching at the VGIK. Impressed by the talent of his student, Chukhray offered Tarkovsky a position as assistant director for his film Clear Skies. Tarkovsky initially showed interest but then decided to concentrate on his studies and his own projects.\nDuring his third year at the VGIK, Tarkovsky met Andrei Konchalovsky. They found much in common as they liked the same film directors and shared ideas on cinema and films. In 1959, they wrote the script Antarctica – Distant Country, which was later published in the Moskovsky Komsomolets. Tarkovsky submitted the script to Lenfilm, but it was rejected. They were more successful with the script The Steamroller and the Violin, which they sold to Mosfilm. This became Tarkovsky's graduation project, earning him his diploma in 1960 and winning First Prize at the New York Student Film Festival in 1961.\nFilm career in the Soviet Union\nTarkovsky's first feature film was Ivan's Childhood in 1962. He had inherited the film from director Eduard Abalov, who had to abort the project. The film earned Tarkovsky international acclaim and won the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival in the year 1962. In the same year, on 30 September, his first son Arseny (called Senka in Tarkovsky's diaries) Tarkovsky was born."}] | |
img_00006 | output_images/img_00006.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "An animal is a multicellular, eukaryotic organism of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa.\nAnimal, Animals, or The Animal may also refer to:\nPeople\n The Animal (nickname), a list of people nicknamed \"The Animal\" or \"Animal\"\n Animal Hamaguchi, a ring name of Japanese retired professional wrestler Heigo Hamaguchi (born 1947)\n Road Warrior Animal or Animal, ring names of American professional wrestler Joseph Michael Laurinaitis (1960–2020)\nBooks and publications\n Animal (book), full title Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to The World's WildLife\n Animal, 2012 novel by K'wan Foye\n Animal (journal), full title: Animal: An International Journal of Animal Bioscience\nAnimals (novel), a 2014 novel by Emma Jane Unsworth\nFilm and television\nFilms\n Animal (1977 film), a French film (L'Animal) starring Jean-Paul Belmondo and Raquel Welch\n Animals (1998 film), an American film starring Tim Roth and Rod Steiger\n Animal (2001 film), an Argentine comedy film by Sergio Bizzio with Carlos Roffé\n Animal (2005 film), an American direct-to-video action drama film starring Ving Rhames and Terrance Howard\n Animal (2014 film), an American horror film starring Keke Palmer\n Animal (2018 film), an Argentine film\n Animals (2003 film), a stand-up show written and performed by Ricky Gervais\n Animals (2012 film), a Spanish film\n Animals (2014 film), a British drama film written by and starring David Dastmalchian\n Animals (2017 film), a German film\n Animals (2019 film), an Australian film\n Animals (2021 film), a psychological thriller film\n The Animal, a 2001 American comedy film featuring Rob Schneider\n The Animals (film), a 2012 Filipino coming-of-age film by Gino M. Santos\n Animal (2023 film), a 2023 Indian Hindi language action thriller film\nTelevision\n Animal (TV series), an American nature documentary series\n Animals (American TV series), a 2016–2018 animated series\n Animals (South Korean TV series), a 2015 reality-variety show\n \"Animals\" (The Goodies), a 1980 episode\n \"Animals\" (Men Behaving Badly), a 1992 episode\n \"Animals\" (Off the Air), a 2011 episode\n \"Animals\" (The Vicar of Dibley), a 1994 episode\n \"The Animals\" (Orange Is the New Black), a 2016 episode\n Animal (audio drama), a 2011 audio drama based on Doctor Who"}] | |
img_00007 | output_images/img_00007.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Asia Minor is an alternative name for Anatolia, the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey.\nAsia Minor may also refer to:\n Asia Minor (album), an album by Jamaican-born jazz trumpeter Dizzy Reece\n \"Asia Minor\" (instrumental), a 1961 instrumental recording by Jimmy Wisner (operating under the name Kokomo)\nSee also\n Asia Major (disambiguation)\nTransport in Angola comprises:\nRoads\nRailways \nThere are three separate railway lines in Angola:\n Luanda Railway (CFL) (northern);\n Benguela Railway (CFB) (central), operated by the Lobito Atlantic Railway joint venture;\n Moçâmedes Railway (CFM) (southern);\nReconstruction of these three lines began in 2005 and they are now all operational. The Benguela Railway connects to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\nWaterways \n 1,300 km navigable (2008)\ncountry comparison to the world: 36\nPipelines \n gas 352 km; liquid petroleum gas 85 km; crude oil 1,065 km (2013)\nIn April 2012, the Zambian Development Agency (ZDA) and an Angolan company signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to build a multi-product pipeline from Lobito to Lusaka, Zambia, to deliver various refined products to Zambia.\nAngola plans to build an oil refinery in Lobito in the coming years.\nPorts and harbors \nThe government plans to build a deep-water port at Barra do Dande, north of Luanda, in Bengo province near Caxito.\nMerchant marine \n total: 58\ncountry comparison to the world: 115\n by type: cargo 13, oil tanker 8, other 37 (2008)\nAirports \n 102 (2021)\nAirports – with paved runways \n total: 30\n over 3,047 m: 5\n 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8\n 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12\n 914 to 1,523 m: 4\n under 914 m: 1 (2008)\nAirports – with unpaved runways \n total: 181 (2008)\n over 3,047 m: 2\n 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5\n 1,524 to 2,437 m: 32\n 914 to 1,523 m: 100\n under 914 m: 42 (2008)\nAngolan Airlines \n TAAG Angola Airlines\n Sonair\n Fly Angola\nHeliports \n total: 1 (2021)\nInternational and domestic services are maintained by TAAG Angola Airlines, Aeroflot, British Airways, Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa, Air France, Cubana, Ethiopian Airlines, Emirates, Delta Air Lines, Royal Air Maroc, Iberia, Hainan Airlines, Kenya Airways, South African Airways, TAP Air Portugal and several regional carriers. There are airstrips at Benguela, Cabinda, Huambo, Moçâmedes, and Catumbela.\nReferences\nThe Angolan Armed Forces () or FAA is the military of Angola. The FAA consist of the Angolan Army (), the Angolan Navy () and the National Air Force of Angola (). Reported total manpower in 2021 was about 107,000. The FAA is headed by the Chief of the General Staff António Egídio de Sousa Santos since 2018, who reports to the minister of National Defense, currently João Ernesto dos Santos.\nHistory\nRoots \nThe FAA succeeded to the previous People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) following the abortive Bicesse Accord with the Armed Forces of the Liberation of Angola (FALA), armed wing of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). As part of the peace agreement, troops from both armies were to be demilitarized and then integrated. Integration was never completed as UNITA and FALA went back to war in 1992. Later, consequences for FALA personnel in Luanda were harsh with FAPLA veterans persecuting their erstwhile opponents in certain areas and reports of vigilantism.\nFounding \nThe Angolan Armed Forces were created on 9 October 1991. The institutionalization of the FAA was made in the Bicesse Accords, signed in 1991, between the Angolan Government and UNITA. The principles that would govern the FAA were defined in a joint proposal presented on September 24, 1991 and approved on 9 October. On 14 November 1991, Generals João Baptista de Matos and Abílio Kamalata Numa were appointed to the Superior Command of the Armed Forces. The ceremony took place at the Hotel Presidente Luanda, and was presided over by the then-minister França Vandúnem.\nBranches\nArmy "}] | |
img_00008 | output_images/img_00008.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Albert Sidney Johnston (February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862) served as a general in three different armies: the Texian Army, the United States Army, and the Confederate States Army. He saw extensive combat during his 34-year military career, fighting actions in the Black Hawk War, the Texas-Indian Wars, the Mexican–American War, the Utah War, and the American Civil War.\nConsidered by Confederate States President Jefferson Davis to be the finest general officer in the Confederacy before the later emergence of Robert E. Lee, he was killed early in the Civil War at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862. Johnston was the highest-ranking officer on either side killed during the entire war. Davis believed the loss of General Johnston \"was the turning point of our fate.\"\nJohnston was unrelated to Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston.\nEarly life and education\nJohnston was born in Washington, Kentucky, the youngest son of Dr. John and Abigail (Harris) Johnston. His father was a native of Salisbury, Connecticut. Although Albert Johnston was born in Kentucky, he lived much of his life in Texas, which he considered his home. He was first educated at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, where he met fellow student Jefferson Davis. Both were appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, Davis two years behind Johnston. In 1826, Johnston graduated eighth of 41 cadets in his class from West Point with a commission as a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Infantry.\nJohnston was assigned to posts in New York and Missouri. In August 1827 he participated in the expedition to capture Red Bird, the rebellious Winnebago chief. Johnston later wrote: \"I must confess that I consider Red Bird one of the noblest and most dignified men I ever saw... He said: 'I have offended. I sacrifice myself to save my country.'\" Johnston served in the brief Black Hawk War of 1832 as chief of staff to Brevet Brigadier General Henry Atkinson. The commander praised Johnston for \"talents of the first order, a gallant soldier by profession and education and a gentleman of high standing and integrity.\"\nMarriage and family\nIn 1829, he married Henrietta Preston, sister of Kentucky politician and future Civil War general William Preston. They had three children, of whom two survived to adulthood. Their son, William Preston Johnston, became a colonel in the Confederate States Army. The senior Johnston resigned his commission in 1834 to care for his dying wife in Kentucky, who succumbed two years later to tuberculosis.\nAfter serving as Secretary of War for the Republic of Texas in 1838-40, Johnston resigned and went back to Kentucky. In 1843, he married Eliza Griffin, his late wife's first cousin. The couple moved to Texas, where they settled on a large plantation in Brazoria County. Johnston named the property \"China Grove\". Here they raised Johnston's two children from his first marriage and the first three children born to Eliza and him. A sixth child was born later when the family lived in Los Angeles, where they had permanently settled.\nTexian Army\nJohnson moved to Texas in 1836 and enlisted as a private in the Texian Army after the Texas War of Independence from the Republic of Mexico. He was named Adjutant General as a colonel in the Republic of Texas Army on August 5, 1836. On January 31, 1837, he became senior brigadier general in command of the Texas Army.\nOn February 5, 1837, Johnston fought in a duel with Texas Brigadier General Felix Huston, who was angered and offended by Johnston's promotion. Huston had been the acting commander of the army and perceived Johnston's appointment as a slight from the Texas government. Johnston was shot through the hip and severely wounded, requiring him to relinquish his post during his recovery.\nAfterwards, Johnston said he fought Huston \"as a public duty... he had but little respect for the practice of dueling.\" He believed that the \"safety of the republic depended upon the efficiency of the army... and upon the good discipline and subordination of the troops, which could only be secured by their obedience to their legal commander. General Huston embodied the lawless spirit in the army, which had to be met and controlled at whatever personal peril.\"\nMany years later, Huston said that the duel was \"a shameful piece of business, and I wouldn't do it again under any circumstances... Why, when I reflect upon the circumstances, I hate myself... that one act blackened all the good ones of my life. But I couldn't challenge Congress; and President Houston, although a duelist, was too far above me in rank. Well, thank God, I didn't kill him.\"\nOn December 22, 1838, Mirabeau B. Lamar, the second president of the Republic of Texas, appointed Johnston as Secretary of War. He defended the Texas border against Mexican attempts to recover the state in rebellion. In 1839, he campaigned against Native Americans in northern Texas during the Cherokee War of 1838-39. At the Battle of the Neches, Johnston and Vice President David G. Burnet were both cited in the commander's report \"for active exertions on the field\" and \"having behaved in such a manner as reflects great credit upon themselves.\" In February 1840, he resigned and returned to Kentucky.\nUnited States Army\nWhen the United States declared war on Mexico in May 1846, Johnston rode 400 miles from his home in Galveston to Port Isabel to volunteer for service in Brigadier General Zachary Taylor's Army of Occupation. Johnston was elected as colonel of the 1st Texas Rifle Volunteers but the enlistments of his soldiers ran out just before the army's advance on Monterrey, so Taylor appointed him as the inspector general of Brigadier General William O. Butler's division of volunteers. Johnston convinced a few volunteers of his former regiment to stay on and fight.\nDuring the Battle of Monterrey, Butler was wounded and carried to the rear, and Johnston assumed an active leadership role in the division. Future U.S. general, Joseph Hooker, was with Johnston at Monterrey and wrote: \"It was through [Johnston's] agency, mainly, that our division was saved from a cruel slaughter... The coolness and magnificent presence [that he] displayed on this field... left an impression on my mind that I have never forgotten.\" General Taylor considered Johnston \"the best soldier he had ever commanded.\"\nJohnston resigned from the army just after the battle of Monterrey in October 1846. He had promised his wife, Eliza, that he would only volunteer for six months' service. In addition, President James K. Polk's administration's preference for officers associated with the Democratic Party prevented the promotion of those, such as Johnston, who were perceived as Whigs:\nHe remained on his plantation after the war until he was appointed by later 12th president Zachary Taylor to the U.S. Army as a major and was made a paymaster in December 1849 for a district of Texas encompassing the military posts from the upper Colorado River to the upper Trinity River. He served in that role for more than five years, making six tours and traveling more than annually on the Indian frontier of Texas. He served on the Texas frontier at Fort Mason and elsewhere in the western United States.\nIn 1855, 14th president Franklin Pierce appointed him colonel of the new 2nd U.S. Cavalry (the unit that preceded the modern 5th U.S.), a new regiment, which he organized, his lieutenant colonel being Robert E. Lee, and his majors William J. Hardee and George H. Thomas. Other subordinates in this unit included Earl Van Dorn, Edmund Kirby Smith, Nathan G. Evans, Innis N. Palmer, George Stoneman, R.W. Johnson, John B. Hood, and Charles W. Field, all future Civil War generals. On the 31st of March 1856, Johnston received a promotion to temporary command of the entire Department of Texas. He campaigned aggressively against the Comanche, writing to his daughter that \"the Indians harass our frontiers and the 2nd Cavalry and other troops thrash them wherever they catch them.\" In March 1857, Brigadier General David E. Twiggs was appointed permanent commander of the department and Johnston returned to his position as colonel of the 2nd Cavalry.\nUtah War\nAs a key figure in the Utah War, Johnston took command of the U.S. forces dispatched to crush the Mormon rebellion in November 1857. Their objective was to install Alfred Cumming as governor of the Utah Territory, replacing Brigham Young, and restore U.S. legal authority in the region. As Johnston had replaced Brigadier General William S. Harney in command, he only joined the army after it had already departed for Utah. Johnston’s adjutant general, and future U.S. general in the Civil War, Major Fitz John Porter wrote: “Experienced on the Plains and of established reputation for energy, courage, and resources, [Johnston’s] presence restored confidence at all points, and encouraged the weak-hearted and panic-stricken multitude. The long chain of wagons, kinked, tangled, and hard to move, uncoiled and went forward smoothly.\"\nJohnston worked tirelessly over the next few months to maintain the effectiveness of his army in the harsh winter environment at Fort Bridger, Wyoming. Major Porter wrote to an associate: “Col. Johnston has done everything to add to the efficiency of the command – and put it in a condition to sustain the dignity and honor of the country – More he cannot do… Don’t let any one come here over Col. Johnston – It would be much against the wishes and hopes of everyone here – who would gladly see him a Brigadier General.\" Even the Mormons commended Johnston’s actions, with the Salt Lake City Deseret News reporting that “It takes a cool brain and good judgment to maintain a contented army and healthy camp through a stormy winter in the Wasatch Mountains.\"\nJohnston and his troops hoped for war. They had learned of the Mountain Meadows massacre and wanted revenge against the Mormons. However, a peaceful resolution was reached after the army had endured the harsh winter at Fort Bridger. In late June 1858, Johnston led the army through Salt Lake City without incident to establish Camp Floyd some 50 miles distant. In a report to the War Department, Johnston reported that “horrible crimes… have been perpetrated in this territory, crimes of a magnitude and of an apparently studied refinement in atrocity, hardly to be conceived of, and which have gone unwhipped of justice.\" Nevertheless, Johnston's army peacefully occupied the Utah Territory. U.S. Army Commander-in-Chief, Major General Winfield Scott, was delighted with Johnston’s performance during the campaign and recommended his promotion to brevet brigadier general: “Colonel Johns[t]on is more than a good officer – he is a God send to the country thro’ the army.\" The Senate confirmed Johnston's promotion on the 24th of March 1858.\nWith regard to the relations established by Johnston with the Native American tribes of the area, Major Porter reported that \"Colonel Johnston took every occasion to bring the Indians within knowledge and influence of the army, and induced numerous chiefs to come to his camp... Colonel Johnston was ever kind, but firm, and dignified to them... The Utes, Pi-Utes, Bannocks, and other tribes, visited Colonel Johnston, and all went away expressing themselves pleased, assuring him that so long as he remained they would prove his friends, which the colonel told them would be best for them. Thus he effectively destroyed all influence of the Mormons over them, and insured friendly treatment to travelers to and from California and Oregon.\""}] | |
img_00009 | output_images/img_00009.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "A\nJohn Adair\nB. R. Ambedkar\nGiulio Angioni\nJon Altman\nArjun Appadurai\nTalal Asad\nTimothy Asch\nScott Atran\nMarc Augé\nB\nNigel Barley\nFredrik Barth\nVasily Bartold\nKeith H. Basso\nDaisy Bates\nGregory Bateson\nMary Catherine Bateson\nRuth Behar\nRuth Benedict\nDorothy A. Bennett\nCarl H. Berendt\nLee Berger\nBrent Berlin\nCatherine Helen Webb Berndt\nCatherine L. Besteman\nTheodore C. Bestor\nLewis Binford\nEvelyn Blackwood\nWilhelm Bleek\nMaurice Bloch\nAnton Blok\nFranz Boas\nTom Boellstorff\nPaul Bohannan\nDmitri Bondarenko\nPere Bosch-Gimpera\nPierre Bourdieu\nPhilippe Bourgois\nPaul Broca\nChristian Bromberger\nKari Bruwelheide\nPeter Buck (Te Rangi Hīroa)\nC"}] | |
img_00010 | output_images/img_00010.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Algorithms is a monthly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal of mathematics, covering design, analysis, and experiments on algorithms. The journal is published by MDPI and was established in 2008. The founding editor-in-chief was Kazuo Iwama (Kyoto University). From May 2014 to September 2019, the editor-in-chief was Henning Fernau (Universität Trier). The current editor-in-chief is Frank Werner (Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg).\nAbstracting and indexing\nAccording to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.3.\nThe journal is abstracted and indexed in:\nSee also\nJournals with similar scope include:\nACM Transactions on Algorithms\nAlgorithmica\nJournal of Algorithms (Elsevier)\nReferences\nExternal links\nComputer science journals\nOpen access journals\nMDPI academic journals\nEnglish-language journals\nAcademic journals established in 2008\nMathematics journals\nMonthly journals\nAn atlas is a collection of maps.\nAtlas may also refer to:\nMythology\n Atlas (mythology), an Ancient Greek Titanic deity\n Atlas, the first legendary king of Atlantis\n Atlas of Mauretania, a legendary king\nPlaces\nUnited States\n Atlas, California\n Atlas, Illinois\n Atlas, Texas\n Atlas, West Virginia\n Atlas, Wisconsin\n Atlas District, in Washington, D.C.\n Atlas Peak AVA, a California wine region\n Atlas Township, Michigan\nOther places\n Atlas Cinema, a historic movie theatre in Istanbul, Turkey\n Atlas Mountains, a set of mountain ranges in northwestern Africa\n Atlas, Nilüfer, a village in Bursa Province, Turkey\nPeople with the name\n Atlas (given name)\n Atlas (graffiti artist) \n Atlas DaBone, American wrestler and football player\n Charles Atlas (1892–1972), Italian-American bodybuilder\n Charles Atlas (artist)\n David Atlas (born 1924), American meteorologist\n James Atlas (1949-2019), American writer, editor and publisher\n Meir Atlas (1848–1926), Lithuanian rabbi\n Natacha Atlas (born 1964), Belgian singer\n Nava Atlas, American book artist and author\n Omar Atlas (born 1938), former Venezuelan professional wrestler\n Scott Atlas (born 1955), American conservative health care policy advisor\n Teddy Atlas (born 1956), American boxing trainer and commentator\n Tony Atlas (born 1954), American wrestler and bodybuilder\nArts, entertainment, and media\nComics\n Atlas (comic book series), by Dylan Horrocks\n Agents of Atlas, a Marvel Comics mini-series\n Atlas Comics (1950s), a publisher\n Atlas/Seaboard Comics, a 1970s line of comics\nFictional characters\n Atlas (DC Comics), any of several fictional characters\n Atlas (Teen Titans)\n Atlas, an Astro Boy (1980) character\n Atlas (BioShock)\n Atlas, a BattleMech in the BattleTech universe\n Atlas, an antagonist in Mega Man ZX Advent\n Atlas, a Portal 2 character\n Atlas, a PS238 character\n Erik Josten, a.k.a. Atlas, a Marvel Comics supervillain\n The Atlas, a strong driving force from No Man's Sky\nLiterature\n Atlas, a photography book by Gerhard Richter\n ATLAS of Finite Groups, a group theory book\n Atlas Shrugged, a novel by Ayn Rand\n The Atlas (novel), by William T. Vollmann\nMusic\nGroups\n Atlas (band), a New Zealand rock band\n Atlas Sound, the solo musical project of Deerhunter lead singer and guitarist Bradford Cox\nMusicians\n Black Atlass, a Canadian musician\nAlbums\n Atlas (Kinky album)\n Atlas (Laurel Halo album)\n Atlas (Parkway Drive album)\n Atlas (Real Estate album)\n Atlas (RÜFÜS album)\n Atlas, by The Score, 2017\nOperas\n Atlas (opera), 1991, by Meredith Monk\nAtlas: An Opera in Three Parts, a 1993 recording of Monk's opera"}] | |
img_00011 | output_images/img_00011.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Asterism may refer to:\n Asterism (astronomy), a pattern of stars\n Asterism (gemology), an optical phenomenon in gemstones\n Asterism (typography), (⁂) a moderately rare typographical symbol denoting a break in passages\nSee also\n Aster (disambiguation)\n Asterisk (disambiguation)\nAudi AG () is a German automotive manufacturer of luxury vehicles headquartered in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. A subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group, Audi produces vehicles in nine production facilities worldwide.\nThe origins of the company are complex, dating back to the early 20th century and the initial enterprises (Horch and the Audiwerke) founded by engineer August Horch (1868–1951). Two other manufacturers (DKW and Wanderer) also contributed to the foundation of Auto Union in 1932. The modern Audi era began in the 1960s, when Auto Union was acquired by Volkswagen from Daimler-Benz. After relaunching the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series, Volkswagen merged Auto Union with NSU Motorenwerke in 1969, thus creating the present-day form of the company.\nThe company name is based on the Latin translation of the surname of the founder, August Horch. , meaning \"listen\", becomes in Latin. The four rings of the Audi logo each represent one of four car companies that banded together to create Audi's predecessor company, Auto Union. Audi's slogan is , which is translated as \"Progress through Technology\". Audi, along with German brands BMW and Mercedes-Benz, is among the best-selling luxury automobile brands in the world.\nHistory\nBirth of the company and its name\nAutomobile company Wanderer was originally established in 1885, later becoming a branch of Audi AG. Another company, NSU, which also later merged into Audi, was founded during this time, and later supplied the chassis for Gottlieb Daimler's four-wheeler.\nOn 14 November 1899, August Horch (1868–1951) established the company A. Horch & Cie. in the Ehrenfeld district of Cologne. In 1902, he moved with his company to Reichenbach im Vogtland. On 10 May 1904, he founded the August Horch & Cie. Motorwagenwerke AG, a joint-stock company in Zwickau (State of Saxony).\nAfter troubles with Horch chief financial officer, August Horch left Motorwagenwerke and founded in Zwickau on 16 July 1909, his second company, the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH. His former partners sued him for trademark infringement. The German Reichsgericht (Supreme Court) in Leipzig, eventually determined that the Horch brand belonged to his former company.\nSince August Horch was prohibited from using \"Horch\" as a trade name in his new car business, he called a meeting with close business friends, Paul and Franz Fikentscher from Zwickau. At the apartment of Franz Fikentscher, they discussed how to come up with a new name for the company. During this meeting, Franz's son was quietly studying Latin in a corner of the room. Several times he looked like he was on the verge of saying something but would just swallow his words and continue working, until he finally blurted out, \"Father – audiatur et altera pars... wouldn't it be a good idea to call it audi instead of horch?\" \"Horch!\" in German means \"Hark!\" or \"hear\", which is \"Audi\" in the singular imperative form of \"audire\" – \"to listen\" – in Latin. The idea was enthusiastically accepted by everyone attending the meeting. On 25 April 1910 the Audi Automobilwerke GmbH Zwickau (from 1915 on Audiwerke AG Zwickau) was entered in the company's register of Zwickau registration court.\nThe first Audi automobile, the Audi Type A 10/ Sport-Phaeton, was produced in the same year, followed by the successor Type B 10/28PS in the same year.\nAudi started with a 2,612 cc inline-four engine model Type A, followed by a 3,564 cc model, as well as 4,680 cc and 5,720 cc models. These cars were successful even in sporting events. The first six-cylinder model Type M, 4,655 cc appeared in 1924.\nAugust Horch left the Audiwerke in 1920 for a high position at the ministry of transport, but he was still involved with Audi as a member of the board of trustees. In September 1921, Audi became the first German car manufacturer to present a production car, the Audi Type K, with left-handed drive. Left-hand drive spread and established dominance during the 1920s because it provided a better view of oncoming traffic, making overtaking safer when driving on the right.\nThe merger of the four companies under the logo of four rings\nIn August 1928, Jørgen Rasmussen, the owner of Dampf-Kraft-Wagen (DKW), acquired the majority of shares in Audiwerke AG. In the same year, Rasmussen bought the remains of the U.S. automobile manufacturer Rickenbacker, including the manufacturing equipment for 8-cylinder engines. These engines were used in Audi Zwickau and Audi Dresden models that were launched in 1929. At the same time, 6-cylinder and 4-cylinder (the \"four\" with a Peugeot engine) models were manufactured. Audi cars of that era were luxurious cars equipped with special bodywork.\nIn 1932, Audi merged with Horch, DKW, and Wanderer, to form Auto Union AG, Chemnitz. It was during this period that the company offered the Audi Front that became the first European car to combine a six-cylinder engine with front-wheel drive. It used a power train shared with the Wanderer, but turned 180 degrees, so that the drive shaft faced the front.\nBefore World War II, Auto Union used the four interlinked rings that make up the Audi badge today, representing these four brands. However, this badge was used only on Auto Union racing cars in that period while the member companies used their own names and emblems. The technological development became more and more concentrated and some Audi models were propelled by Horch- or Wanderer-built engines.\nReflecting the economic pressures of the time, Auto Union concentrated increasingly on smaller cars through the 1930s, so that by 1938 the company's DKW brand accounted for 17.9% of the German car market, while Audi held only 0.1%. After the final few Audis were delivered in 1939 the \"Audi\" name disappeared completely from the new car market for more than two decades.\nPost-World War II\nLike most German manufacturing, at the onset of World War II the Auto Union plants were retooled for military production, and were a target for allied bombing during the war which left them damaged.\nOverrun by the Soviet Army in 1945, on the orders of the Soviet Union military administration the factories were dismantled as part of war reparations. Following this, the company's entire assets were expropriated without compensation. On 17 August 1948, Auto Union AG of Chemnitz was deleted from the commercial register. These actions had the effect of liquidating Germany's Auto Union AG. The remains of the Audi plant of Zwickau became the VEB (for \"People Owned Enterprise\") or AWZ (in English: Automobile Works Zwickau).\nWith no prospect of continuing production in Soviet-controlled East Germany, Auto Union executives began the process of relocating what was left of the company to West Germany. A site was chosen in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, to start a spare parts operation in late 1945, which would eventually serve as the headquarters of the reformed Auto Union in 1949.\nThe former Audi factory in Zwickau restarted assembly of the pre-war models in 1949. These DKW models were renamed to IFA F8 and IFA F9 and were similar to the West German versions. West and East German models were equipped with the traditional and renowned DKW two-stroke engines. The Zwickau plant manufactured the infamous Trabant until 1991, when it came under Volkswagen control—effectively bringing it under the same umbrella as Audi since 1945.\nNew Auto Union unit\nA new West German headquartered Auto Union was launched in Ingolstadt with loans from the Bavarian state government and Marshall Plan aid. The reformed company was launched 3 September 1949 and continued DKW's tradition of producing front-wheel drive vehicles with two-stroke engines. This included production of a small but sturdy 125 cc motorcycle and a DKW delivery van, the DKW F89 L at Ingolstadt. The Ingolstadt site was large, consisting of an extensive complex of formerly military buildings which was suitable for administration as well as vehicle warehousing and distribution, but at this stage there was at Ingolstadt no dedicated plant suitable for mass production of automobiles: for manufacturing the company's first post-war mass-market passenger car plant capacity in Düsseldorf was rented from Rheinmetall-Borsig. It was only ten years later, after the company had attracted an investor, when funds became available for construction of major car plant at the Ingolstadt head office site."}] | |
img_00012 | output_images/img_00012.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Aztlan Underground is a band from Los Angeles, California that combines Hip-Hop, Punk Rock, Jazz, and electronic music with Chicano and Native American themes, and indigenous instrumentation. They are often cited as progenitors of Chicano rap.\nBackground \nThe band traces its roots to the late-1980s hardcore scene in the Eastside of Los Angeles. They have played rapcore, with elements of punk, hip hop, rock, funk, jazz, indigenous music, and spoken word. Indigenous drums, flutes, and rattles are also commonly used in their music. Their lyrics often address the family and economic issues faced by the Chicano community, and they have been noted as activists for that community.\nAs an example of the politically active and culturally important artists in Los Angeles in the 1990s, Aztlan Underground appeared on Culture Clash on Fox in 1993; and was part of Breaking Out, a concert on pay per view in 1998, The band was featured in the independent films Algun Dia and Frontierland in the 1990s, and on the upcoming Studio 49. The band has been mentioned or featured in various newspapers and magazines: the Vancouver Sun, New Times, BLU Magazine (an underground hip hop magazine), BAM Magazine, La Banda Elastica Magazine, and the Los Angeles Times calendar section. The band is also the subject of a chapter in the book It's Not About a Salary, by Brian Cross.\nAztlan Underground remains active in the community, lending their voice to annual events such as The Farce of July, and the recent movement to recognize Indigenous People's Day in Los Angeles and beyond.\nIn addition to forming their own label, Xicano Records and Film, Aztlan Underground were signed to the Basque record label Esan Ozenki in 1999 which enabled them to tour Spain extensively and perform in France and Portugal. Aztlan Underground have also performed in Canada, Australia, and Venezuela. The band has been recognized for their music with nominations in the New Times 1998 \"Best Latin Influenced\" category, the BAM Magazine 1999 \"Best Rock en Español\" category, and the LA Weekly 1999 \"Best Hip Hop\" category. The release of their eponymous third album on August 29, 2009 was met with positive reviews and earned the band four Native American Music Award (NAMMY) nominations in 2010.\nDiscography\nDecolonize\nYear:1995\n \"Teteu Innan\"\n \"Killing Season\"\n \"Lost Souls\"\n \"My Blood Is Red\"\n \"Natural Enemy\"\n \"Sacred Circle\"\n \"Blood On Your Hands\"\n \"Interlude\"\n \"Aug 2 the 9\"\n \"Indigena\"\n \"Lyrical Drive By\"\nSub-Verses\nYear:1998\n \"Permiso\"\n \"They Move In Silence\"\n \"No Soy Animal\"\n \"Killing Season\"\n \"Blood On Your Hands\"\n \"Reality Check\"\n \"Lemon Pledge\"\n \"Revolution\""}] | |
img_00013 | output_images/img_00013.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The American Film Institute (AFI) is an American nonprofit film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the motion picture arts in the United States. AFI is supported by private funding and public membership fees.\nLeadership\nThe institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, and academic communities. The board of trustees is chaired by Kathleen Kennedy and the board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO, film historian Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens Jr. (from the organization's inception in 1967 until 1980) and Jean Picker Firstenberg (from 1980 to 2007).\nHistory\nThe American Film Institute was founded by a 1965 presidential mandate announced in the Rose Garden of the White House by Lyndon B. Johnson—to establish a national arts organization to preserve the legacy of American film heritage, educate the next generation of filmmakers, and honor the artists and their work. Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation.\nThe original 22-member Board of Trustees included actor Gregory Peck as chairman and actor Sidney Poitier as vice-chairman, as well as director Francis Ford Coppola, film historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., lobbyist Jack Valenti, and other representatives from the arts and academia.\nThe institute established a training program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. Also created in the early years were a repertory film exhibition program at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the AFI Catalog of Feature Films — a scholarly source for American film history. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981. The film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school.\nAFI moved its presentation of first-run and auteur films from the Kennedy Center to the historic AFI Silver Theatre and Cultural Center, which hosts the AFI DOCS film festival, making AFI the largest nonprofit film exhibitor in the world. AFI educates audiences and recognizes artistic excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists.\nIn 2017, then-aspiring filmmaker Ilana Bar-Din Giannini claimed that the AFI expelled her after she accused Dezso Magyar of sexually harassing her in the early 1980s.\nList of programs in brief\nAFI educational and cultural programs include:\n American Film Institute Awards – an honor celebrating the creative ensembles of the most outstanding motion picture and television programs of the year\n AFI Catalog of Feature Films and AFI Archive – the written history of all feature films during the first 100 years of the art form – accessible free online\n AFI Conservatory – a film school led by master filmmakers in a graduate-level program\n AFI Directing Workshop for Women – a production-based training program committed to increasing the number of women working professionally in screen directing\n AFI Life Achievement Award – a tradition since 1973, a high honor for a career in film\n AFI 100 Years... series – television events and movie reference lists\n AFI's two film festivals – AFI Fest in Los Angeles and AFI Docs in Washington, D.C., and Silver Spring, Maryland"}] | |
img_00014 | output_images/img_00014.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Analog Brothers were an experimental hip hop band featuring Tracy \"Ice-T\" Marrow (Ice Oscillator) on keyboards, drums and vocals, Keith \"Kool Keith\" Thornton (Keith Korg) on bass, strings and vocals, Marc Live (Marc Moog) on drums, violins and vocals, Christopher \"Black Silver\" Rodgers (Silver Synth) on synthesizer, lazar bell and vocals, and Rex Colonel \"Pimpin' Rex\" Doby Jr. (Rex Roland JX3P) on keyboards, vocals and production. Its album Pimp to Eat featured guest appearances by various members of Rhyme Syndicate, Odd Oberheim, Jacky Jasper (who appears as Jacky Jasper on the song \"We Sleep Days\" and H-Bomb on \"War\"), D.J. Cisco from S.M., Synth-A-Size Sisters and Teflon.\nWhile the group only recorded one album together as the Analog Brothers, a few bootlegs of its live concert performances, including freestyles with original lyrics, have occasionally surfaced online. After Pimp to Eat, the Analog Brothers continued performing together in various line ups. Kool Keith and Marc Live joined with Jacky Jasper to release two albums as KHM. Marc Live rapped with Ice-T's group SMG. Marc also formed a group with Black Silver called Live Black, but while five of their tracks were released on a demo CD sold at concerts, Live Black's first album has yet to be released.\nIn 2008, Ice-T and Black Silver toured together as Black Ice, and released an album together called Urban Legends.\nIn 2013, Black Silver and newest member to Analog Brothers, Kiew Kurzweil (Kiew Nikon of Kinetic) collaborated on the joint album called Slang Banging (Return to Analog) with production by Junkadelic Music. In addition to all this, the Analog Brothers continue to make frequent appearances on each other's solo albums.\nDiscography\n 2000 - 2005 A.D. (single), Ground Control Records/Nu Gruv\n 2000 - Pimp to Eat (LP), Ground Control Records/Mello Music Group\n 2014 - Slang Banging (Return to Analog), Junkadelic Music\nReferences\nExternal links\nKool Keith's Site\nUltrakeith\nAnalog Brothers at Discogs\nIce-T\nAmerican hip hop groups\nAltenberg (German for \"old mountain\" or \"mountain of the old\") may refer to:\nPlaces\nAustria\n Altenberg, a town in Sankt Andrä-Wördern, Tulln District\n Altenberg bei Linz, in Upper Austria\n Altenberg an der Rax, in Styria\nGermany\n Altenberg (Bergisches Land), an area in Odenthal, North Rhine-Westphalia\n Altenberg Abbey, Cistercian monastery in Altenberg (Bergisches Land)\n Altenberger Dom, sometimes called Altenberg Cathedral, the former church of this Cistercian monastery\n Altenberg (Hohenahr), hill in Hesse\n Altenberg (Limpurg Hills), highest summit in the Limpurg Hills\n Altenberg, Saxony, a town\n Altenberga, a municipality in the Saale-Holzfeld district, Thuringia\n Altenberg Abbey, Solms, a former Premonstratensian nunnery near Wetzlar in Hesse\n Zinkfabrik Altenberg, a former zinc factory, now a branch of the LVR Industrial Museum, Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia\n Grube Altenberg, a show mine near Kreuztal, North Rhine-Westphalia\nOther places\n Altenberg, the German name for Vieille Montagne (old mountain in French), a former zinc mine in Kelmis, Moresnet, Belgium\n Altenberg, a district in the city of Bern, Switzerland\nOther uses\n Altenberg Lieder (Five Orchestral Songs), composed by Alban Berg in 1911/12\n Altenberg Publishing (1880–1934), a former Polish publishing house\n Altenberg Trio, a Viennese piano trio\nPeople with the surname\n Alfred Altenberg (1878–1924), Polish bookseller and publisher\n Jakob Altenberg (1875–1944), Austrian businessman\n Lee Altenberg, theoretical biologist\n Peter Altenberg (1859–1919), nom de plume of Austrian writer and poet Richard Engländer\nSee also"}] | |
img_00015 | output_images/img_00015.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Alan Alexander Milne (; 18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956) was an English writer best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh, as well as for children's poetry. Milne was primarily a playwright before the huge success of Winnie-the-Pooh overshadowed all his previous work. Milne served in both World Wars, as a lieutenant in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment in the First World War and as a captain in the Home Guard in the Second World War.\nMilne was the father of bookseller Christopher Robin Milne, upon whom the character Christopher Robin is based. It was during a visit to London Zoo, where Christopher became enamoured with the tame and amiable bear Winnipeg, that Milne was inspired to write the story of Winnie-the-Pooh for his son. Milne bequeathed the original manuscripts of the Winnie-the-Pooh stories to the Wren Library at Trinity College, Cambridge, his alma mater.\nEarly life and military career\nAlan Alexander Milne was born in Kilburn, London, to John Vine Milne, who was born in Jamaica, and Sarah Marie Milne (née Heginbotham), on 18 January 1882. He grew up at Henley House School, 6/7 Mortimer Road (now Crescent), Kilburn, a small independent school run by his father. One of his teachers was H. G. Wells, who taught there in 1889–90. Milne attended Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied on a mathematics scholarship, graduating with a B.A. in Mathematics in 1903. He edited and wrote for Granta, a student magazine. He collaborated with his brother Kenneth and their articles appeared over the initials AKM. Milne's work came to the attention of the leading British humour magazine Punch, where Milne was to become a contributor and later an assistant editor. Considered a talented cricket fielder, Milne played for two amateur teams that were largely composed of British writers: the Allahakbarries and the Authors XI. His teammates included fellow writers J. M. Barrie, Arthur Conan Doyle and P. G. Wodehouse.\nMilne joined the British Army in World War I and served as an officer in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. He was commissioned into the 4th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment, on 1 February 1915 as a second lieutenant (on probation). His commission was confirmed on 20 December 1915. He served on the Somme as a signals officer from July-November 1916, but caught trench fever and was invalided back to England. Having recuperated, he worked as a signals instructor, before being recruited into Military Intelligence to write propaganda articles for MI7 (b) between 1917 and 1918. He was discharged on 14 February 1919, and settled in Mallord Street, Chelsea. He relinquished his commission on 19 February 1920, retaining the rank of lieutenant.\nAfter the war, he wrote a denunciation of war titled Peace with Honour (1934), which he retracted somewhat with 1940's War with Honour. During World War II, Milne was one of the most prominent critics of fellow English writer (and Authors XI cricket teammate) P. G. Wodehouse, who was captured at his country home in France by the Nazis and imprisoned for a year. Wodehouse made radio broadcasts about his internment, which were broadcast from Berlin. Although the light-hearted broadcasts made fun of the Germans, Milne accused Wodehouse of committing an act of near treason by cooperating with his country's enemy. Wodehouse got some revenge on his former friend (e.g. in The Mating Season) by creating fatuous parodies of the Christopher Robin poems in some of his later stories, and claiming that Milne \"was probably jealous of all other writers.... But I loved his stuff.\"\nMilne married Dorothy \"Daphne\" de Sélincourt (1890–1971) in 1913 and their son Christopher Robin Milne was born in 1920. In 1925, Milne bought a country home, Cotchford Farm, in Hartfield, East Sussex.\nDuring World War II, Milne was a captain in the British Home Guard in Hartfield & Forest Row, insisting on being plain \"Mr. Milne\" to the members of his platoon. He retired to the farm after a stroke and brain surgery in 1952 left him an invalid, and by August 1953, \"he seemed very old and disenchanted.\" Milne died in January 1956, aged 74.\nLiterary career\n1903 to 1925\nAfter graduating from Cambridge University in 1903, A. A. Milne contributed humorous verse and whimsical essays to Punch, joining the staff in 1906 and becoming an assistant editor.\nDuring this period he published 18 plays and three novels, including the murder mystery The Red House Mystery (1922). His son was born in August 1920 and in 1924 Milne produced a collection of children's poems, When We Were Very Young, which were illustrated by Punch staff cartoonist E. H. Shepard. A collection of short stories for children A Gallery of Children, and other stories that became part of the Winnie-the-Pooh books, were first published in 1925.\nMilne was an early screenwriter for the nascent British film industry, writing four stories filmed in 1920 for the company Minerva Films (founded in 1920 by the actor Leslie Howard and his friend and story editor Adrian Brunel). These were The Bump, starring Aubrey Smith; Twice Two; Five Pound Reward; and Bookworms. Some of these films survive in the archives of the British Film Institute. Milne had met Howard when the actor starred in Milne's play Mr Pim Passes By in London.\nLooking back on this period (in 1926), Milne observed that when he told his agent that he was going to write a detective story, he was told that what the country wanted from a \"Punch humorist\" was a humorous story; when two years later he said he was writing nursery rhymes, his agent and publisher were convinced he should write another detective story; and after another two years, he was being told that writing a detective story would be in the worst of taste given the demand for children's books. He concluded that \"the only excuse which I have yet discovered for writing anything is that I want to write it; and I should be as proud to be delivered of a Telephone Directory con amore as I should be ashamed to create a Blank Verse Tragedy at the bidding of others.\"\n1926 to 1928\nMilne is most famous for his two Pooh books about a boy named Christopher Robin after his son, Christopher Robin Milne (1920–1996), and various characters inspired by his son's stuffed animals, most notably the bear named Winnie-the-Pooh. Christopher Robin Milne's stuffed bear, originally named Edward, was renamed Winnie after a Canadian black bear named Winnie (after Winnipeg), which was used as a military mascot in World War I, and left to London Zoo during the war. \"The Pooh\" comes from a swan the young Milne named \"Pooh\". E. H. Shepard illustrated the original Pooh books, using his own son's teddy Growler (\"a magnificent bear\") as the model. The rest of Christopher Robin Milne's toys, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo and Tigger, were incorporated into A. A. Milne's stories, and two more characters – Rabbit and Owl – were created by Milne's imagination. Christopher Robin Milne's own toys are now on display in New York where 750,000 people visit them every year.\nThe fictional Hundred Acre Wood of the Pooh stories derives from Five Hundred Acre Wood in Ashdown Forest in East Sussex, South East England, where the Pooh stories were set. Milne lived on the northern edge of the forest at Cotchford Farm, , and took his son walking there. E. H. Shepard drew on the landscapes of Ashdown Forest as inspiration for many of the illustrations he provided for the Pooh books. The adult Christopher Robin commented: \"Pooh's Forest and Ashdown Forest are identical.\" Popular tourist locations at Ashdown Forest include: Galleon's Lap, The Enchanted Place, the Heffalump Trap and Lone Pine, Eeyore's Sad and Gloomy Place, and the wooden Pooh Bridge where Pooh and Piglet invented Poohsticks.\nNot yet known as Pooh, he made his first appearance in a poem, \"Teddy Bear\", published in Punch magazine in February 1924 and republished that year in When We Were Very Young. Pooh first appeared in the London Evening News on Christmas Eve, 1925, in a story called \"The Wrong Sort of Bees\". Winnie-the-Pooh was published in 1926, followed by The House at Pooh Corner in 1928. A second collection of nursery rhymes, Now We Are Six, was published in 1927. All four books were illustrated by E. H. Shepard. Milne also published four plays in this period. He also \"gallantly stepped forward\" to contribute a quarter of the costs of dramatising P. G. Wodehouse's A Damsel in Distress. The World of Pooh won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958.\n1929 onward\nThe success of his children's books was to become a source of considerable annoyance to Milne, whose self-avowed aim was to write whatever he pleased and who had, until then, found a ready audience for each change of direction: he had freed pre-war Punch from its ponderous facetiousness; he had made a considerable reputation as a playwright (like his idol J. M. Barrie) on both sides of the Atlantic; he had produced a witty piece of detective writing in The Red House Mystery (although this was severely criticised by Raymond Chandler for the implausibility of its plot in his essay The Simple Art of Murder in the eponymous collection that appeared in 1950). But once Milne had, in his own words, \"said goodbye to all that in 70,000 words\" (the approximate length of his four principal children's books), he had no intention of producing any reworkings lacking in originality, given that one of the sources of inspiration, his son, was growing older.\nAnother reason Milne stopped writing children's books, and especially about Winnie-the-Pooh, was that he felt \"amazement and disgust\" over the immense fame his son was exposed to, and said that \"I feel that the legal Christopher Robin has already had more publicity than I want for him. I do not want CR Milne to ever wish that his name were Charles Robert.\"\nIn his literary home, Punch, where the When We Were Very Young verses had first appeared, Methuen continued to publish whatever Milne wrote, including the long poem \"The Norman Church\" and an assembly of articles entitled Year In, Year Out (which Milne likened to a benefit night for the author).\nIn 1930, Milne adapted Kenneth Grahame's novel The Wind in the Willows for the stage as Toad of Toad Hall. The title was an implicit admission that such chapters as Chapter 7, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn,\" could not survive translation to the theatre. A special introduction written by Milne is included in some editions of Grahame's novel.\nMilne and his wife became estranged from their son, who came to resent what he saw as his father's exploitation of his childhood and came to hate the books that had thrust him into the public eye. Christopher's marriage to his first cousin, Lesley de Sélincourt, distanced him still further from his parents – Lesley's father and Christopher's mother had not spoken to each other for 30 years.\nDeath and legacy\nCommemoration \nA. A. Milne died at his home in Hartfield, Sussex, on 31 January 1956, nearly two weeks after his 74th birthday. A memorial service took place on 10 February at All Hallows-by-the-Tower church in London."}] | |
img_00016 | output_images/img_00016.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Asociación Alumni, usually just Alumni, is an Argentine rugby union club located in Tortuguitas, Greater Buenos Aires. The senior squad currently competes at Top 12, the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system.\nThe club has ties with former football club Alumni because both were established by Buenos Aires English High School students.\nHistory\nBackground\nThe first club with the name \"Alumni\" played association football, having been found in 1898 by students of Buenos Aires English High School (BAEHS) along with director Alexander Watson Hutton. Originally under the name \"English High School A.C.\", the team would be later obliged by the Association to change its name, therefore \"Alumni\" was chosen, following a proposal by Carlos Bowers, a former student of the school.\nAlumni was the most successful team during the first years of Argentine football, winning 10 of 14 league championships contested. Alumni is still considered the first great football team in the country. Alumni was reorganised in 1908, \"in order to encourage people to practise all kind of sports, specially football\". This was the last try to develop itself as a sports club rather than just a football team, such as Lomas, Belgrano and Quilmes had successfully done in the past, but the efforts were not enough. Alumni played its last game in 1911 and was definitely dissolved on April 24, 1913.\nRebirth through rugby\nIn 1951, two guards of the BAEHS, Daniel Ginhson (also a former player of Buenos Aires F.C.) and Guillermo Cubelli, supported by the school's alumni and fathers of the students, they decided to establish a club focused on rugby union exclusively. Former players still alive of Alumni football club and descendants of other players already dead gave their permission to use the name \"Alumni\".\nOn December 13, in a meeting presided by Carlos Bowers himself (who had proposed the name \"Alumni\" to the original football team 50 years before), the club was officially established under the name \"Asociación Juvenil Alumni\", also adopting the same colors as its predecessor.\nThe team achieved good results and in 1960 the club presented a team that won the third division of the Buenos Aires league, reaching the second division. Since then, Alumni has played at the highest level of Argentine rugby and its rivalry with Belgrano Athletic Club is one of the fiercest local derbies in Buenos Aires. Alumni would later climb up to first division winning 5 titles: 4 consecutive between 1989 and 1992, and the other in 2001.\nIn 2002, Alumni won its first Nacional de Clubes title, defeating Jockey Club de Rosario 23–21 in the final.\nPlayers\nCurrent roster\nAs of January 2018:\n Federico Lucca\n Gaspar Baldunciel\n Guido Cambareri\n Iñaki Etchegaray\n Bernardo Quaranta\n Tobias Moyano\n Mariano Romanini\n Santiago Montagner\n Tomas Passerotti\n Lucas Frana\n Luca Sabato\n Franco Batezzatti\n Franco Sabato\n Rafael Desanto\n Nito Provenzano\n Tomas Bivort\n Juan.P Ceraso\n Santiago Alduncin\n Juan.P Anderson\n Lucas Magnasco\n Joaquin Diaz Luzzi\n Felipe Martignone\n Tomas Corneille\nHonours\nNacional de Clubes (1): 2002\nTorneo de la URBA (6): 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 2001, 2018\nReferences\nExternal links\nRugby clubs established in 1951\nA\n1951 establishments in Argentina\nAM or Am may refer to:\nArts and entertainment\nMusic\n A minor, a minor scale in music\n A.M. (Chris Young album)\n A.M. (Wilco album)\n AM (Abraham Mateo album) \n AM (Arctic Monkeys album)\n AM (musician), American musician\n Am, the A minor chord symbol\n Armeemarschsammlung (Army March Collection), catalog of German military march music\n Andrew Moore (musician), Canadian musician known as A.M."}] | |
img_00017 | output_images/img_00017.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "August William Derleth (February 24, 1909 – July 4, 1971) was an American writer and anthologist. He was the first book publisher of the writings of H. P. Lovecraft. He made contributions to the Cthulhu Mythos and the cosmic horror genre and helped found the publisher Arkham House (which did much to bring supernatural fiction into print in hardcover in the US that had only been readily available in the UK). Derleth was also a leading American regional writer of his day, as well as prolific in several other genres, including historical fiction, poetry, detective fiction, science fiction, and biography. Notably, he created the fictional detective Solar Pons, a pastiche of Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes.\nA 1938 Guggenheim Fellow, Derleth considered his most serious work to be the ambitious Sac Prairie Saga, a series of fiction, historical fiction, poetry, and non-fiction naturalist works designed to memorialize life in the Wisconsin he knew. Derleth can also be considered a pioneering naturalist and conservationist in his writing.\nLife\nThe son of William Julius Derleth and Rose Louise Volk, Derleth grew up in Sauk City, Wisconsin. He was educated in local parochial and public high school. Derleth wrote his first fiction at age 13. He was interested most in reading, and he made three trips to the library a week. He would save his money to buy books (his personal library exceeded 12,000 volumes later on in life). Some of his biggest influences were Ralph Waldo Emerson's essays, Walt Whitman, H. L. Mencken's The American Mercury, Samuel Johnson's The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia, Alexandre Dumas, Edgar Allan Poe, Walter Scott, and Henry David Thoreau's Walden.\nForty rejected stories and three years later, according to anthologist Jim Stephens, he sold his first story, \"Bat's Belfry\", to Weird Tales magazine in 1926. Derleth wrote throughout his four years at the University of Wisconsin, where he received a B.A. in 1930. During this time he also served briefly as associate editor of Minneapolis-based Fawcett Publications Mystic Magazine.\nReturning to Sauk City in the summer of 1931, Derleth worked in a local canning factory and collaborated with childhood friend Mark Schorer (later Chairman of the University of California, Berkeley English Department). They rented a cabin, writing Gothic and other horror stories and selling them\nto Weird Tales magazine. Derleth won a place on the O'Brien Roll of Honor for Five Alone, published in Place of Hawks, but was first published in Pagany magazine.\nAs a result of his early work on the Sac Prairie Saga, Derleth was awarded the prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship; his sponsors were Helen C. White, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Sinclair Lewis and poet Edgar Lee Masters of Spoon River Anthology fame.\nIn the mid-1930s, Derleth organized a Ranger's Club for young people, served as clerk and president of the local school board, served as a parole officer, organized a local men's club and a parent-teacher association. He also lectured in American regional literature at the University of Wisconsin and was a contributing editor of Outdoors Magazine.\nWith longtime friend Donald Wandrei, Derleth founded Arkham House in 1939. Its initial objective was to publish the works of H. P. Lovecraft, with whom Derleth had corresponded since his teenage years. At the same time, he began teaching a course in American Regional Literature at the University of Wisconsin.\nIn 1941, he became literary editor of The Capital Times newspaper in Madison, a post he held until his resignation in 1960. His hobbies included fencing, swimming, chess, philately and comic-strips (Derleth reportedly used the funding from his Guggenheim Fellowship to bind his comic book collection, most recently valued in the millions of dollars, rather than to travel abroad as the award intended.). Derleth's true avocation, however, was hiking the terrain of his native Wisconsin lands, and observing and recording nature with an expert eye.\nDerleth once wrote of his writing methods, \"I write very swiftly, from 750,000 to a million words yearly, very little of it pulp material.\"\nIn 1948, he was elected president of the Associated Fantasy Publishers at the 6th World Science Fiction Convention in Toronto.\nHe was married April 6, 1953, to Sandra Evelyn Winters. They divorced six years later. Derleth retained custody of the couple's two children, April Rose Derleth and Walden William Derleth. April earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1977. She became majority stockholder, President, and CEO of Arkham House in 1994. She remained in that capacity until her death. She was known in the community as a naturalist and humanitarian. April died on March 21, 2011.\nIn 1960, Derleth began editing and publishing a magazine called Hawk and Whippoorwill, dedicated to poems of man and nature.\nDerleth died of a heart attack on July 4, 1971, and is buried in St. Aloysius Cemetery in Sauk City. The U.S. 12 bridge over the Wisconsin River is named in his honor. Derleth was Roman Catholic.\nIn Derleth's biography, Dorothy M. Grobe Litersky stated that Derleth was bisexual, and maintained long-term romantic relationships with both men and women. This assertion has not been verified, however; no names were given of these romantic partners (in the interest of privacy according to Litersky), and no evidence or acknowledgement of Derleth having a bisexual or homosexual orientation has ever been found in his personal correspondence or writings.\nCareer\nDerleth wrote more than 150 short stories and more than 100 books during his lifetime.\nThe Sac Prairie Saga\nDerleth wrote an expansive series of novels, short stories, journals, poems, and other works about Sac Prairie. Derleth intended this series to comprise up to 50 novels telling the projected life-story of the region from the 19th century onwards, with analogies to Balzac's Human Comedy and Proust's Remembrance of Things Past.\nThis, and other early work by Derleth, made him a well-known figure among the regional literary figures of his time: early Pulitzer Prize winners Hamlin Garland and Zona Gale, as well as Sinclair Lewis, the last both an admirer and critic of Derleth.\nAs Edward Wagenknecht wrote in Cavalcade of the American Novel, \"What Mr. Derleth has that is lacking...in modern novelists generally, is a country. He belongs. He writes of a land and a people that are bone of his bone and flesh of his flesh. In his fictional world, there is a unity much deeper and more fundamental than anything that can be conferred by an ideology. It is clear, too, that he did not get the best, and most fictionally useful, part of his background material from research in the library; like Scott, in his Border novels, he gives, rather, the impression of having drunk it in with his mother's milk.\"\nJim Stephens, editor of An August Derleth Reader, (1992), argues: \"what Derleth accomplished....was to gather a Wisconsin mythos which gave respect to the ancient fundament of our contemporary life.\"\nThe author inaugurated the Sac Prairie Saga with four novellas comprising Place of Hawks, published by Loring & Mussey in 1935. At publication, The Detroit News wrote: \"Certainly with this book Mr. Derleth may be added to the American writers of distinction.\"\nDerleth's first novel, Still is the Summer Night, was published two years later by the famous Charles Scribners' editor Maxwell Perkins, and was the second in his Sac Prairie Saga.\nVillage Year, the first in a series of journals – meditations on nature, Midwestern village American life, and more – was published in 1941 to praise from The New York Times Book Review: \"A book of instant sensitive responsiveness...recreates its scene with acuteness and beauty, and makes an unusual contribution to the Americana of the present day.\" The New York Herald Tribune observed that \"Derleth...deepens the value of his village setting by presenting in full the enduring natural background; with the people projected against this, the writing comes to have the quality of an old Flemish picture, humanity lively and amusing and loveable in the foreground and nature magnificent beyond.\" James Grey, writing in the St. Louis Dispatch concluded, \"Derleth has achieved a kind of prose equivalent of the Spoon River Anthology.\"\nIn the same year, Evening in Spring was published by Charles Scribners & Sons. This work Derleth considered among his finest. What The Milwaukee Journal called \"this beautiful little love story\", is an autobiographical novel of first love beset by small-town religious bigotry. The work received critical praise: The New Yorker considered it a story told \"with tenderness and charm\", while the Chicago Tribune concluded: \"It's as though he turned back the pages of an old diary and told, with rekindled emotion, of the pangs of pain and the sharp, clear sweetness of a boy's first love.\" Helen Constance White, wrote in The Capital Times that it was \"...the best articulated, the most fully disciplined of his stories.\"\nThese were followed in 1943 with Shadow of Night, a Scribners' novel of which The Chicago Sun wrote: \"Structurally it has the perfection of a carved jewel...A psychological novel of the first order, and an adventure tale that is unique and inspiriting.\"\nIn November 1945, however, Derleth's work was attacked by his one-time admirer and mentor, Sinclair Lewis. Writing in Esquire, Lewis observed, \"It is a proof of Mr. Derleth's merit that he makes one want to make the journey and see his particular Avalon: The Wisconsin River shining among its islands, and the castles of Baron Pierneau and Hercules Dousman. He is a champion and a justification of regionalism. Yet he is also a burly, bounding, bustling, self-confident, opinionated, and highly-sweatered young man with faults so grievous that a melancholy perusal of them may be of more value to apprentices than a study of his serious virtues. If he could ever be persuaded that he isn't half as good as he thinks he is, if he would learn the art of sitting still and using a blue pencil, he might become twice as good as he thinks he is – which would about rank him with Homer.\" Derleth good-humoredly reprinted the criticism along with a photograph of himself sans sweater, on the back cover of his 1948 country journal: Village Daybook.\nA lighter side to the Sac Prairie Saga is a series of quasi-autobiographical short stories known as the \"Gus Elker Stories\", amusing tales of country life that Peter Ruber, Derleth's last editor, said were \"...models of construction and...fused with some of the most memorable characters in American literature.\" Most were written between 1934 and the late 1940s, though the last, \"Tail of the Dog\", was published in 1959 and won the Scholastic Magazine short story award for the year. The series was collected and republished in Country Matters in 1996.\nWalden West, published in 1961, is considered by many Derleth's finest work. This prose meditation is built out of the same fundamental material as the series of Sac Prairie journals, but is organized around three themes: \"the persistence of memory...the sounds and odors of the country...and Thoreau's observation that the 'mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation.'\" A blend of nature writing, philosophic musings, and careful observation of the people and place of \"Sac Prairie.\" Of this work, George Vukelich, author of \"North Country Notebook\", writes: \"Derleth's Walden West is...the equal of Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg,Ohio, Thornton Wilder's Our Town, and Edgar Lee Masters' Spoon River Anthology.\" This was followed eight years later by Return to Walden West, a work of similar quality, but with a more noticeable environmentalist edge to the writing, notes critic Norbert Blei.\nA close literary relative of the Sac Prairie Saga was Derleth's Wisconsin Saga, which comprises several historical novels.\nDetective fiction and \"Solar Pons\""}] | |
img_00018 | output_images/img_00018.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Hercule Poirot (, ) is a fictional Belgian detective created by British writer Agatha Christie. Poirot is one of Christie's most famous and long-running characters, appearing in 33 novels, two plays (Black Coffee and Alibi), and 51 short stories published between 1920 and 1975.\nPoirot has been portrayed on radio, in film and on television by various actors, including Austin Trevor, John Moffatt, Albert Finney, Peter Ustinov, Ian Holm, Tony Randall, Alfred Molina, Orson Welles, David Suchet, Kenneth Branagh, and John Malkovich.\nOverview\nInfluences \nPoirot's name was derived from two other fictional detectives of the time: Marie Belloc Lowndes' Hercule Popeau and Frank Howel Evans' Monsieur Poiret, a retired French police officer living in London. Evans' Jules Poiret \"was small and rather heavyset, hardly more than five feet, but moved with his head held high. The most remarkable features of his head were the stiff military moustache. His apparel was neat to perfection, a little quaint and frankly dandified.\" He was accompanied by Captain Harry Haven, who had returned to London from a Colombian business venture ended by a civil war. \nA more obvious influence on the early Poirot stories is that of Arthur Conan Doyle. In An Autobiography, Christie states, \"I was still writing in the Sherlock Holmes tradition – eccentric detective, stooge assistant, with a Lestrade-type Scotland Yard detective, Inspector Japp\". For his part, Conan Doyle acknowledged basing his detective stories on the model of Edgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste Dupin and his anonymous narrator, and basing his character Sherlock Holmes on Joseph Bell, who in his use of \"ratiocination\" prefigured Poirot's reliance on his \"little grey cells\". Poirot also bears a striking resemblance to A. E. W. Mason's fictional detective Inspector Hanaud of the French Sûreté, who first appeared in the 1910 novel At the Villa Rose and predates the first Poirot novel by 10 years.\nChristie's Poirot was clearly the result of her early development of the detective in her first book, written in 1916 and published in 1920. The large number of refugees in the country who had fled the German invasion of Belgium in August to November 1914 served as a plausible explanation of why such a skilled detective would be available to solve mysteries at an English country house. At the time of Christie's writing, it was considered patriotic to express sympathy towards the Belgians, since the invasion of their country had constituted Britain's casus belli for entering World War I, and British wartime propaganda emphasised the \"Rape of Belgium\".\nPopularity \nPoirot first appeared in The Mysterious Affair at Styles (published in 1920) and exited in Curtain (published in 1975). Following the latter, Poirot was the only fictional character to receive an obituary on the front page of The New York Times.\nBy 1930, Agatha Christie found Poirot \"insufferable\", and by 1960 she felt that he was a \"detestable, bombastic, tiresome, ego-centric little creep\". Despite this, Poirot remained an exceedingly popular character with the general public. Christie later stated that she refused to kill him off, claiming that it was her duty to produce what the public liked.\nAppearance and proclivities \nCaptain Arthur Hastings's first description of Poirot:\nAgatha Christie's initial description of Poirot in Murder on the Orient Express:\nIn the later books, his limp is not mentioned, suggesting it may have been a temporary wartime injury. (In Curtain, Poirot admits he was wounded when he first came to England.) Poirot has green eyes that are repeatedly described as shining \"like a cat's\" when he is struck by a clever idea, and dark hair, which he dyes later in life. In Curtain, he admits to Hastings that he wears a wig and a false moustache. However, in many of his screen incarnations, he is bald or balding.\nFrequent mention is made of his patent leather shoes, damage to which is frequently a source of misery for him, but comical for the reader. Poirot's appearance, regarded as fastidious during his early career, later falls hopelessly out of fashion.\nAmong Poirot's most significant personal attributes is the sensitivity of his stomach:\nHe suffers from sea sickness, and, in Death in the Clouds, he states that his air sickness prevents him from being more alert at the time of the murder. Later in his life, we are told:\nPoirot is extremely punctual and carries a pocket watch almost to the end of his career. He is also particular about his personal finances, preferring to keep a bank balance of 444 pounds, 4 shillings, and 4 pence. Actor David Suchet, who portrayed Poirot on television, said \"there's no question he's obsessive-compulsive\". Film portrayer Kenneth Branagh said that he \"enjoyed finding the sort of obsessive-compulsive\" in Poirot.\nAs mentioned in Curtain and The Clocks, he is fond of classical music, particularly Mozart and Bach.\nMethods \nIn The Mysterious Affair at Styles, Poirot operates as a fairly conventional, clue-based and logical detective; reflected in his vocabulary by two common phrases: his use of \"the little grey cells\" and \"order and method\". Hastings is irritated by the fact that Poirot sometimes conceals important details of his plans, as in The Big Four. In this novel, Hastings is kept in the dark throughout the climax. This aspect of Poirot is less evident in the later novels, partly because there is rarely a narrator to mislead.\nIn Murder on the Links, still largely dependent on clues himself, Poirot mocks a rival \"bloodhound\" detective who focuses on the traditional trail of clues established in detective fiction (e.g., Sherlock Holmes depending on footprints, fingerprints, and cigar ash). From this point on, Poirot establishes his psychological bona fides. Rather than painstakingly examining crime scenes, he enquires into the nature of the victim or the psychology of the murderer. He predicates his actions in the later novels on his underlying assumption that particular crimes are committed by particular types of people."}] | |
img_00019 | output_images/img_00019.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Events\nPre–1600\n46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus.\n 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia.\n1320 – The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath.\n1453 – Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople. The city falls on May 29, and is renamed Istanbul.\n1580 – One of the largest earthquakes recorded in the history of England, Flanders, or Northern France, takes place.\n1601–1900\n1652 – At the Cape of Good Hope, Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp that eventually becomes Cape Town.\n1712 – The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 begins near Broadway.\n1776 – American Revolutionary War: Ships of the Continental Navy fail in their attempt to capture a Royal Navy dispatch boat.\n1782 – King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) of Siam (modern day Thailand) establishes the Chakri dynasty.\n1793 – During the French Revolution, the Committee of Public Safety becomes the executive organ of the republic.\n1800 – The Treaty of Constantinople establishes the Septinsular Republic, the first autonomous Greek state since the Fall of the Byzantine Empire. (Under the Old Style calendar then still in use in the Ottoman Empire, the treaty was signed on 21 March.)\n1808 – John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company, that would eventually make him America's first millionaire.\n1812 – British forces under the command of the Duke of Wellington assault the fortress of Badajoz. This would be the turning point in the Peninsular War against Napoleon-led France.\n1814 – Nominal beginning of the Bourbon Restoration; anniversary date that Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba.\n1830 – Church of Christ, the original church of the Latter Day Saint movement, is organized by Joseph Smith and others at either Fayette or Manchester, New York.\n1841 – U.S. President John Tyler is sworn in, two days after having become president upon William Henry Harrison's death.\n1860 – The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, later renamed Community of Christ, is organized by Joseph Smith III and others at Amboy, Illinois.\n1862 – American Civil War: The Battle of Shiloh begins: In Tennessee, forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant meet Confederate troops led by General Albert Sidney Johnston.\n1865 – American Civil War: The Battle of Sailor's Creek: Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia fights and loses its last major battle while in retreat from Richmond, Virginia, during the Appomattox Campaign.\n1866 – The Grand Army of the Republic, an American patriotic organization composed of Union veterans of the American Civil War, is founded. It lasts until 1956.\n1896 – In Athens, the opening of the first modern Olympic Games is celebrated, 1,500 years after the original games are banned by Roman emperor Theodosius I.\n1901–present\n1909 – Robert Peary and Matthew Henson become the first people to reach the North Pole; Peary's claim has been disputed because of failings in his navigational ability.\n1911 – During the Battle of Deçiq, Dedë Gjon Luli Dedvukaj, leader of the Malësori Albanians, raises the Albanian flag in the town of Tuzi, Montenegro, for the first time after George Kastrioti (Skanderbeg).\n1917 – World War I: The United States declares war on Germany.\n1918 – Finnish Civil War: The battle of Tampere ends.\n1926 – Varney Airlines makes its first commercial flight (Varney is the root company of United Airlines).\n1929 – Huey P. Long, Governor of Louisiana, is impeached by the Louisiana House of Representatives.\n1930 – At the end of the Salt March, Gandhi raises a lump of mud and salt and declares, \"With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire.\"\n1936 – Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak: Another tornado from the same storm system as the Tupelo tornado hits Gainesville, Georgia, killing 203.\n1941 – World War II: Nazi Germany launches Operation 25 (the invasion of Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and Operation Marita (the invasion of Greece).\n1945 – World War II: Sarajevo is liberated from German and Croatian forces by the Yugoslav Partisans.\n 1945 – World War II: The Battle of Slater's Knoll on Bougainville comes to an end.\n1947 – The first Tony Awards are presented for theatrical achievement.\n1957 – The flag carrier airline of Greece for decades, Olympic Airways, is founded by Aristotle Onassis following the acquisition of \"TAE - Greek National Airlines\".\n1958 – Capital Airlines Flight 67 crashes into Saginaw Bay near Freeland, Michigan, killing 47.\n1965 – Launch of Early Bird, the first commercial communications satellite to be placed in geosynchronous orbit.\n1968 – In the downtown district of Richmond, Indiana, a double explosion kills 41 and injures 150.\n 1968 – Pierre Elliott Trudeau wins the Liberal Party leadership election, and becomes Prime Minister of Canada soon afterward.\n1970 – Newhall massacre: Four California Highway Patrol officers are killed in a shootout.\n1972 – Vietnam War: Easter Offensive: American forces begin sustained air strikes and naval bombardments.\n1973 – Launch of Pioneer 11 spacecraft.\n 1973 – The American League of Major League Baseball begins using the designated hitter.\n1984 – Members of Cameroon's Republican Guard unsuccessfully attempt to overthrow the government headed by Paul Biya.\n1985 – Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry is ousted from power in a coup d'état led by Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab.\n1992 – The Bosnian War begins.\n1994 – The Rwandan genocide begins when the aircraft carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira is shot down.\n1997 – In Greene County, Tennessee, the Lillelid murders occur.\n1998 – Nuclear weapons testing: Pakistan tests medium-range missiles capable of reaching India."}] | |
img_00020 | output_images/img_00020.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Events\nPre-1600\n 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I.\n 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.\n 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to Christianity by Paulinus, bishop of York.\n1012 – Duke Oldřich of Bohemia deposes and blinds his brother Jaromír, who flees to Poland.\n1204 – The Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade breach the walls of Constantinople and enter the city, which they completely occupy the following day.\n1601–1900\n1606 – The Union Flag is adopted as the flag of English and Scottish ships.\n1776 – American Revolution: With the Halifax Resolves, the North Carolina Provincial Congress authorizes its Congressional delegation to vote for independence from Britain.\n1807 – The Froberg mutiny on Malta ends when the remaining mutineers blow up the magazine of Fort Ricasoli.\n1820 – Alexander Ypsilantis is declared leader of Filiki Eteria, a secret organization to overthrow Ottoman rule over Greece.\n1831 – Soldiers marching on the Broughton Suspension Bridge in Manchester, England, cause it to collapse.\n1861 – American Civil War: Battle of Fort Sumter. The war begins with Confederate forces firing on Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.\n1862 – American Civil War: The Andrews Raid (the Great Locomotive Chase) occurs, starting from Big Shanty, Georgia (now Kennesaw).\n1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Fort Pillow: Confederate forces kill most of the African American soldiers that surrendered at Fort Pillow, Tennessee.\n1865 – American Civil War: Mobile, Alabama, falls to the Union Army.\n1877 – The United Kingdom annexes the Transvaal.\n1900 – One day after its enactment by the Congress, President William McKinley signs the Foraker Act into law, giving Puerto Rico limited self-rule.\n1901–present\n1910 – , one of the last pre-dreadnought battleships built by the Austro-Hungarian Navy, is launched.\n1917 – World War I: Canadian forces successfully complete the taking of Vimy Ridge from the Germans.\n1927 – Shanghai massacre of 1927: Chiang Kai-shek orders the Chinese Communist Party members executed in Shanghai, ending the First United Front.\n 1927 – Rocksprings, Texas is hit by an F5 tornado that destroys 235 of the 247 buildings in the town, kills 72 townspeople and injures 205; third deadliest tornado in Texas history.\n1928 – The Bremen, a German Junkers W 33 type aircraft, takes off for the first successful transatlantic aeroplane flight from east to west.\n1934 – The strongest surface wind gust in the world at the time of 231 mph, is measured on the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire. It has since been surpassed.\n 1934 – The U.S. Auto-Lite strike begins, culminating in a five-day melee between Ohio National Guard troops and 6,000 strikers and picketers.\n1937 – Sir Frank Whittle ground-tests the first jet engine designed to power an aircraft, at Rugby, England.\n1945 – U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies in office; Vice President Harry S. Truman becomes President upon Roosevelt's death."}] | |
img_00021 | output_images/img_00021.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Events\nPre-1600\n 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings.\n1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guiscard.\n1450 – Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English forces, ending English domination in Northern France.\n1601–1900\n1632 – Battle of Rain: Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeat the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.\n1642 – Irish Confederate Wars: A Confederate Irish militia is routed in the Battle of Kilrush when it attempts to halt the progress of a Royalist Army.\n1715 – The Pocotaligo Massacre triggers the start of the Yamasee War in colonial South Carolina.\n1736 – Foundation of the short-lived Kingdom of Corsica.\n1738 – Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, receives its premiere performance in London, England.\n1755 – Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language is published in London.\n1817 – Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc found the American School for the Deaf (then called the Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons), the first American school for deaf students, in Hartford, Connecticut.\n1861 – President Abraham Lincoln calls for 75,000 Volunteers to quell the insurrection that soon became the American Civil War.\n1865 – President Abraham Lincoln dies after being shot the previous evening by actor John Wilkes Booth. Three hours later, Vice President Andrew Johnson is sworn in as President.\n1892 – The General Electric Company is formed.\n1896 – Closing ceremony of the Games of the I Olympiad in Athens, Greece.\n1900 – Philippine–American War: Filipino guerrillas launch a surprise attack on U.S. infantry and begin a four-day siege of Catubig, Philippines.\n1901–present\n1912 – The British passenger liner sinks in the North Atlantic at 2:20 a.m., two hours and forty minutes after hitting an iceberg. Only 710 of 2,224 passengers and crew on board survive.\n1920 – Two security guards are murdered during a robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts. Anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti would be convicted of and executed for the crime, amid much controversy.\n1922 – U.S. Senator John B. Kendrick of Wyoming introduces a resolution calling for an investigation of a secret land deal, which leads to the discovery of the Teapot Dome scandal.\n1923 – Insulin becomes generally available for use by people with diabetes.\n 1923 – Racially motivated Nihon Shōgakkō fire lit by a serial arsonist kills 10 children in Sacramento, California.\n1936 – First day of the Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine.\n1941 – In the Belfast Blitz, two hundred bombers of the German Luftwaffe attack Belfast, killing around one thousand people.\n1942 – The George Cross is awarded \"to the island fortress of Malta\" by King George VI.\n1945 – Bergen-Belsen concentration camp is liberated.\n1947 – Jackie Robinson debuts for the Brooklyn Dodgers, breaking baseball's color line.\n1952 – First flight of the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress.\n1955 – McDonald's restaurant dates its founding to the opening of a franchised restaurant by Ray Kroc, in Des Plaines, Illinois.\n1960 – At Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina, Ella Baker leads a conference that results in the creation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, one of the principal organizations of the civil rights movement in the 1960s.\n1969 – The EC-121 shootdown incident: North Korea shoots down a United States Navy aircraft over the Sea of Japan, killing all 31 on board.\n1970 – During the Cambodian Civil War, massacre of the Vietnamese minority results in 800 bodies flowing down the Mekong river into South Vietnam.\n1986 – The United States launches Operation El Dorado Canyon, its bombing raids against Libyan targets in response to a discotheque bombing in West Germany that killed two U.S. servicemen."}] | |
img_00022 | output_images/img_00022.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Events\nPre-1600\n311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends.\n1315 – Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged at the instigation of Charles, Count of Valois.\n1492 – Spain gives Christopher Columbus his commission of exploration. He is named admiral of the ocean sea, viceroy and governor of any territory he discovers. \n1513 – Edmund de la Pole, Yorkist pretender to the English throne, is executed on the orders of Henry VIII.\n1557 – Mapuche leader Lautaro is killed by Spanish forces at the Battle of Mataquito in Chile.\n1598 – Juan de Oñate begins the conquest of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.\n 1598 – Henry IV of France issues the Edict of Nantes, allowing freedom of religion to the Huguenots.\n1601–1900\n1636 – Eighty Years' War: Dutch Republic forces recapture a strategically important fort from Spain after a nine-month siege.\n1789 – On the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York City, George Washington takes the oath of office to become the first President of the United States.\n1803 – Louisiana Purchase: The United States purchases the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, more than doubling the size of the young nation.\n1812 – The Territory of Orleans becomes the 18th U.S. state under the name Louisiana.\n1838 – Nicaragua declares independence from the Central American Federation.\n1863 – A 65-man French Foreign Legion infantry patrol fights a force of nearly 2,000 Mexican soldiers to nearly the last man in Hacienda Camarón, Mexico.\n1871 – The Camp Grant massacre takes place in Arizona Territory.\n1885 – Governor of New York David B. Hill signs legislation creating the Niagara Reservation, New York's first state park, ensuring that Niagara Falls will not be devoted solely to industrial and commercial use.\n1897 – J. J. Thomson of the Cavendish Laboratory announces his discovery of the electron as a subatomic particle, over 1,800 times smaller than a proton (in the atomic nucleus), at a lecture at the Royal Institution in London.\n1900 – Hawaii becomes a territory of the United States, with Sanford B. Dole as governor.\n1901–present\n1905 – Albert Einstein completes his doctoral thesis at the University of Zurich.\n1925 – Automaker Dodge Brothers, Inc is sold to Dillon, Read & Co. for US$146 million plus $50 million for charity.\n1927 – The Federal Industrial Institute for Women opens in Alderson, West Virginia, as the first women's federal prison in the United States.\n1937 – The Commonwealth of the Philippines holds a plebiscite for Filipino women on whether they should be extended the right to suffrage; over 90% would vote in the affirmative.\n1939 – The 1939–40 New York World's Fair opens.\n 1939 – NBC inaugurates its regularly scheduled television service in New York City, broadcasting President Franklin D. Roosevelt's N.Y. World's Fair opening day ceremonial address.\n1943 – World War II: The British submarine surfaces near Huelva to cast adrift a dead man dressed as a courier and carrying false invasion plans.\n1945 – World War II: Führerbunker: Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun commit suicide after being married for less than 40 hours. Soviet soldiers raise the Victory Banner over the Reichstag building.\n 1945 – World War II: Stalag Luft I prisoner-of-war camp near Barth, Germany is liberated by Soviet soldiers, freeing nearly 9,000 American and British airmen.\n1947 – In Nevada, Boulder Dam is renamed Hoover Dam.\n1948 – In Bogotá, Colombia, the Organization of American States is established.\n1956 – Former Vice President and Democratic Senator Alben Barkley dies during a speech in Virginia.\n1957 – Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery entered into force.\n1961 – K-19, the first Soviet nuclear submarine equipped with nuclear missiles, is commissioned."}] | |
img_00023 | output_images/img_00023.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Events\nPre-1600\n 392 – Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.\n 851 – Battle of Jengland: Erispoe defeats Charles the Bald near the Breton town of Jengland.\n1138 – Battle of the Standard between Scotland and England.\n1485 – The Battle of Bosworth Field occurs; Richard III dies, marking the end of the House of Plantagenet.\n1559 – Spanish archbishop Bartolomé Carranza is arrested for heresy.\n1601–1900\n1614 – Fettmilch Uprising: Jews are expelled from Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire, following the plundering of the Judengasse.\n1639 – Madras (now Chennai), India, is founded by the British East India Company on a sliver of land bought from local Nayak rulers.\n1642 – Charles I raises his standard in Nottingham, which marks the beginning of the English Civil War.\n1654 – Jacob Barsimson arrives in New Amsterdam. He is the first known Jewish immigrant to America.\n1711 – Britain's Quebec Expedition loses eight ships and almost nine hundred soldiers, sailors and women to rocks at Pointe-aux-Anglais.\n1717 – Spanish troops land on Sardinia.\n1770 – James Cook names and lands on Possession Island, and claims the east coast of Australia for Britain as New South Wales.\n1777 – British forces abandon the Siege of Fort Stanwix after hearing rumors of Continental Army reinforcements.\n1780 – James Cook's ship returns to England (Cook having been killed on Hawaii during the voyage).\n1791 – The Haitian slave revolution begins in Saint-Domingue, Haiti.\n1798 – French troops land at Kilcummin, County Mayo, Ireland to aid the rebellion.\n1827 – José de La Mar becomes President of Peru.\n1846 – The Second Federal Republic of Mexico is established.\n1849 – Passaleão incident: João Maria Ferreira do Amaral, the governor of Portuguese Macau, is assassinated by a group of Chinese locals, triggering a military confrontation between China and Portugal at the Battle of Passaleão three days after.\n1851 – The first America's Cup is won by the yacht America.\n1864 – Twelve nations sign the First Geneva Convention, establishing the rules of protection of the victims of armed conflicts.\n1875 – The Treaty of Saint Petersburg between Japan and Russia is ratified, providing for the exchange of Sakhalin for the Kuril Islands.\n1894 – Mahatma Gandhi forms the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) in order to fight discrimination against Indian traders in Natal.\n1901–present\n1902 – The Cadillac Motor Company is founded.\n 1902 – Theodore Roosevelt becomes the first President of the United States to make a public appearance in an automobile.\n 1902 – At least 6,000 people are killed by the magnitude 7.7 Kashgar earthquake in the Tien Shan mountains.\n1922 – Michael Collins, Commander-in-chief of the Irish Free State Army, is shot dead in an ambush during the Irish Civil War.\n1934 – Bill Woodfull of Australia becomes the only test cricket captain to twice regain The Ashes.\n1941 – World War II: German troops begin the Siege of Leningrad.\n1942 – Brazil declares war on Germany, Japan and Italy.\n1944 – World War II: Holocaust of Kedros in Crete by German forces.\n1949 – The Queen Charlotte earthquake is Canada's strongest since the 1700 Cascadia earthquake.\n1953 – The penal colony on Devil's Island is permanently closed."}] | |
img_00024 | output_images/img_00024.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Events\nPre-1600\n 410 – The sacking of Rome by the Visigoths ends after three days.\n1172 – Henry the Young King and Margaret of France are crowned junior king and queen of England.\n1232 – Shikken Hojo Yasutoki of the Kamakura shogunate promulgates the Goseibai Shikimoku, the first Japanese legal code governing the samurai class.\n1557 – The Battle of St. Quentin results in Emmanuel Philibert becoming Duke of Savoy.\n1593 – Pierre Barrière failed an attempt to assassinate Henry IV of France.\n1597 – Jeongyu War: Battle of Chilcheollyang: A Japanese fleet of 500 ships destroys Joseon commander Won Gyun’s fleet of 200 ships at Chilcheollyang.\n1600 – Ishida Mitsunari’s Western Army commences the Siege of Fushimi Castle, which is lightly defended by a much smaller Tokugawa garrison led by Torii Mototada.\n1601–1900\n1689 – The Treaty of Nerchinsk is signed by Russia and the Qing Empire (Julian calendar).\n1776 – American Revolutionary War: Members of the 1st Maryland Regiment repeatedly charged a numerically superior British force during the Battle of Long Island, allowing General Washington and the rest of the American troops to escape.\n1791 – French Revolution: Frederick William II of Prussia and Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, issue the Declaration of Pillnitz, declaring the joint support of the Holy Roman Empire and Prussia for the French monarchy, agitating the French revolutionaries and contributing to the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition.\n1793 – French Revolutionary Wars: The city of Toulon revolts against the French Republic and admits the British and Spanish fleets to seize its port, leading to the Siege of Toulon by French Revolutionary forces.\n1798 – Wolfe Tone's United Irish and French forces clash with the British Army in the Battle of Castlebar, part of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, resulting in the creation of the French puppet Republic of Connacht.\n1810 – Napoleonic Wars: The French Navy defeats the British Royal Navy, preventing them from taking the harbour of Grand Port on Île de France.\n1813 – French Emperor Napoleon I defeats a larger force of Austrians, Russians, and Prussians at the Battle of Dresden.\n1828 – Brazil and Argentina recognize the sovereignty of Uruguay in the Treaty of Montevideo\n1832 – Black Hawk, leader of the Sauk tribe of Native Americans, surrenders to U.S. authorities, ending the Black Hawk War.\n1859 – Petroleum is discovered in Titusville, Pennsylvania, leading to the world's first commercially successful oil well.\n1881 – The Georgia hurricane makes landfall near Savannah, Georgia, resulting in an estimated 700 deaths.\n1883 – Eruption of Krakatoa: Four enormous explosions almost completely destroy the island of Krakatoa and cause years of climate change.\n1893 – The Sea Islands hurricane strikes the United States near Savannah, Georgia, killing between 1,000 and 2,000 people.\n1895 – Japanese invasion of Taiwan: Battle of Baguashan: The Empire of Japan decisively defeats a smaller Formosan army at Changhua, crippling the short-lived Republic of Formosa and leading to its surrender two months later.\n1896 – Anglo-Zanzibar War: The shortest war in world history (09:02 to 09:40), between the United Kingdom and Zanzibar.\n1901–present\n1908 – The Qing dynasty promulgates the Qinding Xianfa Dagang, the first constitutional document in the history of China, transforming the Qing empire into a constitutional monarchy.\n1914 – World War I: Battle of Étreux: A British rearguard action by the Royal Munster Fusiliers during the Great Retreat. \n 1914 – World War I: Siege of Tsingtao: A Japanese fleet commanded by Vice Admiral Sadakichi Kato imposes a blockade along the whole coastline of German Tsingtao, initiating the Siege of Tsingtao.\n1915 – Attempted assassination of Bishop Patrick Heffron, bishop of the Diocese of Winona, by Rev. Louis M. Lesches.\n1916 – World War I: The Kingdom of Romania declares war on Austria-Hungary, entering the war as one of the Allied nations.\n1918 – Mexican Revolution: Battle of Ambos Nogales: U.S. Army forces skirmish against Mexican Carrancistas in the only battle of World War I fought on American soil.\n1922 – Greco-Turkish War: The Turkish army takes the Aegean city of Afyonkarahisar from the Kingdom of Greece.\n1927 – Five Canadian women file a petition to the Supreme Court of Canada, asking: \"Does the word 'Persons' in Section 24 of the British North America Act, 1867, include female persons?\"\n1928 – The Kellogg–Briand Pact outlawing war is signed by fifteen nations. Ultimately sixty-one nations will sign it.\n1933 – The first Afrikaans Bible is introduced during a Bible Festival in Bloemfontein.\n1939 – First flight of the turbojet-powered Heinkel He 178, the world's first jet aircraft.\n1942 – First day of the Sarny Massacre, perpetrated by Germans and Ukrainians.\n1943 – World War II: Japanese forces evacuate New Georgia Island in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II.\n 1943 – World War II: Aerial bombardment by the Luftwaffe razes to the ground the village of Vorizia in Crete.\n1955 – The first edition of the Guinness Book of Records is published in Great Britain.\n1956 – The nuclear power station at Calder Hall in the United Kingdom was connected to the national power grid becoming the world's first commercial nuclear power station to generate electricity on an industrial scale.\n1962 – The Mariner 2 unmanned space mission is launched to Venus by NASA.\n1963 – An explosion at the Cane Creek potash mine near Moab, Utah kills 18 miners.\n1964 – South Vietnamese junta leader Nguyễn Khánh enters into a triumvirate power-sharing arrangement with rival generals Trần Thiện Khiêm and Dương Văn Minh, who had both been involved in plots to unseat Khánh.\n1971 – An attempted coup d'état fails in the African nation of Chad. The Government of Chad accuses Egypt of playing a role in the attempt and breaks off diplomatic relations."}] | |
img_00025 | output_images/img_00025.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Irwin Allen Ginsberg (; June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) was an American poet and writer. As a student at Columbia University in the 1940s, he began friendships with Lucien Carr, William S. Burroughs and Jack Kerouac, forming the core of the Beat Generation. He vigorously opposed militarism, economic materialism, and sexual repression, and he embodied various aspects of this counterculture with his views on drugs, sex, multiculturalism, hostility to bureaucracy, and openness to Eastern religions.\nBest known for his poem \"Howl\", Ginsberg denounced what he saw as the destructive forces of capitalism and conformity in the United States. San Francisco police and US Customs seized copies of \"Howl\" in 1956, and a subsequent obscenity trial in 1957 attracted widespread publicity due to the poem's language and descriptions of heterosexual and homosexual sex at a time when sodomy laws made (male) homosexual acts a crime in every state. The poem reflected Ginsberg's own sexuality and his relationships with a number of men, including Peter Orlovsky, his lifelong partner. Judge Clayton W. Horn ruled that \"Howl\" was not obscene, asking: \"Would there be any freedom of press or speech if one must reduce his vocabulary to vapid innocuous euphemisms?\"\nGinsberg was a Buddhist who extensively studied Eastern religious disciplines. He lived modestly, buying his clothing in second-hand stores and residing in apartments in New York City's East Village. One of his most influential teachers was Tibetan Buddhist Chögyam Trungpa, the founder of the Naropa Institute in Boulder, Colorado. At Trungpa's urging, Ginsberg and poet Anne Waldman started The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics there in 1974.\nFor decades, Ginsberg was active in political protests across a range of issues from the Vietnam War to the war on drugs. His poem \"September on Jessore Road\" drew attention to refugees fleeing the 1971 Bangladeshi genocide, exemplifying what literary critic Helen Vendler described as Ginsberg's persistent opposition to \"imperial politics\" and the \"persecution of the powerless\". His collection The Fall of America shared the annual National Book Award for Poetry in 1974. In 1979, he received the National Arts Club gold medal and was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He was a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 1995 for his book Cosmopolitan Greetings: Poems 1986–1992.\nBiography\nEarly life and family\nGinsberg was born into a Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey, and grew up in nearby Paterson. He was the second son of Louis Ginsberg, also born in Newark, a schoolteacher and published poet, and the former Naomi Levy, born in Nevel (Russia) and a fervent Marxist.\nAs a teenager, Ginsberg began to write letters to The New York Times about political issues, such as World War II and workers' rights. He published his first poems in the Paterson Morning Call. While in high school, Ginsberg became interested in the works of Walt Whitman, inspired by his teacher's passionate reading. In 1943, Ginsberg graduated from Eastside High School and briefly attended Montclair State College before entering Columbia University on a scholarship from the Young Men's Hebrew Association of Paterson.\nIn 1945, he joined the Merchant Marine to earn money to continue his education at Columbia. While at Columbia, Ginsberg contributed to the Columbia Review literary journal, the Jester humor magazine, won the Woodberry Poetry Prize, served as president of the Philolexian Society (literary and debate group), and joined Boar's Head Society (poetry society).\nHe was a resident of Hartley Hall, where other Beat Generation poets such as Jack Kerouac and Herbert Gold also lived. Ginsberg has stated that he considered his required freshman seminar in Great Books, taught by Lionel Trilling, to be his favorite Columbia course.\nAccording to The Poetry Foundation, Ginsberg spent several months in a mental institution after he pleaded insanity during a hearing. He was allegedly being prosecuted for harboring stolen goods in his dorm room. It was noted that the stolen property was not his, but belonged to an acquaintance. Ginsberg also took part in public readings at the Episcopal St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery which would later hold a memorial service for him after his death.\nRelationship with his parents\nGinsberg referred to his parents in a 1985 interview as \"old-fashioned delicatessen philosophers\". His mother was also an active member of the Communist Party and took Ginsberg and his brother Eugene to party meetings. Ginsberg later said that his mother \"made up bedtime stories that all went something like: 'The good king rode forth from his castle, saw the suffering workers and healed them.'\" Of his father Ginsberg said: \"My father would go around the house either reciting Emily Dickinson and Longfellow under his breath or attacking T. S. Eliot for ruining poetry with his 'obscurantism.' I grew suspicious of both sides.\"\nNaomi Ginsberg had schizophrenia which often manifested as paranoid delusions, disordered thinking and multiple suicide attempts. She would claim, for example, that the president had implanted listening devices in their home and that her mother-in-law was trying to kill her. Her suspicion of those around her caused Naomi to draw closer to young Allen, \"her little pet,\" as Bill Morgan says in his biography of Ginsberg, titled I Celebrate Myself: The Somewhat Private Life of Allen Ginsberg. She also tried to kill herself by slitting her wrists and was soon taken to Greystone, a mental hospital; she would spend much of Ginsberg's youth in mental hospitals. His experiences with his mother and her mental illness were a major inspiration for his two major works, \"Howl\" and his long autobiographical poem \"Kaddish for Naomi Ginsberg (1894–1956)\".\nWhen he was in junior high school, he accompanied his mother by bus to her therapist. The trip deeply disturbed Ginsberg—he mentioned it and other moments from his childhood in \"Kaddish\". His experiences with his mother's mental illness and her institutionalization are also frequently referred to in \"Howl.\" For example, \"Pilgrim State, Rockland, and Grey Stone's foetid halls\" is a reference to institutions frequented by his mother and Carl Solomon, ostensibly the subject of the poem: Pilgrim State Hospital and Rockland State Hospital in New York and Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital in New Jersey. This is followed soon by the line \"with mother finally ******.\" Ginsberg later admitted the deletion was the expletive \"fucked.\" He also says of Solomon in section three, \"I'm with you in Rockland where you imitate the shade of my mother,\" once again showing the association between Solomon and his mother.\nGinsberg received a letter from his mother after her death responding to a copy of \"Howl\" he had sent her. It admonished Ginsberg to be good and stay away from drugs; she says, \"The key is in the window, the key is in the sunlight at the window—I have the key—Get married Allen don't take drugs—the key is in the bars, in the sunlight in the window.\" In a letter she wrote to Ginsberg's brother Eugene, she said, \"God's informers come to my bed, and God himself I saw in the sky. The sunshine showed too, a key on the side of the window for me to get out. The yellow of the sunshine, also showed the key on the side of the window.\" These letters and the absence of a facility to recite kaddish inspired Ginsberg to write \"Kaddish\", which makes references to many details from Naomi's life, Ginsberg's experiences with her, and the letter, including the lines \"the key is in the light\" and \"the key is in the window.\"\nNew York Beats\nIn Ginsberg's first year at Columbia he met fellow undergraduate Lucien Carr, who introduced him to a number of future Beat writers, including Jack Kerouac, William S. Burroughs, and John Clellon Holmes. They bonded, because they saw in one another an excitement about the potential of American youth, a potential that existed outside the strict conformist confines of post–World War II, McCarthy-era America. Ginsberg and Carr talked excitedly about a \"New Vision\" (a phrase adapted from Yeats' \"A Vision\"), for literature and America. Carr also introduced Ginsberg to Neal Cassady, for whom Ginsberg had a long infatuation. In the first chapter of his 1957 novel On the Road Kerouac described the meeting between Ginsberg and Cassady. Kerouac saw them as the dark (Ginsberg) and light (Cassady) side of their \"New Vision\", a perception stemming partly from Ginsberg's association with communism, of which Kerouac had become increasingly distrustful. Though Ginsberg was never a member of the Communist Party, Kerouac named him \"Carlo Marx\" in On the Road. This was a source of strain in their relationship.\nAlso, in New York, Ginsberg met Gregory Corso in the Pony Stable Bar. Corso, recently released from prison, was supported by the Pony Stable patrons and was writing poetry there the night of their meeting. Ginsberg claims he was immediately attracted to Corso, who was straight, but understood homosexuality after three years in prison. Ginsberg was even more struck by reading Corso's poems, realizing Corso was \"spiritually gifted.\" Ginsberg introduced Corso to the rest of his inner circle. In their first meeting at the Pony Stable, Corso showed Ginsberg a poem about a woman who lived across the street from him and sunbathed naked in the window. Amazingly, the woman happened to be Ginsberg's girlfriend that he was living with during one of his forays into heterosexuality. Ginsberg took Corso over to their apartment. There the woman proposed sex with Corso, who was still very young and fled in fear. Ginsberg introduced Corso to Kerouac and Burroughs and they began to travel together. Ginsberg and Corso remained lifelong friends and collaborators."}] | |
img_00026 | output_images/img_00026.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Events\nPre-1600\n1284 – The Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean.\n1538 – Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.\n1601–1900\n1661 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed by Portugal and the Dutch Republic.\n1777 – American Revolutionary War: The bloody Battle of Oriskany prevents American relief of the Siege of Fort Stanwix.\n1787 – Sixty proof sheets of the Constitution of the United States are delivered to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\n1806 – Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares the moribund empire to be dissolved, although he retains power in the Austrian Empire.\n1819 – Norwich University is founded in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States.\n1824 – Peruvian War of Independence: Patriot forces led by Simón Bolívar defeat the Spanish Royalist army in the Battle of Junín.\n1825 – The Bolivian Declaration of Independence is proclaimed.\n1861 – Britain imposes the Lagos Treaty of Cession to suppress slavery in what is now Nigeria.\n1862 – American Civil War: The Confederate ironclad is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering catastrophic engine failure near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.\n1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Spicheren is fought, resulting in a German victory.\n 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Wörth results in a decisive German victory.\n1890 – At Auburn Prison in New York, murderer William Kemmler becomes the first person to be executed by electric chair.\n1901–present\n1901 – Kiowa land in Oklahoma is opened for white settlement, effectively dissolving the contiguous reservation.\n1914 – World War I: U-boat campaign: Two days after the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany over the German invasion of Belgium, ten German U-boats leave their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea.\n 1914 – World War I: Serbia declares war on Germany; Austria declares war on Russia.\n1915 – World War I: Battle of Sari Bair: The Allies mount a diversionary attack timed to coincide with a major Allied landing of reinforcements at Suvla Bay.\n1917 – World War I: Battle of Mărășești between the Romanian and German armies begins.\n1926 – Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim across the English Channel.\n1940 – Estonia is annexed by the Soviet Union.\n1942 – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands becomes the first reigning queen to address a joint session of the United States Congress.\n1944 – The Warsaw Uprising occurs on August 1. It is brutally suppressed and all able-bodied men in Kraków are detained afterwards to prevent a similar uprising, the Kraków Uprising, that was planned but never carried out.\n1945 – World War II: Hiroshima, Japan is devastated when the atomic bomb \"Little Boy\" is dropped by the United States B-29 Enola Gay. Around 70,000 people are killed instantly, and some tens of thousands die in subsequent years from burns and radiation poisoning.\n1956 – After going bankrupt in 1955, the American broadcaster DuMont Television Network makes its final broadcast, a boxing match from St. Nicholas Arena in New York in the Boxing from St. Nicholas Arena series.\n1958 – Law of Permanent Defense of Democracy, outlawing the Communist Party of Chile and banning 26,650 persons from the electoral lists, is repealed in Chile.\n1960 – Cuban Revolution: Cuba nationalizes American and foreign-owned property in the nation.\n1962 – Jamaica becomes independent from the United Kingdom.\n1965 – US President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law.\n1986 – A low-pressure system that redeveloped off the New South Wales coast dumps a record 328 millimeters (13 inches) of rain in a day on Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.\n1990 – Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council orders a global trade embargo against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.\n1991 – Tim Berners-Lee releases files describing his idea for the World Wide Web. WWW makes its first appearance as a publicly available service on the Internet.\n 1991 – Takako Doi, chair of the Social Democratic Party, becomes Japan's first female speaker of the House of Representatives.\n1996 – NASA announces that the ALH 84001 meteorite, thought to originate from Mars, contains evidence of primitive life-forms.\n1997 – Korean Air Flight 801 crashed at Nimitz Hill, Guam, killing 229 of the 254 people on board.\n2001 – Erwadi fire incident: Twenty-eight mentally ill persons tied to a chain are burnt to death at a faith based institution at Erwadi, Tamil Nadu.\n2008 – A military junta led by Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz stages a coup d'état in Mauritania, overthrowing president Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi.\n2010 – Flash floods across a large part of Jammu and Kashmir, India, damages 71 towns and kills at least 255 people.\n2011 – War in Afghanistan: A United States military helicopter is shot down, killing 30 American special forces members and a working dog, seven Afghan soldiers, and one Afghan civilian. It was the deadliest single event for the United States in the War in Afghanistan.\n2012 – NASA's Curiosity rover lands on the surface of Mars.\n2015 – A suicide bomb attack kills at least 15 people at a mosque in the Saudi city of Abha.\nBirths\nPre-1600\n1180 – Emperor Go-Toba of Japan (d. 1239)\n1504 – Matthew Parker, English archbishop (d. 1575)\n1572 – Fakhr-al-Din II, Druze emir (d. 1635)\n1601–1900\n1605 – Bulstrode Whitelocke, English lawyer (d. 1675)\n1609 – Richard Bennett, English-American politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. 1675)\n1619 – Barbara Strozzi, Italian composer and singer-songwriter (d. 1677)\n1622 – Tjerk Hiddes de Vries, Dutch admiral (d. 1666)\n1638 – Nicolas Malebranche, French priest and philosopher (d. 1715)\n1644 – Louise de La Vallière, French mistress of Louis XIV of France (d. 1710)\n1651 – François Fénelon, French archbishop and poet (d. 1715)\n1656 – Claude de Forbin, French general (d. 1733)\n1666 – Maria Sophia of Neuburg (d. 1699)\n1667 – Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1748)\n1697 – Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1745)\n1715 – Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues, French author (d. 1747)\n1765 – Petros Mavromichalis, Greek general and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1848)\n1766 – William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist and physicist (d. 1828)\n1768 – Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French general and politician (d. 1813)\n1775 – Daniel O'Connell, Irish lawyer and politician, Lord Mayor of Dublin (d. 1847)\n1809 – Alfred, Lord Tennyson, English poet (d. 1892)\n1826 – Thomas Alexander Browne, English-Australian author (d. 1915)\n1835 – Hjalmar Kiærskou, Danish botanist (d. 1900)\n1844 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1900)\n 1844 – James Henry Greathead, South African-English engineer (d. 1896)\n1848 – Susie Taylor, American writer and first black Army nurse (d. 1912)\n1846 – Anna Haining Bates, Canadian-American giant (d. 1888)\n1868 – Paul Claudel, French poet and playwright (d. 1955)\n1874 – Charles Fort, American author (d. 1932)\n1877 – Wallace H. White Jr., American lawyer and politician (d. 1952)\n1880 – Hans Moser, Austrian actor and singer (d. 1964)\n1881 – Leo Carrillo, American actor (d. 1961)\n 1881 – Alexander Fleming, Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)\n 1881 – Louella Parsons, American journalist (d. 1972)\n1883 – Constance Georgina Adams, South African botanist (d. 1968)"}] | |
img_00027 | output_images/img_00027.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The aspect ratio of a geometric shape is the ratio of its sizes in different dimensions. For example, the aspect ratio of a rectangle is the ratio of its longer side to its shorter side—the ratio of width to height, when the rectangle is oriented as a \"landscape\".\nThe aspect ratio is most often expressed as two integer numbers separated by a colon (x:y), less commonly as a simple or decimal fraction. The values x and y do not represent actual widths and heights but, rather, the proportion between width and height. As an example, 8:5, 16:10, 1.6:1, and 1.6 are all ways of representing the same aspect ratio.\nIn objects of more than two dimensions, such as hyperrectangles, the aspect ratio can still be defined as the ratio of the longest side to the shortest side.\nApplications and uses\nThe term is most commonly used with reference to:\n Graphic / image\n Image aspect ratio\n Display aspect ratio\n Paper size\n Standard photographic print sizes\n Motion picture film formats\n Standard ad size\n Pixel aspect ratio\n Photolithography: the aspect ratio of an etched, or deposited structure is the ratio of the height of its vertical side wall to its width.\n HARMST High Aspect Ratios allow the construction of tall microstructures without slant\n Tire code\n Tire sizing\n Turbocharger impeller sizing\n Wing aspect ratio of an aircraft or bird\n Astigmatism of an optical lens\n Nanorod dimensions\n Shape factor (image analysis and microscopy)\n Finite Element Analysis\nAspect ratios of simple shapes\nRectangles\nFor a rectangle, the aspect ratio denotes the ratio of the width to the height of the rectangle. A square has the smallest possible aspect ratio of 1:1.\nExamples:"}] | |
img_00028 | output_images/img_00028.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The northern cavefish or northern blindfish (Amblyopsis spelaea) is found in caves through Kentucky and southern Indiana. It is under review for possible listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 in the United States as of 2023, and the IUCN lists the species as near threatened.\nDuring a 2013 study of Amblyopsis spelaea, scientists found that the species was divided into two distinct evolutionary lineages: one north of the Ohio River, in Indiana, and one south of the river, in Kentucky. The southern population retained the name A. spelaea and the northern was re-designated Amblyopsis hoosieri in a 2014 paper published in the journal ZooKeys. Neither species is found north of the White River, flowing east to west south of Bedford, Indiana.\nReferences\nAmblyopsidae\nCave fish\nCavefish, Northern\nFish of the United States\nFish described in 1842\nTaxa named by James Ellsworth De Kay\nMammoth Cave National Park\nAbatement refers generally to a lessening, diminution, reduction, or moderation; specifically, it may refer to:\n 421-a tax abatement, property tax exemption in the U.S. state of New York\n Abatement of debts and legacies, a common law doctrine of wills\n Abatement in pleading, a legal defense to civil and criminal actions\n Abatement (heraldry), a modification of the shield or coat of arms imposed by authority for misconduct\n Asbestos abatement, removal of asbestos from structures\n Bird abatement, driving or removing undesired birds from an area\n Dust abatement, the process of inhibiting the creation of excess soil dust\n Graffiti abatement, a joint effort between groups to eliminate graffiti\n Marginal abatement cost, the marginal cost of reducing pollution\n Noise abatement, strategies to reduce noise pollution or its impact\n Nuisance abatement, regulatory compliance methodology\n Tax abatement, temporary reduction or elimination of a tax\nSee also\n Abate (disambiguation)\nAll Souls' Day, also called The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed, is a day of prayer and remembrance for the faithful departed, observed by certain Christian denominations on 2 November. Through prayer, intercessions, alms and visits to cemeteries, people commemorate the poor souls in purgatory and gain them indulgences.\nIn Western Christianity, including Roman Catholicism and certain parts of Lutheranism and Anglicanism, All Souls' Day is the third day of Allhallowtide, after All Saints' Day (1 November) and All Hallows' Eve (October 31). Before the standardization of Western Christian observance on 2 November by St. Odilo of Cluny in the 10th century, many Catholic congregations celebrated All Souls Day on various dates during the Easter season as it is still observed in some Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic and Eastern Lutheran churches. Churches of the East Syriac Rite (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East) commemorate all the faithful departed on the Friday before Lent.\nIn other languages \nKnown in Latin as Commemoratio Omnium Fidelium Defunctorum, All Souls' Day is known\n in other Germanic languages as Allerseelen (German), Allerzielen (Dutch), Alla själars dag (Swedish), and Alle Sjæles Dag (Danish);\n in the Romance languages as Dia de Finados or Dia dos Fiéis Defuntos (Portuguese), Commémoration de tous les fidèles Défunts (French), Día de los Fieles Difuntos (Spanish), Commemorazione di tutti i fedeli defunti (Italian), and Ziua morților or Luminația (Romanian);\n in the Slavic languages as Wspomnienie Wszystkich Wiernych Zmarłych or Zaduszki (Polish), Vzpomínka na všechny věrné zesnulé, Památka zesnulých or Dušičky (Czech), Pamiatka zosnulých or Dušičky (Slovak), Spomen svih vjernih mrtvih (Croatian), and День всех усопших верных or День поминовения всех усопших(Den' vsekh usopshikh vernykh; Den' pominoveniya vsekh usopshih) (Russian)\n in the or \n and in .\nBackground\nIn the Catholic Church, \"the faithful\" refers essentially to baptized Catholics; \"all souls\" commemorates the church penitent of souls in purgatory, whereas \"all saints\" commemorates the church triumphant of saints in heaven. In the liturgical books of the Latin Church it is called the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed ().\nThe Catholic Church teaches that the purification of the souls in purgatory can be assisted by the actions of the faithful on earth. Its teaching is based also on the practice of prayer for the dead mentioned as far back as 2 Maccabees 12:42–46. The theological basis for the feast is the doctrine that the souls which, on departing from the body, are not perfectly cleansed from venial sins, or have not fully atoned for past transgressions, are debarred from the Beatific vision, and that the faithful on earth can help them by prayers, alms, deeds, and especially by the sacrifice of the Holy Mass.\nReligious observance by denomination\nByzantine (Greek) Catholic and Eastern Orthodox\nSaturday of Souls (or Soul Saturday) is a day set aside for the commemoration of the dead within the liturgical year of the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic Churches. Saturday is a traditional day of prayer for the dead, because Christ lay dead in the Tomb on Saturday.\nThese days are devoted to prayer for departed relatives and others among the faithful who would not be commemorated specifically as saints. The Divine Services on these days have special hymns added to them to commemorate the departed. There is often a Panikhida (Memorial Service) either after the Divine Liturgy on Saturday morning or after Vespers on Friday evening, for which Koliva (a dish made of boiled wheatberries or rice and honey) is prepared and placed on the Panikhida table. After the Service, the priest blesses the Koliva. It is then eaten as a memorial by all present.\nRadonitsa\nAnother Memorial Day in the East, Radonitsa, does not fall on a Saturday, but on either Monday or Tuesday of the second week after Pascha (Easter). Radonitsa does not have special hymns for the dead at the Divine Services. Instead a Panikhida will follow the Divine Liturgy, and then all will bring paschal foods to the cemeteries to greet the departed with the joy of the Resurrection.\nEast Syriac tradition\nEast Syriac churches including the Syro Malabar Church and Chaldean Catholic Church commemorates the feast of departed faithful on the last Friday of Epiphany season (which means Friday just before start of Great Lent). The season of Epiphany remembers the revelation of Christ to the world. Each Friday of Epiphany season, the church remembers important evangelistic figures.\nIn the Syro Malabar Church, the Friday before the parish festival is also celebrated as feast of departed faithful when the parish remembers the activities of forebears who worked for the parish and faithful. They also request the intercession of all departed souls for the faithful celebration of parish festival. In East Syriac liturgy, the church remembers departed souls including saints on every Friday throughout the year since the Christ was crucified and died on Friday.\nLatin Catholicism\nHistory\nIn Western Christianity, there is ample evidence of the custom of praying for the dead in the inscriptions of the catacombs, with their constant prayers for the peace of the souls of the departed and in the early liturgies, which commonly contain commemorations of the dead. Tertullian, Cyprian and other early Western Fathers witness to the regular practice of praying for the dead among the early Christians.\nIn the sixth century, it was customary in Benedictine monasteries to hold a commemoration of the deceased members at Whitsuntide. In the time of St. Isidore of Seville (d. 636) who lived in what is today Spain, the Monday after Pentecost was designated to remember the deceased. At the beginning of the ninth century, Abbot Eigil of Fulda set 17 December as commemoration of all deceased in part of what is today Germany.\nAccording to Widukind of Corvey (c. 975), there also existed a ceremony praying for the dead on 1 October in Saxony. But it was the day after All Saints' Day that Saint Odilo of Cluny chose when in the 11th century he instituted for all the monasteries dependent on the Abbey of Cluny an annual commemoration of all the faithful departed, to be observed with alms, prayers, and sacrifices for the relief of the suffering souls in purgatory. Odilo decreed that those requesting a Mass be offered for the departed should make an offering for the poor, thus linking almsgiving with fasting and prayer for the dead.\nThe 2 November date and customs spread from the Cluniac monasteries to other Benedictine monasteries and thence to the Western Church in general. The Diocese of Liège was the first diocese to adopt the practice under Bishop Notger (d. 1008). 2 November was adopted in Italy and Rome in the thirteenth century.\nIn the 15th century the Dominicans instituted a custom of each priest offering three Masses on the Feast of All Souls. During World War I, given the great number of war dead and the many destroyed churches where Mass could no longer be said, Pope Benedict XV, granted all priests the privilege of offering three Masses on All Souls Day.\nLiturgical practice\nIf 2 November falls on a Sunday, All Souls' Day is observed on that day. In the Liturgy of the hours of All Souls' day the sequence Dies irae can be used ad libitum. Every priest is allowed to celebrate three holy Masses on All Souls' Day.\nIn Divine Worship: The Missal the minor propers (Introit, Gradual, Tract, Sequence, Offertory, and Communion) are those used for Renaissance and Classical musical requiem settings, including the Dies Irae. This permits the performance of traditional requiem settings in the context of the Divine Worship Form of the Roman Rite on All Souls Day as well as at funerals, votive celebrations of all faithful departed, and anniversaries of deaths.\nIn the ordinary form of the Roman Rite, as well as in the Personal Ordinariates established by Benedict XVI for former Anglicans, it remains on 2 November if this date falls on a Sunday; in the 1962–1969 form of the Roman Rite, use of which is still authorized, it is transferred to Monday, 3 November.\nAll Souls' indulgence\nAccording to the Enchiridion of Indulgences, an indulgence applicable only to the souls in purgatory (commonly called the poor souls) is granted to the faithful who devoutly visit on All souls Day a church or chapel and pray the Our Father and the Credo or the Lauds or Vespers of the Office of the Dead and the eternal rest prayer for the dead. The indulgence can be gained from noon of All Saints' Day on as well as a plenary indulgence is each day from the first to the eighth of November; a partial indulgence is granted on other days of the year.\nLutheran Churches\nAmong continental Protestants its tradition has been more tenaciously maintained. During Luther's lifetime, All Souls' Day was widely observed in Saxony although the Roman Catholic meaning of the day was discarded; ecclesiastically in the Lutheran Church, the day was merged with, and is often seen as an extension of All Saints' Day, with many Lutherans still visiting and decorating graves on all the days of Allhallowtide, including All Souls' Day. Just as it is the custom of French people, of all ranks and creeds, to decorate the graves of their dead on the jour des morts, Germans stream to the graveyards once a year with offerings of flowers and special grave lights. In 1816, Prussia introduced a new date for the remembrance of the Dead among its Lutheran citizens: Totensonntag, the last Sunday before Advent.\nAnglican Communion\nIn the Church of England it is called The Commemoration of the Faithful Departed and is an optional celebration; Anglicans view All Souls' Day as an extension of the observance of All Saints' Day and it serves to \"remember those who have died\", in connection with the theological doctrines of the resurrection of the body and the Communion of Saints."}] | |
img_00029 | output_images/img_00029.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda are via media in the telecommunications industry.\nTelephone\nTelephones – main lines in use: 37,500 (2006)\ncountry comparison to the world: 168\nTelephones – mobile cellular: 110,200 (2006) (APUA PCS, Cable & Wireless, Digicel)\ncountry comparison to the world: 177\nTelephone system:\ndomestic: good automatic telephone system\ninternational: 3 fiber optic submarine cables (2 to Saint Kitts and 1 to Guadeloupe); satellite earth station – 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)\nRadio\nRadio broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 6, shortwave 0 (2002)\nRadios: 36,000 (1997)\nTelevision\nTelevision broadcast stations: 2 (1997) (including ABS-TV)\nTelevisions: 31,000 (1997)\nInternet\nInternet Service Providers (ISPs): Cable & Wireless, Antigua Computer Technologies (ACT), Antigua Public Utilities Authority (APUA INET)\nInternet hosts: 2,215 (2008)\ncountry comparison to the world: 140\nInternet users: 60,000 (2007)\ncountry comparison to the world: 158\nCountry codes: AG\nDemographics\nSee also\nAntigua and Barbuda\nHistory of telecommunication\nList of telecommunications terminology\nOutline of telecommunication\nReferences\nExternal links\n Antigua and Barbuda, SubmarineCableMap.com\nAntigua and Barbuda\nAntigua\nThe Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force (ABDF) is the armed forces of Antigua and Barbuda. The ABDF has responsibility for several different roles: internal security, prevention of drug smuggling, the protection and support of fishing rights, prevention of marine pollution, search and rescue, ceremonial duties, assistance to government programs, provision of relief during natural disasters, assistance in the maintenance of essential services, and support of the police in maintaining law and order.\nThe ABDF is one of the world's smallest militaries, consisting of 245 personnel. It is much better equipped for fulfilling its civil roles, as opposed to providing a deterrence against would-be aggressors or in defending the nation during a war.\nOrganisation\nThe ABDF consists of five major units:\nRegiment – comprises four line companies and is the infantry unit and fighting arm of the defence force.\nService and Support Unit – provides administrative, logistic and engineer support to the rest of the defence force.\nCoast Guard – the maritime element of the defence force, and is divided into four units:\nCommanding Officer's Office\nEngineer Unit\nAdministration Unit\nFlotilla – the flotilla is the operational part of the Coast Guard, and consists of the following water-craft:\n1 Swiftships Shipbuilders 19.81-metre Commercial Cruiser-class patrol boat (P-01 Liberta), in service since 1984\n1 SeaArk Boats Dauntless-class patrol boat (P-02 Palmetto), in service since 1995\n1 Point-class cutter (P-03 Hermitage), transferred from the U.S. Coast Guard in 1998\n1 Defender 380X-class all-weather interceptor (D-8), date of acquisition unknown\n2 Boston Whaler 8.23-metre launches (071 and 072), in service since 1988\n1 Zodiac Marine & Pool 8.23-metre Hurricane-type rigid-hulled inflatable boat in service since 1998\nAir Wing\nCadet Corps\nFormer deployments\n In 1983, fourteen men of the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force were deployed to Grenada during the Operation Urgent Fury.\n In 1990, twelve soldiers were sent to Trinidad and Tobago after a failed coup attempt by a radical group against the constitutionally elected government headed by Prime Minister A.N.R. Robinson.\n In 1995, members of the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force were deployed in Haiti as a part of Operation Uphold Democracy.\nFuture deployments \n In 2024, Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti\nAlliances\n – Mercian Regiment\nSee also \n Regional Security System\nReferences\nExternal links\nAntigua and Barbuda Defence Force official website \nAntigua and Barbuda Defence Force on Facebook\nArticle on the ABDF by Dr Dion Phillips\nNational security of Antigua and Barbuda\nMilitary units and formations established in 1981\nThe Republic of Azerbaijan is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, NATO's Partnership for Peace, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, the World Health Organization, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the Council of Europe, CFE Treaty, the Community of Democracies; the International Monetary Fund; and the World Bank.\nThe major trends in the foreign relations of the Republic of Azerbaijan toward both global and regional powers active in Caucasus area. External variables are categorized depending on their original nature into two groups: global and regional. The former category includes global players such as Moscow and Washington, while the latter category rival regional players, namely Ankara and Tehran. Azerbaijan has formal involvement with senior ex-U.S. government officials including James Baker and Henry Kissinger, as they serve on the Honorary Council of Advisors of the U.S.-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce (USACC). USACC is co-chaired by Tim Cejka, President of ExxonMobil and Reza Vaziri, President of R.V. Investment Group and Chairman of the Anglo Asian Mining Plc (LSE Ticker: AAZ).\nDiplomatic relations\nAzerbaijan maintains diplomatic relations with 185 United Nations member states, the State of Palestine and the Holy See. Azerbaijan does not have diplomatic relations with the following countries:\nArmenia\nBotswana\nCentral African Republic\nCyprus\nKiribati\nFederated States of Micronesia\nTonga\nAzerbaijan also maintains good relations with the European Union, in the framework of its Eastern European Neighbourhood Policy (See Azerbaijan and the European Union).\nList \nList of countries with which Azerbaijan maintains diplomatic relations with:\nInformation on some of the countries with which Azerbaijan maintains formal relations\nMultilateral\nAfrica"}] | |
img_00030 | output_images/img_00030.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Armed Forces of Armenia (), sometimes referred to as the Armenian Army (), is the national military of Armenia. It consists of personnel branches under the General Staff of the Armenian Armed Forces, which can be divided into two general branches: the Ground Forces, and the Air Force. Although it was partially formed out of the former Soviet Army forces stationed in the Armenian SSR (mostly units of the 7th Guards Army of the Transcaucasian Military District), the military of Armenia can be traced back to the founding of the First Republic of Armenia in 1918. Being a landlocked country, Armenia has no navy.\nThe Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of Armenia, Vahagn Khachaturyan. The Ministry of Defence is in charge of political leadership, headed by Suren Papikyan, while military command remains in the hands of the general staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is Major-General Eduard Asryan. Border guards subject to the Ministry of Defence until 2001, patrol Armenia's borders with Georgia and Azerbaijan, while Russian troops continue to monitor its borders with Iran and Turkey. Since 2002, Armenia has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Armenia signed a military cooperation plan with Lebanon on 27 November 2015.\nHistory\nEarly Armenian Army \nAn Armenian military corps was established to fight against the Ottomans during the Turkish–Armenian War in early 1918. In accordance with the Treaty of Batum of 4 June 1918 the Ottoman Empire demobilized most of the Armenian army. Ethnic Armenian conscripts and volunteers in the Imperial Russian Army would later become the core of the military of the First Armenian Republic.\nSoviet era \nThe 7th Guards Army was based in Yerevan from 1946 to 1992. In the late 1980s the Army consisted of:\n Directorate – Yerevan\n15th Motor Rifle Division – Kirovakan (now Vanadzor)\n 75th Motor Rifle Division – Nakhichevan\n 127th Motor Rifle Division – Leninakan (now Gyumri) \n 164th Motor Rifle Division – Yerevan\nOn 1 June 1992, ITAR-TASS reported that General Fyodor Reut said that some units of the 7th Guards Army would begin leaving Armenia in 10–15 days. The army was disbanded later that summer. The former Soviet Air Defense Forces in Armenia were drawn from the 14th Air Defense Corps of the 19th Separate Air Defense Army.\n1988–1992 \nThe modern Armenian military entered its first stage at the beginning of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, when Armenian militias were formed to combat Azerbaijani units in Artsakh. On 20 September 1990, the first military unit was created, the Yerevan Special Regiment, with the first oath being held in the Republican Assembly Point and was attended by the first President of Armenia Levon Ter-Petrosyan, Prime Minister Vazgen Manukyan, and defence minister Vazgen Sargsyan. Five battalions were also formed in Ararat, Goris, Vardenis, Ijan and Meghri. In 1991, by the decision of the government, the State Committee of Defense under the Council of Ministers, which facilitated the task of coordinating the defense operations of Armenia, becoming the basis on which the Ministry of Defense was to be established later on.\nPost-1992 \nArmenia established a Ministry of Defence on 28 January 1992. The first military unit of the defence ministry to be formed was the 1st Airborne Regiment, where the first Armenian soldier took the oath to the nation that March. Since a significant part of the officers of the Armed Forces were fighters of the self-defense volunteer detachments, a center for raising the qualification of officers was established for their qualification and training, which during its activity it provided about 1,500 officer-graduates. The School of Non-Commissioned Officers produced about 1,000 graduates.\nThe Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe was ratified by the Armenian parliament in July 1992. The treaty establishes comprehensive limits on key categories of military equipment, such as tanks, artillery, armored combat vehicles, combat aircraft, and combat helicopters, and provides for the destruction of weaponry in excess of those limits. Armenian officials have consistently expressed determination to comply with its provisions and thus Armenia has provided data on armaments as required under the CFE Treaty. Despite this, Azerbaijan accuses Armenia of diverting a large part of its military forces to Nagorno-Karabakh and thus circumventing these international regulations. In March 1993, Armenia signed the multilateral Chemical Weapons Convention, which calls for the eventual elimination of chemical weapons. Armenia acceded to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear weapons state in July 1993.\nIn addition to the branches of services listed above, Armenia established its own Internal Troops from the former Soviet Interior Troops after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Up until December 2002, Armenia maintained a Ministry of Internal Affairs, but along with the Ministry of National Security, it was reorganized as a non-ministerial institution. The two organizations became the Police of Armenia and the National Security Service.\nOrganization and service branches \nThe Armenian Armed Forces are Headquartered in Yerevan, where most of the general staff is based. The general staff is responsible for operational command of the Armenian Military and its two major branches. The armed forces also has the following personnel branches:\n Department of Military Preparedness\n Department of Military Apparatus\n Department of Aviation\n Department of Missile Troops\n Department of Air Defence\n Department of Rear Services\n Department of Signal Troops\n Department of the Engineer Troops\n Department of Armaments\n Department of the RNBC Defence Troops\n Medical Department\n Personnel Department\n Intelligence Department\n Strategic Planning Department\n Mobilization Department\n Operative Department\n Department of Military Service Security\n Department of Military Commissars\n Financial Department\n Human Resources Department\nGround Forces \nAccording to IISS 2010, Armenia has 20 T-80 tanks, 137 T-72 tanks, 8 T-54/55 tanks and 80 BMP-1's, 7 BMP-1K, 55 BMP-2 and 12 BRM-1K. Wheeled APCs reported included 11 BTR-60s, 21 BTR-70s, 4 BTR-80s, 145 MT-LBs, 5 BMD-1S, and 120 BRDM-2 scout vehicles."}] | |
img_00031 | output_images/img_00031.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Since its independence, Armenia has maintained a policy of trying to have positive and friendly relations with Iran, Russia, and the West, including the United States and the European Union. It has full membership status in a number of international organizations, such as the Council of Europe and the Eurasian Economic Union, and observer status, etc. in some others. However, the dispute over the Armenian genocide of 1915 and the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict have created tense relations with two of its immediate neighbors, Azerbaijan and Turkey.\nThe Ministry of Foreign Affairs implements the foreign policy agenda of the Government of Armenia and organizes and manages diplomatic services abroad. Since August 2021, Ararat Mirzoyan serves as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia.\nForeign relations\nArmenia is a member of more than 70 different international organizations, including the following:\n Asian Development Bank\t\n Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Commonwealth of Independent States \n Council of Europe \n The EU's Eastern Partnership and the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly \n The UN's Eastern European Group\n Eurocontrol\n European Bank for Reconstruction and Development\n European Political Community\n Eurasian Economic Union\t\n Eurasian Development Bank and the Eurasian Customs Union\t\n Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges\t\n International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\n International Monetary Fund\n Interpol\n La Francophonie\t\n NATO's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Individual Partnership Action Plan, and Partnership for Peace\n Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe\n Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation\n TRACECA\n United Nations\t\t\n World Bank, the World Customs Organization, and the World Trade Organization\nArmenia is also an observer member of the ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, the Community of Democratic Choice, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of American States, the Pacific Alliance, the Arab League, the Community of Democracies, a dialogue partner in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and a regional member of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.\nArmenian genocide recognition\nAs of 2023, 34 states have officially recognized the historical events as genocide. Parliaments of countries that recognize the Armenian genocide include Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, United States, Uruguay, Vatican City and Venezuela. Additionally, some regional governments of countries recognize the Armenian genocide too, such as New South Wales and South Australia in Australia as well as Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales in the United Kingdom. US House Resolution 106 was introduced on 30 January 2007, and later referred to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. The bill has 225 co-sponsors. The bill called for former President George W. Bush to recognize and use the word genocide in his annual 24 April speech which he never used. His successor President Barack Obama expressed his desire to recognize the Armenian genocide during the electoral campaigns, but after being elected, did not use the word \"genocide\" to describe the events that occurred in 1915. The US House of Representatives formally recognized the Armenian genocide with House Resolution 296 on 29 October 2019. The United States Senate unanimously recognized the genocide with Senate Resolution 150 on 12 December 2019. In 2021, President Joe Biden became the first U.S. president to formally recognize the Armenian genocide. As of 2022, all 50 U.S. states have also recognized the events as genocide.\nDisputes\nNagorno-Karabakh conflict \nArmenia provides political, material and military support to the Republic of Artsakh in the longstanding Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.\nThe current conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 when Armenian demonstrations against Azerbaijani rule broke out in Nagorno–Karabakh and later in Armenia. The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast voted to secede from Azerbaijan and join Armenia. Soon, violence broke out against Armenians in Azerbaijan and Azeris in Armenia. In 1990, after violent episodes in Nagorno–Karabakh and Azerbaijani cities like Baku, Sumgait and Kirovabad, Moscow declared a state of emergency in Karabakh, sending troops to the region, and forcibly occupied Baku, killing over a hundred civilians. In April 1991, Azerbaijani militia and Soviet forces targeted Armenian populations in Karabakh, known as Operation Ring. Moscow also deployed troops to Yerevan. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, conflict escalated into a full-scale war between the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (supported by Armenia), and Azerbaijan. Military action was influenced by the Russian military, which manipulated the rivalry between the two neighbouring sides in order to keep both under control.\nMore than 30,000 people were killed in the fighting during the period of 1988 to 1994. In May 1992, Armenian forces seized Shusha and Lachin (thereby linking Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia). By October 1993, Armenian forces succeeded in taking almost all of former NKAO, Lachin and large areas in southwestern Azerbaijan. In 1993, the UN Security Council adopted four resolutions calling for the cessation of hostilities, unimpeded access for international humanitarian relief efforts, and the eventual deployment of a peacekeeping force in the region. Fighting continued, however, until May 1994 at which time Russia brokered a cease-fire between the three sides."}] | |
img_00032 | output_images/img_00032.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Demographics of American Samoa include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean.\nVital statistics\nBirths and deaths\nStructure of the population\nPopulation statistics \nThe statistics from 1900 to 1950 and every decennial census are from the U.S. Census Bureau. There was no census taken in 1910, but a special census taken in 1912. Beginning with the 1930 Census, Swain Island is included in the population count for American Samoa. The remaining statistics are from the World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.\nPopulation\nApproximately 55,212, but the Factbook states 49,437 (2020 estimate). About 65% of the population are U.S. nationals, of whom at least 10% are U.S. citizens. Of the foreign-born population, 81% are from Samoa, 9% are from other parts of Oceania, and 9% are from Asia.\nAge structure\n0–14 years: 27.76% (male 7,063/female 6,662)\n15–24 years: 18.16% (male 4,521/female 4,458)\n25–54 years: 37.49% (male 9,164/female 9,370)\n55–64 years: 9.69% (male 2,341/female 2,447)\n65 years and over: 6.9% (male 1,580/female 1,831) (2020 est.)\nMedian age\ntotal: 27.2 years\nmale: 26.7 years\nfemale: 27.7 years (2020 est.)\nPopulation growth rate\n−2.1% (2021 est.)\nBirth rate\n17.19 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)\nDeath rate\n6 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)\nNet migration rate\n−32.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)\nUrbanization\nUrban population: 87.2% of total population (2020)\nRate of urbanization: 0.07% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)\nSex ratio\nAt birth: 1.06 male(s)/female\n0–14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female\n15–24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female\n25–54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female\n55–64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female\n65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female\nTotal population: 1 male(s)/female (2020 est.)\nInfant mortality rate\nTotal: 10.25 deaths/1,000 live births\nMale: 12.39 deaths/1,000 live births\nFemale: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)\nLife expectancy at birth\nTotal population: 75.06 years\nMale: 72.55 years\nFemale: 77.72 years (2021 est.)\nTotal fertility rate"}] |
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