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img_00000 | output_images/img_00000.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Transport in Angola comprises:\nRoads\nRailways \nThere are three separate railway lines in Angola:\n Luanda Railway (CFL) (northern);\n Benguela Railway (CFB) (central), operated by the Lobito Atlantic Railway joint venture;\n Moçâmedes Railway (CFM) (southern);\nReconstruction of these three lines began in 2005 and they are now all operational. The Benguela Railway connects to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\nWaterways \n 1,300 km navigable (2008)\ncountry comparison to the world: 36\nPipelines \n gas 352 km; liquid petroleum gas 85 km; crude oil 1,065 km (2013)\nIn April 2012, the Zambian Development Agency (ZDA) and an Angolan company signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to build a multi-product pipeline from Lobito to Lusaka, Zambia, to deliver various refined products to Zambia.\nAngola plans to build an oil refinery in Lobito in the coming years.\nPorts and harbors \nThe government plans to build a deep-water port at Barra do Dande, north of Luanda, in Bengo province near Caxito.\nMerchant marine \n total: 58\ncountry comparison to the world: 115\n by type: cargo 13, oil tanker 8, other 37 (2008)\nAirports \n 102 (2021)\nAirports – with paved runways \n total: 30\n over 3,047 m: 5\n 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8\n 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12\n 914 to 1,523 m: 4\n under 914 m: 1 (2008)\nAirports – with unpaved runways \n total: 181 (2008)\n over 3,047 m: 2\n 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5"}] | |
img_00001 | output_images/img_00001.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (; born May 23, 1951) is a Russian and former Soviet chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, and politician. He was the 12th World Chess Champion from 1975 to 1985, a three-time FIDE World Champion (1993, 1996, 1998), twice World Chess champion as a member of the USSR team (1985, 1989), and a six-time winner of Chess Olympiads as a member of the USSR team (1972, 1974, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988). The International Association of Chess Press awarded him nine Chess Oscars (1973–77, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984).\nKarpov's chess tournament successes include over 160 first-place finishes. He had a peak Elo rating of 2780, and his 102 total months at world number one is the third-longest of all time, behind Magnus Carlsen and Garry Kasparov, since the inception of the FIDE ranking list in 1970.\nKarpov is also an elected Member of the State Duma in Russia. Since 2006, he has chaired the Commission for Ecological Safety and Environmental Protection of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation, and since 2007, he has been a member of the Public Council under the Ministry of Defence.\nEarly life\nKarpov was born into a Russian family on May 23, 1951, in Zlatoust, in the Urals region of the former Soviet Union, and learned to play chess at the age of four. His early rise in chess was swift, as he became a candidate master by age 11. At 12, he was accepted into Mikhail Botvinnik's prestigious chess school, though Botvinnik made the following remark about the young Karpov: \"The boy does not have a clue about chess, and there's no future at all for him in this profession.\"\nKarpov acknowledged that his understanding of chess theory was very confused at that time, and later wrote that the homework Botvinnik assigned greatly helped him, since it required that he consult chess books and work diligently. Karpov improved so quickly under Botvinnik's tutelage that he became the youngest Soviet master in history at the age of fifteen in 1966; this tied the record established by Boris Spassky in 1952.\nCareer\nYoung master\nKarpov finished first in his first international tournament, in Třinec, several months later, ahead of Viktor Kupreichik. In 1967, he won the annual Niemeyer Tournament in Groningen. Karpov won a gold medal for academic excellence in high school, and entered Moscow State University in 1968 to study mathematics. He later transferred to Leningrad State University, eventually graduating from there in economics. One reason for the transfer was to be closer to his coach, grandmaster Semyon Furman, who lived in Leningrad. In his writings, Karpov credits Furman as a major influence on his development as a world-class player.\nIn 1969, Karpov became the first Soviet player since Spassky (1955) to win the World Junior Championship, scoring an undefeated 10/11 in the final A group at Stockholm. This victory earned him the International Master title. In 1970, Karpov tied for fourth and fifth places with Pal Benko at an international tournament in Caracas, Venezuela, and earned the international grandmaster title. FIDE awarded him the title during its 41st congress, held during the Chess Olympiad in Siegen, West Germany in September 1970.\nGrandmaster"}] | |
img_00002 | output_images/img_00002.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "This article is a demography of the population of Antigua and Barbuda including population density, ethnicity, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.\nPopulation\nAccording to the 2011 census the estimated resident population of Antigua and Barbuda was 86,295.\nThe estimated population of is ().\nVital statistics\nStructure of the population\nEthnic groups\nThe population of Antigua and Barbuda, is predominantly black (91.0%) or mixed (4.4%). 1.9% of the population is white and 0.7% East Indian. There is also a small Amerindian population: 177 in 1991 and 214 in 2001 (0.3% of the total population). The remaining 1.6% of the population includes people from the Middle East (0.6%) and China (0.2%).\nThe 2001 census disclosed that 19,425, or 30 per cent of the total population of Antigua and Barbuda, reported their place of birth as a foreign country. Over 15,000 of these persons were from other Caribbean states, representing 80 of the total foreign born. The main countries of\norigin were Guyana, Dominica and Jamaica. Approximately 4,500 or 23 per cent of all foreign\nborn came from Guyana, 3,300 or 17 per cent came from Dominica and 2,800 or 14 per cent\ncame from Jamaica. The largest single group from a country outside the region came from the\nUnited States. Of the total of 1,715 persons, nine per cent of the foreign born, came\nfrom the United States while three per cent and one per cent came from the United Kingdom and Canada, respectively. Many of these are the children of Antiguans and Barbudans who had emigrated to these countries, mainly during the 1980s, and subsequently returned.\nOther demographics statistics\nDemographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.\nOne birth every 360 minutes\t\nOne death every 720 minutes\t\nOne net migrant every Infinity minutes\t\nNet gain of one person every 720 minutes\nDemographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.\nPopulation\n99,287 (Feb. 2022 est.)\nNationality\nNoun: Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s)\nAdjective: Antiguan, Barbudan\nEthnic groups \nAfrican descent 87.3%, mixed 4.7%, Hispanic 2.7%, white 1.6%, other 2.7%, unspecified 0.9% (2011 est.)\nnote: data represent population by ethnic group\nAge structure \n0-14 years: 22.52% (male 11,243/female 10,871)\n15-24 years: 16.15% (male 7,891/female 7,961)\n25-54 years: 41.68% (male 18,757/female 22,167)\n55-64 years: 10.74% (male 4,693/female 5,848)\n65 years and over: 8.91% (male 3,736/female 5,012) (2020 est.)\nMedian age\nTotal: 32.7 years Country comparison to the world: 106th\nMale: 30.7 years\nFemale: 34.4 years (2020 est.)\nBirth rate \n15.3 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 113th\nDeath rate \n5.63 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 177th\nTotal fertility rate \n1.96 children born/woman (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 117th\nNet migration rate \n2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 49th\nPopulation growth rate\n1.17% (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 84th\nPopulation distribution\nThe island of Antigua is home to approximately 97% of the population; nearly the entire population of Barbuda lives in Codrington\nLanguages\nEnglish (official), Antiguan creole\nReligions\nProtestant 68.3% (Anglican 17.6%, Seventh Day Adventist 12.4%, Pentecostal 12.2%, Moravian 8.3%, Methodist 5.6%, Wesleyan Holiness 4.5%, Church of God 4.1%, Baptist 3.6%), Roman Catholic 8.2%, other 12.2%, unspecified 5.5%, none 5.9% (2011 est.)\nLife expectancy at birth\nTotal population: 77.6 years Country comparison to the world: 92nd\nmale: 75.4 years \nfemale: 79.9 years (2021 est.)\nUrbanization\nurban population: 24.4% of total population (2020)\nrate of urbanization: 0.55% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)\nDependency ratios\nTotal dependency ratio: 45.3 (2020 est.)\nYouth dependency ratio: 31.8 (2020 est.)\nElderly dependency ratio: 13.6 (2020 est.)\nPotential support ratio: 7.4 (2020 est.)\nEducation expenditures"}] | |
img_00003 | output_images/img_00003.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Demographics of American Samoa include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean.\nVital statistics\nBirths and deaths\nStructure of the population\nPopulation statistics \nThe statistics from 1900 to 1950 and every decennial census are from the U.S. Census Bureau. There was no census taken in 1910, but a special census taken in 1912. Beginning with the 1930 Census, Swain Island is included in the population count for American Samoa. The remaining statistics are from the World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.\nPopulation\nApproximately 55,212, but the Factbook states 49,437 (2020 estimate). About 65% of the population are U.S. nationals, of whom at least 10% are U.S. citizens. Of the foreign-born population, 81% are from Samoa, 9% are from other parts of Oceania, and 9% are from Asia.\nAge structure\n0–14 years: 27.76% (male 7,063/female 6,662)\n15–24 years: 18.16% (male 4,521/female 4,458)\n25–54 years: 37.49% (male 9,164/female 9,370)\n55–64 years: 9.69% (male 2,341/female 2,447)\n65 years and over: 6.9% (male 1,580/female 1,831) (2020 est.)\nMedian age\ntotal: 27.2 years\nmale: 26.7 years\nfemale: 27.7 years (2020 est.)\nPopulation growth rate\n−2.1% (2021 est.)\nBirth rate\n17.19 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)\nDeath rate\n6 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)\nNet migration rate\n−32.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)\nUrbanization\nUrban population: 87.2% of total population (2020)\nRate of urbanization: 0.07% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)\nSex ratio\nAt birth: 1.06 male(s)/female\n0–14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female\n15–24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female\n25–54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female\n55–64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female\n65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female\nTotal population: 1 male(s)/female (2020 est.)\nInfant mortality rate\nTotal: 10.25 deaths/1,000 live births\nMale: 12.39 deaths/1,000 live births\nFemale: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)\nLife expectancy at birth\nTotal population: 75.06 years\nMale: 72.55 years\nFemale: 77.72 years (2021 est.)\nTotal fertility rate\n2.28 children born/woman (2021 est.)\nNationality\nNoun: American Samoan(s) (US Nationals)\nAdjective: American Samoan\nEthnic groups\nPacific Islander 92.6% (includes Samoan 88.9%, Tongan 2.9%, other 0.8%)\nAsian 3.6% (includes Filipino 2.2%, other 1.4%)\nMixed 2.7%\nOther 1.2% (2010 est.)\nReligions\nChristian 98.3%\nOther 1%\nUnaffiliated 0.7% (2010 est.)"}] | |
img_00004 | output_images/img_00004.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "This page lists some links to ancient philosophy, namely philosophical thought extending as far as early post-classical history ().\nOverview\nGenuine philosophical thought, depending upon original individual insights, arose in many cultures roughly contemporaneously. Karl Jaspers termed the intense period of philosophical development beginning around the 7th century BCE and concluding around the 3rd century BCE an Axial Age in human thought.\nIn Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire marked the ending of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of medieval philosophy, whereas in the Middle East, the spread of Islam through the Arab Empire marked the end of Old Iranian philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of early Islamic philosophy.\nAncient Greek and Roman philosophy\nPhilosophers\nPre-Socratic philosophers\n Milesian School\nThales (624 – c 546 BCE)\nAnaximander (610 – 546 BCE)\nAnaximenes of Miletus (c. 585 – c. 525 BCE)\n Pythagoreans\nPythagoras (582 – 496 BCE)\nPhilolaus (470 – 380 BCE)\nAlcmaeon of Croton\nArchytas (428 – 347 BCE)\n Heraclitus (535 – 475 BCE)\n Eleatic School\nXenophanes (570 – 470 BCE)\nParmenides (510 – 440 BCE)\nZeno of Elea (490 – 430 BCE)\nMelissus of Samos (c. 470 BCE – ?)\n Pluralists\nEmpedocles (490 – 430 BCE)\nAnaxagoras (500 – 428 BCE)\n Atomists\nLeucippus (first half of 5th century BCE)\nDemocritus (460 – 370 BCE)\nMetrodorus of Chios (4th century BCE)\n Pherecydes of Syros (6th century BCE)\n Sophists\nProtagoras (490 – 420 BCE)\nGorgias (487 – 376 BCE)\nAntiphon (480 – 411 BCE)\nProdicus (465/450 – after 399 BCE)\nHippias (middle of the 5th century BCE)\nThrasymachus (459 – 400 BCE)\nCallicles\nCritias\nLycophron\n Diogenes of Apollonia ( – ?)\nClassical Greek philosophers\n Socrates (469 – 399 BCE)"}] | |
img_00005 | output_images/img_00005.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "This article is about communications systems in Anguilla.\nTelephone\nTelephones – main lines in use: 6,200 (2002)\ncountry comparison to the world: 212\nTelephones – mobile cellular: 1,800 (2002)\ncountry comparison to the world: 211\nTelephone system:\nDomestic: Modern internal telephone system\nInternational: EAST CARIBBEAN FIBRE SYSTEM ECFS (cable system)\n microwave radio relay to island of Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles)\nMobile phone (GSM)\nMobile phone operators:\nFLOW (Anguilla) Ltd. – GSM and UMTS 850 and 1900 MHz, LTE 700 MHz with Island-wide coverage \nDigicel (Anguilla) Ltd. – GSM and UMTS 850 to 1900 MHz, LTE 700 MHz \nMobiles: ? (2007)\nRadio\nRadio broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 7, shortwave 0 (2007)\nRadios: 3,000 (1997)\nTelevision\nTelevision broadcast stations: 1 (1997)\nTelevisions: 1,000 (1997)\nInternet\nInternet country code: .ai (Top level domain)\nInternet Service Providers (ISPs): 2 (FLOW – , Digicel Anguilla – )\nInternet hosts: 269 (2012) \ncountry comparison to the world: 192\nInternet: users: 12,377 (2018) \ncountry comparison to the world: 206\nSee also\nAnguilla\n FLOW (Anguilla) Ltd.\nReferences\nExternal links \n Public Utilities Commission of Anguilla\n Anguilla, SubmarineCableMap.com\nCommunications in Anguilla\nAnguilla\nAnguilla\nAlbert I may refer to:\nPeople\nBorn before 1300\nAlbert I, Count of Vermandois (917–987)\nAlbert I, Count of Namur ()\nAlbert I of Moha\nAlbert I of Brandenburg (), first margrave of Brandenburg\nAlbert I, Margrave of Meissen (1158–1195)\nAlbert I of Käfernburg (), Archbishop of Magdeburg\nAlbert I of Pietengau ()\nAlbert I, Lord of Mecklenburg (after 1230–1265)\nAlbert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1236–1279), second duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg\nAlbert I of Germany (1255–1308), king of Germany and archduke of Austria\nAlbert I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (–1316)\nBorn after 1300\nAlbert I, Duke of Bavaria (1336–1404), duke of Bavaria-Straubing, count of Holland, Hainault and Zealand\nAlbert I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard\nAlbert I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen ()\nAlbert I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels (1468–1511)\nAlbert I, Duke of Prussia (1490–1568), first Duke of Prussia\nAlbert I, Prince of Monaco (1848–1922)\nAlbert I of Belgium (1875–1934), king of the Belgians\nAlbert I Kalonji Ditunga (1929–2015), Congolese politician\nOther uses\nAlbert I, the first monkey used in a subspace rocket launch, June 11, 1948\nSee also\nAlbert (given name)\nAlbert II may refer to:\nMonkeys \n Albert II (monkey), first primate and first mammal in space, died on impact following V-2 flight June 14, 1949\nPeople\n Albert II, Count of Namur (died 1067)\n Albert II, Count of Tyrol (died 1120s)\n Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg (–1220)\n Albert II, Archbishop of Riga (1200–1273)\n Albert II, Margrave of Meissen (1240–1314),"}] | |
img_00006 | output_images/img_00006.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Alexander I may refer to:\n Alexander I of Macedon, king of Macedon from 495–454 BC\n Alexander I of Epirus (370–331 BC), king of Epirus\n Pope Alexander I (died 115), early bishop of Rome\n Pope Alexander I of Alexandria (died 320s), patriarch of Alexandria\n Alexander I of Scotland ( – 1124), king of Scotland\n Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver (1301–1339), prince of Tver as Alexander I\n Alexander I of Georgia (1386–?), king of Georgia\n Alexander I of Moldavia (died 1432), prince of Moldavia\n Alexander I of Kakheti (1445–1511), king of Kakheti\n Alexander Jagiellon (1461–1506), king of Poland\n Alexander I of Russia (1777–1825), emperor of Russia\n Alexander of Battenberg (1857–1893), prince of Bulgaria\n Alexander I of Serbia (1876–1903), king of Serbia\n Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934), king of Yugoslavia\n Alexander of Greece (1893–1920), king of Greece\nSee also\n King Alexander (disambiguation)\nAlexander II may refer to:\n Alexander II of Macedon, king of Macedon from 370 to 368 BC\n Alexander II of Epirus (died 260 BC), king of Epirus in 272 BC\n Alexander II Zabinas, king of the Greek Seleucid kingdom in 128–123 BC\n Alexander (912–913), Eastern Roman emperor\n Pope Alexander II of Alexandria, ruled in 702–729\n Patriarch Alexander II of Alexandria\n Pope Alexander II (died 1073), pope from 1061 to 1073\n Alexander II of Scotland (1198–1249), king of Scots\n Alexander II of Imereti (died 1510, 1483–1510), king of Georgia and of Imereti\n Alexander II of Kakheti (1527–1605), king of Kakheti\n Alexander II Mircea\n Alexander II of Russia (1818–1881), emperor of Russia\n Alexander II of Yugoslavia (born 1945), crown prince of Serbia\nSee also\nKing Alexander (disambiguation)\nAlexander III may refer to:\n Alexander III of Macedon (356 BC – 323 BC), also known as Alexander the Great\n Alexander (Byzantine emperor) (870–913), Byzantine emperor\n Pope Alexander III (1100s–1181)\n , grand duke of Vladimir (1328–1331), prince of Suzdal\n Alexander III of Scotland (1241–1286), king of Scotland\n Alexander III of Imereti (1609–1660), king of Imereti\n Alexander III of Russia (1845–1894), emperor of Russia\n , an arch bridge that spans the Seine in Paris\n Russian battleship , Russian warship\nAlexander III of Antioch (1869–1958), Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch\nSee also \n King Alexander (disambiguation)\nAlexander IV may refer to:\n Pope Alexander IV (1199 or –1261)\n Alexander IV of Macedon (323 BC–309 BC), son of Alexander the Great\n Alexander IV of Imereti (died 1695), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, king of Imereti (western Georgia)\nAlexander V may refer to:\n Alexander V of Macedon (died 294 BCE)\n Antipope Alexander V (–1410)\n Alexander V of Imereti (–1752)\nAlphons (Latinized Alphonsus, Adelphonsus, or Adefonsus) is a male given name recorded from the 8th century (Alfonso I of Asturias, r. 739–757) in the Christian successor states of the Visigothic kingdom in the Iberian peninsula. In the later medieval period it became a standard name in the Hispanic and Portuguese royal families.\nIt is derived from a Gothic name, or a conflation of several Gothic names; from *Aþalfuns, composed of the elements aþal \"noble\" and funs \"eager, brave, ready\", and perhaps influenced by names such as *Alafuns, *Adefuns and *Hildefuns.\nIt is recorded as Adefonsus in the 9th and 10th century, and as Adelfonsus, Adelphonsus in the 10th to 11th. The reduced form Alfonso is recorded in the late 9th century, and the Portuguese form Afonso from the early 11th and Anfós in Catalan from the 12th century until the 15th. \nVariants of the name include: Alonso (Spanish), Alfonso (Spanish and Italian), Alfons (Dutch, German, Catalan, Polish, Croatian and Scandinavian), Afonso (Portuguese and Galician), Alphonse, Alfonse (Italian, French and English), etc."}] | |
img_00007 | output_images/img_00007.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Alfonso I may refer to:\nAlfonso I of Asturias (739–757), king of Asturias\nAfonso I of Portugal (1094–1185), king of Portugal\nAlfonso I of Aragon (1104–1134), known as Alfonso the Battler, king of Aragon and Navarre\nAlfonso I, Duke of Gandia (1332–1412)\nAlfonso V of Aragon (1396–1458), king of Naples as Alfonso I\nAfonso I of Kongo (1456–1543), first Christian king of the Kingdom of Kongo\nAlfonso I Piccolomini (1468–1498), duke of Amalfi\nAlfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (1476–1534)\nAlfonso XIII of Spain (1886–1941), known to French Legitimists as \"Alphonse I\"\nAlfonso II may refer to:\nAlfonso II of Asturias (791–842)\nAlfonso II of Aragon (1162–1196)\nAlfonso II, Count of Provence (1174–1209)\nAfonso II of Portugal (1185–1223), \"the Fat\"\nAlfonso, Count of Poitou (1220–1271), jure uxoris Alfonso II, Count of Toulouse\nAlfonso II, Duke of Gandia (–1422)\nAlfonso II of Naples (1448–1495)\nAlfonso II Piccolomini (1499–1559), Neapolitan nobleman and military leader\nAlfonso II d'Este (1533–1597), duke of Ferrara\nde:Liste der Herrscher namens Alfons#Alfons II.\nAlfonso III may refer to:\nAlfonso III of Asturias (866–910), surnamed \"the Great\"\nAfonso III of Portugal (1210–1279)\nAlfonso III of Aragon (1285–1291)\nAlfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio (1628–1644)\nAlfonso III of Kongo (1666–1667)\nAlfonso IV may refer to:\nAlfonso IV of León (924–931)\nAfonso IV of Portugal (1291–1357)\nAlfonso IV of Aragon (1327–1336)\nAlfonso IV of Ribagorza (1332–1412)\n Alfonso IV d'Este (1634–1662), Duke of Modena and Regg\nAlfonso V may refer to:\n Alfonso V of León (999–1028)\n Alfonso V of Aragon (1416–1458), The Magnanimous\n Afonso V of Portugal (1432–1481), The African\nAnastasius I or Anastasios I may refer to:\nAnastasius I Dicorus ( – 518), Roman emperor\nAnastasius I of Antioch (d. 599), Patriarch of Antioch\nPope Anastasius I (died 401), pope of Rome\nAnastasius II or Anastasios II may refer to:\nPope Anastasius II (died 498), pope\nAnastasius II of Antioch (550–609), patriarch of Antioch"}] | |
img_00008 | output_images/img_00008.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian and American actor, businessman, filmmaker, former politician, and former professional bodybuilder best known for his roles in high-profile action movies. He served as the 38th governor of California from 2003 to 2011 and was among Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world in 2004 and 2007.\nSchwarzenegger began lifting weights at age 15 and won the Mr. Universe title aged 20, and subsequently the Mr. Olympia title seven times. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest bodybuilders of all time, and has written many books and articles about it. The Arnold Sports Festival, considered the second-most important bodybuilding event after Mr. Olympia, is named after him. He appeared in the bodybuilding documentary Pumping Iron (1977). He retired from bodybuilding and gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action star, with his breakthrough in the sword and sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian (1982), a box-office hit with a sequel in 1984. After playing the title character in the science fiction film The Terminator (1984), he starred in Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) and three other sequels. His other successful action films included Commando (1985), The Running Man (1987), Predator (1987), Total Recall (1990), and True Lies (1994), in addition to comedy films such as Twins (1988), Kindergarten Cop (1990) and Jingle All the Way (1996). He is the founder of the film production company Oak Productions.\nAs a registered Republican, Schwarzenegger chaired the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports during most of the George H. W. Bush administration. On October 7, 2003, he was elected Governor of California in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. He received 48.6% of the vote, 17 points ahead of Democrat runner-up Cruz Bustamante. He was sworn in on November 17 to serve the remainder of Davis' term, and was reelected in the 2006 California gubernatorial election with an increased vote share of 55.9% to serve a full term. In 2011 he reached his term limit as governor and returned to acting.\nSchwarzenegger was nicknamed the \"Austrian Oak\" in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" or \"Schwarzy\" during his acting career, and \"the Governator\" (a portmanteau of \"Governor\" and \"Terminator\") during his political career. He married Maria Shriver, a niece of President John F. Kennedy, in 1986. They separated in 2011 after he admitted to having fathered a child with their housemaid in 1997; their divorce was finalized in 2021.\nEarly life and education \nArnold Alois Schwarzenegger was born in Thal on July 30, 1947, the second son of Gustav Schwarzenegger and his wife Aurelia (née Jadrny). Gustav was the local chief of police, and after the Anschluss in 1938, joined the Nazi Party and, in 1939 the Sturmabteilung (SA). In World War II, Gustav served as a military policeman in the invasions of Poland, France and the Soviet Union, including the siege of Leningrad, rising to the title of Hauptfeldwebel. He was wounded in the Battle of Stalingrad, and was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria. According to Holocaust scholar Michael Berenbaum, Gustav Schwarzenegger served \"in theaters of the war where atrocities were committed. But there is no way to know from the documents whether he played a role.\" Gustav's background received wide press attention during the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election in which Schwarzenegger was elected.\nGustav married Aurelia on October 20, 1945; he was 38 and she was 23. According to Schwarzenegger, his parents were very strict: \"Back then in Austria it was a very different world [...] if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared.\" He grew up in a Catholic family. Gustav preferred his elder son, Meinhard, over Arnold. His favoritism was \"strong and blatant\", which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his biological child. Schwarzenegger has said that his father had \"no patience for listening or understanding your problems\". He had a good relationship with his mother, with whom he kept in touch until her death.\nAt school, Schwarzenegger was reportedly academically average but stood out for his \"cheerful, good-humored, and exuberant\" character. He struggled with reading and was later diagnosed as being dyslexic. Money was a problem in their household; Schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator. His father Gustav was an athlete, and wished for his sons to become champions in Bavarian curling. Influenced by his father, Schwarzenegger played several sports as a boy.\nSchwarzenegger began weight training in 1960 when his football coach took his team to a local gym. At age 14, he chose bodybuilding over football as a career. He later said, \"I actually started weight training when I was 15, but I'd been participating in sports, like soccer, for years, so I felt that although I was slim, I was well-developed, at least enough so that I could start going to the gym and start Olympic lifting.\" However, his official website biography claims that \"at 14, he started an intensive training program with Dan Farmer, studied psychology at 15 (to learn more about the power of mind over body) and at 17, officially started his competitive career.\" During a speech in 2001, he said, \"My own plan formed when I was 14 years old. My father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was. My mother wanted me to go to trade school.\"\nSchwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see films with bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves and Johnny Weissmuller. When Reeves died in 2000, Schwarzenegger fondly remembered him: \"As a teenager, I grew up with Steve Reeves. His remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible when others around me didn't always understand my dreams. Steve Reeves has been part of everything I've ever been fortunate enough to achieve.\" In 1961, Schwarzenegger met former Mr. Austria Kurt Marnul, who invited him to train at the gym in Graz. He was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends to train even when it was closed. \"It would make me sick to miss a workout... I knew I couldn't look at myself in the mirror the next morning if I didn't do it.\" When asked about his first cinema experience as a boy, he replied: \"I was very young, but I remember my father taking me to the Austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels. The first real movie I saw, that I distinctly remember, was a John Wayne movie.\" In Graz, he was mentored by Alfred Gerstl, who had Jewish ancestry and later became president of the Federal Council, and befriended his son Karl.\nSchwarzenegger's brother, Meinhard, died in a car crash on May 20, 1971. He was driving drunk and died instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral. Meinhard was engaged to Erika Knapp, and they had a three-year-old son named Patrick. Schwarzenegger paid for Patrick's education and helped him to move to the U.S. Schwarzenegger's father, Gustav, died of a stroke on December 13, 1972. In Pumping Iron, Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder to show the extremes some would go to for their sport and to make Schwarzenegger's image colder to create controversy for the film. However, Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, recalled that he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother. Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral.\nIn an interview with Fortune in 2004, Schwarzenegger told how he suffered what \"would now be called child abuse\" at the hands of his father: \"My hair was pulled. I was hit with belts. So was the kid next door. It was just the way it was. Many of the children I've seen were broken by their parents, which was the German-Austrian mentality. They didn't want to create an individual. It was all about conforming. I was one who did not conform, and whose will could not be broken. Therefore, I became a rebel. Every time I got hit, and every time someone said, 'You can't do this,' I said, 'This is not going to be for much longer because I'm going to move out of here. I want to be rich. I want to be somebody.\nSchwarzenegger served in the Austrian Army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males. During his army service, he won the Junior Mr. Europe contest. He went AWOL during basic training so he could take part in the competition and then spent a week in military prison: \"Participating in the competition meant so much to me that I didn't carefully think through the consequences.\" He entered another bodybuilding contest in Graz, at Steirerhof Hotel, where he placed second. He was voted \"best-built man of Europe\", which made him famous in bodybuilding circles. \"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America—the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich.\" Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London. He placed second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton.\nCharles \"Wag\" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money, Bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in Forest Gate, London. Yorton's leg definition had been judged superior, and Schwarzenegger, under a training program devised by Bennett, concentrated on improving his. Staying in the East End of London helped Schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary English. Living with the Bennetts also changed him as a person: \"Being with them made me so much more sophisticated. When you're the age I was then, you're always looking for approval, for love, for attention and also for guidance. At the time, I wasn't really aware of that. But now, looking back, I see that the Bennett family fulfilled all those needs. Especially my need to be the best in the world. To be recognized and to feel unique and special. They saw that I needed that care and attention and love.\"\nAlso in 1966, at Bennett's home, Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park, who became his friend and mentor. The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe at age 20. He would go on to win the title another three times. He then returned to Munich, where he attended business school and worked at Rolf Putziger's gym, where he worked and trained from 1966 to 1968 before returning to London in 1968 to win his next Mr. Universe title. He frequently told Roger C. Field, his English coach and friend in Munich at the time, \"I'm going to become the greatest actor!\""}] | |
img_00009 | output_images/img_00009.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The economy of Alberta is the sum of all economic activity in Alberta, Canada's fourth largest province by population. Alberta's GDP in 2018 was CDN$338.2 billion.\nAlthough Alberta has a presence in many industries such as agriculture, forestry, education, tourism, finance, and manufacturing, the politics and culture of the province have been closely tied to the production of fossil energy since the 1940s. Alberta—with an estimated 1.4 billion cubic metres of unconventional oil resource in the bituminous oil sands—leads Canada as an oil producer.\nIn 2018, Alberta's energy sector contributed over $71.5 billion to Canada's nominal gross domestic product. According to Statistics Canada, in May 2018, the oil and gas extraction industry reached its highest proportion of Canada's national GDP since 1985, exceeding 7% and \"surpass[ing] banking and insurance\" with extraction of non-conventional oil from the oilsands reaching an \"impressive\", all-time high in May 2018. With conventional oil extraction \"climbed up to the highs from 2007\", the demand for Canadian oil was strong in May.\nFrom 1990 to 2003, Alberta's economy grew by 57% compared to 43% for all of Canada—the strongest economic growth of any region in Canada. In 2006 Alberta's per capita GDP was higher than all US states, and one of the highest figures in the world. In 2006, the deviation from the national average was the largest for any province in Canadian history. Alberta's per capita GDP in 2007 was by far the highest of any province in Canada at C$74,825 (approx. US$75,000). Alberta's per capita GDP in 2007 was 61% higher than the Canadian average of C$46,441 and more than twice that of all the Maritime provinces. From 2004 to 2014 Alberta's \"exports of commodities rose 91%, reaching $121 billion in 2014\" and 500,000 new jobs were created. In 2014, Alberta's real GDP by expenditure grew by 4.8%, the strongest growth rate among the provinces.\" In 2017, Alberta's real per capita GDP—the economic output per person—was $71,092, compared to the Canadian average of $47,417. In 2016, Alberta's A grade on its income per capita was based on the fact that it was almost \"identical\" to that of the \"top peer country\"—Ireland.\nThe energy industry provided 7.7% of all jobs in Alberta in 2013, and 140,300 jobs representing 6.1% of total employment of 2,286,900 in Alberta in 2017. The unemployment rate in Alberta peaked in November 2016 at 9.1%. Its lowest point in a ten-year period from July 2009 to July 2019, was in September 2013 at 4.3%. The unemployment rate in the spring of 2019 in Alberta was 6.7% with 21,000 jobs added in April. By July 2019, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate had increased to 7.0%.\nBy August 2019, the employment number in Alberta was 2,344,000, following the loss of 14,000 full-time jobs in July, which represented the \"largest decline\" in Canada according to Statistics Canada.\nBeginning in June 2014, the record high volume of worldwide oil inventories in storage—referred to as a global oil glut—caused crude oil prices to collapse at near ten-year low prices. By 2016 West Texas Intermediate (WTI)—the benchmark light, sweet crude oil—reached its lowest price in ten years—US$26.55. In 2012 the price of WTI had reached US$125 and in 2014 the price was $100. By February 2016 the price of Western Canadian Select WCS—the Alberta benchmark heavy crude oil—was US$14.10—the cheapest oil in the world. Alberta boom years from 2010 to 2014 ended with a \"long and deep\" recession that began in 2014, driven by low commodity pricing ended in 2017. By 2019—five years later—Alberta was still in recovery. Overall, there were approximately 35,000 jobs lost in mining, oil and gas alone. Since 2014, sectors that offered high-wage employment of $30 and above, saw about 100,000 jobs disappear—\"construction (down more than 45,000 jobs), mining, oil and gas (down nearly 35,000), and professional services (down 18,000),\" according to the economist, Trevor Tombe. There was a decrease in wages, in the number of jobs, and in the number of hours worked. The total loss of incomes from \"workers, business, and government\" amounted to about 20 percent or about CDN$75 billion less per year. Since 2011, prices have increased in Alberta by 18%. However, a typical worker in Alberta still earns more than a typical worker in all the other provinces and territories.\nBy March 2016, Alberta lost over 100,000 jobs in the oil patch. In spite of the surplus with the low price of WCS in 2015—99% of Canada's oil exports went to the United States and in 2015 Canada was still their largest exporter of total petroleum—3,789 thousand bpd in September—3,401 thousand bpd in October up from 3,026 thousand bpd in September 2014. By April 2019, two of the major oil companies, still had thousands of workers—Suncor had about 12,500 employees and Canadian Natural Resources had about 10,000 full-time employees.\nAlberta has the \"lowest taxes overall of any province or territory\" in Canada, due in part to having high resource tax revenues. However, overall tax revenues from oil royalties and other non-renewable sources has fallen steeply along with the drop in global oil prices. For example, in 2013, oil tax revenues brought in 9.58 billion, or 21% of the total Provincial budget, whereas in 2018 it had fallen to just 5.43 billion, or 11% of the Provincial budget.\nIn the spring of 2020, Alberta's economy suffered from the economic fallout of both the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war.\"\nData\nCurrent overview\nAccording to ATB Financial's Vice President and Chief Economist—Todd Hirsch, who spoke during a April 2, 2020, webinar hosted by the Calgary Chamber of Commerce, the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta and its \"economic fallout will permanently reshape our economy.\" Hirsch said that he expects that the resulting contraction in Alberta's economy will be the \"worst...Alberta has ever seen.\"\nThe global price of oil decreased dramatically because of the combination of COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war. In March 2020, the United States benchmark crude oil EWest Texas Intermediate (WTI)—upon which Alberta's benchmark crude oil Western Canadian Select (WCS) price is based—dropped to an historical below of US$20 a barrel. The price of WCS bitumen-blend crude was US$3.82 per barrel by the end of March.\nIn 2018, the low price of heavy oil negatively impacted Alberta's economic growth.\nIn November 2018, the price of Western Canadian Select (WCS), the benchmark for Canadian heavy crude, hit its record low of less than US$14 a barrel, as a \"surge of production met limited pipeline space causing bottlenecks.\" Previously, from 2008 through 2018, WCS had sold at an average discount of US$17 against West Texas Intermediate (WTI)—the U.S. crude oil benchmark, but by the fall of 2018, the differential between WCS and WTI reached a record of over US$50 per barrel. In response, then Premier Rachel Notley made a December 2 announcement of a mandatory cut of 8.7% in Alberta's oil production. By December 12, after the announcement of the government's \"mandated oil output curtailment\", the price of WCS rose c. 70% to c. US$41 a barrel with the WTI differential falling from US50 to c. US$11., according to the Financial Post. The WCS price rose to US$28.60 by January 2019, as the international price of oil had begun to recover from the December \"sharp downturn\" caused by the ongoing China–U.S. trade war In March 2019, the differential of WTI over WCS decreased to $US9.94 as the price of WTI dropped to US$58.15 a barrel, which is 7.5% lower than it was in March 2018, while the price of WCS increased to US$48.21 a barrel which is 35.7% higher than in March 2018. According to TD Economics' September 2019 report, the government's \"mandated oil output curtailment\", has resulted in a sustained rebound in WCS prices. However, investment and spending were low in the province. The loss of 14, 000 of the full-time jobs out of 2,344,000 in Alberta in July 2019, represented the \"largest decline\" in employment in Canada for that month, according to Statistics Canada.\nIn 1985, Alberta's energy industry accounted for 36.1% of the provinces $66.8 billion GDP. In 2006, the mining, oil and gas extraction industry accounted for 29.1% of GDP; by 2012 it was 23.3%; in 2013, it was 24.6% of Alberta's $331.9 billion GDP, and in 2016, the mining, oil and gas extraction industry accounted for about 27.9% of Alberta's GDP.\nBy comparison, \"In 2017, the federal, provincial and territorial governments spent some $724 billion on programs and more than $58 billion on interest payments on their public debt, which, combined, amounted to about 36 percent of Canada’s gross domestic product (GDP). Their combined borrowing that year was $27 billion, and their net financial debt at year-end stood at around $1.2 trillion, about 54 percent of GDP.\""}] | |
img_00010 | output_images/img_00010.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "OCR this document <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Arizona State University (Arizona State or ASU) is a public research university in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Founded in 1885 by the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the United States.\nOne of three universities governed by the Arizona Board of Regents, ASU is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified among \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity\". ASU has nearly 145,000 students attending classes, with more than 62,000 students attending online, and 112,000 undergraduates and nearly 30,000 postgraduates across its five campuses and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona. ASU offers 350 degree options from its 17 colleges and more than 170 cross-discipline centers and institutes for undergraduates students, as well as more than 400 graduate degree and certificate programs.\nThe Arizona State Sun Devils compete in 26 varsity-level sports in the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference and is home to over 1,100 registered student organizations. Sun Devil teams have won 165 national championships, including 24 NCAA trophies. 179 Sun Devils have made Olympic teams, winning 60 Olympic medals: 25 gold, 12 silver, and 23 bronze.\n ASU reported that its faculty of more than 5,000 scholars included 5 Nobel laureates, 10 MacArthur Fellows, 10 Pulitzer Prize winners, 10 National Academy of Engineering members, 23 National Academy of Sciences members, 26 American Academy of Arts and Sciences members, 41 Guggenheim fellows, 157 National Endowment for the Humanities fellows, and 281 Fulbright Program American Scholars.\nHistory\n1885–1929\nArizona State University was established as the Territorial Normal School at Tempe on March 12, 1885, when the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature passed an act to create a normal school to train teachers for the Arizona Territory. The campus consisted of a single, four-room schoolhouse on a 20-acre plot largely donated by Tempe residents George and Martha Wilson. Classes began with 33 students on February 8, 1886. The curriculum evolved over the years and the name was changed several times; the institution was also known as Tempe Normal School of Arizona (1889–1903), Tempe Normal School (1903–1925), Tempe State Teachers College (1925–1929), Arizona State Teachers College (1929–1945), Arizona State College (1945–1958) and, by a 2–1 margin of the state's voters, Arizona State University in 1958.\nIn 1923, the school stopped offering high school courses and added a high school diploma to the admissions requirements. In 1925, the school became the Tempe State Teachers College and offered four-year Bachelor of Education degrees as well as two-year teaching certificates. In 1929, the 9th Arizona State Legislature authorized Bachelor of Arts in Education degrees as well, and the school was renamed the Arizona State Teachers College. Under the 30-year tenure of president Arthur John Matthews (1900–1930), the school was given all-college student status. The first dormitories built in the state were constructed under his supervision in 1902. Of the 18 buildings constructed while Matthews was president, six are still in use. Matthews envisioned an \"evergreen campus\", with many shrubs brought to the campus, and implemented the planting of 110 Mexican Fan Palms on what is now known as Palm Walk, a century-old landmark of the Tempe campus.\nDuring the Great Depression, Ralph Waldo Swetman was hired to succeed President Matthews, coming to Arizona State Teachers College in 1930 from Humboldt State Teachers College where he had served as president. He served a three-year term, during which he focused on improving teacher-training programs. During his tenure, enrollment at the college doubled, topping the 1,000 mark for the first time. Matthews also conceived of a self-supported summer session at the school at Arizona State Teachers College, a first for the school.\n1930–1989\nIn 1933, Grady Gammage, then president of Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff, became president of Arizona State Teachers College at Tempe, beginning a tenure that would last for nearly 28 years, second only to Swetman's 30 years at the college's helm. Like President Arthur John Matthews before him, Gammage oversaw the construction of several buildings on the Tempe campus. He also guided the development of the university's graduate programs; the first Master of Arts in Education was awarded in 1938, the first Doctor of Education degree in 1954 and 10 non-teaching master's degrees were approved by the Arizona Board of Regents in 1956. During his presidency, the school's name was changed to Arizona State College in 1945, and finally to Arizona State University in 1958. At the time, two other names were considered: Tempe University and State University at Tempe. Among Gammage's greatest achievements in Tempe was the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed construction of what is Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium/ASU Gammage. One of the university's hallmark buildings, ASU Gammage was completed in 1964, five years after the president's (and Wright's) death.\nGammage was succeeded by Harold D. Richardson, who had served the school earlier in a variety of roles beginning in 1939, including director of graduate studies, college registrar, dean of instruction, dean of the College of Education and academic vice president. Although filling the role of acting president of the university for just nine months (Dec. 1959 to Sept. 1960), Richardson laid the groundwork for the future recruitment and appointment of well-credentialed research science faculty.\nBy the 1960s, under G. Homer Durham, the university's 11th president, ASU began to expand its curriculum by establishing several new colleges and, in 1961, the Arizona Board of Regents authorized doctoral degree programs in six fields, including Doctor of Philosophy. By the end of his nine-year tenure, ASU had more than doubled enrollment, reporting 23,000 in 1969.\nThe next three presidents—Harry K. Newburn (1969–71), John W. Schwada (1971–81) and J. Russell Nelson (1981–89), including and Interim President Richard Peck (1989)—led the university to increased academic stature, the establishment of the ASU West campus in 1984 and its subsequent construction in 1986, a focus on computer-assisted learning and research, and rising enrollment.\n1990–present\nUnder the leadership of Lattie F. Coor, president from 1990 to 2002, ASU grew through the creation of the Polytechnic campus and extended education sites. Increased commitment to diversity, quality in undergraduate education, research, and economic development occurred over his 12-year tenure. Part of Coor's legacy to the university was a successful fundraising campaign: through private donations, more than $500 million was invested in areas that would significantly impact the future of ASU. Among the campaign's achievements were the naming and endowing of Barrett, The Honors College, and the Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts; the creation of many new endowed faculty positions; and hundreds of new scholarships and fellowships.\nIn 2002, Michael M. Crow became the university's 16th president. At his inauguration, he outlined his vision for transforming ASU into a \"New American University\"—one that would be open and inclusive, and set a goal for the university to meet Association of American Universities criteria and to become a member. Crow initiated the idea of transforming ASU into \"One university in many places\"—a single institution comprising several campuses, sharing students, faculty, staff and accreditation. Subsequent reorganizations combined academic departments, consolidated colleges and schools, and reduced staff and administration as the university expanded its West and Polytechnic campuses. ASU's Downtown Phoenix campus was also expanded, with several colleges and schools relocating there. The university established learning centers throughout the state, including the ASU Colleges at Lake Havasu City and programs in Thatcher, Yuma, and Tucson. Students at these centers can choose from several ASU degree and certificate programs.\nDuring Crow's tenure, and aided by hundreds of millions of dollars in donations, ASU began a years-long research facility capital building effort that led to the establishment of the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, and several large interdisciplinary research buildings. Along with the research facilities, the university faculty was expanded, including the addition of five Nobel Laureates. Since 2002, the university's research expenditures have tripled and more than 1.5 million square feet of space has been added to the university's research facilities.\nThe economic downturn that began in 2008 took a particularly hard toll on Arizona, resulting in large cuts to ASU's budget. In response to these cuts, ASU capped enrollment, closed some four dozen academic programs, combined academic departments, consolidated colleges and schools, and reduced university faculty, staff and administrators; with an economic recovery underway in 2011, however, the university continued its campaign to expand the West and Polytechnic Campuses, and establish a low-cost, teaching-focused extension campus in Lake Havasu City. As of 2011, an article in Slate reported that, \"the bottom line looks good\", noting that: \nOn May 1, 2014, ASU was listed as one of fifty-five higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights \"for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints\" by Barack Obama's White House Task Force To Protect Students from Sexual Assault. The publicly announced investigation followed two Title IX suits. In July 2014, a group of at least nine current and former students who alleged they were harassed or assaulted asked the federal investigation be expanded.\nIn August 2014 ASU president Michael Crow appointed a task force comprising faculty and staff, students, and members of the university police force to review the university's efforts to address sexual violence. Crow accepted the recommendations of the task force in November 2014."}] | |
img_00011 | output_images/img_00011.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Amalric or Amalaric (also Americ, Almerich, Emeric, Emerick and other variations) is a personal name derived from the tribal name Amal (referring to the Gothic Amali) and ric (Gothic reiks) meaning \"ruler, prince\". \nEquivalents in different languages include:\nFrench: Amaury (surname/given name), Amalric (surname), Amaurich (surname), Maury (surname)\nGerman: Amalrich, Emmerich\nItalian: Amerigo, Arrigo\nHungarian: Imre\nLatin: Amalricus, Americus, Almericus, Emericus\nGreek: Emerikos\nPolish: Amalaryk, Amalryk, Emeryk\nDutch: Emmerik, Amerik, Hamelink, Hamelryck\nPortuguese: Amauri, Américo, América\nSpanish: Américo\nSerbo-Croatian: Emerik\nGiven name\n Amalaric (502–531), King of the Visigoths from 526 to 531\n Malaric (fl. 585), King of the Suevi\nAmaury, Count of Valenciennes (fl.953-973)\n Amalric of Nesle (fl. 1151–1180), Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1158 to 1180\n Amalric I of Jerusalem (1136–1174), King of Jerusalem from 1162 to 1174\n Amalric II of Jerusalem (fl. 1155–1205), King of Jerusalem from 1197 to 1205\n Amalric of Bena (f. 1200–1204), French theologian\n Arnaud Amalric (fl. 1196–1225), seventeenth abbot of Citeaux\n Amaury de Montfort (disambiguation), several individuals including:\n Amaury de Montfort (died 1241) (1195–1241), crusader\n Amalric, Lord of Tyre (c. 1272 – 1310), Governor of Cyprus from 1306 to 1310\n Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512), Italian merchant, explorer, and navigator from the Republic of Florence, from whose name the term \"America\" is derived.\nSurname\n Arnaud Amalric (died 1225), Cistercian abbot \n Catherine Amalric (born 1964), French politician \n Mathieu Amalric (born 1965), French actor and director\n Leonid Amalrik (1905–1997), Soviet animator\n Andrei Amalrik (1938–1980), Soviet dissident\nSee also\n Amaury (disambiguation), a French alternative spelling\n Emery (name)\nMasculine given names\nAmiga is a family of personal computers introduced by Commodore in 1985. The original model is one of a number of mid-1980s computers with 16- or 16/32-bit processors, 256 KB or more of RAM, mouse-based GUIs, and significantly improved graphics and audio compared to previous 8-bit systems. These systems include the Atari ST—released earlier the same year—as well as the Macintosh and Acorn Archimedes. Based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor, the Amiga differs from its contemporaries through the inclusion of custom hardware to accelerate graphics and sound, including sprites and a blitter, and a pre-emptive multitasking operating system called AmigaOS.\nThe Amiga 1000 was released in July 1985, but production problems kept it from becoming widely available until early 1986. The best-selling model, the Amiga 500, was introduced in 1987 along with the more expandable Amiga 2000. The Amiga 3000 was introduced in 1990, followed by the Amiga 500 Plus, and Amiga 600 in March 1992. Finally, the Amiga 1200 and Amiga 4000 were released in late 1992. The Amiga line sold an estimated 4.85 million units.\nAlthough early advertisements cast the computer as an all-purpose business machine, especially when outfitted with the Sidecar IBM PC compatibility add-on, the Amiga was most commercially successful as a home computer, with a wide range of games and creative software. The Video Toaster hardware and software suite helped Amiga find a prominent role in desktop video and video production. The Amiga's audio hardware made it a popular platform for music tracker software. The processor and memory capacity enabled 3D rendering packages, including LightWave 3D, Imagine, and Traces, a predecessor to Blender.\nPoor marketing and the failure of later models to repeat the technological advances of the first systems resulted in Commodore quickly losing market share to the rapidly dropping prices of IBM PC compatibles, which gained 256 color graphics in 1987, as well as the fourth generation of video game consoles.\nCommodore ultimately went bankrupt in April 1994 after a version of the Amiga packaged as a game console, the Amiga CD32, failed in the marketplace. Since the demise of Commodore, various groups have marketed successors to the original Amiga line, including Genesi, Eyetech, ACube Systems Srl and A-EON Technology. AmigaOS has influenced replacements, clones, and compatible systems such as MorphOS and AROS. Currently Belgian company Hyperion Entertainment maintains and develops AmigaOS 4, which is an official and direct descendant of AmigaOS 3.1 – the last system made by Commodore for the original Amiga Computers.\nHistory\nConcept and early development \nJay Miner joined Atari, Inc. in the 1970s to develop custom integrated circuits, and led development of the Atari Video Computer System's TIA. When complete, the team began developing a much more sophisticated set of chips, CTIA, ANTIC and POKEY, that formed the basis of the Atari 8-bit family.\nWith the 8-bit line's launch in 1979, the team once again started looking at a next generation chipset. Nolan Bushnell had sold the company to Warner Communications in 1978, and the new management was much more interested in the existing lines than development of new products that might cut into their sales. Miner wanted to start work with the new Motorola 68000, but management was only interested in another 6502 based system. Miner left the company, and, for a time, the industry."}] | |
img_00012 | output_images/img_00012.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Arthur Wellesley may refer to:\nArthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852), Anglo-Irish soldier and British prime minister\nArthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington (1807–1884), British soldier and nobleman\nArthur Wellesley, 4th Duke of Wellington (1849–1934), British soldier and nobleman\nArthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington (1876–1941), British soldier and nobleman\nArthur Wellesley, Marquess of Douro (born 1978), grandson of the 8th Duke\nArthur Wellesley Hughes (1870–1950), also known as Arthur Wellesley, Canadian musician and composer\nArthur Wellesley, 4th Earl Cowley (1890–1962), British actor and nobleman\nSee also\n Arthur (disambiguation)\n Wellesley (disambiguation)\n Duke of Wellington (disambiguation)\nAlkmaar Zaanstreek (), better known internationally as AZ Alkmaar, or simply and most commonly as AZ () in the Netherlands, is a Dutch professional football club from Alkmaar and the Zaan district. The club plays in the Eredivisie, the highest professional football league in the Netherlands.\nAZ won the Eredivisie in 1980–81 and 2008–09. In the same season as their first league title, they also reached the UEFA Cup Final, which they lost to Ipswich Town. The team has won the KNVB Cup on four occasions, and one Johan Cruyff Shield.\nHistory\n1910–1972: foundation and first years\nAZ was founded on 10 May 1967 as AZ '67, the result of a merger of Alkmaar '54 and FC Zaanstreek. Alkmaar '54 was founded as a professional team in April 1954 to play in the 10-team NBVB league, created because the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) refused to organize a professional league (the KNVB took over in 1955). Alkmaar '54, and by extension AZ, played the very first professional match in the Netherlands: on 14 August 1954, they won 3–0 at home against Venlo '54, with Klaas Smit scoring the first and third goal. After winning the in 1960–61, it played one year in the Eredivisie.\nFC Zaanstreek had been playing since 1910 as the Kooger Football Club (KFC). KFC had nearly become national champion in 1934 through a narrow loss to Ajax in the finals. The team became professional in 1955. In 1964 the professional part of KFC was renamed FC Zaanstreek, while the amateurs played on as KFC.\nAlso in 1964, the brothers Cees and Klaas Molenaar, former players and trainers for KFC and owners of a growing appliance store chain, sought to create a powerful football team in Zaanstreek by merging the two local professional teams: KFC and Zaanlandsche Football Club. After the ZFC leadership thwarted this attempt, the Molenaars successfully merged FC Zaanstreek with Alkmaar '54 in 1967. FC Zaanstreek had finished 7th and Alkmaar '54 12th in 1966–67 Eerste Divisie. The team would be based in Alkmaar, though the second team originally trained and played in Koog aan de Zaan.\n1972–1985: the Molenaar years\nPartially through the hiring of expensive foreign players, the new club soon acquired large debts. In 1972, the Molenaar brothers bailed it out and invested heavily in the club, to the point that AZ '67 were successful in the late 1970s and early '80s, regularly playing European football from 1977 to 1982 while also winning three KNVB Cups over that period.\nAfter four close league campaigns, AZ finally became Dutch champions in 1981, becoming the only team other than the \"big three\" of Ajax, and PSV to do so in a 44-year period spanning from 1965 to 2009 (when AZ once again won the league title). They won the title with overwhelming power, winning 27 of 34 matches and only losing once, while scoring a club record 101 goals and conceding just 30. That same season, AZ reached the final of the UEFA Cup, losing 5–4 on aggregate to Ipswich Town. The next year, in the European Cup, they lost in the second round 3–2 on aggregate to Liverpool.\nGeorg Keßler was AZ's manager over most of these years (1978–82), while star players included: Kees Kist, the club's highest ever goalscorer with 212 goals and the first ever Dutchman to win the European Golden Boot in 1979 when he scored 34 goals in a season; Jan Peters, who played 120 matches for AZ during this period scoring 30 goals from midfield; and Hugo Hovenkamp, who played 239 matches in defence for AZ from 1975 to 1983, as well as receiving 31 caps for the Netherlands national team from 1977 to 1983 and playing each match in UEFA Euro 1980 while an AZ player. Additional stars included John Metgod, who spent six years at AZ playing 195 matches as a defender, scoring 26 goals including a goal against Ipswich Town in the final of the UEFA Cup. Like Hovenkamp, Metgod was also included in the Dutch squad for Euro 1980. Meanwhile, Danish forward Kristen Nygaard spent ten years at AZ, scoring 104 goals in 363 matches between 1972 and 1982.\n1985–1993: the interim years\nCo-owner Cees Molenaar died in 1979. AZ's fortunes deteriorated after his brother, Klaas Molenaar, left the club in 1985. After several mid-table finishes in previous seasons, AZ was relegated in 1988 from the Eredivisie, ending the season on 28 points from 34 matches and falling to the due to the superior goal difference of Roda JC. This relegation was significant since it occurred just seven years after the club's historic domestic double and marked the end of AZ's first period of success in Dutch football. Following this, AZ spent much of the next decade in the second tier, struggling to find a return to the top flight.\n1993–2009: the Scheringa years\nThe involvement of businessman Dirk Scheringa in the mid-1990s marked the revival of the club as AZ returned to the Eredivisie, winning the 1997-98 Eerste Divisie title. The club achieved consecutive finishes around the middle positions in the league until ending up in third place in the 2004-05 Eredivisie season, AZ's highest position for 23 years. In the summer of 2006, the club moved to a new 17,000 capacity stadium, AZ Stadion.\nDespite playing strongly for the majority of the 2006–07 season, AZ's season ended in disappointment. First, entering the last matchday of the 2006–07 Eredivisie season, AZ led PSV and Ajax on goal difference at the top of the league table, but ended up third after losing their last match against 16th placed team Excelsior, AZ played with ten men for 80 minutes. Additionally, AZ then lost the KNVB Cup final to Ajax 8–7 after a penalty shoot-out, while also falling to Ajax over two play-off matches for participation in the Champions League. After the season, key players like Tim de Cler, Danny Koevermans and Shota Arveladze left the team."}] | |
img_00013 | output_images/img_00013.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Two antipopes used the regnal name Victor IV:\n Antipope Victor IV (1138)\n Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164) (1095–1164)\nJames Avery Hopwood (May 28, 1882 – July 1, 1928) was an American playwright of the Jazz Age. He had four plays running simultaneously on Broadway in 1920.\nEarly life\nHopwood was born to James and Jule Pendergast Hopwood on May 28, 1882, in Cleveland, Ohio. He graduated from Cleveland's West High School in 1900. In 1901, he began attending the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. However, his family experienced financial difficulties, so for his second year he transferred to Adelbert College. He returned to the University of Michigan in the fall of 1903, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1905.\nCareer\nHopwood started out as a journalist for the Cleveland Leader as its New York correspondent, but within a year had his first play, Clothes (1906), produced on Broadway, with the aid of playwright Channing Pollock. Hopwood eventually became known as \"The Playboy Playwright\" and specialized in comedies and farces, some of them with material considered risqué at the time. One play, The Demi-Virgin in 1921, prompted a court case because of its suggestive subject matter, including a risque game of cards, \"Stripping Cupid\". The case was dismissed.\nHis many plays included Nobody's Widow (1910), starring Blanche Bates; Fair and Warmer (1915), starring Madge Kennedy (filmed in 1919); The Gold Diggers (1919), starring Ina Claire in New York and Tallulah Bankhead in London; (filmed in 1923 as The Gold Diggers, in 1928 as Gold Diggers of Broadway and also as Gold Diggers of 1933); Ladies' Night, 1920, starring Charlie Ruggles (filmed in 1928); the famous mystery play The Bat (with Mary Roberts Rinehart), 1920 (filmed in 1926 as The Bat, in 1930 as The Bat Whispers, and in 1959 as The Bat); Getting Gertie's Garter (with Wilson Collison), 1921, starring Hazel Dawn (filmed in 1927 and 1945); The Demi-Virgin, 1921, also starring Dawn; The Alarm Clock, 1923, translated from the French; The Best People (with David Gray), 1924 (filmed in 1925 and as Fast and Loose in 1930 with Clara Bow); the song-farce Naughty Cinderella, 1925, starring Irène Bordoni and The Garden of Eden in 1927, with Tallulah Bankhead in London and Miriam Hopkins in New York; (filmed in 1928 as The Garden of Eden).\nPersonal life\nIn 1906, Hopwood was introduced to writer and photographer Carl Van Vechten. The two became close friends and were sometimes sexual partners. In the 1920s Hopwood had a tumultuous and abusive romantic relationship with fellow Cleveland-born playwright John Floyd. Although Hopwood announced to the press in 1924 that he was engaged to vaudeville dancer and choreographer Rosa Rolanda, Van Vechten confirmed in later years that it was a publicity stunt. Rolanda would later marry caricaturist Miguel Covarrubias.\nOn the evening of July 1, 1928, at Juan-les-Pins on the French Riviera, Hopwood suffered a fatal heart attack while swimming. He was buried in Riverside Cemetery, Cleveland. His mother, Jule Hopwood, inherited a large trust from him, but he had not made arrangements for the disposition of other items, including literary rights. While she was working through the legal issues with his estate, Jule Hopwood fell ill and died on March 1, 1929. She was buried next to her son.\nLegacy\nHopwood's plays were very successful commercially, but they did not have the lasting literary significance he hoped to achieve.\nHopwood Award\nThe terms of Hopwood's will left a substantial portion of his estate to his alma mater, the University of Michigan, for the establishment of the Avery Hopwood and Jule Hopwood Creative Writing Awards. The bequest stipulated: \"It is especially desired that students competing for prizes shall be allowed the widest possible latitude, and that the new, the unusual, and the radical shall be especially encouraged.\" Famous Hopwood award winners include Robert Hayden, Marge Piercy, Arthur Miller, Betty Smith, Lawrence Kasdan, John Ciardi, Mary Gaitskill, Edmund White, Nancy Willard, Frank O'Hara, and Steve Hamilton.\nThe Great Bordello\nThroughout his life, Hopwood worked on a novel that he hoped would \"expose\" the strictures the commercial theater machine imposed on playwrights, but the manuscript was never published. Jack Sharrar recovered the manuscript for this novel in 1982 during his research for Avery Hopwood, His Life and Plays. The novel was published in July 2011 by Mondial Books (New York) as The Great Bordello, a Story of the Theatre, edited and with an Afterword by Sharrar.\nWorks\n Clothes (1906) with Channing Pollock\n This Woman and This Man (1909)\n Seven Days (1909) with Mary Roberts Rinehart\n Judy Forgot (1910)\n Nobody's Widow (1910)\n Somewhere Else (1913)\n Fair and Warmer (1915) Remains popular in Germany (Der Mustergatte) and Scandinavia (Gröna hissen )\n Sadie Love (1915)\n Our Little Wife (1916)\n Double Exposure (1918)\n Tumble In (1919, musical version of Seven Days)\n The Gold Diggers (1919)\n The Girl in the Limousine (1919) with Wilson Collison\n Ladies' Night (1920) with Charlton Andrews\n Spanish Love (1920, Adaptation of María del Carmen by Josep Feliu i Codina) with Mary Roberts Rinehart\n The Bat (1920) with Mary Roberts Rinehart\n Getting Gertie's Garter (1921) with Wilson Collison\n The Demi-Virgin (1921)\n Why Men Leave Home (1922)\n Little Miss Bluebeard (1923, Adaptation of Kisasszony férje by Gábor Drégely)\n The Alarm Clock (1923, Adaptation of La Sonnette d'alarme by Maurice Hennequin and Romain Coolus)\n The Best People (1924) with David Gray\n The Harem (1924) with Ernest Vajda\n Naughty Cinderella (1925, Adaptation of Pouche by René Peter and Henri Falk)\n The Garden of Eden (1927, Adaptation of Der Garten Eden by Rudolf Bernauer and Rudolf Österreicher)\nFilmography\n Clothes (1914, based on Clothes) \n Judy Forgot (1915, based on Judy Forgot) \n Our Little Wife (1918, based on Our Little Wife) \n Sadie Love (1919, based on Sadie Love) \n Fair and Warmer (1919, based on Fair and Warmer) \n Guilty of Love (1920, based on This Woman and This Man) \n Clothes (1920, based on Clothes) \n The Little Clown (1921, based on The Little Clown) \n The Gold Diggers (1923, based on The Gold Diggers) \n Why Men Leave Home (1924, based on Why Men Leave Home) \n The Girl in the Limousine (1924, based on The Girl in the Limousine) \n Miss Bluebeard (1925, based on Little Miss Bluebeard) \n The Best People (1925, based on The Best People) \n The Bat (1926, based on The Bat) \n Good and Naughty (1926, based on Naughty Cinderella) \n Nobody's Widow (1927, based on Nobody's Widow) \n Getting Gertie's Garter (1927, based on Getting Gertie's Garter) \n The Garden of Eden (1928, based on The Garden of Eden) \n Ladies' Night in a Turkish Bath (1928, based on Ladies' Night) \n Gold Diggers of Broadway (1929, based on The Gold Diggers) \n Her Wedding Night (1930, based on Little Miss Bluebeard) \n Let's Get Married (France, 1931, based on Little Miss Bluebeard) \n Su noche de bodas (Spain, 1931, based on Little Miss Bluebeard) \n Ich heirate meinen Mann (Germany, 1931, based on Little Miss Bluebeard) \n A Minha Noite de Núpcias (Portugal, 1931, based on Little Miss Bluebeard) \n Fast and Loose (1930, based on The Best People) \n The Bat Whispers (1930, based on The Bat) \n This Is the Night (1932, based on Naughty Cinderella) \n Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933, based on The Gold Diggers) \n Night of the Garter (UK, 1933, based on Getting Gertie's Garter) "}] | |
img_00014 | output_images/img_00014.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins (born 31 December 1937) is a Welsh actor, director, and producer. One of Britain's most recognisable and prolific actors, he is known for his performances on the screen and stage. Hopkins has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, four BAFTA Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, and a Laurence Olivier Award. He has also received the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 2005 and the BAFTA Fellowship for lifetime achievement in 2008. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his services to drama in 1993.\nAfter graduating from the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama in 1957, Hopkins trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. He was then spotted by Laurence Olivier, who invited him to join the Royal National Theatre in 1965. Productions at the National included King Lear (his favourite Shakespeare play), Coriolanus, Macbeth, and Antony and Cleopatra. In 1985, he received great acclaim and a Laurence Olivier Award for his performance in the David Hare play Pravda. His last stage play was a West End production of M. Butterfly in 1989.\nHopkins early film roles include The Lion in Winter (1968), A Bridge Too Far (1977), and The Elephant Man (1980). He won two Academy Awards for Best Actor for playing Hannibal Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs (1991) and an octogenarian with dementia in The Father (2020), becoming the oldest Best Actor Oscar winner for the latter. His other Oscar-nominated films include The Remains of the Day (1993), Nixon (1995), Amistad (1997), and The Two Popes (2019). Other notable films include 84 Charing Cross Road (1987), Howards End (1992), Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992), Shadowlands (1993), Legends of the Fall (1994), The Mask of Zorro (1998), and the Marvel Cinematic Universe's Thor franchise (2011–2017). \nFor his work on television, Hopkins received a British Academy Television Award for Best Actor for his performance in War and Peace (1972). He won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series for The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case (1976) and The Bunker (1981). Other notable projects include the BBC film The Dresser (2015), PBS's King Lear (2018), and the HBO series Westworld (2016–2018).\nEarly life and education \nPhilip Anthony Hopkins was born in the Margam district of Port Talbot on 31 December 1937, the son of Annie Muriel (née Yeates) and baker Richard Arthur Hopkins. One of his grandfathers was from Wiltshire, England. He stated his father's working-class values have always underscored his life, \"Whenever I get a feeling that I may be special or different, I think of my father and I remember his hands – his hardened, broken hands.\" His school days were unproductive; he would rather immerse himself in art, such as painting and drawing, or playing the piano than attend to his studies. In 1949, to instil discipline, his parents insisted he attend Jones' West Monmouth Boys' School in Pontypool. He remained there for five terms and was then educated at Cowbridge Grammar School in the Vale of Glamorgan. In an interview in 2002, he stated, \"I was a poor learner, which left me open to ridicule and gave me an inferiority complex. I grew up absolutely convinced I was stupid.\"\nHopkins was inspired by fellow Welsh actor Richard Burton, whom he met at the age of 15. He later called Burton \"very gracious, very nice\" but elaborated, \"I don't know where everyone gets the idea we were good friends. I suppose it's because we are both Welsh and grew up near the same town. For the record, I didn't really know him at all.\" He enrolled at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama in Cardiff, from which he graduated in 1957. He next met Burton in 1975 as Burton prepared to take over Hopkins's role as the psychiatrist in Peter Shaffer's Equus, with Hopkins stating, \"He was a phenomenal actor. So was Peter O'Toole – they were wonderful, larger-than-life characters.\" After two years of his national service between 1958 and 1960, which he served in the British Army, Hopkins moved to London to study at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.\nActing career\n1960–1979: National Theatre and film debut \nHopkins made his first professional stage appearance in the Palace Theatre, Swansea, in 1960 with Swansea Little Theatre's production of Have a Cigarette. In 1965, after several years in repertory, he was spotted by Laurence Olivier, who invited him to join the Royal National Theatre in London. Hopkins became Olivier's understudy, and filled in when Olivier was struck with appendicitis during a 1967 production of August Strindberg's The Dance of Death. Olivier later noted in his memoir, Confessions of an Actor, that, \"A new young actor in the company of exceptional promise named Anthony Hopkins was understudying me and walked away with the part of Edgar like a cat with a mouse between its teeth.\" Up until that night, Hopkins was always nervous prior to going on stage. This has since changed, and Hopkins quoted his mentor as saying: \"He [Olivier] said: 'Remember: nerves is [sic] vanity – you're wondering what people think of you; to hell with them, just jump off the edge'. It was great advice.\" \nHe made his small-screen debut in a 1967 BBC broadcast of A Flea in Her Ear. His first starring role in a film came in 1964 in Changes, a short directed by Drewe Henley, written and produced by James Scott and co-starring Jacqueline Pearce. In 1968, Hopkins got his break in The Lion in Winter playing Richard the Lionheart, a performance which saw him nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. Hopkins portrayed Charles Dickens in the BBC television film The Great Inimitable Mr. Dickens in 1970, and Pierre Bezukhov in the BBC's mini series War and Peace (1972), receiving the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor for his performance in the latter. Making a name for himself as a screen actor, he appeared in Frank Pierson's neo-noir action thriller The Looking Glass War (1970), and Étienne Périer's When Eight Bells Toll (1971). The first of five collaborations with director Richard Attenborough, in 1972 Hopkins starred as British politician David Lloyd George in Young Winston, and in 1977 he played British Army officer John Frost in Attenborough's World War II-set film A Bridge Too Far.\nIn 1973 he again portrayed David Lloyd George in the BBC miniseries The Edwardians which aired in the US in 1974 on Masterpiece Theatre. Hopkins starred in a film adaptation of the Henrik Ibsen play A Doll's House (1973) alongside Claire Bloom, Ralph Richardson, Denholm Elliott, and Edith Evans. He then appeared in the comedy The Girl from Petrovka (1974) with Goldie Hawn and Hal Holbrook and also starred in the Richard Lester suspense film Juggernaut opposite Richard Harris and Omar Sharif. In October 1974, Hopkins played the psychologist Dysart in the original Broadway production of Sir Peter Shaffer's play Equus, starring opposite Peter Firth. For this performance, he received the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play for the 1974–75 season. In 1978 he starred in the sequel to National Velvet (1944), entitled International Velvet with Tatum O'Neal, Christopher Plummer, which was directed by Bryan Forbes. In 1978 he also starred in Attenborough's psychological horror film Magic about a demonic ventriloquist's puppet with Gene Siskel adding it as one of the best films of the year. In 1979, Hopkins appeared as Prospero in a production of The Tempest held at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles.\n1980–1989: Rise to prominence \nIn 1980, he starred in David Lynch's The Elephant Man as the English doctor Sir Frederick Treves, who attends to Joseph Merrick (portrayed by John Hurt), a severely deformed man in 19th century London. The film received critical praise and attention from critics and received eight Academy Award nominations including for Best Picture. That year he also starred opposite Shirley MacLaine in A Change of Seasons and famously didn't get along with MacLaine, adding \"she was the most obnoxious actress I have ever worked with.\" The film was an immense box office and critical failure. In 1981, he starred in the CBS television film The Bunker portraying Adolf Hitler during weeks in and around his underground bunker in Berlin before and during the Battle of Berlin. John O'Connor praised Hopkins in his New York Times review: \"The portrait becomes all the more riveting through an extraordinarily powerful performance from Anthony Hopkins. His Hitler is mad, often contemptible, but always understandable. Part of the problem, perhaps, is that the monster becomes a little too understandable. He is not made sympathetic, exactly, but he is given decidedly pathetic dimensions, making him just that much more acceptable as a dramatic and historical character.\" For his performance he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie. That same year he starred as Paul the Apostle opposite Robert Foxworth as Saint Peter in the biblical drama and miniseries Peter and Paul (1981).\nIn 1983, Hopkins also became a company member of The Mirror Theater Ltd's Repertory Company. In 1984, he portrayed Deeley in Harold Pinter's play Old Times at the Roundabout Theatre in New York. In 1984, he starred opposite Mel Gibson in The Bounty as William Bligh, captain of the Royal Navy ship , in a more accurate retelling of the mutiny on the Bounty. The following year he starred as Quasimodo in the CBS television film The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1982). The film also starred Derek Jacobi, David Suchet, Tim Pigott-Smith, Nigel Hawthorne, and John Gielgud. He also starred in Strangers and Brothers (1984), Arch of Triumph (1984), Guilty Conscience (1985), Mussolini and I (1985), and The Tenth Man (1988). In 1985, Hopkins starred opposite Colin Firth in the Arthur Schnitzler play The Lonely Road at The Old Vic in London. That same year, he featured as Lambert Le Roux in the National Theatre production of Pravda in Sir David Hare and Howard Brenton's satirical play on the British newspaper industry in the Thatcher era. Receiving acclaim for his performance, Hopkins won the Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement. Frank Rich in his New York Times review wrote, \"Mr. Hopkins creates a memorable image of a perversely brilliant modern-day barbarian.\" \nIn 1986, he starred in David Hare's production of King Lear, Hopkins's favourite Shakespeare play, at the National Theatre. The next year, he starred as Antony in the National Theatre production of Antony and Cleopatra opposite Judi Dench, and in 1989, Hopkins made his last appearance on stage in a West End production of M. Butterfly. \"It was a torment\", he claimed in a later interview. Of a matinee where nobody laughed, there was, he said \"not a titter\". When the lights came up, the cast realised the entire audience was Japanese. \"Oh God,\" he recalled, \"You'd go to your dressing room and someone would pop their head round the door and say, 'Coffee? Tea?' And I'd think, 'An open razor, please.'\" In 1989 he starred as Abel Magwitch in the miniseries Great Expectations which was broadcast on ITV in the UK and The Disney Channel in the US. The adaptation of the Dickens' novel also starred Jean Simmons and John Rhys-Davies. He received his fourth Primetime Emmy Award nomination, this time for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie.\n1990–1998: Stardom and acclaim "}] | |
img_00015 | output_images/img_00015.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Albrecht Achilles may refer to:\nAlbrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg (1414–1486)\nAlbrecht Achilles (Korvettenkapitän) (1914–1943), U-boat commander\nThe Airbus A300 is Airbus' first production aircraft and the world's first twin-engine, double-aisle (wide-body) airliner, developed and manufactured by Airbus from 1971–2007.\nIn September 1967, aircraft manufacturers in the United Kingdom, France, and West Germany signed an initial memorandum of understanding to collaborate to develop an innovative large airliner. West Germany and France reached a firm agreement on 29 May 1969, after the British withdrew from the project on 10 April 1969. The pan-European collaborative aerospace manufacturer Airbus Industrie was formally created on 18 December 1970 to develop and produce it. The A300 prototype first flew on 28 October 1972.\nThe first twin-engine widebody airliner, the A300 typically seats 247 passengers in two classes over a range of 5,375 to 7,500 km (2,900 to 4,050 nmi; ).\nInitial variants are powered by General Electric CF6-50 or Pratt & Whitney JT9D turbofans and have a three-crew flight deck. The improved A300-600 has a two-crew cockpit and updated CF6-80C2 or PW4000 engines; it made its first flight on 8 July 1983 and entered service later that year. The A300 is the basis of the smaller A310 (first flown in 1982) and was adapted in a freighter version. Its cross section was retained for the larger four-engined A340 (1991) and the larger twin-engined A330 (1992). It is also the basis for the oversize Beluga transport (1994).\nUnlike most Airbus products, it has a yoke, not using a fly-by-wire system. \nLaunch customer Air France introduced the type on 23 May 1974.\nAfter limited demand initially, sales took off as the type was proven in early service, beginning three decades of steady orders. It has a similar capacity to the Boeing 767-300, introduced in 1986, but lacked the 767-300ER range. During the 1990s, the A300 became popular with cargo aircraft operators, as both passenger airliner conversions and as original builds. Production ceased in July 2007 after 561 deliveries.\n, there are 197 A300 family aircraft still in commercial service.\nDevelopment\nOrigins \nDuring the 1960s, European aircraft manufacturers such as Hawker Siddeley and the British Aircraft Corporation, based in the UK, and Sud Aviation of France, had ambitions to build a new 200-seat airliner for the growing civil aviation market. While studies were performed and considered, such as a stretched twin-engine variant of the Hawker Siddeley Trident and an expanded development of the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) One-Eleven, designated the BAC Two-Eleven, it was recognized that if each of the European manufacturers were to launch similar aircraft into the market at the same time, neither would achieve sales volume needed to make them viable. In 1965, a British government study, known as the Plowden Report, had found British aircraft production costs to be between 10% and 20% higher than American counterparts due to shorter production runs, which was in part due to the fractured European market. To overcome this factor, the report recommended the pursuit of multinational collaborative projects between the region's leading aircraft manufacturers.\nEuropean manufacturers were keen to explore prospective programmes; the proposed 260-seat wide-body HBN 100 between Hawker Siddeley, Nord Aviation, and Breguet Aviation being one such example. National governments were also keen to support such efforts amid a belief that American manufacturers could dominate the European Economic Community; in particular, Germany had ambitions for a multinational airliner project to invigorate its aircraft industry, which had declined considerably following the Second World War. During the mid-1960s, both Air France and American Airlines had expressed interest in a short-haul twin-engine wide-body aircraft, indicating a market demand for such an aircraft to be produced. In July 1967, during a high-profile meeting between French, German, and British ministers, an agreement was made for greater cooperation between European nations in the field of aviation technology, and \"for the joint development and production of an airbus\". The word airbus at this point was a generic aviation term for a larger commercial aircraft, and was considered acceptable in multiple languages, including French.\nShortly after the July 1967 meeting, French engineer Roger Béteille was appointed as the technical director of what would become the A300 programme, while Henri Ziegler, chief operating office of Sud Aviation, was appointed as the general manager of the organisation and German politician Franz Josef Strauss became the chairman of the supervisory board. Béteille drew up an initial work share plan for the project, under which French firms would produce the aircraft's cockpit, the control systems, and lower-centre portion of the fuselage, Hawker Siddeley would manufacture the wings, while German companies would produce the forward, rear and upper part of the center fuselage sections. Additional work included moving elements of the wings being produced in the Netherlands, and Spain producing the horizontal tail plane.\nAn early design goal for the A300 that Béteille had stressed the importance of was the incorporation of a high level of technology, which would serve as a decisive advantage over prospective competitors. As such, the A300 would feature the first use of composite materials of any passenger aircraft, the leading and trailing edges of the tail fin being composed of glass fibre reinforced plastic. Béteille opted for English as the working language for the developing aircraft, as well against using Metric instrumentation and measurements, as most airlines already had US-built aircraft. These decisions were partially influenced by feedback from various airlines, such as Air France and Lufthansa, as an emphasis had been placed on determining the specifics of what kind of aircraft that potential operators were seeking. According to Airbus, this cultural approach to market research had been crucial to the company's long-term success.\nWorkshare and redefinition \nOn 26 September 1967, the British, French, and West German governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding to start development of the 300-seat Airbus A300. At this point, the A300 was only the second major joint aircraft programme in Europe, the first being the Anglo-French Concorde. Under the terms of the memorandum, Britain and France were each to receive a 37.5 per cent work share on the project, while Germany received a 25 per cent share. Sud Aviation was recognized as the lead company for A300, with Hawker Siddeley being selected as the British partner company. At the time, the news of the announcement had been clouded by the British Government's support for the Airbus, which coincided with its refusal to back BAC's proposed competitor, the BAC 2–11, despite a preference for the latter expressed by British European Airways (BEA). Another parameter was the requirement for a new engine to be developed by Rolls-Royce to power the proposed airliner; a derivative of the in-development Rolls-Royce RB211, the triple-spool RB207, capable of producing of .\nThe programme cost was US$4.6 billion (in 1993 Dollars).\nIn December 1968, the French and British partner companies (Sud Aviation and Hawker Siddeley) proposed a revised configuration, the 250-seat Airbus A250. It had been feared that the original 300-seat proposal was too large for the market, thus it had been scaled down to produce the A250. The dimensional changes involved in the shrink reduced the length of the fuselage by and the diameter by , reducing the overall weight by . For increased flexibility, the cabin floor was raised so that standard LD3 freight containers could be accommodated side-by-side, allowing more cargo to be carried. Refinements made by Hawker Siddeley to the wing's design provided for greater lift and overall performance; this gave the aircraft the ability to climb faster and attain a level cruising altitude sooner than any other passenger aircraft. It was later renamed the A300B.\nPerhaps the most significant change of the A300B was that it would not require new engines to be developed, being of a suitable size to be powered by Rolls-Royce's RB211, or alternatively the American Pratt & Whitney JT9D and General Electric CF6 powerplants; this switch was recognized as considerably reducing the project's development costs. To attract potential customers in the US market, it was decided that General Electric CF6-50 engines would power the A300 in place of the British RB207; these engines would be produced in co-operation with French firm Snecma. By this time, Rolls-Royce had been concentrating their efforts upon developing their RB211 turbofan engine instead and progress on the RB207's development had been slow for some time, the firm having suffered due to funding limitations, both of which had been factors in the engine switch decision.\nOn 10 April 1969, a few months after the decision to drop the RB207 had been announced, the British government announced that they would withdraw from the Airbus venture. In response, West Germany proposed to France that they would be willing to contribute up to 50% of the project's costs if France was prepared to do the same. Additionally, the managing director of Hawker Siddeley, Sir Arnold Alexander Hall, decided that his company would remain in the project as a favoured sub-contractor, developing and manufacturing the wings for the A300, which would later become pivotal in later versions' impressive performance from short domestic to long intercontinental flights. Hawker Siddeley spent £35 million of its own funds, along with a further £35 million loan from the West German government, on the machine tooling to design and produce the wings."}] | |
img_00016 | output_images/img_00016.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Arthur William à Beckett (25 October 1844 – 14 January 1909) was an English journalist and intellectual.\nBiography\nHe was a younger son of Gilbert Abbott à Beckett and Mary Anne à Beckett, brother of Gilbert Arthur à Beckett and educated at Felsted School. Besides fulfilling other journalistic engagements, Beckett was on the staff of Punch from 1874 to 1902, edited the Sunday Times 1891–1895, and the Naval and Military Magazine in 1896.\nHe gave an account of his father and his own reminiscences in The à Becketts of Punch (1903). A childhood friend (and distant relative) of W. S. Gilbert, Beckett briefly feuded with Gilbert in 1869, but the two patched up the friendship, and Gilbert even later collaborated on projects with Beckett's brother.\nHe was married to Suzanne Frances Winslow, daughter of the noted psychiatrist Forbes Benignus Winslow. He is buried in the churchyard at St Mary Magdalen, Mortlake.\nWorks\nHe published:\n Comic Guide to the Royal Academy, with his brother Gilbert (1863–64)\n Fallen Amongst Thieves (1869)\n Our Holiday in the Highlands (1874)\n The Shadow Witness and The Doom of Saint Quirec, with Francis Burnand (1875–76)\n The Ghost of Greystone Grange (1877)\n The Mystery of Mostyn Manor (1878)\n Traded Out; Hard Luck; Stone Broke; Papers from Pump Handle Court, by a Briefless Barrister (1884)\n Modern Arabian Nights (1885)\n The Member for Wrottenborough (1895)\n Greenroom Recollections (1896)\n The Modern Adam (1899)\n London at the End of the Century (1900)\nWith F. C. Burnand he co-authored:\n The Doom of St. Querec (1875)\n The Shadow Witness (1876)\nHe wrote for the theatre two three-act comedies:"}] | |
img_00017 | output_images/img_00017.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Atari 7800 ProSystem, or simply the Atari 7800, is a home video game console officially released by Atari Corporation in 1986 as the successor to both the Atari 2600 and Atari 5200. It can run almost all Atari 2600 cartridges, making it one of the first consoles with backward compatibility. It shipped with a different model of joystick from the 2600-standard CX40 and Pole Position II as the pack-in game. Most of the announced titles at launch were ports of 1981–1983 arcade video games.\nDesigned by General Computer Corporation, the 7800 has significantly improved graphics hardware over Atari's previous consoles, but the same Television Interface Adaptor chip that launched with the 2600 in 1977 is used to generate audio. In an effort to prevent the flood of poor quality games that contributed to the video game crash of 1983, cartridges had to be digitally signed by Atari.\nThe Atari 7800 was first announced by Atari, Inc. on May 21, 1984, but a general release was shelved until May 1986 due to the sale of the company. Atari Corporation dropped support for the 7800, along with the 2600 and the Atari 8-bit family, on January 1, 1992.\nHistory \nAtari had been facing pressure from Coleco and its ColecoVision console, which supported graphics that more closely mirrored arcade games of the time than either the Atari 2600 or 5200. The Atari 5200 (released as a successor to the Atari 2600) was criticized for not being able to play 2600 games without an adapter.\nThe Atari 7800 ProSystem was the first console from Atari, Inc. designed by an outside company, General Computer Corporation. It was designed in 1983–84 with an intended mass market rollout in June 1984, but was canceled after the sale of the company to Tramel Technology Ltd on July 2, 1984. The project was originally called the Atari 3600.\nWith a background in creating arcade games such as Food Fight, GCC designed the new system with a graphics architecture similar to arcade machines of the time. The CPU is a slightly customized 6502 processor, the Atari SALLY, running at 1.79 MHz. By some measures the 7800 is more powerful, and by others less, than the 1983 Nintendo Entertainment System. It uses the 2600's Television Interface Adaptor chip, with the same restrictions, for generating two-channels of audio.\nLaunch \nThe 7800 was announced on May 21, 1984. Thirteen games were announced for the system's launch: Ms. Pac-Man, Pole Position II, Centipede, Joust, Dig Dug, Nile Flyer (eventually released as Desert Falcon), Robotron: 2084, Galaga, Food Fight, Ballblazer, Rescue on Fractalus! (later canceled), Track & Field, and Xevious.\nOn July 2, 1984, Warner Communications sold Atari's Consumer Division to Jack Tramiel. All projects were halted during an initial evaluation period. GCC had not been paid for their development of the 7800, and Warner and Tramiel fought over who was accountable. In May 1985, Tramiel relented and paid GCC. This led to additional negotiations regarding the launch titles GCC had developed, then an effort to find someone to lead their new video game division, which was completed in November 1985. The original production run of the Atari 7800 languished in warehouses until it was introduced in January 1986.\nThe console was released nationwide in May 1986 for $79.95. It launched with titles intended for the 7800's debut in 1984 and was aided by a marketing campaign with a budget in the \"low millions\" according to Atari Corporation officials. This was substantially less than the $9 million spent by Sega and the $16 million spent by Nintendo. The keyboard and high score cartridge planned by Warner were cancelled.\nIn February 1987, Computer Entertainer reported that 100,000 Atari 7800 consoles had been sold in the United States, including those which had been warehoused since 1984. This was less than the Master System's 125,000 and the NES's 1.1 million. A complaint from owners in 1986 was the slow release of games. Galaga in August was followed by Xevious in November. By the end of 1986, the 7800 had 10 games, compared to Sega's 20 and Nintendo's 36. Atari would sell over 1 million 7800 consoles by June 1988.\nDiscontinuation \nOn January 1, 1992, Atari Corporation announced the end of production and support for the 7800, 2600, and the 8-bit computer family including the Atari XEGS. At least one game, an unreleased port of Toki, was worked on past this date. By the time of the discontinuation, the Nintendo Entertainment System controlled 80% of the North American market while Atari had 12%. In Europe, last stocks of the 7800 were sold until summer/fall of 1995.\nRetro Gamer magazine issue 132 reported that according to Atari UK Marketing Manager Darryl Still, \"it was very well stocked by European retail; although it never got the consumer traction that the 2600 did, I remember we used to sell a lot of units through mail order catalogues and in the less affluent areas\".\nTechnical specifications\n CPU: Atari SALLY (custom variant of the 6502)\n 1.79 MHz, which drops to 1.19 MHz when the Television Interface Adaptor or (6532 RAM-I/O-Timer) chips are accessed\n Unlike a standard 6502, SALLY can be halted in a known state with a single pin to let other devices control the bus.\n Sometimes referred to by Atari as \"6502C\", but not the same as the official MOS Technology 6502C.\n RAM: 4 KB (2 6116 2Kx8 RAM ICs)\n ROM: built in 4 KB BIOS ROM, 48 KB Cartridge ROM space without bank switching\n Graphics: MARIA custom chip\n Resolution: 160×240 (160×288 PAL) or 320×240 (320×288 PAL)\n Color palette: 256 (16 hues * 16 luma), different graphics modes restricted the number of usable colors and the number of colors per sprite\n Direct Memory Access (DMA)\n Graphics clock: 7.15 MHz\n Line buffer: 200 bytes (double buffering), 160 sprite pixels per scanline, up to 30 sprites per scanline (without background), up to 100 sprites on screen\n Sprite/zone sizes: 4 to 160 width, height of 4, 8 or 16 pixels\n Colors per sprite: 1 to 12 (1 to 8 visible colors, 1 to 4 transparency bits)\n I/O: Joystick and console switch IO handled by 6532 RIOT and TIA\n Ports\n2 joystick ports\ncartridge port\nexpansion connector\npower in\nRF output\n Sound: TIA as used in the 2600 for video and sound. In 7800 mode it is only used for sound.\n At least two games include a POKEY sound chip for improved audio.\nGraphics \nGraphics are generated by the custom MARIA chip, which uses an approach common in contemporary arcade system boards and is different from other second and third generation consoles. Instead of a limited number of hardware sprites, MARIA treats everything as a sprite described in a series of display lists. Each display list contains pointers to graphics data and color and positioning information.\nMARIA supports a palette of 256 colors and graphics modes which are either 160 pixels wide or 320 pixels wide. While the 320 pixel modes theoretically enable the 7800 to create games at higher resolution than the 256 pixel wide graphics found in the Nintendo Entertainment System and Master System, the processing demands of MARIA result in most games using the 160 pixel mode."}] | |
img_00018 | output_images/img_00018.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Ariel Sharon (; ; ; also known by his diminutive Arik, ; 26 February 1928 – 11 January 2014) was an Israeli general and politician who served as the 11th prime minister of Israel from March 2001 until April 2006.\nBorn in Kfar Malal in Mandatory Palestine to Russian Jewish immigrants, he rose in the ranks of the Israeli Army from its creation in 1948, participating in the 1948 Palestine war as platoon commander of the Alexandroni Brigade and taking part in several battles. Sharon became an instrumental figure in the creation of Unit 101 and the reprisal operations, including the 1953 Qibya massacre, as well as in the 1956 Suez Crisis, the Six-Day War of 1967, the War of Attrition, and the Yom-Kippur War of 1973. Yitzhak Rabin called Sharon \"the greatest field commander in our history\". Upon leaving the military, Sharon entered politics, joining the Likud party, and served in a number of ministerial posts in Likud-led governments in 1977–92 and 1996–99. As Minister of Defense, he directed the 1982 Lebanon War. An official enquiry found that he bore \"personal responsibility\" for the Sabra and Shatila massacre of Palestinian refugees, for which he became known as the \"Butcher of Beirut\" among Arabs. He was subsequently removed as defense minister.\nFrom the 1970s through to the 1990s, Sharon championed construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. He became the leader of the Likud in 1999, and in 2000, amid campaigning for the 2001 prime ministerial election, made a controversial visit to the Al-Aqsa complex on the Temple Mount, triggering the Second Intifada. He subsequently defeated Ehud Barak in the election and served as Israel's prime minister from 2001 to 2006. As Prime Minister, Sharon orchestrated the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier in 2002–03 and Israel's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip in 2005. Facing stiff opposition to the latter policy within the Likud, in November 2005 he left Likud to form a new party, Kadima. He had been expected to win the next election and was widely interpreted as planning on \"clearing Israel out of most of the West Bank\", in a series of unilateral withdrawals. Following a stroke on 4 January 2006, Sharon remained in a permanent vegetative state until his death in 2014.\nSharon remains a highly polarizing figure in Middle Eastern history. Israelis almost universally revere Sharon as a war hero and statesman, whereas Palestinians and Human Rights Watch have criticized him as a war criminal, with the latter lamenting that he was never held accountable.\nEarly life and education\nAriel (Arik) Scheinerman (later Sharon) was born in Kfar Malal, an agricultural moshav, then in Mandatory Palestine, to Shmuel Scheinerman (1896–1956) of Brest-Litovsk and Vera (née Schneirov) Scheinerman (1900–1988) of Mogilev. His parents met while at university in Tiflis (now Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia), where Sharon's father was studying agronomy and his mother was studying medicine. They immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1922 in the wake of the Russian Communist government's growing persecution of Jews in the region. In Palestine, Vera Scheinerman went by the name Dvora.\nThe family arrived with the Third Aliyah and settled in Kfar Malal, a socialist, secular community. (Ariel Sharon himself would remain proudly secular throughout his life.) Although his parents were Mapai supporters, they did not always accept communal consensus: \"The Scheinermans' eventual ostracism ... followed the 1933 Arlozorov murder when Dvora and Shmuel refused to endorse the Labor movement's anti-Revisionist calumny and participate in Bolshevik-style public revilement rallies, then the order of the day. Retribution was quick to come. They were expelled from the local health-fund clinic and village synagogue. The cooperative's truck wouldn't make deliveries to their farm nor collect produce.\"\nSharon spoke both Hebrew and Russian.\nFour years after their arrival at Kfar Malal, the Sheinermans had a daughter, Yehudit (Dita). Ariel was born two years later. At age 10, he joined the youth movement HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed. As a teenager, he began to take part in the armed night-patrols of his moshav. In 1942 at the age of 14, Sharon joined the Gadna, a paramilitary youth battalion, and later the Haganah, the underground paramilitary force and the Jewish military precursor to the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).\nMilitary career\nBattle for Jerusalem and 1948 War\nSharon's unit of the Haganah became engaged in serious and continuous combat from the autumn of 1947, with the onset of the Battle for Jerusalem. Without the manpower to hold the roads, his unit took to making offensive hit-and-run raids on Arab forces in the vicinity of Kfar Malal. In units of thirty men, they would hit constantly at Arab villages, bridges and bases, as well as ambush the traffic between Arab villages and bases.\nSharon wrote in his autobiography: \"We had become skilled at finding our way in the darkest nights and gradually we built up the strength and endurance these kind of operations required. Under the stress of constant combat we drew closer to one another and began to operate not just as a military unit but almost as a family. ... [W]e were in combat almost every day. Ambushes and battles followed each other until they all seemed to run together.\"\nFor his role in a night-raid on Iraqi forces at Bir Adas, Sharon was made a platoon commander in the Alexandroni Brigade. Following the Israeli Declaration of Independence and the onset of the War of Independence, his platoon fended off the Iraqi advance at Kalkiya. Sharon was regarded as a hardened and aggressive soldier, swiftly moving up the ranks during the war. He was shot in the groin, stomach and foot by the Jordanian Arab Legion in the First Battle of Latrun, an unsuccessful attempt to relieve the besieged Jewish community of Jerusalem. Sharon wrote of the casualties in the \"horrible battle,\" and his brigade suffered 139 deaths.\nJordanian field marshal Habis Majali said that Sharon was among 6 Israeli soldiers captured by the Jordanian 4th battalion during the battle, and that Majali took them to a camp in Mafraq and the 6 were later traded back. Sharon denied the claims, but Majali was adamant. \"Sharon is like a grizzly bear,\" he assured. \"I captured him for 9 days, I healed his wounds and released him due to his insignificance.\" A few fellow high-ranking Jordanian officers testified in favour of his account.\" In 1994 and during the peace treaty signing ceremony with Jordan, Sharon wanted to get in touch with his former captor, but the latter determinedly refused to discuss the incident publicly.\nAfter recovering from the wounds received at Latrun, he resumed command of his patrol unit. On 28 December 1948, his platoon attempted to break through an Egyptian stronghold in Iraq-El-Manshia. At about this time, Israeli founding father David Ben-Gurion gave him the Hebraized name \"Sharon\". In September 1949, Sharon was promoted to company commander (of the Golani Brigade's reconnaissance unit) and in 1950 to intelligence officer for Central Command. He then took leave to begin studies in history and Middle Eastern culture at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Sharon's subsequent military career would be characterized by insubordination, aggression and disobedience, but also brilliance as a commander.\nUnit 101\nA year and a half later, on the direct orders of the Prime Minister, Sharon returned to active service in the rank of major, as the founder and commander of the new Unit 101, a special forces unit tasked with reprisal operations in response to Palestinian fedayeen attacks. The first Israeli commando unit, Unit 101 specialized in offensive guerrilla warfare in enemy countries. The unit consisted of 50 men, mostly former paratroopers and Unit 30 personnel. They were armed with non-standard weapons and tasked with carrying out special reprisals across the state's borders—mainly establishing small unit maneuvers, activation and insertion tactics. Training included engaging enemy forces across Israel's borders. Israeli historian Benny Morris describes Unit 101:\nUnit 101 undertook a series of raids against Jordan, which then held the West Bank. The raids also helped bolster Israeli morale and convince Arab states that the fledgling nation was capable of long-range military action. Known for raids against Arab civilians and military targets, the unit is held responsible for the widely condemned Qibya massacre in the fall of 1953. After a group of Palestinians used Qibya as a staging point for a fedayeen attack in Yehud that killed a Jewish woman and her two children in Israel, Unit 101 retaliated on the village. By various accounts of the ensuing attack, 65 to 70 Palestinian civilians, half of them women and children, were killed when Sharon's troops dynamited 45 houses and a school.\nFacing international condemnation for the attack, Ben-Gurion denied that the Israeli military was involved. In his memoir, Sharon wrote that the unit had checked all the houses before detonating the explosives and that he thought the houses were empty. Although he admitted the results were tragic, Sharon defended the attack, however: \"Now people could feel that the terrorist gangs would think twice before striking, now that they knew for sure they would be hit back. Kibbya also put the Jordanian and Egyptian governments on notice that if Israel was vulnerable, so were they.\""}] | |
img_00019 | output_images/img_00019.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Arcadia 2001 is a second-generation 8-bit home video game console released by Emerson Radio in May 1982 for a price of US$ 99, several months before the release of ColecoVision. It was discontinued only 18 months later, with a total of 35 games having been released. Emerson licensed the Arcadia 2001 to Bandai, which released it in Japan. Over 30 Arcadia 2001 clones exist.\nThe unrelated Arcadia Corporation, manufacturer of the Atari 2600 Supercharger add-on, was sued by Emerson for trademark infringement. Arcadia Corporation then changed its name to Starpath.\nDescription\nThe Arcadia is much smaller than its contemporary competitors and is powered by a standard 12 volt power supply so it can be used in a boat or a vehicle. It has two headphone jacks on the far left and right sides of the back.\nThe system came with two Intellivision-style controllers with a 12-button keypad and \"fire\" buttons on the sides. The direction pads have a removable joystick attachment. Most games came with BoPET overlays that can be applied to the controller's keypads. The console itself has five buttons: Power, Start, Reset, Option, and Select.\nThere are at least three different cartridge case styles and artwork, with variations on each. Emerson-family cartridges come in two different lengths (short and long) of black plastic cases.\nTechnical specifications\nMain Processor: Signetics 2650 CPU (some variants run a Signetics 2650A)\nRAM: 1 KB\nROM: None\nVideo display: 128 × 208 / 128 × 104, 8 Colours\nVideo display controller: Signetics 2637 UVI @ 3.58 MHz (NTSC), 3.55 MHz (PAL)\nSound: Single Channel \"Beeper\" + Single Channel \"Noise\"\nHardware Sprites: 4 independent, single color\nControllers: 2 × 2 way\nKeypads: 2 × 12 button (more buttons on some variants)\nConsole variants and clones\nMany variants and clones of the Arcadia 2001 have been released by various companies in different countries. These systems are mostly compatible with each other. In 1982, the Bandai Arcadia was released only in Japan. Four exclusive games were released for the system.\nBandai Arcadia\nIn 1982, the Bandai Arcadia, a variant of the Emerson Arcadia 2001, was licensed and distributed to Japan by Bandai for a price of 19,800 yen. There were four Japan-exclusive games released by Bandai.\nDoraemon\nDr. Slump\nMobile Suit Gundam\nSuper Dimension Fortress Macross\nReception\nAfter seeing the Arcadia 2001 at the summer 1982 Consumer Electronics Show, Danny Goodman of Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games reported that its graphics were similar to the Atari 2600's, and that \"our overall impression of the game play was favorable for a system in this price range, though no cartridge stands out as being an exciting original creation\". He called the controller offering both Intellivision-like disc and joystick functionality \"A great idea\".\nGames\nEmerson planned to launch the console with 19 games. Some Arcadia 2001 games are ports of lesser-known arcade games such as Route 16, Jungler, and Jump Bug, which were not available on other home systems.\nEmerson actually created many popular arcade titles including Pac-Man, Galaxian and Defender for the Arcadia, but never had them manufactured as Atari started to sue its competitor companies for releasing games to which it had exclusive-rights agreements. Early marketing showed popular arcade games, but they were later released as clones. For instance, the Arcadia 2001 game Space Raiders is a clone of Defender, and Breakaway is a clone of Breakout.\nReleased games \nThere are 47 games known to have been released for the Arcadia 2001 and its clones.\nBandai Arcadia Only\nSee here\nUnreleased games\nReferences\nExternal links\n Video Game Console Library entry on the Arcadia 2001\n TheGameConsole.com entry on the Arcadia 2001\n The Dot Eaters entry on the Arcadia 2001\n www.old-computers.com Emerson Arcadia 2001 museum entry\n www.old-computers.com Article about Arcadia 2001 and clones\n Arcadia 2001 retrospective at IGN\nHome video game consoles\nSecond-generation video game consoles\nBandai consoles\nProducts introduced in 1982\nProducts and services discontinued in 1984\n1980s toys\nDiscontinued video game consoles\nIn geometry, a convex uniform honeycomb is a uniform tessellation which fills three-dimensional Euclidean space with non-overlapping convex uniform polyhedral cells.\nTwenty-eight such honeycombs are known:\n the familiar cubic honeycomb and 7 truncations thereof;\n the alternated cubic honeycomb and 4 truncations thereof;\n 10 prismatic forms based on the uniform plane tilings (11 if including the cubic honeycomb);\n 5 modifications of some of the above by elongation and/or gyration.\nThey can be considered the three-dimensional analogue to the uniform tilings of the plane.\nThe Voronoi diagram of any lattice forms a convex uniform honeycomb in which the cells are zonohedra.\nHistory \n 1900: Thorold Gosset enumerated the list of semiregular convex polytopes with regular cells (Platonic solids) in his publication On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions, including one regular cubic honeycomb, and two semiregular forms with tetrahedra and octahedra.\n 1905: Alfredo Andreini enumerated 25 of these tessellations.\n 1991: Norman Johnson's manuscript Uniform Polytopes identified the list of 28.\n 1994: Branko Grünbaum, in his paper Uniform tilings of 3-space, also independently enumerated all 28, after discovering errors in Andreini's publication. He found the 1905 paper, which listed 25, had 1 wrong, and 4 being missing. Grünbaum states in this paper that Norman Johnson deserves priority for achieving the same enumeration in 1991. He also mentions that I. Alexeyev of Russia had contacted him regarding a putative enumeration of these forms, but that Grünbaum was unable to verify this at the time.\n 2006: George Olshevsky, in his manuscript Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs, along with repeating the derived list of 11 convex uniform tilings, and 28 convex uniform honeycombs, expands a further derived list of 143 convex uniform tetracombs (Honeycombs of uniform 4-polytopes in 4-space).\nOnly 14 of the convex uniform polyhedra appear in these patterns:\n three of the five Platonic solids (the tetrahedron, cube, and octahedron),\n six of the thirteen Archimedean solids (the ones with reflective tetrahedral or octahedral symmetry), and\n five of the infinite family of prisms (the 3-, 4-, 6-, 8-, and 12-gonal ones; the 4-gonal prism duplicates the cube).\nThe icosahedron, snub cube, and square antiprism appear in some alternations, but those honeycombs cannot be realised with all edges unit length.\nNames \nThis set can be called the regular and semiregular honeycombs. It has been called the Archimedean honeycombs by analogy with the convex uniform (non-regular) polyhedra, commonly called Archimedean solids. Recently Conway has suggested naming the set as the Architectonic tessellations and the dual honeycombs as the Catoptric tessellations."}] | |
img_00020 | output_images/img_00020.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Amyl alcohols are alcohols with the formula C5H11OH. Eight are known. A mixture of amyl alcohols (also called amyl alcohol) can be obtained from fusel alcohol. Amyl alcohol is used as a solvent and in esterification, by which is produced amyl acetate and other products. The name amyl alcohol without further specification applies to the normal (straight-chain) form, 1-pentanol.\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n|+Amyl alcohol isomers\n|-\n! Common name !! Structure !! Type !! IUPAC name !! Boiling point (°C)\n|-\n| 1-pentanolor normal amyl alcohol\n| \n| primary\n| Pentan-1-ol\n| 138.5\n|-\n| 2-methyl-1-butanolor active amyl alcohol\n| \n| primary\n| 2-Methylbutan-1-ol\n| 128.7\n|-\n| 3-methyl-1-butanolor isoamyl alcoholor isopentyl alcohol\n| \n| primary\n| 3-Methylbutan-1-ol\n| 131.2\n|-\n| 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanolor neopentyl alcohol\n| \n| primary\n| 2,2-Dimethylpropan-1-ol\n| 113.1\n|-\n| 2-pentanolor sec-amyl alcoholor methyl (n) propyl carbinol\n| \n| secondary\n| Pentan-2-ol\n| 118.8\n|-\n| 3-methyl-2-butanolor sec-isoamyl alcoholor methyl isopropyl carbinol\n| \n| secondary\n| 3-Methylbutan-2-ol\n| 113.6\n|-\n| 3-Pentanol\n| \n| secondary\n| Pentan-3-ol\n| 115.3\n|-\n| 2-methyl-2-butanolor tert-amyl alcohol\n| \n| tertiary\n| 2-Methylbutan-2-ol\n| 102\n|}\nThree of these alcohols, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-pentanol, and 3-methyl-2-butanol (methyl isopropyl carbinol), contain stereocenters, and are therefore chiral and optically active.\nThe most important amyl alcohol is isoamyl alcohol, the chief one generated by fermentation in the production of alcoholic beverages and a constituent of fusel oil. The other amyl alcohols may be obtained synthetically.\nReferences\nAlkanols\nGABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators\nAlexandria is a city in Monroe Township, Madison County, Indiana, United States. It is about northeast of Indianapolis. According to the 2020 census, its population was 5,149, nearly unchanged from 2010.\nHistory\nAlexandria was platted in 1836, when it was certain that the Indiana Central Canal would be extended to that point. It was incorporated as a town in 1898.\nIn 1898, Indiana's first Interurban railway line began operating between Alexandria and Anderson.\nGeography\nAlexandria is located in northern Madison County at . Indiana State Road 9 passes through the east side of the city, leading south to Anderson, the county seat, and north to Marion. State Road 28 crosses the northern tip of Alexandria, leading west to Elwood and east to Albany.\nAccording to the U.S. Census Bureau, Alexandria has a total area of , all land. Pipe Creek crosses the city south of its center, flowing southwest to join the White River at Perkinsville.\nDemographics\nAlexandria is part of the Indianapolis–Carmel–Anderson metropolitan statistical area.\n2010 census\nAs of the census of 2010, there were 5,145 people, 2,113 households, and 1,362 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 2,507 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.4% White, 0.3% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.7% of the population.\nOf the 2,113 households 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.2% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.5% were non-families. 30.1% of households were one person and 12.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.95.\nThe median age was 38.2 years. 25.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.1% were from 45 to 64; and 15.6% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.8% male and 52.2% female.\n2000 census\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 6,260 people, 2,481 households, and 1,654 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 2,704 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 98.10% White, 0.46% Black or African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. 0.99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.\nOf the 2,481 households 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.0% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 28.9% of households were one person and 13.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.04.\nThe age distribution was 27.8% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.\nThe median household income was $35,359 and the median family income was $42,731. Males had a median income of $30,529 versus $23,384 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,578. About 4.2% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.1% of those under age 18 and 15.0% of those age 65 or over.\nGovernment\nThe city council consists of seven members. Five members are elected from individual districts, and two are elected at large. The city is governed by a \"strong\" mayor system that appoints two council members and/or city residents to serve at the mayor's pleasure on the board of public works and safety. The chief financial officer is the clerk-treasurer. The clerk-treasurer and mayor are full-time elected officials."}] | |
img_00021 | output_images/img_00021.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The Amiga 500, also known as the A500, was the first popular version of the Amiga home computer, \"redefining the home computer market and making so-called luxury features such as multitasking and colour a standard long before Microsoft or Apple sold these to the masses\". It contains the same Motorola 68000 as the Amiga 1000, as well as the same graphics and sound coprocessors, but is in a smaller case similar to that of the Commodore 128.\nCommodore announced the Amiga 500 at the January 1987 winter Consumer Electronics Showat the same time as the high-end Amiga 2000. It was initially available in the Netherlands in April 1987, then the rest of Europe in May. In North America and the UK it was released in October 1987 with a list price. It competed directly against models in the Atari ST line.\nThe Amiga 500 was sold in the same retail outlets as the Commodore 64, as opposed to the computer store-only Amiga 1000. It proved to be Commodore's best-selling model, particularly in Europe. Although popular with hobbyists, arguably its most widespread use was as a gaming machine, where its graphics and sound were of significant benefit. It was followed by a revised version of the computer, the Amiga 500 Plus, and the 500 series was discontinued in 1992.\nReleases \nIn mid-1988, the Amiga 500 dropped its price from £499 to £399 (https://amr.abime.net/issue_535_pages page 7), and it was later bundled with the Batman Pack in the United Kingdom (from October 1989 to September 1990) which included the games Batman, F/A-18 Interceptor, The New Zealand Story and the bitmap graphics editor Deluxe Paint 2. Also included was the Amiga video connector which allows the A500 to be used with a conventional CRT television.\nIn November 1991, the enhanced Amiga 500 Plus replaced the 500 in some markets. It was bundled with the Cartoon Classics pack in the United Kingdom at £399, although many stores still advertised it as an 'A500'. The Amiga 500 Plus was virtually identical except for its new operating system, different 'trap-door' expansion slot and slightly different keyboard, and in mid-1992, the two were discontinued and effectively replaced by the Amiga 600. In late 1992, Commodore released the Amiga 1200, a machine closer in concept to the original Amiga 500, but with significant technical improvements. Despite this, neither the A1200 nor the A600 replicated the commercial success of its predecessor. By this time, the home market was strongly shifting to IBM PC compatibles with VGA graphics and the \"low-cost\" Macintosh Classic, LC, and IIsi models.\nDescription \nOutwardly resembling the Commodore 128 and codenamed \"Rock Lobster\" during development, the Amiga 500's base houses a keyboard and a CPU in one shell, unlike the Amiga 1000. The keyboard for Amiga 500s sold in the United States contains 94 keys, including ten function keys, four cursor keys, and a number pad. All European versions the keyboard have an additional two keys, except for the British variety, which still uses 94 keys. It uses a Motorola 68000 microprocessor running at in NTSC regions and in PAL regions. The CPU implements a 32-bit model and has 32-bit registers, but it has a 16-bit main ALU and uses a 16-bit external data bus and a 23-bit address bus, providing a maximum of 16 MB of address space. Also built in to the base of the computer is a -inch floppy disk drive. The user can also install up to three external floppy drives, either - or -inch, via the disk drive port. The second and third additional drives are installed by daisy-chaining them. Supported by these drives are double-sided disks with a capacity of 901,120 bytes, as well as 360- and 720-KB disks formatted for IBM PC compatibles.\nThe earliest Amiga 500 models use nearly the same Original Amiga chipset as the Amiga 1000. So graphics can be displayed in multiple resolutions and color depths, even on the same screen. Resolutions vary from 320×200 (up to 32 colors) to 640×400 (up to 16 colors) for NTSC (704×484 overscan) and 320×256 to 640×512 for PAL (704×576 overscan.) The system uses planar graphics, with up to five bitplanes (four in high resolution) allowing 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-, and 32-color screens, from a palette of 4096 colors. Two special graphics modes are also available: Extra HalfBrite, which uses a 6th bitplane as a mask to cut the brightness of any pixel in half (resulting in 32 arbitrary colors plus 32 more colors set at half the value of the first 32), and Hold-And-Modify (HAM) which allows all 4096 colors to be used on screen simultaneously. Later revisions of the chipset are PAL/NTSC switchable in software.\nThe sound chip produces four hardware-mixed channels, two to the left and two to the right, of 8-bit PCM at a sampling frequency up to . Each hardware channel has its own independent volume level and sampling rate, and can be designated to another channel where it can modulate both volume and frequency using its own output. With DMA disabled it's possible to output with a sampling frequency up to . There is a common trick to output sound with 14-bit precision that can be combined to output 14-bit sound.\nThe stock system comes with AmigaOS version 1.2 or 1.3 and of chip RAM (150 ns access time), one built-in double-density standard floppy disk drive that is completely programmable and can read IBM PC disks, standard Amiga disks, and up to using custom-formatting drivers.\nDespite the lack of Amiga 2000-compatible internal expansion slots, there are many ports and expansion options. There are two DE9M Atari joystick ports for joysticks or mice, and stereo audio RCA connectors (1 V p-p). There is a floppy drive port for daisy-chaining up to three extra floppy disk drives via a DB23F connector. The then-standard RS-232 serial port (DB25M) and Centronics parallel port (DB25F) are also included. The power supply is (, ). \nThe system displays video in analog RGB PAL or NTSC through a proprietary DB23M connector and in NTSC mode the line frequency is HSync for standard video modes, which is compatible with NTSC television and CVBS/RGB video, but out of range for most VGA-compatible monitors, while a multisync monitor is required for some of the higher resolutions. This connection can also be genlocked to an external video signal. The system was bundled with an RF adapter to provide output on televisions with a coaxial RF input, while monochrome video is available via an RCA connector (also coaxial). On the left side, behind a plastic cover, there is a Zorro (Zorro I) bus expansion external edge connector with 86 pins. Peripherals such as a hard disk drive can be added via the expansion slot and are configured automatically by the Amiga's AutoConfig standard, so that multiple devices do not conflict with each other. Up to of so-called \"fast RAM\" (memory that can be accessed by the CPU only) can be added using the side expansion slot. This connector is electronically identical with the Amiga 1000's, but swapped on the other side.\nThe Amiga 500 has a \"trap-door\" slot on the underside for a RAM upgrade (typically ). This extra RAM is classified as \"fast\" RAM, but is sometimes referred to as \"slow\" RAM: due to the design of the expansion bus, it is actually on the chipset bus. Such upgrades usually include a battery-backed real-time clock. All versions of the A500 can have the additional RAM configured as chip RAM by a simple hardware modification, which involves fitting a later model (8372A) Agnus chip. Likewise, all versions of the A500 can be upgraded to chip RAM by fitting the chip and adding additional memory.\nThe Amiga 500 also sports an unusual feature for a budget machine, socketed chips, which allow easy replacement of defective chips. The CPU can be directly upgraded on the motherboard to a 68010; or to a 68020, 68030, or 68040 via the side expansion slot; or by removing the CPU and plugging a CPU expansion card into the CPU socket (this requires opening the computer and thus voided any remaining warranty). In fact, all the custom chips can be upgraded to the Amiga Enhanced Chip Set (ECS) versions.\nThe plastic case is made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or ABS. ABS degrades with time due to exposure to oxygen, causing a yellowing of the case. Other factors contributing to the degradation and yellowing include heat, shear, and ultraviolet light. The yellowing can be reversed by using an optical brightener, though without stabilizing agents or antioxidants to block oxygen, the yellowing will return.\nTechnical specifications \n OCS (1.2 & 1.3 models) or ECS (1.3 and 500+ 2.04 models) chipset. ECS revisions of the chipset made PAL/NTSC mode switchable in software.\n Sound: 4 hardware-mixed channels of 8-bit sound at up to . The hardware channels have independent volumes (65 levels) and sampling rates, and are mixed down to two fully left and fully right stereo outputs. A software controllable low-pass audio filter is also included.\n 512 KB of chip RAM (150 ns access time)\n AmigaOS 1.2 or 1.3 (upgradeable up to 3.1.4 if 2 MB of RAM are installed)\n One 3.5\" double-density floppy disk drive is built in, which is completely programmable and thus can read IBM PC disks, standard Amiga disks, and up to with custom formatting (such as Klaus Deppich's diskspare.device). Uses (5 rotations/second) and .\n Built-in keyboard\n A two-button mouse is included.\nGraphics \n PAL mode: 768×580 maximum (overscan interlaced if viewed on composite monitor/TV). Typical resolutions: 320×256, 640×256 or 640×512 (all displayed with borders). \n NTSC mode: 768×484 maximum (overscan interlaced if viewed on composite monitor/TV). Typical resolutions: 320×200, 640×200 or 640×400 (all displayed with borders). \n Graphics can be of arbitrary dimensions, resolution and colour depth, even on the same screen. The Amiga can show multiple resolution modes at the same time, splitting the screen vertically.\n Planar graphics are used, with up to 5 bitplanes (4 in hires); this allowed 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 colour screens, from a palette of 4096 colours. \n Two special graphics modes are also included: \n Extra Half Brite (EHB), which uses a 6th bitplane as a mask that halved the brightness of any colour seen\n Hold-And-Modify (HAM), which allows all 4096 colours on screen at once. HAM makes it possible to use over a wide span. This works by letting each pixel position use the previous RGB value and modify one of the red, green or blue values to a new 4-bit value. This will cause some negligible colour artifacts however.\nMemory \nUsing various expansion techniques, the A500's total RAM can reach up to 138 MB – 2 MB Chip RAM, 8 MB 16-bit Fast RAM, and 128 MB 32-bit Fast RAM.\nChip RAM "}] | |
img_00022 | output_images/img_00022.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "From <image>, extract the text content"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "ANSI C, ISO C, and Standard C are successive standards for the C programming language published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 14 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Historically, the names referred specifically to the original and best-supported version of the standard (known as C89 or C90). Software developers writing in C are encouraged to conform to the standards, as doing so helps portability between compilers.\nHistory and outlook\nThe first standard for C was published by ANSI. Although this document was subsequently adopted by ISO/IEC and subsequent revisions published by ISO/IEC have been adopted by ANSI, \"ANSI C\" is still used to refer to the standard. While some software developers use the term ISO C, others are standards-body neutral and use Standard C.\nInformal specification: K&R C (C78) \nInformal specification in 1978 (Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie book The C Programming Language).\nStandardizing C\nIn 1983, the American National Standards Institute formed a committee, X3J11, to establish a standard specification of C. In 1985, the first Standard Draft was released, sometimes referred to as C85. In 1986, another Draft Standard was released, sometimes referred to as C86. The prerelease Standard C was published in 1988, and sometimes referred to as C88.\nC89\nThe ANSI standard was completed in 1989 and ratified as ANSI X3.159-1989 \"Programming Language C.\" This version of the language is often referred to as \"ANSI C\". Later on sometimes the label \"C89\" is used to distinguish it from C90 but using the same labeling method.\nC90\nThe same standard as C89 was ratified by ISO/IEC as ISO/IEC 9899:1990, with only formatting changes, which is sometimes referred to as C90. Therefore, the terms \"C89\" and \"C90\" refer to essentially the same language.\nThis standard has been withdrawn by both ANSI/INCITS and ISO/IEC.\nC95\nIn 1995, the ISO/IEC published an extension, called Amendment 1, for the ANSI-C standard. Its full name finally was ISO/IEC 9899:1990/AMD1:1995 or nicknamed C95. Aside from error correction there were further changes to the language capabilities, such as:\n Improved multi-byte and wide character support in the standard library, introducing <wchar.h> and <wctype.h> as well as multi-byte I/O\n Addition of digraphs to the language\n Specification of standard macros for the alternative specification of operators, e.g. and for &&\n Specification of the standard macro __STDC_VERSION__\nIn addition to the amendment, two technical corrigenda were published by ISO for C90:\n ISO/IEC 9899:1990/Cor 1:1994 TCOR1 in 1994\n ISO/IEC 9899:1990/Cor 2:1996 in 1996\nPreprocessor test for C95 compatibility\n#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199409L\n/* C95 compatible source code. */\n#elif defined()\n/* C89 compatible source code. */\n#endif\nC99\nIn March 2000, ANSI adopted the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard. This standard is commonly referred to as C99. Some notable additions to the previous standard include:\n New built-in data types: long long, _Bool, _Complex, and _Imaginary\n Several new core language features, including static array indices, designated initializers, compound literals, variable-length arrays, flexible array members, variadic macros, and restrict keyword\n Several new library headers, including stdint.h, <tgmath.h>, fenv.h, <complex.h>\n Improved compatibility with several C++ features, including inline functions, single-line comments with //, mixing declarations and code, and universal character names in identifiers"}] | |
img_00023 | output_images/img_00023.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Amicable numbers are two different natural numbers related in such a way that the sum of the proper divisors of each is equal to the other number. That is, s(a)=b and s(b)=a, where s(n)=σ(n)-n is equal to the sum of positive divisors of n except n itself (see also divisor function).\nThe smallest pair of amicable numbers is (220, 284). They are amicable because the proper divisors of 220 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55 and 110, of which the sum is 284; and the proper divisors of 284 are 1, 2, 4, 71 and 142, of which the sum is 220. (A proper divisor of a number is a positive factor of that number other than the number itself. For example, the proper divisors of 6 are 1, 2, and 3.) \nThe first ten amicable pairs are: (220, 284), (1184, 1210), (2620, 2924), (5020, 5564), (6232, 6368), (10744, 10856), (12285, 14595), (17296, 18416), (63020, 76084), and (66928, 66992). . (Also see and ) It is unknown if there are infinitely many pairs of amicable numbers.\nA pair of amicable numbers constitutes an aliquot sequence of period 2. A related concept is that of a perfect number, which is a number that equals the sum of its own proper divisors, in other words a number which forms an aliquot sequence of period 1. Numbers that are members of an aliquot sequence with period greater than 2 are known as sociable numbers.\nHistory \nAmicable numbers were known to the Pythagoreans, who credited them with many mystical properties. A general formula by which some of these numbers could be derived was invented circa 850 by the Iraqi mathematician Thābit ibn Qurra (826–901). Other Arab mathematicians who studied amicable numbers are al-Majriti (died 1007), al-Baghdadi (980–1037), and al-Fārisī (1260–1320). The Iranian mathematician Muhammad Baqir Yazdi (16th century) discovered the pair (9363584, 9437056), though this has often been attributed to Descartes. Much of the work of Eastern mathematicians in this area has been forgotten.\nThābit ibn Qurra's formula was rediscovered by Fermat (1601–1665) and Descartes (1596–1650), to whom it is sometimes ascribed, and extended by Euler (1707–1783). It was extended further by Borho in 1972. Fermat and Descartes also rediscovered pairs of amicable numbers known to Arab mathematicians. Euler also discovered dozens of new pairs. The second smallest pair, (1184, 1210), was discovered in 1867 by 16-year-old B. Nicolò I. Paganini (not to be confused with the composer and violinist), having been overlooked by earlier mathematicians.\n, there are over 1,228,459,445 known amicable pairs.\nRules for generation \nWhile these rules do generate some pairs of amicable numbers, many other pairs are known, so these rules are by no means comprehensive.\nIn particular, the two rules below produce only even amicable pairs, so they are of no interest for the open problem of finding amicable pairs coprime to 210 = 2·3·5·7, while over 1000 pairs coprime to 30 = 2·3·5 are known [García, Pedersen & te Riele (2003), Sándor & Crstici (2004)].\nThābit ibn Qurra theorem\nThe Thābit ibn Qurra theorem is a method for discovering amicable numbers invented in the ninth century by the Arab mathematician Thābit ibn Qurra.\nIt states that if\nwhere is an integer and are prime numbers, then and are a pair of amicable numbers. This formula gives the pairs for , for , and for , but no other such pairs are known. Numbers of the form are known as Thabit numbers. In order for Ibn Qurra's formula to produce an amicable pair, two consecutive Thabit numbers must be prime; this severely restricts the possible values of .\nTo establish the theorem, Thâbit ibn Qurra proved nine lemmas divided into two groups. The first three lemmas deal with the determination of the aliquot parts of a natural integer. The second group of lemmas deals more specifically with the formation of perfect, abundant and deficient numbers.\nEuler's rule\nEuler's rule is a generalization of the Thâbit ibn Qurra theorem. It states that if\nwhere are integers and are prime numbers, then and are a pair of amicable numbers. Thābit ibn Qurra's theorem corresponds to the case . Euler's rule creates additional amicable pairs for with no others being known. Euler (1747 & 1750) overall found 58 new pairs increasing the number of pairs that were then known to 61.\nRegular pairs \nLet (, ) be a pair of amicable numbers with , and write and where is the greatest common divisor of and . If and are both coprime to and square free then the pair (, ) is said to be regular ; otherwise, it is called irregular or exotic. If (, ) is regular and and have and prime factors respectively, then is said to be of type .\nFor example, with , the greatest common divisor is and so and . Therefore, is regular of type .\nTwin amicable pairs \nAn amicable pair is twin if there are no integers between and belonging to any other amicable pair .\nOther results \nIn every known case, the numbers of a pair are either both even or both odd. It is not known whether an even-odd pair of amicable numbers exists, but if it does, the even number must either be a square number or twice one, and the odd number must be a square number. However, amicable numbers where the two members have different smallest prime factors do exist: there are seven such pairs known. Also, every known pair shares at least one common prime factor. It is not known whether a pair of coprime amicable numbers exists, though if any does, the product of the two must be greater than 1067. Also, a pair of coprime amicable numbers cannot be generated by Thabit's formula (above), nor by any similar formula.\nIn 1955, Paul Erdős showed that the density of amicable numbers, relative to the positive integers, was 0.\nIn 1968, Martin Gardner noted that most even amicable pairs known at his time have sums divisible by 9, and a rule for characterizing the exceptions was obtained. \nAccording to the sum of amicable pairs conjecture, as the number of the amicable numbers approaches infinity, the percentage of the sums of the amicable pairs divisible by ten approaches 100% . Although all amicable pairs up to 10,000 are even pairs, the proportion of odd amicable pairs increases steadily towards higher numbers, and presumably there are more of them than of even amicable pairs (A360054 in OEIS).\nGaussian amicable pairs exist.\nGeneralizations\nAmicable tuples \nAmicable numbers satisfy and which can be written together as . This can be generalized to larger tuples, say , where we require\nFor example, (1980, 2016, 2556) is an amicable triple , and (3270960, 3361680, 3461040, 3834000) is an amicable quadruple .\nAmicable multisets are defined analogously and generalizes this a bit further .\nSociable numbers \nSociable numbers are the numbers in cyclic lists of numbers (with a length greater than 2) where each number is the sum of the proper divisors of the preceding number. For example, are sociable numbers of order 4.\nSearching for sociable numbers \nThe aliquot sequence can be represented as a directed graph, , for a given integer , where denotes the\nsum of the proper divisors of .\nCycles in represent sociable numbers within the interval . Two special cases are loops that represent perfect numbers and cycles of length two that represent amicable pairs.\nReferences in popular culture \n Amicable numbers are featured in the novel The Housekeeper and the Professor by Yōko Ogawa, and in the Japanese film based on it.\n Paul Auster's collection of short stories entitled True Tales of American Life contains a story ('Mathematical Aphrodisiac' by Alex Galt) in which amicable numbers play an important role.\n Amicable numbers are featured briefly in the novel The Stranger House by Reginald Hill.\n Amicable numbers are mentioned in the French novel The Parrot's Theorem by Denis Guedj.\n Amicable numbers are mentioned in the JRPG Persona 4 Golden.\n Amicable numbers are featured in the visual novel Rewrite.\n Amicable numbers (220, 284) are referenced in episode 13 of the 2017 Korean drama Andante."}] | |
img_00024 | output_images/img_00024.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures. To disambiguate arbitrarily sized bytes from the common 8-bit definition, network protocol documents such as the Internet Protocol () refer to an 8-bit byte as an octet. Those bits in an octet are usually counted with numbering from 0 to 7 or 7 to 0 depending on the bit endianness. The first bit is number 0, making the eighth bit number 7.\nThe size of the byte has historically been hardware-dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. Sizes from 1 to 48 bits have been used. The six-bit character code was an often-used implementation in early encoding systems, and computers using six-bit and nine-bit bytes were common in the 1960s. These systems often had memory words of 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, or 60 bits, corresponding to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10 six-bit bytes. In this era, bit groupings in the instruction stream were often referred to as syllables or slab, before the term byte became common.\nThe modern de facto standard of eight bits, as documented in ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, is a convenient power of two permitting the binary-encoded values 0 through 255 for one byte, as 2 to the power of 8 is 256. The international standard IEC 80000-13 codified this common meaning. Many types of applications use information representable in eight or fewer bits and processor designers commonly optimize for this usage. The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous acceptance of the 8-bit byte. Modern architectures typically use 32- or 64-bit words, built of four or eight bytes, respectively.\nThe unit symbol for the byte was designated as the upper-case letter B by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Internationally, the unit octet, symbol o, explicitly defines a sequence of eight bits, eliminating the potential ambiguity of the term \"byte\".\nEtymology and history\nThe term byte was coined by Werner Buchholz in June 1956, during the early design phase for the IBM Stretch computer, which had addressing to the bit and variable field length (VFL) instructions with a byte size encoded in the instruction.\nIt is a deliberate respelling of bite to avoid accidental mutation to bit.\nAnother origin of byte for bit groups smaller than a computer's word size, and in particular groups of four bits, is on record by Louis G. Dooley, who claimed he coined the term while working with Jules Schwartz and Dick Beeler on an air defense system called SAGE at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1956 or 1957, which was jointly developed by Rand, MIT, and IBM. Later on, Schwartz's language JOVIAL actually used the term, but the author recalled vaguely that it was derived from AN/FSQ-31.\nEarly computers used a variety of four-bit binary-coded decimal (BCD) representations and the six-bit codes for printable graphic patterns common in the U.S. Army (FIELDATA) and Navy. These representations included alphanumeric characters and special graphical symbols. These sets were expanded in 1963 to seven bits of coding, called the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) as the Federal Information Processing Standard, which replaced the incompatible teleprinter codes in use by different branches of the U.S. government and universities during the 1960s. ASCII included the distinction of upper- and lowercase alphabets and a set of control characters to facilitate the transmission of written language as well as printing device functions, such as page advance and line feed, and the physical or logical control of data flow over the transmission media. During the early 1960s, while also active in ASCII standardization, IBM simultaneously introduced in its product line of System/360 the eight-bit Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC), an expansion of their six-bit binary-coded decimal (BCDIC) representations used in earlier card punches.\nThe prominence of the System/360 led to the ubiquitous adoption of the eight-bit storage size, while in detail the EBCDIC and ASCII encoding schemes are different.\nIn the early 1960s, AT&T introduced digital telephony on long-distance trunk lines. These used the eight-bit μ-law encoding. This large investment promised to reduce transmission costs for eight-bit data.\nIn Volume 1 of The Art of Computer Programming (first published in 1968), Donald Knuth uses byte in his hypothetical MIX computer to denote a unit which \"contains an unspecified amount of information ... capable of holding at least 64 distinct values ... at most 100 distinct values. On a binary computer a byte must therefore be composed of six bits\". He notes that \"Since 1975 or so, the word byte has come to mean a sequence of precisely eight binary digits...When we speak of bytes in connection with MIX we shall confine ourselves to the former sense of the word, harking back to the days when bytes were not yet standardized.\"\nThe development of eight-bit microprocessors in the 1970s popularized this storage size. Microprocessors such as the Intel 8008, the direct predecessor of the 8080 and the 8086, used in early personal computers, could also perform a small number of operations on the four-bit pairs in a byte, such as the decimal-add-adjust (DAA) instruction. A four-bit quantity is often called a nibble, also nybble, which is conveniently represented by a single hexadecimal digit.\nThe term octet is used to unambiguously specify a size of eight bits. It is used extensively in protocol definitions.\nHistorically, the term octad or octade was used to denote eight bits as well at least in Western Europe; however, this usage is no longer common. The exact origin of the term is unclear, but it can be found in British, Dutch, and German sources of the 1960s and 1970s, and throughout the documentation of Philips mainframe computers.\nUnit symbol\nThe unit symbol for the byte is specified in IEC 80000-13, IEEE 1541 and the Metric Interchange Format as the upper-case character B.\nIn the International System of Quantities (ISQ), B is also the symbol of the bel, a unit of logarithmic power ratio named after Alexander Graham Bell, creating a conflict with the IEC specification. However, little danger of confusion exists, because the bel is a rarely used unit. It is used primarily in its decadic fraction, the decibel (dB), for signal strength and sound pressure level measurements, while a unit for one-tenth of a byte, the decibyte, and other fractions, are only used in derived units, such as transmission rates.\nThe lowercase letter o for octet is defined as the symbol for octet in IEC 80000-13 and is commonly used in languages such as French and Romanian, and is also combined with metric prefixes for multiples, for example ko and Mo.\nMultiple-byte units\nMore than one system exists to define unit multiples based on the byte. Some systems are based on powers of 10, following the International System of Units (SI), which defines for example the prefix kilo as 1000 (103); other systems are based on powers of 2. Nomenclature for these systems has confusion. Systems based on powers of 10 use standard SI prefixes (kilo, mega, giga, ...) and their corresponding symbols (k, M, G, ...). Systems based on powers of 2, however, might use binary prefixes (kibi, mebi, gibi, ...) and their corresponding symbols (Ki, Mi, Gi, ...) or they might use the prefixes K, M, and G, creating ambiguity when the prefixes M or G are used.\nWhile the difference between the decimal and binary interpretations is relatively small for the kilobyte (about 2% smaller than the kibibyte), the systems deviate increasingly as units grow larger (the relative deviation grows by 2.4% for each three orders of magnitude). For example, a power-of-10-based terabyte is about 9% smaller than power-of-2-based teribyte.\nUnits based on powers of 10\nDefinition of prefixes using powers of 10—in which 1 kilobyte (symbol kB) is defined to equal 1,000 bytes—is recommended by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The IEC standard defines eight such multiples, up to 1 yottabyte (YB), equal to 10008 bytes. The additional prefixes ronna- for 10009 and quetta- for 100010 were adopted by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in 2022.\nThis definition is most commonly used for data-rate units in computer networks, internal bus, hard drive and flash media transfer speeds, and for the capacities of most storage media, particularly hard drives, flash-based storage, and DVDs. Operating systems that use this definition include macOS, iOS, Ubuntu, and Debian. It is also consistent with the other uses of the SI prefixes in computing, such as CPU clock speeds or measures of performance.\nUnits based on powers of 2\nA system of units based on powers of 2 in which 1 kibibyte (KiB) is equal to 1,024 (i.e., 210) bytes is defined by international standard IEC 80000-13 and is supported by national and international standards bodies (BIPM, IEC, NIST). The IEC standard defines eight such multiples, up to 1 yobibyte (YiB), equal to 10248 bytes. The natural binary counterparts to ronna- and quetta- were given in a consultation paper of the International Committee for Weights and Measures' Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) as robi- (Ri, 10249) and quebi- (Qi, 102410), but have not yet been adopted by the IEC and ISO.\nAn alternate system of nomenclature for the same units (referred to here as the customary convention), in which 1 kilobyte (KB) is equal to 1,024 bytes, 1 megabyte (MB) is equal to 10242 bytes and 1 gigabyte (GB) is equal to 10243 bytes is mentioned by a 1990s JEDEC standard. Only the first three multiples (up to GB) are mentioned by the JEDEC standard, which makes no mention of TB and larger. The customary convention is used by the Microsoft Windows operating system and random-access memory capacity, such as main memory and CPU cache size, and in marketing and billing by telecommunication companies, such as Vodafone, AT&T, Orange and Telstra.\nFor storage capacity, the customary convention was used by macOS and iOS through Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard and iOS 10, after which they switched to units based on powers of 10.\nParochial units \nVarious computer vendors have coined terms for data of various sizes, sometimes with different sizes for the same term even within a single vendor. These terms include double word, half word, long word, quad word, slab, superword and syllable. There are also informal terms. e.g., half byte and nybble for 4 bits, octal K for .\nHistory of the conflicting definitions"}] | |
img_00025 | output_images/img_00025.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Read the text in this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "This article is about transport in Belarus.\nRailways \nRail transport in Belarus is operated by Belarusskaya Chyhunka\ntotal:\ncountry comparison to the world: 32\nbroad gauge:\n of gauge ( electrified) (2006)\nCity with underground railway system: Minsk, see Minsk Metro\nFor tramway systems: see List of town tramway systems in Belarus\nHighways \nThe owners of highways may be the Republic of Belarus, its political subdivisions, legal and natural persons, who own roads, as well as legal entities, which roads are fixed on the basis of economic or operational management.\nRepublican state administration in the field of roads and road activity is the Department Belavtodor under the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Belarus.\nIn total, in Belarus there are more than of roads and of departmental thousand (agriculture, industry, forestry, etc.), including in cities and towns. The density of paved roads has been relatively low – 337 km per 1,000 km2 territory – for comparison, in European countries with well-developed road network, the figure is an average of .\ntotal:\npaved:\n (2003)\nWaterways \n (use limited by location on perimeter of country and by shallowness) (2003)\ncountry comparison to the world: 37\nBelarus' inland waterways are managed by Dneprobugvodput, Belvodput, and the Dnieper-Berezinsky Enterprise.\nPipelines \ngas ; oil ; refined products (2008)\nPorts and harbors \n Mazyr - on the river Pripyat\nAirports \n65 (2008):\ncountry comparison to the world: 76\n Minsk International Airport\n Minsk-1\n Gomel Airport\nAirports - with paved runways \ntotal:\n35\nover :\n2\n:\n22\n:\n4\n:\n1\nunder :"}] | |
img_00026 | output_images/img_00026.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Bosnia and Herzegovina has facilities for road, rail and air transport. There are five international road routes and 20 state highways, with bus connections to many countries. Railways total just over 1,000 km with links to Croatia and Serbia. There are 25 airports, seven of them with paved runways. The Sava River is navigable, but its use is limited.\nRoadways\ntotal: 21,846 km\npaved: 11,425 km (4,686 km of interurban roads)\nunpaved: 10,421 km (2006)\nRoads\nInternational\nE65\nE73 (Pan-European corridor Vc), A1 highway\nE661\nE761\nE762\nState highways\n M-1.8\n M-2\n M-4\n M-4.2\n M-5\n M-6\n M-6.1\n M-8\n M-11\n M-14\n M-14.1\n M-14.2\n M-15\n M-16\n M-16.1\n M-16.2\n M-16.3\n M-16.4\n M-17\n M-17.2\n M-17.3\n M-18\n M-19\n M-19.2\n M-19.3\n M-20\nNational and international bus services\nBosnia & Herzegovina is well connected to other countries in Europe. The main bus station of Sarajevo has its own website. The main provider of international bus connection in Bosnia & Herzegovina is Eurolines. There are routes to Croatia, Germany, Austria, France, Netherlands, Montenegro, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden and Serbia. Despite Bosnia & Herzegovina's geographical closeness to Serbia, there is only one bus a day, which takes more than 8 hours due to the lack of proper roads.\nRailways\nTotal: 1,032 km standard gauge: (2006)\nRail links with adjacent countries\n Same gauge: \n Croatia - yes\n Serbia - yes"}] | |
img_00027 | output_images/img_00027.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Telecommunications in Botswana include newspapers, radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.\nIn addition to the government-owned newspaper and national radio network, there is an active, independent press (six weekly newspapers). Foreign publications are sold without restriction in Botswana. Two privately owned radio stations began operations in 1999. Botswana's first national television station, the government-owned Botswana Television (BTV), was launched in July 2000. It began broadcasting with three hours of programming on weekdays and five on weekends, offering news in Setswana and English, entertainment, and sports, with plans to produce 60% of its programming locally. The cellular phone providers Orange and MTN cover most of the country.\nRadio stations\n 2 state-owned national radio stations; 3 privately owned radio stations broadcast locally (2007); \n AM 8, FM 13, shortwave 4 (2001).\nTelevision stations\nOne state-owned and one privately owned; privately owned satellite TV subscription service is available (2007).\nTelevision sets in use: \n 101,713 (2001);\n 98,568 (2003).\n173,327 (2006)\n297,233 (2008)\n297,971 (2011)\n365,650 (2014).\nTelephones \nMain lines in use:\n 160,500 lines, 134th in the world (2012); \n 136,900 (2006).\nMobile cellular in use:\n 3.1 million lines, 129th in the world (2012); \nTelephone system\n general assessment: Botswana is participating in regional development efforts; expanding fully digital system with fiber-optic cables linking the major population centers in the east as well as a system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relays links, and radiotelephone communication stations (2011);\n domestic: fixed-line teledensity has declined in recent years and now stands at roughly 7 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity now pushing 140 telephones per 100 persons (2011);\n international: country code - 267; international calls are made via satellite, using international direct dialing; 2 international exchanges; digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011).\nISDB-T\nFeatures:\n Supports ISDB-T broadcast (13 segments).\n MPEG-2/ MPEG-4 AVC/ H.264 HD/ SD video.\n DiVX Compatible with 480i / 480p / 720p / 1080i/ 1080p video formats. Auto and manually scan all available TV and radio channels.\n Aspect ratio 16:9 and 4:3.\n 1000 channels memory.\n Parental control. \n Teletext / Bit map subtitle.\n Compliant with ETSI.\n Supported 7 days EPG function.\n VBI Teletext support 6 MHz software setting Auto / Manual program search. \n Multi language supported.\nInternet\nInternet top-level domain: .bw\nInternet users:\n 241,272 users, 148th in the world; 11.5% of the population, 166th in the world (2012);\n 120,000 users, 154th in the world (2009);"}] | |
img_00028 | output_images/img_00028.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Extract the exact text from this image <image>"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The systems of transport in the British Virgin Islands include 113 kilometres of highway and a harbour at Road Town.\nRoads \n total: 200 km\n paved: 200 km\n unpaved: 0 km (2007)\nDespite using left-hand traffic, most vehicles are left-hand-drive, being imported from the United States.\nPorts and terminals\n Road Town\nAirports\n 4 (2008)\nPaved runways\n total: 2\n914 to 1,523 m: 1\n under 914 m: 1 (2008)\nUnpaved runways\n total: 2\n914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2008)\nMerchant Marine \n registered in other countries: 1 (Panama) (2008)\nReferences\nTelecommunications\nTelephone\nTelephone service throughout the country is excellent; international service is good to Southeast Asia, Middle East, Western Europe, and the US\n Main lines in use: 82,588 (2020)\n Mobile phones: 565,949 (2020)\nLanding points for the SEA-ME-WE-3, SJC, AAG, Lubuan-Brunei Submarine Cable via optical telecommunications submarine cables that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2019)\nIDD Country Code: +673\nMobile Telephone\nBrunei has 3 major telco namely DST, Imagine (TelBru) and Progresif which offers prepaid and postpaid plan. UNN is the Single Wholesale Network with holds all the telecommunication infrastructures in Brunei.\nInternet\nInternet service providers: 3 (2020), Telbru, Progresif Cellular and DSTCom\n Country code: .bn\nInternet fixed subscriptions: 49,452 (2020)\nInternet users: 410,800 (2019)\nBroadband\nBrunei's Internet service was monopolized by Telekom Brunei. ADSL speeds were ranging from 512 kbit/s to the maximum speed of 1 Mbit/s through ADSL2+ broadband. 1 Mbit/s was introduced in 2006 and was priced at BND$128 per month (Equivalent to Singapore currency). It was well known that the Brunei's broadband ranging from 512 kbit/s to 1 Mbit/s is one of the most expensive in the world. The limited market in Brunei means that new developments in the telecommunications sector is stagnant.\nIn 2002, Telekom Brunei was incorporated become Telekom Brunei Berhad (TelBru). In 2008, the internet were improved with dramatically with speeds ranging from 1Mbit/s to maximum speed of 5Mbit/s. Price starting from B$65 to B$105 per month respectively.\nIn 2012, Telekom Brunei started deploying its FTTH network capable of 100Mbit/s through a contract awarded to Huawei. They aimed to provide FTTH coverage to around 85% of the population by 2017.\nIn 2016 Telbru drastically reduced the price and increased the speeds of its broadband plans. Due to the fact that a significant number of people were now connected via FTTH and not via the old copper cables.\nOn 1 March 2018 Telbru rolled out their new 'high speed' broadband plans They also split the plans which have unlimited quota into 'unlimited plans'\nIn 2017 Forbes reported that Brunei had the 4th most expensive broadband service in the world\nOn 4 September 2019, The UNN took over all of the telecommunications infrastructure in Brunei. By doing so they aimed to provide equal infrastructure to all the isps in the country. This brought an end to a long held monopoly by Imagine Sdn Bhd (Formerly Known as Telbru) over the home broadband market with the introduction of Datastream Digital's 'Infinity' home broadband plans on 24 January 2020.\nTelevision\nTerrestrial TV Stations (Free to air)\nIn some areas residents may enjoy some of the Malaysian TV channels\n RTB Perdana (Formerly known as RTB 1 and RTB 5) - An 17-hour national flagship channel of Radio Television Brunei aired news and information programs, with local and sinetron Indonesia series in 1080p HDTV."}] | |
img_00029 | output_images/img_00029.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "Convert this <image> to text"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Demographic features of the population of Burundi include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.\nAt 206.1 persons per km², Burundi has the second-largest population density in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most people live on farms near areas of fertile volcanic soil. The population is made up of three major ethnic groups – Hutu (Bahutu), Tutsi (Batutsi or Watusi), and Twa (Batwa). Kirundi is the common language. Intermarriage takes place frequently between the Hutus and Tutsis. The terms \"pastoralist\" and \"agriculturist\", often used as ethnic designations for Watusi and Bahutu, respectively, are only occupational titles which vary among individuals and groups. Although Hutus encompass the majority of the population, historically Tutsis have been politically and economically dominant.\nPopulation\nAccording to , the total population was 11,891,000 in 2020, compared to only 2 309 000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2020 was 45.3%, 52.4% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.4% of the population was 65 years or older.\n.\nPopulation Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2015) (Unrevised data.):\nPopulation Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020):\nUN population projections\nNumbers are in thousands. UN medium variant projections\n2020 11,891\n2025 13,764\n2030 15,773\n2035 17,932\n2040 20,253\n2045 22,728\n2050 25,325\nVital statistics\nRegistration of vital events is in Burundi not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.\nSource: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022\nFertility and births\nTotal Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):\nFertility data as of 2010 (DHS Program): The fertility rate in the Bujumbura Mairie Province fell to 3.7 by 2016-2017; the other regions were not aggregated in the report, for easy reference and comparison to the below chart. Per the 2016-2017 report, the average number of desired children in Burundi, nationwide, by both men and women of 15 to 49 years of age who are either paired up or married, is 4 children or less, and slightly less for men than for women. Per the report, this suggests an excess fecundity (more children than desired) of 1.8 children per couple nationwide; 1.1 in urban areas (where 3.0 children are desired, and the fertility rate is 4.1) and 2.0 in rural areas (where 3.7 children are desired and the fertility rate is 5.7). However, the number of desired children appears to be based on the lowest-desired rate - that of paired but unmarried men (3.7 children) rather than the highest (4.0, desired by married women) or even an overall average.\nOther demographic statistics \nDemographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.\nOne birth every 1 minutes\t\nOne death every 6 minutes\t"}] | |
img_00030 | output_images/img_00030.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "The economy of Burundi is $3.436 billion by gross domestic product as of 2018, being heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for 32.9% of gross domestic product as of 2008. Burundi itself is a landlocked country lacking resources, and with almost nonexistent industrialization. Agriculture supports more than 70% of the labor force, the majority of whom are subsistence farmers. \nAlthough Burundi is potentially sufficient in food production, civil unrest, overpopulation, and soil erosion have contributed to the contraction of the subsistence economy by 25% in recent years. Large numbers of internally displaced persons have been unable to produce their own food and are largely dependent on international humanitarian assistance. Burundi is a net food importer, with food accounting for 17% of imports in 1997. Burundi is a least developed country according to the United Nations.\nAgriculture\nBurundi produced in 2018:\n 2.3 million tons of cassava;\n 1.6 million tons of banana;\n 583 thousand tons of sweet potato;\n 556 thousand tons of vegetables;\n 393 thousand tons of beans;\n 302 thousand tons of potato;\n 290 thousand tons of maize;\n 178 thousand tons of sugar cane;\n 85 thousand tons of palm oil;\n 56 thousand tons of taro;\n 55 thousand tons of rice;\n 52 thousand tons of tea;\nIn addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like sorghum (28 thousand tons) and coffee (14 thousand tons).\nIndustry\nLittle industry exists except for the processing of agricultural exports. Although potential wealth in petroleum, nickel, copper, and other natural resources is being explored, the uncertain security situation has prevented meaningful investor interest. Industrial development also is hampered by Burundi's distance from the sea and high transport costs. Lake Tanganyika remains an important trading point. The trade embargo, lifted in 1999, negatively impacted trade and industry. Since October 1993 the nation has suffered from massive ethnic-based violence which has resulted in the death of perhaps 250,000 people and the displacement of about 800,000 others. Foods, medicines, and electricity remain in short supply.\nBurundi is heavily dependent on bilateral and multilateral aid, with external debt totaling $1.247 billion (1.247 G$) in 1997. A series of largely unsuccessful 5-year plans initiated in July 1986 in partnership with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund attempted to reform the foreign exchange system, liberalize imports, reduce restrictions on international transactions, diversify exports, and reform the coffee industry.\nIMF structural adjustment programs in Burundi were suspended following the outbreak of the crisis in 1993. The World Bank has identified key areas for potential growth, including the productivity of traditional crops and the introduction of new exports, light manufactures, industrial mining, and services. Other serious problems include the state's role in the economy, the question of governmental transparency, and debt reduction.\nTo protest the 1996 coup by President Pierre Buyoya, neighboring countries imposed an economic embargo on Burundi. Although the embargo was never officially ratified by the United Nations Security Council, most countries refrained from official trade with Burundi. Following the coup, the United States also suspended all but humanitarian aid to Burundi. The regional embargo was lifted on January 23, 1999, based on progress by the government in advancing national reconciliation through the Burundi peace process.\nIn an article titled \"The Blood Cries Out,\" Foreign Policy (FP) reported that the Burundian population growth rate is 2.5 percent per year, more than double the average global pace, and that a Burundian woman has on average 6.3 children, nearly triple the international fertility rate. FP further reported that \"The vast majority of Burundians rely on subsistence farming, but under the weight of a booming population and in the long-standing absence of coherent policies governing land ownership, many people barely have enough earth to sustain themselves.\" In 2014, the average size for a farm was about one acre. FP added that \"The consequence is remarkable scarcity: In the 2013 Global Hunger Index, Burundi had the severest hunger and malnourishment rates of all 120 countries ranked.\"\nMacro-economic trend \nThe following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017.\nSee also\n United Nations Economic Commission for Africa\n List of companies based in Burundi\nReferences\nExternal links\nBurundi latest trade data on ITC Trade Map\nBurundi\nThe B-52 is an American strategic bomber aircraft.\nB-52 or B52 may also refer to:\n The B-52's, an American new wave band\n The B-52's (album)\n B52 (New York City bus), a bus line in Brooklyn, New York\n B52 (chess opening), a chess opening based on the Sicilian Defence\n B-52 (cocktail)\n B-52 (hairstyle) or beehive, a hairstyle\n B-52 Memorial Park, a park within the Orlando International Airport, Florida\n Volvo B52 engine, a group of Volvo engines\n Nora B-52, a Serbian self-propelled howitzer"}] | |
img_00031 | output_images/img_00031.png | [{"from": "human", "value": "<image>\nGive me the exact text in this image"}, {"from": "gpt", "value": "Bar Kokhba is a double album by John Zorn, recorded between 1994 and 1996. It features music from Zorn's Masada project, rearranged for small ensembles. It also features the original soundtrack from The Art of Remembrance – Simon Wiesenthal, a film by Hannah Heer and Werner Schmiedel (1994–95).\nReception \nThe AllMusic review by Marc Gilman noted: \"While some compositions retain their original structure and sound, some are expanded and probed by Zorn's arrangements, and resemble avant-garde classical music more than jazz. But this is the beauty of the album; the ensembles provide a forum for Zorn to expand his compositions. The album consistently impresses.\"\nTrack listing \nAll compositions by John Zorn\nDisc One\n \"Gevurah\" – 6:55\n \"Nezikin\" – 1:51\n \"Mahshav\" – 4:33\n \"Rokhev\" – 3:10\n \"Abidan\" – 5:19\n \"Sheloshim\" – 5:03\n \"Hath-Arob\" – 2:25\n \"Paran\" – 4:48\n \"Mahlah\" – 7:48\n \"Socoh\" – 4:07\n \"Yechida\" – 8:24\n \"Bikkurim\" – 3:25\n \"Idalah-Abal\" – 5:04\nDisc Two\n \"Tannaim\" – 4:38\n \"Nefesh\" – 3:33\n \"Abidan\" – 3:13\n \"Mo'ed\" – 4:59\n \"Maskil\" – 4:41\n \"Mishpatim\" – 6:46\n \"Sansanah\" – 6:56\n \"Shear-Jashub\" – 2:06\n \"Mahshav\" – 4:50\n \"Sheloshim\" – 6:45\n \"Mochin\" – 13:11\n \"Karaim\" – 3:39\nRecorded at Baby Monster Studios, New York City in August 1994, December 1995 and March 1996\nPersonnel \n John Zorn – Producer\n Mark Feldman (2,4,6,10,12,14,16,20,21,25) – violin\n Erik Friedlander (2,4,6,10,12,14,16,21,25) – cello\n Greg Cohen (2,4,6,9,10,12,14,16,18,21,25) – bass\n Marc Ribot (9,18,24) – guitar\n Anthony Coleman (1,3,11,17,19) – piano\n David Krakauer (3,8) – clarinets\n John Medeski (5,7,8,13,15,17,20,22,23) – organ, piano\n Mark Dresser (1,15,19) – bass\n Kenny Wollesen (1,2,15,19,23) – drums\n Chris Speed (5,13,20,23) – clarinet\n Dave Douglas (23) – trumpet\nReferences \n1996 albums\nTzadik Records albums\nAlbums produced by John Zorn\nBar Kokhba albums\nJewish music albums\nA binary prefix is a unit prefix that indicates a multiple of a unit of measurement by an integer power of two. The most commonly used binary prefixes are kibi (symbol Ki, meaning 210= 1024), mebi (Mi, 220 = ), and gibi (Gi, 230 = ). They are most often used in information technology as multipliers of bit and byte, when expressing the capacity of storage devices or the size of computer files.\nThe binary prefixes \"kibi\", \"mebi\", etc. were defined in 1999 by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), in the IEC 60027-2 standard (Amendment 2). They were meant to replace the metric (SI) decimal power prefixes, such as \"kilo\" (\"k\", 103 = 1000), \"mega\" (\"M\", 106 = ) and \"giga\" (\"G\", 109 = ), that were commonly used in the computer industry to indicate the nearest powers of two. For example, a memory module whose capacity was specified by the manufacturer as \"2 megabytes\" or \"2 MB\" would hold 2 × 220 = bytes, instead of 2 × 106 = .\nOn the other hand, a hard disk whose capacity is specified by the manufacturer as \"10 gigabytes\" or \"10 GB\", holds 10 × 109 = bytes, or a little more than that, but less than 10 × 230 = and a file whose size is listed as \"2.3 GB\" may have a size closer to 2.3 × 230 ≈ or to 2.3 × 109 = , depending on the program or operating system providing that measurement. This kind of ambiguity is often confusing to computer system users and has resulted in lawsuits. The IEC 60027-2 binary prefixes have been incorporated in the ISO/IEC 80000 standard and are supported by other standards bodies, including the BIPM, which defines the SI system, the US NIST, and the European Union.\nPrior to the 1999 IEC standard, some industry organizations, such as the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC), attempted to redefine the terms kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte, and the corresponding symbols KB, MB, and GB in the binary sense, for use in storage capacity measurements. However, other computer industry sectors (such as magnetic storage) continued using those same terms and symbols with the decimal meaning. Since then, the major standards organizations have expressly disapproved the use of SI prefixes to denote binary multiples, and recommended or mandated the use of the IEC prefixes for that purpose, but the use of SI prefixes has persisted in some fields.\nWhile the binary prefixes are almost always used with the units of information, bits and bytes, they may be used with any other unit of measure, when convenient. For example, in signal processing one may need binary multiples of the frequency unit hertz (Hz), for example the kibihertz (KiHz) equal to .\nDefinitions\nIn 2022, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) adopted the decimal prefixes ronna for 10009 and quetta for 100010. In analogy to the existing binary prefixes, a consultation paper of the International Committee for Weights and Measures' Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) suggested the prefixes robi (Ri, 10249) and quebi (Qi, 102410) for their binary counterparts, but , no corresponding binary prefixes have been adopted.\nComparison of binary and decimal prefixes\nThe relative difference between the values in the binary and decimal interpretations increases, when using the SI prefixes as the base, from 2.4% for kilo to nearly 27% for the quetta prefix. Although the prefixes ronna and quetta have been defined, as of 2022 no names have been officially assigned to the corresponding binary prefixes.\nHistory\nEarly prefixes\nThe original metric system adopted by France in 1795 included two binary prefixes named double- (2×) and demi- (×). However, these were not retained when the SI prefixes were internationally adopted by the 11th CGPM conference in 1960.\nStorage capacity\nMain memory\nEarly computers used one of two addressing methods to access the system memory; binary (base 2) or decimal (base 10). For example, the IBM 701 (1952) used a binary methods and could address 2048 words of 36 bits each, while the IBM 702 (1953) used a decimal system, and could address ten thousand 7-bit words."}] |
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