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There are plenty of great things about being a referee. You actively participate in the sport, you help raise the standard of the game, you develop a network of friends, you develop your management and communication skills and you get to wear black! (Or variations on it).
Referees are an integral part of our game, and if you're aged 13 years or more, female or male, you can join this specialised and important side of our game. There is a Referees' Branch close to you. Refereeing can be very rewarding.
This State Technical Committee has the responsibility for policies relating to referees in NSW and for the implementation of referee coaching and development programs while the Branch is responsible for the direct recruitment of referees and the day to day management, training and promotion of referees.
From within this structure, opportunity exists for anybody, female or male, to climb to the highest level of the referee ladder to which they may aspire.
To take that first step you need to be at least 13 years of age although in some of our Branches they cater for Small Sided Games and in this case you can commence at 11 years of age. From this bottom rung you can follow other referees up the ladder of success.
Many before you have reached the pinnacle of refereeing which is world recognition by obtaining your F.I.F.A badge. Gaining your F.I.F.A badge is like climbing a very long extension ladder where along the way there are many other opportunities that do not require the long climb to the top.
The referee ladder provides opportunity to reach the highest level of amateur soccer, state league, super league and national league. How high you climb is up to you, refereeing is like many things in life, what you put into it can affect greatly what benefits you can gain.
HOW DO YOU STEP ON TO THE BOTTOM RUNG?
1. Attend lectures on the Laws of the Game. These are conducted over four two-hour sessions, which includes a multiple-choice examination that is set by the Football Federation Australia, and applies throughout Australia. On successfully completing your examination stage you will receive your Referee Theory Certificate.
2. Be assessed by one of the Referee Branch Assessors on a level of game that the Branch considers appropriate for you as a starting point. On a successful field assessment you will then become a qualified referee and will be issued with the appropriate Referee Certificate.
Don't be put off by the examination, even if it is many years since you have been required to do any sort of examination. The course and the examination are structured so as to gain a 100% success rate for all those serious about becoming a referee.
There is no short cut to the top. Even if you were set a theory examination that required you to obtain 100% correct answers to all questions on every Law of the Game, this may not necessarily make you a good referee.
Climbing the ladder requires a good knowledge of the Laws of the Game, experience as a referee, and the ability to apply the Laws of the Game such that the players are able to display their football skills and the spectators can enjoy all that our game can offer as a spectator sport.
Simon Micallef (a GDFRA member) was one of our State and National League referees and World Cup referee who has climbed the ladder. Along the way he has built up this enormous experience bank starting on the bottom rung, up through amateur games to state league to super league to national league to world cup.
Experience comes with refereeing or acting as an assistant referee on as many games as possible. Branches run coaching sessions on a regular basis and attendance at these sessions plays an important role in building on experiences. Branch Assessors will from time to time watch your on-field performance offering constructive advice to improve those areas where you need some guidance.
You're a player, club official, parent, spectator, TV watcher, male or female or never had any direct involvement in soccer. Regardless of your background we would like to invite you to come and join us.
As a referee or an assistant referee you will receive a match fee that will help offset the expenses for travelling to games, your uniform and other costs associated with your refereeing duties and still leave you with some pocket money.
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This is a 42 y/o female who originally had a breast reduction done by another surgeon in 2006. Her breasts had gotten larger again with age and having children. She was having neck and shoulder pain and underwent another breast reduction. She had 470 grams removed from the left breast and 440 grams removed from the right breast. She is shown 3 months after surgery.
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Evaluation of species transfer models in the cfd simulation of fixed bed soybean drying
Felipe Leonardo Barcelos Mateus Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA, Departamento de Engenharia/DEG, Lavras, MG, Brasil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-4795
Mauro Magalhães Leite Faria Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA, Departamento de Agricultura/DAG, Lavras, MG, Brasil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7029-7255
Irineu Petri Júnior Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA, Departamento de Engenharia/DEG, Lavras, MG, Brasil. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5638-0370
The drying is fundamental to the preservation of materials, particularly food, which is sensible to damaging related to moisture because of its hygroscopic nature. The drying increases the shelf life of these products and reduces their overall weight, which facilitates the logistics and aggregates value to the product. Computational Fluid Dynamics is a potentially facilitating tool for the analysis of drying variables, such as velocity, air temperature, and particle temperature, which have great influence on the drying rate. This work aimed at studying different numeric models for the simulation of a fixed bed drying operation, analyzing the influence of the equilibrium ratio and water diffusivity in the solid on the results. The computations were made in the software FLUENT 19.2, using the Multiphase Eulerian Granular Model with packed bed configuration and different mass transfer models: Constant, Species-Constant, Species-Sherwood, Ranz-Marshall, and Hughmark, as well as heat transfer models: Constant Heat Transfer Coefficient, Constant Nusselt Number, Ranz-Marshall, and Hughmark. The mass transfer models with the best performance were the Ranz-Marshall and Hughmark models. A strong influence of the equilibrium ratio was observed for both models, and a moderate influence of the water diffusivity. The influence of equilibrium ratio and water diffusivity was not observed for the other models. The heat transfer models did not present expressive difference, and the system reached thermal equilibrium quickly. The overall study of the models and the influence of different parameters was effective, and was able to document the obtained results for future optimization and further investigation of the numeric model.
Key words: Computational fluid dynamics; Diffusivity; Particle; Eulerian; Mass transfer.
ANSYS. Fluent User's Guide and Theory Guide. Canonsburg: [s.n.], 2018. Available at: https://ansyshelp.ansys.com. Accessed on: October, 30, 2020.
AZADBAKHT, M. et al. Thermal properties of soybean pod as a function of moisture content and temperature. American journal of food science and technology, 1(2):9-13, 2013.
BERGMAN, T. L. et al. Introduction to heat transfer. Jefferson City: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. 960p.
CORADI, P. C. et al. Effects of drying air temperature and grain initial moisture content on soybean quality (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Engenharia Agrícola, 36(1): 866-876, 2016.
CORADI, P. C. et al. Mathematical modeling of drying in a new concept of silo-dryer-aerator and the quality of soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B, 8(1):483-498, 2018.
CORADI, P. C.; LEMES, Â. F. C. Experimental prototype of silo-dryer-aerator of grains using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) system. Acta Scientiarum. Technology, 41:e36949, 2019.
COSTA, F. O.; PERES, A. P.; PETRI JUNIOR, I. Simulation of hydrocyclones for evaluating the flow of non-Newtonian fluids. REVISTA DE ENGENHARIA E TECNOLOGIA, 13(1):1-12, 2021.
DESHPANDE, S. D.; BAL, S.; OJHA, T. P. Physical properties of soybean. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 56(2):89-98, 1993.
GARCIA, D. C. et al. Seed drying. Ciência Rural, 34(2):603-608, 2004.
HUGHMARK G. A. T. I. Mass and heat transfer from rigid spheres. AIChE Journal, 13(6):1219-1221, 1967.
KLOSS, C. et al. Models, algorithms and validation for opensource DEM and CFD–DEM. Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, an International Journal, 12(2-3):140-152, 2012.
MADAMBA, P. S.; DRISCOLL, R. H.; BUCKLE, K. A. Thin-layer drying characteristics of garlic slices. Journal of Food Engineering, 29(1):75-97, 1996.
MATEUS, F. L. B.; PETRI, I. J.; Momentum and heat transfer prediction in a silo-dryer through computational fluid-dynamics. Coffee Science, 16:e161902, 2021.
MCCABE, W. L.; SMITH, J. C.; HARRIOTT, P. Unit operations of chemical engineering. New York: McGraw-hill, 1993. 175p.
RANZ, W. E.; MARSHALL, W. R. Evaporation from drops. Chemical Engineering Progress, 48(1):137-152, 1952.
REINATO, C. H. R. et al. Energy consumption and costs in coffee drying of agricultural properties from the south of Minas Gerais. Revista brasileira de engenharia agrícola e ambiental, 6(1):112-116, 2002.
STOPPE, A. C. R.; NETO, J. L. V.; DOS SANTOS, K. G. Development of a fixed bed solar dryer: experimental study and CFD simulation. Research, Society and Development, 9(3):e123932667, 2020.
SZAFRAN, R. G.; KMIEC, A. CFD modeling of heat and mass transfer in a spouted bed dryer. Industrial & engineering chemistry research, 43(4):1113-1124, 2004.
XIA, B.; SUN, D-W. Applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the food industry: a review. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 34(1-3):5-24, 2002.
MATEUS, F. L. B.; FARIA, M. M. L.; PETRI JÚNIOR, I. Evaluation of species transfer models in the cfd simulation of fixed bed soybean drying. Coffee Science - ISSN 1984-3909, [S. l.], v. 16, p. e161937, 2021. DOI: 10.25186/.v16i.1937. Disponível em: http://www.coffeescience.ufla.br/index.php/Coffeescience/article/view/1937. Acesso em: 26 jan. 2023.
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Mondays and Fridays at 1 PM.
2120 Washington Blvd, Room 423.
Contact Shawn Buckner, 703-228-4998 for more information.
Naloxone is a safe and effective medication that can reverse an overdose from prescription painkillers or heroin, available over the counter without a prescription. It is not just for people who are addicted. If you or a loved one are prescribed powerful narcotic painkillers, you should have naloxone on hand.
In need of immediate assistance? Download and print out our helpful tip card with resources local to the area.
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When Gann time counts, market geometry and specific square dates fail to reverse a trend, but instead cause a flattening/bottoming in price, the final catalyst for a move is found in Financial Astrology.
My article on coinclarity.com describes in better detail the purpose and theory of this form of analysis.
All of these Aspects show STRONG reversals and nearly a 100% chance of reversal based on weekly charts when the CMI is in an oversold condition, which is where we are at.
評論: On the 17th, Saturn turns retrograde, this has always yielded higher prices during this period.
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Q: How to convert this Java code to kotlin code I'm learning spring boot. An error is reported when this Java function is converted to kotlin code. How to rewrite this kotlin function?
Java code:
private long saveOrderDetails(Order order) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Map<String, Object> values =
objectMapper.convertValue(order, Map.class);
values.put("placedAt", order.getPlacedAt());
long orderId =
orderInserter
.executeAndReturnKey(values)
.longValue();
return orderId;
}
Kotlin code:
private fun saveOrderDetails(order: Order): Long {
val values = objectMapper.convertValue(order, Map<*, *>::class.java)
values.put("placedAt", order.placedAt)
return orderInserter
.executeAndReturnKey(values)
.longValue()
}
This is the error I'm getting after automatically converting java to kotlin
Here,
objectMapper: com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper
orderInserter: org.springframework.jdbc.core.simple.SimpleJdbcInsert
Please suggest how to resolve these errors.
A: What about removing <*, *>
val values = objectMapper.convertValue(order, Map<*, *>::class.java)
val values = objectMapper.convertValue(order, Map::class.java)
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}
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You can purchase additional copies of The Family Series Discussion Guide for only $7.95. This is great when using the series in a small group setting. (Note: A copy of the Discussion Guide is included in the DVD pack). Covers all ten episodes with helpful questions and summary notes from the episodes.
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We thought we'd seen all the different types of MCC Buckets. But alas! eneter Powell MCC buckets: 7700, 8000 and Iso-trol series. These are hard to find buckets and we've got em! Let us know what you need and we'll pull it off the shelf for you right away!
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Planting Up Whickham
On Sunday last week, the volunteers of Planting Up Whickham, of which I am one, set to work on preparing the flower beds on Church Green for a new set of bedding plants. I brought 9 sacks of manure, kindly donated by my livestock, to dig into the beds. All the old flowers were removed. Today, the volunteers returned to plant the flowers. Sadly, I wasn't able to take part. A friend of mine was staying for the weekend (he is a Labour councillors from London!) so we agreed to spend this weekend visiting places of interest (Chesters Roman Fort and Beamish Museum). I therefore don't know how they got on. Tomorrow I need to be in the village so I will be able to have a look at their work.
Startled bunnies and the art of falling off chairs
There was a headline in the Newcastle Journal recently announcing that Labour MP Ian Lavery was planning a leadership bid. When I read it, I nearly fell off my seat laughing. Quite what Labour members see in this ranting leftwinger is beyond me. I once had to sit through a "speech" he gave to a National Association of Councillors meeting about nuclear power. He admitted to knowing little about the subject, a claim he proceeded to demonstrate admirably. I found his speech to be embarrassingly poor and his demand that more coal should be burnt to help save the environment provided me with another falling-off-the-seat-laughing moment.
The day after announcing his leadership bid, Mr Lavery announced his withdrawal from the race. His platform was to have been one of leftwing "socialism". Instead, he announced his backing for Andy Burnham. Listening to conversations amongst the "socialist" brothers and sisters in Gateshead, there seems to be a hope that Burnham will swing the Labour party to the left as the way of storming to power in 2020. Not winning in 2015 because Labour wasn't leftwing enough is a common theme among the "socialist" comrades. All those lessons of the 80s and 90s have been forgotten.
Claiming to be "socialist" is one thing. The record of a person can often tell a different story. Labour's hysteria about the "privatisation" of the NHS rather overlooks the fact that Burnham himself was one of the key Labour figures, as Health Secretary under Gordon Brown, who "privatised" NHS services.
Burnham has always looked to me like a startled bunny caught in the headlights of an approaching juggernaut. If the assumptions that he is heading for victory come to fruition, it could be that Burnham ends up afterwards as roadkill, torn apart by his own party which ideologically wants to swing to the left but which needs to occupy the centre ground to win an election.
Posted by Jonathan Wallace at 10:32 AM No comments:
Gateshead's new mayor
Last week, Labour in Gateshead had clearly spent some time sharpening their barrel scraping utensils but on the appointment of the mayor, they've taken a good decision. Alex Geddes is a pleasant bloke, probably too nice for the Gateshead Labour Party. So good luck Alex for the year ahead. Invites to you will be on their way to local events once I've organised them!
My early BBC interview about the early Tim Farron
I had to deal with the livestock early this morning, thanks to the BBC and Tim Farron! The goats, ducks, quails and chickens were fed at 6am so I could be in the Bigg Market in Newcastle at 8am for an interview about Tim Farron's university years. Tim was an undergraduate when I was at Newcastle University researching my PhD. In terms of Parliamentary campaigning, Tim was first bloodied in Hexham where I was the Lib Dem candidate in the 1992 general election. Along with other members of the Lib Dem Society at the university, he was dragged out to deliver leaflets through doors in the wilds of Northumberland.
The interview was not about politics. It was about Tim the person. That meant I was free to refer to his pink dungarees and Lenin style cap. His fashion sense was something of a car crash! As a group we regularly met up in the Rupali restaurant in the Bigg Market (hence the location for the interview). It was famous for it curry hell challenge though I can't recall vegetarian Tim taking up it up.
The interview will be broadcast on Sunday on the North East edition of the BBC politics programme. I am yet to decide which of the candidates will get my vote. I know both the candidates and will take a decision after I have seen them perform at the hustings and read what they have to say.
May Fayre Video
I've started catching up with video editing tasks. I filmed this one last week at the Whickham May Fayre in Chase Park. The hen and chicks at the end are mine!
Whickham eFocus 96
Just published this evening is the next edition of our eFocus newsletter for the Whickham area. This edition looks at the local election results and events happening over the next few days. You can view it on this link.
Gateshead Lib Dem members' newsletter
As we now have email addresses for over 80% of our members in Gateshead, we have launched an email newsletter in addition to our printed edition. The first edition can be viewed on this link. We have 22 new members in Gateshead since polling day - one of the unexpected consequences of our general election defeat. We are redoubling our efforts to ensure we keep in touch with them.
When dirty tricks backfire
Early on polling day on 7th May, the above spoof election poster appeared on Sunniside Road, only a few metres from my house. David spotted it at about 6am when he was heading over the road to feed the livestock. I spotted another just up the road. We then got reports of a small number at the fire station in Swalwell and some on Ryton.
The above photo of the ones on the premises of Swalwell Fire Station was taken in the afternoon. We were rather surprised that the staff at the fire station - some of whom featured in a last minute Labour leaflet in uniform with Labour candidates on the same premises - had not removed the posters, given this was a public facility and the staff are public servants. A phone call to the chief fire officer saw the posters removed shortly afterwards. Presumably the staff were just rather unobservant on that day and failed to notice the front of their building plastered with posters.
I am curious to know whether these same illegal posters went up in other constituencies. They were professionally printed on corex and will therefore not be cheap.
Quite what the culprits sought to achieve by spending money like this and disrupting their own sleep to drive in their volvos and people carriers to various locations in Blaydon constituency is beyond me. It appears that they must be driven by a hatred of us that took them beyond sensible, logical behaviour into the world of absurd pettiness. Being beastly to the Lib Dems may be a big turn on to poisoned dwarfs and those with gigantic egos but no personality, but it achieved nothing for them other than unnecessarily sleep loss and wasted money.
The irony is that most people who saw the posters simply glanced at them and thought they were promoting the Lib Dems. They didn't stop to read what was on them. We know that because people told us they were pleased to see our posters up!
The posters in Sunniside were removed on the advice of the police who are looking in to the matter. I have one of them at my house and I'm quite happy for the owner to collect it from me. Just get in touch and make the necessary arrangements.
Posted by Jonathan Wallace at 10:01 AM 1 comment:
A great day at the May Fayre
The May Fayre at Whickham's Chase Park went ahead yesterday and was a great success. I had a table selling eggs and preserves in the bottom corner of the park and as I was out in the open, my hopes for a rain-free event were fulfilled! Lots of people spoke to me about my re-election and my self-sufficiency project. There was particular interest in my goat Pinkie who is recovering from an emergency caesarean on Wednesday evening. News has got around about her operation.
Anyway, here are a few pictures from the event:
Setting up the May Fayre in Whickham
I've been in Whickham's Chase Park this morning to help set up the May Fayre tomorrow. I was late as I am also nursing a very ill goat. Pinkie, my Golden Guernsey, had to have am emergency caesarean on Wednesday evening and she is still not out of the danger zone. Sadly, we lost both the kids.
The fayre opens at midday tomorrow. There will be live music, entertainment, participation events, stands for community organisations and stalls selling a range of goods.
Everyone is welcome.
Swap your home
I've been contacted by the BBC to ask me to promote a programme called Home Away From Home and encourage people to put themselves forward to be on it. So if you have an interesting home and want to stay in someone else's house while appearing on tv, you can find details below.
I hope you don't mind me contacting you, but I'm working on the new series of BBC One's Home Away From Home and thought you might be able to help, as we are particularly interested in featuring any self-sufficiency and eco-living enthusiasts on our programme!
The series sees couples (be it partners, friends or family members) from across the UK swap homes with one another over the course of three days. It's a chance to have a new experience and discover local cuisine, sight-seeing that goes beyond the guide book, and an authentic place to stay. It might be that people are considering a home swap for the first time or have swapped many times before. It's very much a warm-hearted series and celebrates the beauty of our homes and localities in the UK.
Here is a link to the website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04ks591
And also the Be on a Show page: http://www.bbc.co.uk/showsandtours/beonashow/home_away_from_home
I was wondering whether you might be able to help circulate our details whether that's via social media, an editorial piece on your blog etc, in the hope that we might find some lovely would-be home swappers for our series?
Any help you could give would be greatly appreciated.
Emma Linstead
Assistant Producer, Home Away From Home
1199 majority - thank you
I'm back in! My constituents in Whickham South and Sunniside kindly returned me to Gateshead Council with just over 50% of the vote and a majority of 1199. And whilst I would rather have my teeth pulled out without anaesthetic than rerun the general election outcome, the local election results in the wards were were defending in Gateshead were, relatively speaking, shining examples of hope. We were defending 3 seats and held all of them with increased majorities. We were also within 23 votes of taking Dunston Hill and Whickham East from Labour.
The votes in my ward (last year's in brackets) were:
Liberal Democrats 2399 (1511)
Labour 1200 (619)
Conservative 531 (214)
UKIP 503 (430)
Green 109 (-)
TUSC 41 (50)
If memory serves me correctly, this is the largest vote I've ever got in my ward (and I've been councillor here for 28 years). Labour Deputy Leader of Gateshead Council, Martin Gannon, announced during the election campaign that Labour were expecting to win my seat. I replied that I would be wiping the smug grin from his face by holding my seat. Martin, please be ready for your public face cleaning exercise. I'll bring appropriate cleaning materials to our next meeting!
To "be" or not to "bee"
These are the freepost leaflets from the Blaydon candidates: 2 from me, 2 from Labour's Dave Anderson, an unaddressed leaflet from the Conservatives' Alison Griffiths and an addressed leaflet from UKIP. There was nothing from the Greens. The leaflet from UKIP meant that I got to see what their candidate Mark Bell looks like. He has attended none of the hustings and produced no other leaflets. His freepost arrived last week. Last year he was the UKIP candidate in my ward but produced no leaflets and did not come to the account. At least now we know he exists!
I have to plead guilty to a typo in my 2nd freepost. I am described as a "bekeeper" rather than a "beekeeper". None of us spotted the mistake until it landed on our doorsteps! I also spotted a mistake in the Labour leaflet. It claimed it was Labour policy to increase NHS spending by £8 billion. Oh no it isn't!
Anyway, I have an early start in the morning and I doubt I'll be writing any posts tomorrow. So, I'll take this opportunity to wish my opponents well. It's been quite a calm campaign for the Blaydon seat. It's likely the declaration will pass the world by without causing any ripples, a rather unfortunate characteristic of our not-fit-for-purpose voting system in which so many seats have a foregone result.
Approaching the end of the delivery treadmill
Light at the end of the tunnel. The piles of leaflets are now almost gone though I am about to go to the office to print another batch to replenish the diminished stock of literature. Yesterday I was delivering both in Dunston Hill and Whickham East (see above photo) and in Whickham North. Though my shoes were worn out over the weekend, I found an old pair in the wardrobe. The soles were split but they were robust enough to get a few days of pounding.
We are pressing the tactical vote message very strongly in Dunston Hill and Whickham East. Labour clung on by 78 votes last year and we need only one in 10 of those who voted Conservative, UKIP and Green to switch to us to defeat Labour in the ward. The unanswered question is what way those who will turn out because of the general election vote in the locals. They haven't voted since 2010. We have canvassed this group and the results are good but, unlike the eggs that are currently hatching in one of my incubators, I'm not counting any political chickens until the ballot boxes have hatched.
The latest edition of my email newsletter to residents has just been published and can be read on this link.
Delivering Marley Hill and Byermoor.
I'm glad I delivered Marley Hill and Byermoor yesterday with my final Focus in my ward. Pleasant weather all round. Not so this morning.
Anyway, here's a look at the front page of my Focus. It's simply just a reminder that the Lib Dems are the only party in the ward active all year round. And lots of people vote for us just because of that.
Heading for cuts
I have a mature hawthorn hedge around one of the pieces of land I rent. Thick branches and very hard thorns are its defining characteristics. On Friday I discovered some of our hens were getting through a gap in the hedge we be blocked it up with some wire netting and bamboo canes. Alas, as I was pressing most of my body weight on the cane to get it into the ground, it shattered and I went head first into the hedge. The resulting cut above my eyes has been something of a talking point when I meet people. Sadly, the genuine explanation is somewhat less interesting than the suggestions made by some as to how I came by the injury!
My shoes have met their end
All this canvassing and delivering has worn out my shoes. Sadly they are beyond repair. It will mean a trip to the shops to get replacements. At least they were worn out in a good cause (I appreciate that statement will not be shared by the Labour trolls who follow me!) The weekend left us a bit ahead of schedule. Other than one polling district, all our letters and leaflets to polling station voters in key wards are now out. The plan was to complete them by the end of today with any mop up operation taking place tomorrow.
This is what I delivered yesterday afternoon. I also delivered a few streets in Dunston that got left off the list on Saturday. Next stop Polling Day!
Sadly, I missed the mass Labour canvass in Dunston Hill and Whickham East on Saturday morning by about 5 minutes. We were having a street surgery which I left at 10.55am. Labour, including Leader of the Council Mick Henry, walked past a few minutes later. It's interesting to note they needed to pull in everyone to help out in a ward they are defending.
I've got to the point of the campaign where my feet are starting to hurt from pacing about Blaydon constituency canvassing and delivering. Last night we were in the office until 10pm printing focus leaflets which we delivered across my ward today. We have a few patches left to do tomorrow but most of my ward has been done.
I delivered 5 patches this afternoon and evening. That's 2 of the patches above on the seat of my land rover. The focuses were delivered with letters. I've already had some positive responses.
Startled bunnies and the art of falling off chairs...
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It is a dream of me to do this one day. Have a camping in a place that's totally miles away from my house and just chill. 3 Days Masai Mara Wildebeest Migration Budget Camping Safari looks like a good activity to do and I am looking forward to experience it anytime soon. I know that it's going to take a lot of years and I need to prepare my budget first, but I am so much willing to make it possible through my own effort. Of course, I will bring my friends too if that will happen!
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I've seen many instances of officials referring to residents of a city as Londoner/New Yorker. I suppose such use is recognised as semi-formal in the least?
Also, could someone explain if there's any differences in using these phrases?
There is no question of formality. The examples each mean something different.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged word-choice expression-choice phrase-usage or ask your own question.
Difference between "town", "city" and "metropolis"?
How to say that a city is in the side of another city? Is it neighborhood city?
Which one is correct — "at the city" or "in the city"?
What's the logical fallacy where people dismiss what you say as irrelevant to the real-world?
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Q: Short story akin to "The Machine Stops" (but isn't) I regret that this will be a question lacking in detail but, worth a try!
The basic concept is like that of Forster's "The Machine Stops" in that most people live in individual "rooms" and all their needs are attended to by technology. However, these "rooms" are not in large buildings (as they are in "TMS") but spread out over the land. I have a mental image of small domes, possibly orange or red in colour - but that could easily be my personal mental image and not based on in-story description. Again I have an image that the landscape is "sandy, rough scrubland" but that could also be unreliable.
I recall an escape (or possibly an extraction) of the main character from one of these rooms and, possibly, that there was dangerous wildlife (or maybe automated tracking machines to enforce the isolation?) to contend with out on the surface. i.e. a certain amount of creeping around by the characters.
With less certainty I recall an attempt to find the dome of someone else, previously known only virtually. If I had to guess I'd pick the main character to be male and this target character to be female.
I would mostly likely have read this in the 1980s in my "read everything sci-fi in the library until they've run out, then ask them to get more" phase. I didn't have access to magazines so most likely this would have been in a published anthology.
I hope I'm not confusing this with "Childhood's End" where I think there is phase where most people live in completely isolated homes but normally as families and they travel around by air vehicles. i.e. the spacing is just for privacy and/or personal taste and transport technology has removed any inconvenience.
A: This could be "Cocoon" (1962) by Keith Laumer ISFDB Listing, but if so, it has not been recalled fully.
I think the image below, cover of a collection that contains this story is intended to illustrate it in a rather vague way.
In that story, the VP character is in a small enclosure, with feeding and breathing tubes, and interactive TV channels to occupy him -- one permits him to "work" at the "office". There are also sit-com and sex fantasy channels, as well as news and public information, and mental therapy. He can communicate with his wife (in the cocoon next door), and with othee people, friends.
He was one of the first to "sign up" for "vital programming" and had been maintained in this way for over 200 years.
At the end
The city is being disrupted by a glacier. A group of young people try to encourage people to leave their cocoons, but dismiss the VPC as "too old". He cannot follow them as they leave, but makes it to the surface, where he dies.
Fit to the question
No match on "small domes" but there are very small enclosures, hardly more than coffins.
The MC does try to look for his wife;s cocoon, bur IIRC cannot get her out.
No match on "scrubland", but the surface is barren (a glacier, after all).
This has been reprinted in at least 3 single-author collections (I have 2 of them) and several anthologies.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
|
Mellon Foundation Unveils $125M Effort To Revitalize New York Arts Sector
From Artforum. Published 6/3/2021
A coalition of philanthropic foundations will devote $125 million over three years to New York State's arts economy as part of Creatives Rebuild New York, an initiative connected to Governor Andrew Cuomo's plan to remedy the devastating financial impact of the pandemic. Funded mainly by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation with the support of the Ford and Stavros Niarchos Foundations, the program will provide as many as 2,400 artists with guaranteed monthly income and will endow 300 full-time salaried positions across small-to-midsize art organizations statewide.
"The artists whose work helps to sustain us have faced particularly devastating circumstances resulting from unemployment, underemployment, and a lack of predictable paid incomes," said Elizabeth Alexander, president of the Mellon Foundation. "It's critical for the vibrancy of our cities that we recognize that making art is work, and artists are among our nation's most dedicated and necessary drivers of our economy."
The coronavirus has derailed New York's cultural sector, which before 2020 had accounted for nearly half a million jobs and generated around $120 billion for the state. While many art institutions around the state have reopened in some form, many are working with decimated workforces and budgets. The performing arts industry has taken the hardest blow, with 50 percent of those jobs being lost statewide, 72 percent in New York City, whose arts and recreation sector suffered a 60 percent drop in employment between February and April of last year.
Following the May 6 formation of the City Artist Corps—a $25 million federally backed effort to put artists in New York City back to work—CRNY's announcement is the latest of several initiatives in the country to experiment with universal basic income, increasingly considered as a viable solution to the virus's uneven costs; San Francisco implemented a general income pilot program for artists last October.
"These funds will address the financial hardship and combat systemic inequities that have long plagued the sector," said Emil J. Kang, the program director for arts and culture at the Mellon Foundation. "This is particularly the case for those artists serving small-to-midsized organizations, often led by and serving BIPOC communities."
Helmed by arts administrator Sarah Calderon, most recently the managing director of ArtPlace America, CRNY will on July 1 name its advisory board, to include artists, policymakers, researchers, and nonprofit leaders. Additional funding details will be announced on August 31.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
|
Video for We've All Had Lovers.
This song is played at Pagan Festivals its how we cast our circle on stage, sometimes.
By Design by lokigui Ostara MMX SOCAN All right protected.
You look so fine. You dress so well, like a fashion icon like CoCo Channel.
You're covered in ink from an artist's pen. A canvas, all want to see again and again.
Like a Chagall muted and blue. A master's touch has painted you. You're a work of art.
Picasso's muses had nothing on you. Kandinsky's women look like you.
You're guarded and priceless yet can't be sold like a piece of Art work that never grows old.
Artistically born, raised in rock style. It's your turn to walk a red carpet mile.
You're off in the world. It's your time to tour. Cameras are clicking. You're high couture.
It must be clear what your world thinks of you. You're a piece of art they value true.
Point the way blaze the trail. To many love you can't fail.
Yesterdays fashions have come to an end. Whatever you wear now is always the trend.
You look so fine. You once were mine. Like yesterdays fashion you have left me behind.
But my ink well is full, my brushes are wet. I've met my new canvas she will be my best work yet.
She will be my best work yet. and you I will forget.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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|
package org.apache.catalina.realm;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.security.Principal;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import javax.security.auth.Subject;
import javax.security.auth.callback.Callback;
import javax.security.auth.callback.CallbackHandler;
import javax.security.auth.callback.NameCallback;
import javax.security.auth.callback.PasswordCallback;
import javax.security.auth.callback.TextInputCallback;
import javax.security.auth.callback.UnsupportedCallbackException;
import javax.security.auth.login.FailedLoginException;
import javax.security.auth.login.LoginException;
import javax.security.auth.spi.LoginModule;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import org.apache.catalina.CredentialHandler;
import org.apache.juli.logging.Log;
import org.apache.juli.logging.LogFactory;
import org.apache.tomcat.util.IntrospectionUtils;
import org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.Digester;
/**
* <p>Implementation of the JAAS <strong>LoginModule</strong> interface,
* primarily for use in testing <code>JAASRealm</code>. It utilizes an
* XML-format data file of username/password/role information identical to
* that supported by <code>org.apache.catalina.realm.MemoryRealm</code>.</p>
*
* <p>This class recognizes the following string-valued options, which are
* specified in the configuration file and passed to {@link
* #initialize(Subject, CallbackHandler, Map, Map)} in the <code>options</code>
* argument:</p>
* <ul>
* <li><strong>pathname</strong> - Relative (to the pathname specified by the
* "catalina.base" system property) or absolute pathname to the
* XML file containing our user information, in the format supported by
* {@link MemoryRealm}. The default value matches the MemoryRealm
* default.</li>
* <li><strong>credentialHandlerClassName</strong> - The fully qualified class
* name of the CredentialHandler to use. If not specified, {@link
* MessageDigestCredentialHandler} will be used.</li>
* <li>Any additional options will be used to identify and call setters on the
* {@link CredentialHandler}. For example, <code>algorithm=SHA256</code>
* would result in a call to {@link
* MessageDigestCredentialHandler#setAlgorithm(String)} with a parameter of
* <code>"SHA256"</code></li>
* </ul>
*
* <p><strong>IMPLEMENTATION NOTE</strong> - This class implements
* <code>Realm</code> only to satisfy the calling requirements of the
* <code>GenericPrincipal</code> constructor. It does not actually perform
* the functionality required of a <code>Realm</code> implementation.</p>
*
* @author Craig R. McClanahan
*/
public class JAASMemoryLoginModule extends MemoryRealm implements LoginModule {
// We need to extend MemoryRealm to avoid class cast
private static final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(JAASMemoryLoginModule.class);
// ----------------------------------------------------- Instance Variables
/**
* The callback handler responsible for answering our requests.
*/
protected CallbackHandler callbackHandler = null;
/**
* Has our own <code>commit()</code> returned successfully?
*/
protected boolean committed = false;
/**
* The configuration information for this <code>LoginModule</code>.
*/
protected Map<String,?> options = null;
/**
* The absolute or relative pathname to the XML configuration file.
*/
protected String pathname = "conf/tomcat-users.xml";
/**
* The <code>Principal</code> identified by our validation, or
* <code>null</code> if validation failed.
*/
protected Principal principal = null;
/**
* The state information that is shared with other configured
* <code>LoginModule</code> instances.
*/
protected Map<String,?> sharedState = null;
/**
* The subject for which we are performing authentication.
*/
protected Subject subject = null;
// --------------------------------------------------------- Public Methods
public JAASMemoryLoginModule() {
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug("MEMORY LOGIN MODULE");
}
}
/**
* Phase 2 of authenticating a <code>Subject</code> when Phase 1
* fails. This method is called if the <code>LoginContext</code>
* failed somewhere in the overall authentication chain.
*
* @return <code>true</code> if this method succeeded, or
* <code>false</code> if this <code>LoginModule</code> should be
* ignored
*
* @exception LoginException if the abort fails
*/
@Override
public boolean abort() throws LoginException {
// If our authentication was not successful, just return false
if (principal == null) {
return false;
}
// Clean up if overall authentication failed
if (committed) {
logout();
} else {
committed = false;
principal = null;
}
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug("Abort");
}
return true;
}
/**
* Phase 2 of authenticating a <code>Subject</code> when Phase 1
* was successful. This method is called if the <code>LoginContext</code>
* succeeded in the overall authentication chain.
*
* @return <code>true</code> if the authentication succeeded, or
* <code>false</code> if this <code>LoginModule</code> should be
* ignored
*
* @exception LoginException if the commit fails
*/
@Override
public boolean commit() throws LoginException {
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug("commit " + principal);
}
// If authentication was not successful, just return false
if (principal == null) {
return false;
}
// Add our Principal to the Subject if needed
if (!subject.getPrincipals().contains(principal)) {
subject.getPrincipals().add(principal);
// Add the roles as additional subjects as per the contract with the
// JAASRealm
if (principal instanceof GenericPrincipal) {
String roles[] = ((GenericPrincipal) principal).getRoles();
for (int i = 0; i < roles.length; i++) {
subject.getPrincipals().add(new GenericPrincipal(roles[i], null, null));
}
}
}
committed = true;
return true;
}
/**
* Initialize this <code>LoginModule</code> with the specified
* configuration information.
*
* @param subject The <code>Subject</code> to be authenticated
* @param callbackHandler A <code>CallbackHandler</code> for communicating
* with the end user as necessary
* @param sharedState State information shared with other
* <code>LoginModule</code> instances
* @param options Configuration information for this specific
* <code>LoginModule</code> instance
*/
@Override
public void initialize(Subject subject, CallbackHandler callbackHandler,
Map<String,?> sharedState, Map<String,?> options) {
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug("Init");
}
// Save configuration values
this.subject = subject;
this.callbackHandler = callbackHandler;
this.sharedState = sharedState;
this.options = options;
// Perform instance-specific initialization
Object option = options.get("pathname");
if (option instanceof String) {
this.pathname = (String) option;
}
CredentialHandler credentialHandler = null;
option = options.get("credentialHandlerClassName");
if (option instanceof String) {
try {
Class<?> clazz = Class.forName((String) option);
credentialHandler = (CredentialHandler) clazz.newInstance();
} catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
}
}
if (credentialHandler == null) {
credentialHandler = new MessageDigestCredentialHandler();
}
for (Entry<String,?> entry : options.entrySet()) {
if ("pathname".equals(entry.getKey())) {
continue;
}
if ("credentialHandlerClassName".equals(entry.getKey())) {
continue;
}
// Skip any non-String values since any value we are interested in
// will be a String.
if (entry.getValue() instanceof String) {
IntrospectionUtils.setProperty(credentialHandler, entry.getKey(),
(String) entry.getValue());
}
}
setCredentialHandler(credentialHandler);
// Load our defined Principals
load();
}
/**
* Phase 1 of authenticating a <code>Subject</code>.
*
* @return <code>true</code> if the authentication succeeded, or
* <code>false</code> if this <code>LoginModule</code> should be
* ignored
*
* @exception LoginException if the authentication fails
*/
@Override
public boolean login() throws LoginException {
// Set up our CallbackHandler requests
if (callbackHandler == null)
throw new LoginException("No CallbackHandler specified");
Callback callbacks[] = new Callback[9];
callbacks[0] = new NameCallback("Username: ");
callbacks[1] = new PasswordCallback("Password: ", false);
callbacks[2] = new TextInputCallback("nonce");
callbacks[3] = new TextInputCallback("nc");
callbacks[4] = new TextInputCallback("cnonce");
callbacks[5] = new TextInputCallback("qop");
callbacks[6] = new TextInputCallback("realmName");
callbacks[7] = new TextInputCallback("md5a2");
callbacks[8] = new TextInputCallback("authMethod");
// Interact with the user to retrieve the username and password
String username = null;
String password = null;
String nonce = null;
String nc = null;
String cnonce = null;
String qop = null;
String realmName = null;
String md5a2 = null;
String authMethod = null;
try {
callbackHandler.handle(callbacks);
username = ((NameCallback) callbacks[0]).getName();
password =
new String(((PasswordCallback) callbacks[1]).getPassword());
nonce = ((TextInputCallback) callbacks[2]).getText();
nc = ((TextInputCallback) callbacks[3]).getText();
cnonce = ((TextInputCallback) callbacks[4]).getText();
qop = ((TextInputCallback) callbacks[5]).getText();
realmName = ((TextInputCallback) callbacks[6]).getText();
md5a2 = ((TextInputCallback) callbacks[7]).getText();
authMethod = ((TextInputCallback) callbacks[8]).getText();
} catch (IOException | UnsupportedCallbackException e) {
throw new LoginException(e.toString());
}
// Validate the username and password we have received
if (authMethod == null) {
// BASIC or FORM
principal = super.authenticate(username, password);
} else if (authMethod.equals(HttpServletRequest.DIGEST_AUTH)) {
principal = super.authenticate(username, password, nonce, nc,
cnonce, qop, realmName, md5a2);
} else if (authMethod.equals(HttpServletRequest.CLIENT_CERT_AUTH)) {
principal = super.getPrincipal(username);
} else {
throw new LoginException("Unknown authentication method");
}
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug("login " + username + " " + principal);
}
// Report results based on success or failure
if (principal != null) {
return true;
} else {
throw new FailedLoginException("Username or password is incorrect");
}
}
/**
* Log out this user.
*
* @return <code>true</code> in all cases because the
* <code>LoginModule</code> should not be ignored
*
* @exception LoginException if logging out failed
*/
@Override
public boolean logout() throws LoginException {
subject.getPrincipals().remove(principal);
committed = false;
principal = null;
return true;
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------- Realm Methods
// ------------------------------------------------------ Protected Methods
/**
* Load the contents of our configuration file.
*/
protected void load() {
// Validate the existence of our configuration file
File file = new File(pathname);
if (!file.isAbsolute()) {
String catalinaBase = getCatalinaBase();
if (catalinaBase == null) {
log.warn("Unable to determine Catalina base to load file " + pathname);
return;
} else {
file = new File(catalinaBase, pathname);
}
}
if (!file.canRead()) {
log.warn("Cannot load configuration file " + file.getAbsolutePath());
return;
}
// Load the contents of our configuration file
Digester digester = new Digester();
digester.setValidating(false);
digester.addRuleSet(new MemoryRuleSet());
try {
digester.push(this);
digester.parse(file);
} catch (Exception e) {
log.warn("Error processing configuration file " + file.getAbsolutePath(), e);
return;
} finally {
digester.reset();
}
}
private String getCatalinaBase() {
// Have to get this via a callback as that is the only link we have back
// to the defining Realm. Can't use the system property as that may not
// be set/correct in an embedded scenario
if (callbackHandler == null) {
return null;
}
Callback callbacks[] = new Callback[1];
callbacks[0] = new TextInputCallback("catalinaBase");
String result = null;
try {
callbackHandler.handle(callbacks);
result = ((TextInputCallback) callbacks[0]).getText();
} catch (IOException | UnsupportedCallbackException e) {
return null;
}
return result;
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
|
Dirhams and Dollars
Opec sees virtue in making use of a crisis
Only sticking point is that this took the better part of a year to reach fruition
Published: December 22, 2016 12:30 By John Defterios, Special to Gulf News
It was the former Prime Minister of Britain Sir Winston Churchill who was quoted as saying after the Second World War, "never let a good crisis go to waste". One could apply that same thinking to the oil market crisis of 2016 and the reaction from the world's major producers.
Panic set in when oil prices hit a 12-year low of just over $27 (Dh99) a barrel on January 20. It was that shock that led to the seeds being planted for a production cut agreement that took the rest of 2016 to deliver.
Since I spend about a third of my life covering the geo-politics of energy, it is worth recounting the effort it took to get 24 producers to cut 2 per cent of global oil supplies to dent a record glut of three billion barrels. The initial push came from an unlikely character, the soft-spoken, media shy Minister of Energy in Qatar, Mohammad Al Sada, who had taken over the rotating presidency of Opec.
After working for two months to reach a consensus, he called a meeting of 18 producers on his home sand of Doha.
A deal looked like it was in the offing, until the new Deputy Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammad bin Salman, flexed his muscle and called off an agreement after the long-serving oil minister Ali Al Nuaimi had already flown out of Riyadh. Al Nuaimi could barely hide his frustration going into the meeting and used the back door at the pyramid-shaped Sheraton hotel to duck out when talks broke down.
The tension behind closed doors sources told me was all about regional rival Iran and the country's expressed desire to stay out of a discussion about a production cut until it regained a pre-sanction level of 4 million barrels a day.
Conciliatory tone
There was so much bad blood spilt at that meeting, that at the scheduled June gathering of Opec ministers in Vienna there was a noticeable absence of substance put on the table. But there was a noticeable difference, a more conciliatory tone emerged from the Kingdom's new minister of energy and trusted confidant of the deputy crown prince.
Khalid Al Falih told me during an exclusive interview that balancing the market was their strategy with "a very strong preference in doing so in concert with our fellow Opec producers and in coordination with non-Opec producers," adding with emphasis, "that remains our position."
So after a quiet summer in the oil market, a new Opec Secretary-General Mohammad Barkindo rekindled the plan for a deal, making visits to Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq and Venezuela. Instead of creating a special venue for a meeting, Algeria's minister proposed using a planned hosting of the International Energy Forum in his capital to corral both Opec and non-Opec players to iron out their differences.
That effort led to what is now called the "Algiers Agenda", which was followed by an extraordinary meeting of Opec and subsequent agreement to give Iran, Libya and Nigeria special exemptions from cutting output.
The outline of a deal took shape and once Opec agreed to cut 1.2 million barrels it would force players like Russia, Kazakhstan, Oman and Mexico to put their cards on the table.
The rest, as they say, is history. The first joint cut since 2001, nearly 1.8 million barrels, is to start coming off the market starting in January. The aim is to deliver a sustained price recovery within a trading band of $55-$60 a barrel.
The UAE minister of energy suggested there are potentially additional plans in the pipeline. "This is just what we are committed to do, and I think there is more to come from Opec countries. I think together we will achieve the rebound and we will get back to seeing the recovery," Suhail Al Mazroui told me after the Opec meeting in Vienna.
In its final report before the end of 2017, the International Energy Agency said that if the cuts are done promptly and fully stick, then the market could be undersupplied in the first half of next year.
However, it is not clear sailing through the first half of 2017. The market reaction was solid but the production cuts coincide with strong winter demand in the US and Europe. And if prices stay north of $55 one needs to anticipate the impact this will have on US shale producers who had to retrench during the steep downturn.
"I think an oil price of $55-$60 will allow shale oil producers to make money and drill in some of the core areas quite happily," said Robin Mills, CEO of consultancy Qamar Energy.
But let's not spoil the period leading up to the holidays and the New Year. After the deal was sealed over the weekend in Vienna, the ministers of the two largest producers, Russia and Saudi Arabia, shared the podium and talked of common goals to rebalance the market.
As Sir Winston said, it is wise to never let a good crisis go to waste.
The writer is Emerging Markets Editor at CNNMoney
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|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
|
Social Pro Daily
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Nov. 2019 Ratings: MSNBC Delivered Some of Its Largest Weekday Audiences In Network History
NEXT:Nov. 2019 Ratings: Fox News Marks 41 Straight Months as Most-Watched Basic Cable Network, and Posts Year-Over-Year Growth
PREVIOUS:Scoreboard: Monday, Nov. 25
MSNBC | Ratings
By A.J. Katz on Nov. 26, 2019 - 4:36 PM Comment
November was one of the most-watched months of the year for MSNBC.
Not only that, but the NBCU politics-focused cable network posted record total viewer highs in total day (Monday-Sunday, 6 a.m. – 6 a.m.), dayside (Monday – Friday, 9 a.m. – 5 p.m.) and in Monday – Friday prime time. The network received a significant lift from highly-rated daytime impeachment coverage (highly-rated in total viewers, that is), and a Democratic primary debate in prime time.
Among all cable networks in Nov. 2019, MSNBC ranked No. 2 in total viewers in total day and No. 3 in prime time.
Compared with Nov. 2018, MSNBC was +18% in total day viewers (6 a.m. – 6 a.m.) and +12% in total prime time viewers. Among adults 25-54, MSNBC was +6% in prime time and +5% in total day.
Neither Fox News nor CNN could claim year-over-year growth in all of those measurements and dayparts.
The ratings for Nov., 2019 (Nielsen Live + Same Day data):
Prime time (Mon-Sun): 2,060,000 total viewers / 352,000 A25-54
Total Day (Mon-Sun): 1,208,000 total viewers / 190,000 A25-54
According to MSNBC's press release (shown below), Rachel Maddow was No. 1 on cable news among adults 25-54, averaging 572,000 demo viewers, vs. 554,000 for Hannity. However, according to another Nielsen data source, Hannity was No. 1 in the demo, averaging 552,000 for 17 first-run telecasts in November, whereas 19 telecasts of Tucker Carlson averaged 551,000 and 19 telecasts of Maddow averaged only 540,000. Both Hannity and Carlson received a ratings boost from a number of Trump rallies which took place during their respective hours, which were televised. MSNBC did not televise any Trump rallies at 9 p.m. this month, to the best of my knowledge.
What can't be argued between the two networks is that Maddow had her most-watched month since January (3.2 million), and was +9% in total viewers from the prior November, a month that featured a midterm election.
In November, The 11th Hour with Brian Williams continued to perform well at 11 p.m. The show ranked No. 1 in its timeslot among adults 25-54 for the 2nd consecutive month, and No. 1 in total viewers for the 4th consecutive month, beating CNN Tonight with Don Lemon and Fox News @ Night with Shannon Bream. In A25-54, The 11th Hour was the only program to grow viewership (+9%) while Fox and CNN were down double digits from Nov. 2018.
Deadline: White House with Nicolle Wallace was the most-watched cable news show at 4 p.m. for the third straight month, averaging a record 2 million total viewers. And for the first time in program history, Deadline was one of the 10-most-watched cable news shows for a month.
Additionally, MSNBC's coverage of the impeachment hearings into Pres. Trump led MSNBC to its best week ever in network history for total day.
But there were some negatives for MSNBC. With the exception of Maddow, the network continues to struggle a bit with capturing adults 25-54 compared to recent years. Even TRMS is down in the demo, despite ranking high on the cable news totem pole in the category.
Additionally, the MSNBC-Washington Post Democratic primary debate on Nov. 20 ended up being the lowest-rated of the election cycle so far.
Here's MSNBC's release:
MSNBC SCORES RECORD TOTAL-VIEWER HIGHS; "MADDOW" IS AGAIN #1 IN A25-54 AT 9PM IN NOVEMBER
"Morning Joe" More than Doubles CNN in Total Viewers, Beating CNN in Total Viewers for the 57th Straight Month and in A25-54 for the 25th Straight Month
MSNBC Total Day (M-Su 6am-6am) and Dayside (M-F 9am-5pm) are #2 Across all of Cable, Growing More Than FOX News and CNN in Total Viewers
MSNBC Dayside Beats CNN in Total Viewers; Has Best Month in Network History and Widest Lead Over CNN with Nearly 500K Viewers
MSNBC Prime (M-F 8pm-11pm) Breaks MSNBC Record, Achieves Highest Lead Over CNN Ever
"The 11th Hour with Brian Williams" at 11pm Reigns at #1 in A25-54 for the 2nd Straight Month and in Total Viewers for the 4th Straight Month
"Deadline: White House" at 4pm is Again #1 for the 3rd Consecutive Month in Total Viewers in Record-Breaking Month
"All In with Chris Hayes" at 8pm Beats CNN in A25-54 for the 2nd Month in a Row and for the 36th Month in a Row in Total Viewers
"The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell" at 10pm Tops CNN for the 12th Straight Month in A25-54 and the 54th Straight Month in Total Viewers
Every Weekday Hour Between 5am-3am Dominates CNN Among Total Viewers, On Saturdays "AM Joy" Tops CNN for the 25th Straight Month
Impeachment Hearings Lead MSNBC to Its Highest Rated Week on November 18th Among Total Viewers in Total Day and Dayside
NEW YORK (November 26, 2019) – MSNBC total day (M-Su 6am-6am), dayside (M-F 9am-5pm) and prime (M-F 8pm-11pm) capped November with record-total viewer highs, according to Nielsen.
MSNBC's "The Rachel Maddow Show" won the 9pm hour for the 2nd month in a row among regularly scheduled programming, topping FOX News and CNN in A25-54. This was the 34th month in a row that "Maddow" beat CNN. "Maddow" averaged 572,000 viewers A25-54 (vs. FOX News' 554,000 for "Hannity" with specials and CNN's 298,000) and 3.3M total viewers (vs. CNN's 1.3M). "Maddow" delivered its highest total viewership since January 2019 and was up +9% in total viewers since November 2018, more than CNN (-3%).
MSNBC topped CNN in both A25-54 and total viewers in total day. In total day, MSNBC was the only cable news network to grow in A25-54 (+5%) while FOX News and CNN were down (FOX News -11% and CNN -21%) compared to November 2018. In total viewers, MSNBC grew more than the competition +10% (vs. FOX News' +8% and CNN's 0%) compared to November 2018. Total day averaged 1.2M total viewers (vs. CNN's 767,000) and 194,000 viewers A25-54 (vs. CNN's 183,000).
In November, MSNBC dayside achieved record viewership in both total viewers and A25-54. In total viewers, MSNBC had its best month in network history averaging 1.5M total viewers and beating CNN by a record 471,000. In A25-54, dayside averaged 208,000 viewers, the highest for the network since November 2008. Dayside viewership increased +19% in A25-54 compared to November 2018 growing more than FOX News (-5%) and CNN (+3%). In total viewers, dayside ranked #2 among all cable networks for the 16th straight month. Dayside total viewership increased +40% more than FOX News (+15%) and CNN (+18%).
MSNBC prime (M-F 8pm-11pm) posted a record-breaking month. In A25-54, prime averaged 474,000 viewers, the highest since September 2018, and achieved the largest lead over CNN +189,000. In total viewers, prime averaged 2.7M, the highest ever in network history, delivering the widest lead over CNN ever with more than 1.5M total viewers. Prime grew more than any cable news channel in November, increasing A25-54 viewership by +8% while FOX News (-12%) and CNN (-38%) were both down compared to November 2018. In total viewers, prime also had its highest delivery since September 2018 and ranked #2 among cable news channels in the time period for the 36th straight month.
"Morning Joe" at 6am more than doubled CNN in total viewers drawing 1.25M total viewers (vs. CNN's 568,000). November marked the 57th month in a row that "Morning Joe" topped CNN in total viewers. In A25-54, "Morning Joe" beat CNN for the 25th straight month in a row averaging 209,000 viewers (vs. CNN's138,000).
"The 11th Hour with Brian Williams" at 11pm is ranked #1 in A25-54 for the 2nd consecutive month and #1 in total viewers for the 4th consecutive month beating CNN for the 40th straight month. In A25-54, "The 11th Hour" was the only program to grow increasing viewership by +9% while FOX News (-21%) and CNN (-38%) were both down compared to November 2018. In total viewers, "The 11th Hour" was up +6% while FOX News (-1%) and CNN (-17%) were both down compared to November 2018.
"Deadline: White House" at 4pm ranked #1 in total viewers for the 3rd straight month among total viewers averaging a record-breaking 2M total viewers, nearly doubling CNN's 1.1M and topping FOX News' 1.8M. "Deadline" was up +28% in total viewers compared to November 2018 (vs. FOX News +10% and CNN +2%). In A25-54, "Deadline" ranked #2 in the hour and saw its best delivery since January 2019 drawing 259,000 viewers (vs. CNN's 255,000). The program's A25-54 viewership increased +10% since November 2018 while FOX News (-5%) and CNN (-14%) were both down.
"All In with Chris Hayes" at 8pm drew 2M total viewers, the program's best delivery since January 2019, besting CNN's 1.2M for the 36th month in a row. In A25-54, "All In" was ranked #2 with 335,000 viewers besting CNN's 307,000 for the 2nd month in a row.
"The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell" at 10pm dominated CNN in total viewers for the 54th straight month with 2.3M total viewers (vs. CNN's 1M). In A25-54, "The Last Word" beat CNN for the 12th straight month with 365,000 viewers (vs. CNN's 261,000).
In November, every weekday MSNBC program from 5am-3am beat CNN in total viewers: "Morning Joe First Look" at 5am for the 25th straight month; "MSNBC Live with Stephanie Ruhle" at 9am for the 34th straight month; "MSNBC Live with Hallie Jackson" at 10am for the 26th straight month; "MSNBC Live with Craig Melvin" at 11am for the 26th straight month; "Andrea Mitchell Reports" at 12pm for the 29th straight month; "MSNBC Live with Velshi & Ruhle" at 1pm for the 25th straight month; "MSNBC Live with Katy Tur" at 2pm for the 13th straight month; "MSNBC Live with Ali Velshi" at 3pm for the 25th straight month; "MTP Daily" at 5pm for the 31st straight month; "The Beat with Ari Melber" at 6pm for the 29th straight month and "Hardball with Chris Matthews" at 7pm for the 40th straight month.
MSNBC's coverage of the historic impeachment hearings into President Donald Trump led MSNBC to its best week ever in network history for total day during the week of November 18th. MSNBC total day averaged 1.4M in total viewers (MSNBC's previous record was 1.3M during the week of November 11th).
NOTE: November 2019 ratings are based on Nielsen most current data day for October 28, 2019 – November 24, 2019. Individual show data for the month represents regular programming only, excluding specials and breaking news.
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Jake John Deters
Jake John Deters On Sunday, August 19, 2018 the world lost a very special man. Jake John Deters' life was taken from him, from beyond his control. Jake had many talents. He held a mechanical engineering degree from Minnesota State University, Mankato . Jake was an accomplished machinist, something he used for precision gunsmithing. Jake was an excellent mechanic. He was capable of anything from servicing a combine, to rebuilding a 24 valve diesel engine, and on to overhauling large 6 cylinder aircraft engines. Jake's welding abilities started at a very young age. Using an old AC stick welder, Jake and his brother Isaac built an off road go kart. Combining engineering and the greater welding skills learned from his brother Luke, he was able to bring any mechanical idea into reality. Often, this work involved modifying a farm machine. Jake was a natural pilot. He was first exposed to flying with his grandpa and dad. Later in life, as his interest grew, his skills were honed and perfected by his brother Isaac's flight instruction. The two brothers had a blast! Jake drove semis and dump trucks. The three brothers and dad took a college course together and each received their commercial driver's license on the same day. Jake loved fishing and hunting. He knew where to find the big trout and how to catch them. His favorite form of hunting was to call in bucks by himself. If it wasn't the one he wanted, he didn't take it. His modesty kept his "fish stories" a bit smaller than they actually were in real life! Jake was a farmer at heart. He loved working with his brothers and dad. To Jake, the absolute peak of the year would be a sunny October afternoon in the driver's seat of his White 9700 combine affectionately named "Trouble". Many acres were harvested under the watchful eye of the big guy. Jake was a "younger" brother, an "older" brother, a son, and a grandson. But most certainly he grew to be the "biggest" brother. Jake loved, cared for, helped, and protected his family. First on the list would be his grandma. Jake John Deters was born September 16, 1984. He went on to a greater life August 19, 2018. We love and miss you Jake. Your loving family, Dad, Isaac & Toni, Luke & Bridgette, and Grandma
Jake John Deters On Sunday, August 19, 2018 the world lost a very special man. Jake John Deters' life was taken from him, from beyond his control. Jake had many talents. He held a mechanical engineering degree from Minnesota State... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Jake John Deters created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
On Sunday, August 19, 2018 the world lost...
Send flowers to the Deters family.
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CITIZEN PROMASTER. DIVER'S 200MT. WEIGHT: 95. BRACELET MATERIAL: Rubber. FUNZIONE: data-ora.
Very nice ISO rated dive watch. Design and accuracy punch way above its weight class. Came with yellow fake scuba tank presentation container. Value is remarkable and it's easily as nice as Seiko skxoo7. Only thing to consider: it does not have micro adjustments on the clasp so it might be hit or miss whether the bracelet fits your particular wrist size. Fortunately for me, I was able to remove links to a perfect sizing on my wrist. But that may not happen for your wrist size. These are getting very hard to find brand new. It has been an excellent acquisition for me and gets worn a lot.
I picked up a really good deal on this watch that has been discontinued by Citizen. I've been wanting it for a long time and thought I better pull the trigger. I got the jewel bracelet which is really nice, but I replace it with a bullfrog strap from ClockworkBIRDshop. The movement is really nice. Great lume. It has been compared a million times to the Seiko SKX, which I also have. They are interchangeable and you can even go with the SKX on the left arm, and the NY0040 on the right arm as the crowns are on opposite sides of the dial if you're inclined. I'm so happy with this. I was initially thinking about waiting and reselling it, but it's been on my wrist since I opened the box, which is so remarkably extraordinary. It comes in a little diver tank. Such a nice touch!
This may be the best entry level automatic diver on the market today!
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Wedge Island, located just a kilometre or so south from the world famous Great Keppel Island, opposite the thriving coastal town of Emu Park and only 5km by boat to all the mainland shops and facilities.
This 23-acre island property has all the fun aspects you would want on your private Island apart from that big house.
The owner has created the magic on the island ready for new owners, who can take the island to the next level by building their island get away home. The island does however have a hot water shower, toilet and a storage shed with all the tents and camping gear, and is designed for family and friends to stay a couple of nights and enjoy all the water facilities during the day and the sunsets at night.
The waters are teeming with fish and crayfish. I'm told by the owner you have to hide behind a tree at times to bait your hook..
There are places to see on island, such as small private sandy beaches and water sports, diving, wake boarding or simply just exploring the island. The grasslands on the island are perfect for all social activities, or just looking out over the waters to the other islands whilst preparing evening meal or BBQ and drinking your favorite beverage whilst you watch the sunset on another amazing day in the Keppel's.
For further details including an Information Memorandum, please contact Richard direct on 0415 107 515 or complete the form below.
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You are here: Home / Hawks / Winter / Boys' Wrestling / Ankeny wrestlers post 4-2 mark at Battle of Waterloo, place 6th among 32 teams
Ankeny wrestlers post 4-2 mark at Battle of Waterloo, place 6th among 32 teams
December 20, 2021 by Dan Holm
The Ankeny wrestlers went 4-2 and placed sixth overall among 32 squads in the Battle of Waterloo on Friday and Saturday at Young Arena. (Photo courtesy of Jackie Frisk)
Ankeny wrestling coach Jack Wignall is excited about where his team is at heading into the holiday break.
He's even more excited about where the Hawks are headed.
Ankeny defeated four of its six opponents and placed sixth overall among 32 squads in the Battle of Waterloo on Friday and Saturday at Young Arena. The 10th-ranked Hawks are now 7-2 on the season.
"This is the best December that we've ever had from a wrestling standpoint," Wignall said. "We're wrestling at a pretty high level, and we've never done that before. The guys wrestled really hard this weekend, even the ones who didn't have a lot of success. We're right where we want to be, and it's pretty exciting."
Ankeny went 2-1 on Friday and placed second in its eight-team pool. The Hawks opened the tournament with a 53-23 victory over New Hampton/Turkey Valley, then followed with a 40-37 triumph over Cresco (Crestwood).
Ankeny then faced Don Bosco, the No. 1 team in Class 1A, for the right to advance to Saturday's championship pool. Don Bosco posted a 45-28 decision, sending the Hawks into a round-robin pool that would determine fifth through eighth place.
Ankeny's Truman Folkers tries to take Mitchell Schmauss of Cresco (Crestwood) to his back during a 106-pound match in the Battle of Waterloo on Friday. Folkers posted a 10-1 major decision to help the Hawks to a 40-37 victory. (Photo courtesy of Jackie Frisk)
"I love tournaments like this," Wignall said. "We got to wrestle some teams that we don't typically see. Honestly, it's one of my favorite tournaments. The atmosphere is great, and I really like the matchups that we get."
On Saturday, Ankeny got off to a good start with a 43-22 victory over Osage, the No. 2 team in Class 2A. The Hawks then dropped a 37-35 decision to No. 5 Linn-Mar (Marion).
Linn-Mar built a 25-0 lead before Ankeny rallied.
"It was crazy that we were able to claw back the way that we did," Wignall said.
Wignall was disappointed with the loss, but wasn't unhappy with his team's effort. After the loss, he asked his wrestlers if any of them wanted to address the squad.
"JJ Maihan, Jace (Anderson) and Trever (Anderson) all stepped up," Wignall said. "These kids care, and they're leading this team. The leadership on this team is unlike any other team I've been around."
Ankeny's Xander Kenworthy controls Teegan McEnany of Independence during a 170-pound match on Saturday at the Battle of Waterloo. Kenworthy posted a 7-1 decision to help the Hawks to a 36-32 triumph that wrapped up a sixth-place finish in the tournament. (Photo courtesy of Jackie Frisk)
The Hawks then closed out the tournament with a 36-32 win over Independence, the No. 10 team in Class 2A. Wignall also praised his assistant coaches for the team's success this weekend.
"We're a close-knit group, and we're all on the same page," he said. "I could not be happier and more impressed with the coaches that we have."
Top-ranked Trever Anderson went 5-0 in the tournament at 120 pounds. He recorded two pins and a technical fall while raising his mark to 16-0.
"Trever was sicker than a dog," Wignall said. "I don't know what he has–it's not COVID–but what he does on a daily basis is a true testament to the kind of kid he is. His preparation is just incredible."
No. 5 Jace Anderson went 5-1 with three pins at 145. His only loss came to No. 6 Grant Kress of Linn-Mar, who got a fall with less than 10 seconds left in the match.
Anderson is now 15-3.
Ankeny's Teagen Peiffer battles Landon Bushman of Linn-Mar (Marion) during a 160-pound match on Saturday at the Battle of Waterloo. Peiffer posted a 13-11 decision, but it wasn't enough for the Hawks as Linn-Mar posted a 37-35 victory. (Photo courtesy of Jackie Frisk)
"Jace beat some really good kids," Wignall said. "That was a really tight match with (Kress). I don't call it losing–it's learning."
No. 9 Ben Hansen also went 5-1 with four falls at 126 and is now 14-3 overall. His only loss came to No. 5 Brayden Parke of Linn-Mar, 10-7.
No. 8 Cade Bennethum went 5-1 with five pins at 195. Truman Folkers went 4-0 at 106.
The Hawks won't compete again until Jan. 6 when they travel to Ankeny Centennial for a dual meet against the Jaguars.
"We love where this team is at right now," Wignall said. "It's amazing."
Filed Under: Boys' Wrestling, Hawks Tagged With: Featured, Jack Wignall
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I am designing again. I've had no shortage of ideas accumulating in corners of my brain and in various notebooks, but since the last year of the PhD pretty much sucked out most of the creative energy, time, and confidence that I had lying around, I haven't been acting on many of them.
And then, of course, I get about 4 inches into one project and immediately my self-conscious starts with the questions.
Why did I choose this yarn? Did I buy enough? What if I didn't get enough? What if I can never find any more of Araucania Ranco PT496 ever again? (Subquestion: why is it called PT496? Surely there must be a real name? Why does said real name fail to appear on the label?) Why the hell did I have to start these as knee socks anyway? Regular short socks would never be causing me these problems, right? And for that matter why can I no longer do math? Why have I mis-counted the # of calf stitches approximately five times already? Will I be able to read my pencil scribblings at the end of all of this?
Why didn't I start in with the sweater idea instead?
I think I'll start a countdown to weekend happy hour.
I've just finished a stint of designing and all I can say is I understand and share your pain. Truly. *hugs* All will work out though.
I haven't designed a lot of knitting patterns, but as a graphic designer, I would say: Never underestimate the thinking power of your subconscious. This may be the perfect time to do a few swatches for that sweater, letting your subconscious work out your sock problem.
Good luck on the designs– I'm sure they'll be fab!
Good idea, that count down to happy hour. In the meantime, just breathe… pet your swatches… you can count those stitches again later… you design because you really, truly, bottom line love it.
I'm having a little drool fest over those colours in that sock yarn, yum.
Happy hour! Is that tonight? For me it is!
It's scary how sometimes knitting seems like a big leap. I thought I was supposed to be able to control everything?? But I'd like to echo Jen's comment–it's gotta be easier sometimes to let your subconscious percolate around it rather than thinking it through too much. Looks pretty though!
Man, I wish they wouldn't use those alphanumeric names for yarn colors. "Bronze" and "Bluebell" and "Cotton Candy" always sound so much cooler.
My foray into designing has been little custom-made projects, like socks for my son, my entry for the MDK project runway, that sort of thing. I've thought about trying to design a sweater (I actually have a couple neat ideas), but I have NO idea about sizing! Where do you even start? It amazes me that people can do it at all. I once checked out the Deborah Newton book on sweater design and there was so much info it made my head spin.
Good luck. The yarn is gorgeous and I can't wait to see when it's all knit up!
Why? Well, "Why not?" *laugh* Can't wait to see the project all completed.
All of that makes you a great designer! Congratulations! Do your swatches purr when you pet them?
I love your designs, Martha. I'm sure the socks will be awesome, you'll have enough yarn, and theat forthcoming sweater idea will be brilliant. Don't let that self-doubt get to you!
I hear you on alpanumeric code names- Is it that hard to name a yarn 'sea glass' or 'picasso's blue period'? Come on!!
The blue yarn is very pretty, I'm sure your socks will be gorgeous.
My designing often seems to be a start-stop process. I do a bit then I need to do something mindless while I work through the next step.
I look forward to seeing the fruits of your designing. I am trying to write up a pattern at the moment and everytime I knit a sample I change something … I could be a while!!!
You're created great designs in the past, so I'm sure that whatever you end up with this time around will be good too. Just let your creativity guide you and it will be fine!
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The I-Team has an exclusive look at the marketing and prescribing of a newer drug addiction treatment inside Illinois' judicial system.
CHICAGO (WLS) -- As the raging opioid epidemic shows little sign of slowing up, a monthly shot is offering a new kind of treatment option.
Vivitrol is the brand name of extended-release naltrexone, a once-a-month shot patients can take for up to a year.
Naltrexone, or Vivitrol, works differently than other conventional drug therapies. It blocks the brain from the effects of opioids.
The injection has been heavily marketed to non-medical professionals including lawmakers, judges, county jails and other criminal justice officials. That marketing started long before the current advertising that is now taking place across the Chicago area.
The I-Team went inside the Will County Jail as a medical team from Family Guidance Centers, Inc., arrived to deliver monthly shots to prisoners with a drug addiction history who were interested in trying the drug.
Vivitrol is more expensive than other treatments at about $1,300 a shot, and it requires a full detox first. Advocates of Vivitrol say it's easier to maintain than daily treatments and can't be abused.
Nick Castiglia, 32, told the I-Team he was addicted to heroin since he was in high school. He said at his lowest point he was revived twice with Narcan after overdosing. He had an extensive criminal history for thefts and burglaries, which he said were the result of his need to pay for his dangerous habit.
Eventually Castiglia was accepted into the Kane County Drug Court program. There he began an intensive addiction treatment program, which included the monthly Vivitrol shots.
The state of Illinois is dedicating millions of dollars in federal grant money to study Vivitrol based programs. Currently Will County and eight other jails are participating in a new pilot program in Illinois.
Less than a year in, the state's most recent numbers show that of 279 people who started on Vivitrol 91 percent continued the shots as part of their treatment program after getting out of jail.
The Assistant Secretary for Programs at the Illinois Department of Human Services said the hope is to try use intervention through the criminal justice system not only to affect their judicial outcomes but also improve addicts' long term health.
The I-Team was granted special permission to recently see one of the drug court sessions in action.
Judge Marmarie Kostelny said she appreciated the manufacturer of Vivitrol marketing to judges because she never would have known about it otherwise, and could not have used it as a tool in her courtroom to help people who have serious addictions.
Critics said health professionals should make recommendations about medication, not those in criminal justice.
They welcomed Vivitrol as an option, but warned the expectations may be too high. They want those in need to know that two other treatments, suboxone and methadone, have a long track record of effectiveness and safety. They said they worry Vivitrol will be offered at the exclusion of other medications.
Judge Kostelny said in her court, medication assisted treatment is not required and Vivitrol is not the only option offered, but she's seeing notable success.
Castiglia now has a full time job, and this week will be graduating from the drug court program. Earlier this month he marked a year of sobriety and feels optimistic about his future.
"If you do mess up, do not give up on yourself. It's a fight and you are going to have to keep fighting the rest of your life," he said.
The manufacturer of Vivitrol declined a TV interview with the I-Team. In an e-mailed statement the company said Vivitrol treatment increased in the general population last year more than 25 percent, but noted that most prison addicts receive no treatment at all. The also said all drug patients should have access to treatment. The company also claimed the $1,300 cost is covered by most insurance. Alternative medications cost roughly $300 to $500 a month and are also covered by most insurance.
1. Do you think about drugs a lot?
2. Did you ever try to stop or cut down on your drug usage but couldn't?
3. Have you ever thought you couldn't fit in or have a good time without the use of drugs?
4. Do you ever use drugs because you are upset or angry at other people?
5. Have you ever used a drug without knowing what it was or what it would do to you?
6. Have you ever taken one drug to get over the effects of another?
7. Have you ever made mistakes at a job or at school because you were using drugs?
8. Does the thought of running out of drugs really scare you?
9. Have you ever stolen drugs or stolen to pay for drugs?
10. Have you ever been arrested or in the hospital because of your drug use?
11. Have you ever overdosed on drugs?
12. Has using drugs hurt your relationships with other people?
Thank you for your interest in learning more about VIVITROL.
VIVITROL is a once-monthly, injectable, extended-release form of the oral medication naltrexone and the only FDA-approved medication for the prevention of relapse to opioid dependence. VIVITROL is an opioid receptor antagonist, which means it is a blocking medication. It works by attaching to opioid receptors without causing the release of dopamine and blocking opioid molecules from attaching to the opioid receptors. Administered once monthly by a healthcare professional, VIVITROL is non-addictive and is not associated with diversion. Patients must go through detoxification from opioids and be opioid-free for a minimum of 7-10 days before starting VIVITROL.
There is both clinical and real-world data to support the efficacy of VIVITROL. Since its approval for the prevention of relapse from opioid dependence, more than 350,000 patients have been treated with VIVITROL. In the fourth quarter of 2017, the number of patients treated with VIVITROL reached approximately 33,500 patients per month, which is a 26.4% increase over the fourth quarter of 2016.
In November 2017, results from a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded study demonstrated that patients who began therapy with VIVITROL or buprenorphine-naloxone, the current standard of treatment, had comparable outcomes. The results, published in The Lancet, reported that about half of people with opioid addiction who took either medication remained free from relapse six months later.
In October 2017, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Psychiatry published results from the first-ever study directly comparing the effectiveness of VIVITROL to daily buprenorphine-naloxone. The study showed that treatment with VIVITROL was as effective as buprenorphine-naloxone in maintaining short-term abstinence from heroin and other illicit opioids.
Awareness of VIVITROL as a treatment option remains relatively low and we often hear from patients and caregivers that they want to understand all their treatment options. We are responding to this need and launching awareness campaigns such as the campaign in Chicago, which is aimed to inform patients and caregivers about VIVITROL so that they can consider all available treatment options and have informed discussions with their healthcare providers to choose a treatment plan that is right for them.
There is also a need for greater awareness in other treatment settings. According to a study by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 65% of the prison population in the United States is addicted to drugs or alcohol, but only 11% receive treatment. In the face of the expanding opioid epidemic, we believe that all patients, regardless of their treatment setting, should have access to treatment for opioid dependence.
The wholesale acquisition cost (WAC) for VIVITROL is approximately $1,300 per month. VIVITROL is fully covered by Illinois Medicaid and managed Medicaid. Most commercial health insurance plans within Illinois cover VIVITROL and with Alkermes' patient co-pay savings program most patients in Illinois have low or no out-of-pocket costs for VIVITROL treatment. VIVITROL is currently covered by Medicaid in all 50 states and has strong national reimbursement coverage by most major insurance companies and public systems. More than 90% of patients have insurance coverage for VIVITROL.
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FFW>>
Get bookish this weekend
Posted By Andy Mulkerin on Fri, Jul 30, 2010 at 4:57 PM
In lieu of a regular ol' weekend overview this week, I'm highlighting two weekend events that benefit good, and bookish, causes. Ready?
Tonight at Howlers is Literazzi, a benefit for the Greater Pittsburgh Literacy Council. The $5 cover nets you performances by an array of local spoken-word/performace types: Ashly Nagrant, Jenn Dallas, Nikki Allen, Jocelyn Hillen, Michael McGovern, Lance Cheuvront, Patti Emory. Plus there'll be a raffle and a Howlers favorite, live-band punk rock karaoke. It's all hosted by local writer Kristin Ross, whose birthday it is, so give her punches.
Then tomorrow (Saturday) night at Remedy is Bookstock II, the sequel to last September's benefit to raise money and awareness of the Carnegie Libraries' financial crisis. Performers include TypewriterGirls, JonBro, Dean Cercone, and the Fake Sinatras; additionally, there will be art auctions, library trading cards(?!) and some DJ's (Mary Mack, ja(m) (bo)x, and JoeyJ, friends of libraries all). It's a sliding-scale deal, $5-10, no one turned away for lack of funds.
That's TWO chances in one weekend to check out some quality local talent and support readerly causes. And you don't even have to do any reading yourself. What could be better?
Tags: FFW>>
Gene Ludwig Tribute This Weekend
Posted By Bill O'Driscoll on Thu, Jul 29, 2010 at 6:17 PM
Ludwig, a star of the local jazz scene, was to have performed at this Sunday's opening night of Citiparks' Reservoir of Jazz concert series. It would have been a nice launch for this year's series, and probably heavy on the veteran organist's familiar favorites, like "It's You or No One."
But the show will have to go on without Ludwig, of Monroeville: This pillar of Pittsburgh jazz died July 14, at age 72. Instead, the Reservoir of Jazz (a Highland Park tradition) will open with a Tribute to Gene Ludwig. A quintet including Ludwig collaborators will honor him with a set including other favorites, like "Birk's Works," and such Ludwig originals as "Louie & Jazz" and "Duff's Blues."
The band will include Jay Willis (tenor sax), Mark Strickland (guitar), Tim Jenkins (piano), Jeff Grubbs (bass) and Thomas Wendt (drums).
Missing will be Ludwig's own tones, which the Cambria County native (who grew up in Wilkinsburg and Swissvale) honed for a half-century, playing jazz and R&B, locally, on the chitlin' circuit, and in Atlantic City, among other places. He was best known for his stylings on the classic Hammond B-3 organ.
The free tribute show is 5-7 p.m. Sun., Aug. 1 (412-255-2391 or visit www.citiparks.net).
Tags: Program Notes
Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble
Posted By Bill O'Driscoll on Wed, Jul 28, 2010 at 11:42 AM
Under artistic director Kevin Noe, PNME has for years been a musical initiative that warrants performing in a place like its longtime home, City Theatre's main state. The July 23-24 program went particularly far in utilizing the stage as would a theater company -- one that also performs adventuresome and devilishly complex music.
At the center was pianist Conor Hanick, performing all dozen movements of György Ligeti's "Musica Ricercata." (It's a partly structural work, with the first piece limited to just two notes, and each succeeding section adding one note to the palette.) But between each movement, other members of the ensemble emerged from the wings to perform some other short work, each occupying a different part of the stage in a circle around Hanick.
Some of the pieces were designed to be theatrical. Thierry de Mey's "Musique de Tables," for instance, consists of three performers whose only instruments are one butcher-block of wood each and the hands and fingers they variously slapped, thumped and rapped upon the wood, a marvelous bit of percussive play. More stage-friendly still was Emmanuel Séjourné's "Vous Avez de Feu?" -- four musicians playing cigarette lighters, the noise of the spark-wheel the only sound, the brief little flames dramatically echoing the "notes" on the darkened stage.
(Most of the works, of course, were performed on conventional instruments: violin, marbimba, cello, clarinet.)
Sometimes, PNME's staging can get a little corny or labored, and the visual impact of the third movement of "Tables" was somewhat blunted for being performed way upstage (behind pianist Hanick). But because this show -- like most PNME programs -- was composed of several short works, it was a fast-moving hour whose highlights only began with Hanick's terrific work.
There's one more chance this season to see PNME, whose musicians hail from around the country and the world. (Violinist Natalie Shaw, for instance, lives in Paris, and Noe himself is based in Austin, Texas.)
The fourth and final 2010 PNME program takes place July 30 and 31 (www.pnme.org). The show features five works, including the world-premiere commission "Radiance," by Ned McGowan, and Radiohead's "Like Spinning Plates."
MP3 MONDAY: Boulevard of the Allies
Posted By Kelsey Shea on Mon, Jul 26, 2010 at 4:00 PM
In Pittsburgh, the Boulevard of the Allies isn't just a road running through Downtown that backs up every day at five o'clock. It's also the name of a local alternative band that sounds straight out of the '90s. Hopefully this week's MP3 Monday track, called "Man in the Photograph," will keep your rolling, even through rush hour.
"The Man in the Photograph" is a pretty upbeat tune with nice breezy guitar parts and a catchy refrain. It's the title track off Boulevard of the Allies' debut album, and you can hear why for yourself by clicking here!
Joel Lindsey, the band's singer, will be hosting Club Café's AcoustiCafe open mic tonight, starting at 7 p.m. And on Wed., July 28, the band will play Espresso Amano's new "Tip Jar" acoustic music series, with fellow performers Dream Job and Clinton Clegg. The event runs from 7-10:30 p.m., with an open mic segment beginning at 9:30 p.m. For more info, visit the Boulevard of the Allies website.
Tags: FFW>> , Image
More with Josh from Meeting of Important People
Posted By Andy Mulkerin on Thu, Jul 22, 2010 at 5:16 PM
Sometimes you do an interview and it's kind of long, but good. And you only have 750 words of room in the paper, so you have to cut the interview down -- plus there's the matter of making the interview fit some kind of arc that will actually make sense in that space. But you know that the interview is a fun and interesting read in its entirety, or at least in a less abridged version.
So, you put it online, where there is an infinite amount of space.
That's what I'm doing with my interview this week with Josh Verbanets of Meeting of Important People. The edited version that ran in the paper is here, along with the release show(s) information. The mostly uncut version follows.
Tell me about the new record. How did you hook up with Authentik Artists?
I remember telling you specifically [at the time] – "I'm going to be really annoying and keep telling you about [the self-titled LP], and tell lots of people about it, not because it's that great but because we did it, it's done." I contacted so many people about it – some people I'd met in previous bands, some people of actual "importance," some just friends. They heard a couple tracks from the record and got in touch with this really cool distribution deal – meaning they have nothing to do with the physical record, but they control the digital domain. And it was a great deal. It was amazing. The head of the label, Scott Austin, was the head of Madonna's label, Maverick, in the mid-'90s, which went under. It's a small label and they've been incredibly supportive, and they've been into every idea we've had. They're not a really "cool" label of any prestige, but they've done quite a bit, but they've helped pay for us to make records.
It's hard to call them a label – they don't have ties to traditional media and they don't have anything to do with physical distribution. They're just really energetic former music executives who really like to hype music online. They have tie-ins with iTunes, they got us featured on iTunes.
Do you think that's a satisfactory route to go, at this juncture, with the business being what it is – is that the meat of what a band really needs?
I think it's great because we've been able to live several lives at once. On one hand we've been able to appear like a modern pop band, where they've hyped us on blogs, put glossy photographs of us up, made us look like a glossy modern Pitchfork band. That hasn't really worked for us, because the kind of music we have isn't really experimental enough to fit in with that. But it's been great because they've gotten some really great placements for us. As you know, one of the only places people find out about music these days is through song placements, and they've gotten some incredible song placements for us.
We've been able to live a dual life of doing that and also being a band that travels, we've played a good 30 to 40 shows out of town, and plays to people what appears to be kind of throwback garage rock. We played with The Cynics and people loved it. When we play with a modern indie band – when we open for an OK Go or David Bazan or whatever, people don't really care. It's when we play a garage rock bill where people want to talk about old Alice Cooper bootlegs that it really seems to work.
You've been doing the model of going out for a weekend, rather than touring.
Yeah. We've played regionally. And the reason that we've done that – it's not because we're lazy or anything like that. It's that the stuff we do doesn't seem to fit into any clear genre. It's really difficult – like, a pop-punk band, a pop-punk listener will immediately say, I recognize these inputs and this distortion and this way of singing and I'm into this. There's nothing about this that tells you to like it. Because it's just some goofy little songs. We've done the weekend trips because we love to play and we like to give our music away. But I'd say it hasn't done very much for us. We played Northampton, Brooklyn, Columbus, Cincinnati, all the way to Wisconsin, we played Madison, we played Chicago, Philadelphia, Morgantown. Those kinds of regional things. Nothing more than 5 to 8 hours away.
But you've got a pretty significant local following. You might not fit into a subgenre or "scene," but you fit into a scene on a personal basis here.
Totally. My whole life, I rallied – when I was in my early 20s starting to play, I hated all of those bands that had their friends, just 200 of their friends would come out, I hated it, it made me so mad. "Just because you were on the soccer team in high school, now all your buddies come out --" know what I mean? Then I find myself – the Lohio thing was such a positive thing, it did turn into a little scene. It turned into that thing I always made fun of, when we started playing in Lohio; I don't know why, but it reached some little critical mass where WYEP was playing the song, so enough of the public knew about it, and friends would come and it was just a nice thing, to be in your mid-20s and to come out and see your friends. So I realized the thing I always thought was negative was actually really positive.
One thing I've been curious about is "The Jesus Song." I know some of you are Christian, some of you maybe less so – what degree of sincerity of irony is involved, or does it matter, does it transcend that?
The only person in the band who's religion is [bass player Aaron Bubenheim]. We're not outing him in any way – he's always defined himself as a Christian. But that has nothing to do with our music, with our band, with our friendship. It's something he's embraced a lot more in the past few years, and it's a pretty significant part of his life. "The Jesus Song" was written by me, as a little bit of a reaction to Aaron – to me, the idea was to write a song that was really impassioned. I wanted to write a song that would lay out a straight gospel song lyrically. Of course there's something about doing drugs, there's something about "shooting up hymns" in there, but basically to me the idea was just, could I write a gospel song that could be taken either way? There's that thing where – the snide kids are going to say "This is awesome, they're making fun of religion," and the religious kids are going to say "This is interesting, they're making a real call" -- for me as a songwriter, it has nothing to do with that. It's just a character singing an impassioned song. It was inspired, I'd say, just from what was on my mind from discussions with Aaron. And if you lay it out, it's really similar to what a "real" religious song would look like.
Is that what your approach to songwriting here was like – picking a character, a perspective, writing a song based on that?
This one, definitely more – the last album was songs kicking around and we got together and recorded them. You hear these words all the time, so I don't even want to say them, but: this is more of a band record. We did it together. I'll try to get off of that.
Two of these songs are really old. The two in the middle, "Leap the Dips" and "They Love Me In the City," I wrote when I was probably 19, but they seemed to fit with this stuff. Each song has a specific voice, a specific character. There's less "silly" than the last record. Plus, to me it's less annoying. For example, the first song – it started because I wanted to write a song cycle about an amusement park. I love old amusement parks. I wanted to write a concept record, as silly as that is, where every song would be about a different aspect of the park over the day. So the first song was going to be "Training Song," and it was the owner of the park telling the employees who not to let in that day: "Don't let anybody with a chain wallet," know what I mean? It turned into a song that was basically like any employer telling you who not to let in. They're all kind of that. And little references – "Leap the Dips" is about a roller coaster in Altoona, stuff like that. It's pieces of an aborted concept record.
You could probably revisit that with some grant money from someone. The American Coaster Enthusiasts.
ACE! I was a member for a while. That's my big nerdy thing. Old roller coasters.
You picked a cover, "Come On Down To My Boat" (by Every Mother's Son). Why did you choose that, and are you going to get sued?
We're not going to push it nationally. That's not going to happen. I'm just being realistic – we're not in a place where we're going to go out and play seven million shows. If Authentik Artists places one of our songs in a Coke commercial and suddenly people love us and want us to come play, I'd love that, but for me – the idea of this record was just to make something that sounds more like our live band, it's short, and just give it away, to people who come out to see us around Pittsburgh. If something nice comes of it, that would be great. If not, no problem.
When it comes to "Come On Down to My Boat" – we only pressed 500 CD's. And our label isn't putting out this cover. The cover's only on the disc. The label's putting out four or five bonus songs, some demos that we did. They're putting that all on iTunes. We're just putting [the physical CD] out as our version of the record.
The song's great – it used to be on 3WS when we were kids. We recorded it because it's the creepiest – it uses the most violent imagery. He's talking about cutting her loose with his knife; it doesn't sound like a very nice way of asking a girl out. It sounds like he wants to abduct her into international waters.
Cartoonist Pat N. Lewis and Trickster
Posted By Bill O'Driscoll on Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 1:39 PM
Pittsburgh-based Lewis is among the contributors to this pretty cool, possibly unique new Fulcrum Books publication that takes a graphic-novel approach to Native American tales.
Editor Matt Dembicki, a Fairfax, Va.-based artist, paired native writers from tribes around the U.S. with artists like Lewis (a Shadyside resident).
The book ($22.95) is a handsome, full-color, 232-page paperback on glossy stock. The 21 tales cover everything from why there are stars in the sky ("Coyote and the Pebbles") to a song about an ursine grouch ("The Bear Who Stole the Chinook").
While some of the stories impart lessons about nature, or getting along with others, one of the real pleasures is their cheekiness. As in other classic fables and folk tales, the human characters and animal characters have a lot in common, and they're seldom terribly noble. Like us, they're often impatient, greedy, lazy and ungrateful. The trickster is the critter who uses others' traits against them -- sometimes so the victims get what they deserve, but often just because he can (or because a good meal is involved). Many of the stories resolve in a fairly open-ended, shaggy-dog kind of way.
The artwork, meanwhile, has something for everyone, from gorgeous realism and the stripped-down, stylized angularity you might expect from a "graphic novel" to stuff that wouldn't look out of place in Ren & Stimpy or even Pokemon.
Lewis contribution is to "Rabbit's Choctaw Tail Tale," about why rabbits (some of whom are apparently very talkative) don't have long tails like they used to. A fox is involved, along with the suggestion that rabbit's long tail would make the perfect fishing line.
The storyteller is Tim Tingle, an Oklahoma Choctaw and a touring story-teller and writer who speaks and performs at tribal gatherings, universities and more.
Lewis's style falls on the classic-cartoon side of things -- you can really see such avowed influences as MAD Magazine and Tex Avery.
Lewis, a freelance cartoonist, illustrator and designer, specializes in editorial, children's books, greeting cards and more, with clients like McGraw-Hill, Science Magazine, Johns Hopkins University and the New York Press. He has solo work out too, including the graphic novel The Claws Come Out (IDW Publishing).
Tags: Program Notes , Image
Slag Heap
Routeless: Massive Port Authority cuts may be in the offing
Posted By Lauren Daley-Maurer on Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 10:08 AM
In May, Port Authority CEO Steve Bland said potential budget woes could lead to "draconian" cuts in service. That time may be here. The Port Authority of Allegheny County plans to roll out today a proposal for system-wide cuts. If approved, the cuts would go into effect in January, and would make up for a $47.1 million shortfall.
"It's going to be drastic," says spokesman Jim Ritchie. He says the proposal will affect every route in the system and leave 55 neighborhoods with eliminated or severely reduced service.
The cuts will result in a 35 percent service reduction in bus and light rail service. More than 50 routes will be eliminated, including event services to Steelers' games; the 1F to Millvale; 41G to Dormont; 65 to Squirrel Hill; and the 77A to Oakland Others will lose weekend service, like the 6A Troy Hill and neighborhoods like Lincoln-Lemington and Homestead. Others, like the EBA, will see reductions in weekday and weekend service.
Among the neighborhoods that could see a total service loss are: Banksville, White Oak, the Beechwood Boulevard corridor in Squirrel Hill; Marshall-Shadeland; Franklin Park; Edgewood Town Center; Garden City in Monroeville; and parts of Mount Lebanon around Cedar Boulevard and Old Farm Road.
Base rates for urban and suburban routes, and transfer, will increase by a quarter. The agency is also considering a "premium price" of $4 for express and flyer routes in suburban areas.
In terms of staffing, Ritchie says between 300-500 employees from union-represented operators and maintenance workers to non-represented employees could be laid off.
The plan goes before the Port Authority planning and development committee today then onto the full board on Friday. If approved, the agency will undergo a public hearing process required by law. The changes are slated for January.
PAT officials point to the rejection of a plan to toll Intestate 80 -- revenue already included in Act 44, the state law establishing funding for transit projects -- for the budget shortfall. And even with all of the proposed changes, Ritchie says the plan, at best, is a one-year fix.
"The problem for us isn't the expense of operating the system," Ritchie say. "The problem is the state didn't come through with transit funding established under state law."
Ritchie says agency brass are working with local legislators to re-establish state funding, and transit activists like Jonathan Robison are encouraging riders to contact their own local representatives. Robison fears that if state money doesn't come through and even more cuts come down the pike, "this could mean the end of the Port Authority as we know it."
Tags: Slag Heap
MP3 Monday: The BNVz
Posted By Andy Mulkerin on Mon, Jul 19, 2010 at 7:05 PM
Okay. If you're like me, your Monday's been killing you. So let's cut straight to the good stuff.
This week's MP3 comes to us from Marcus, aka MH the Verb, of The BNVz. The electro-pop-hip hop group came out of Pitt a few years back and has refined its sound since then -- and is now relocating to Philly to be closer to the music-industrial complex. Which is cool, I guess, as long as they keep repping the Pittsburgh scene like the promise too, and also keep repping the Steelers.
The MP3 they've supplied is "Burnin' Up," a party track that'll likely blow Peter's Pub up on Saturday (the 24th) when The BNVz play their last show as Pittsburgh residents.
Friday round-up
Blog-people! Good to see you. I have a lot to tell you of. Let's get down to business.
It's Friday, which means weekend, which, most weeks, means I give you some ideas as to what shows you might go see.
Tonight is the Cultural Trust's Gallery Crawl, and unfortunately as of the writing of this, the Cultural Trust website isn't loading for me. Regardless, it starts at 5:30, runs officially until 9:00, and involves a bunch of music performances: Local faves Delicious Pastries lend levity to a pretty serious exhibition about gender-based violence, especially in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, at SPACE (812 Liberty). A band I know little about called The Wrong Airport is playing at the Crazy Mocha on Liberty across from Wood (trivia: that space was where Future Tenant used to be -- I played music there once!) Elsewhere, The FutuRisticz and Shinobi perform at the August Wilson Center, Mark Lucas Trio plays Little E's (where there's always jazz on Friday night), Chelsea Baratz sings at Seventh Street & Ft. Duquesne Blvd. (I'm told there'll be a stage) 805 Liberty, and DJ's appear throughout, including at a block party at Penn & Ninth the Convention Center Underpass at 7:30, where Mike Canton of WYEP and DJ Nate da Phat Barber spin.
Elsewhere tonight, On Fillmore plays the Warhol, Brillobox hosts Shapiro, Chalk Dinosaur and Yours Truly (the band, not me), and Good for Cows split a bill with Audrey Chen at Garfield Artworks. A bill, I should add, that is presented by frequent CP contributor Manny Theiner.
Saturday and Sunday is the Free4All Music Festival in Polish Hill at the pool, coinciding with the Polish Hill Arts Festival: Organized by Project 53, a musician resource center, it features all manner of local and out-of-town bands, and is all free. Mike Tamburo, Gangwish, Secret Tombs, The Runaway Circus and more play on Saturday, and Midge Crickett, Buddy Nutt, Good Game, Evil Twin and others play Sunday.
Tomorrow (Saturday) night: the 31st Street Pub hosts the Battle of the Worst Bands in Pittsburgh, which basically sounds like a night dealing with what I deal with every day at work. At Brillobox, Justin Andrew Band headlines a bill with Paul Luc on it. Texas mates Dignan populate Garfield Artworks along with Sainthood Reps, The Felix Culpa, and The King and the Thief. Elsewhere, Bear Cub, Harrison Wargo and The Wreckids play an all-locals bill at the Rex.
Sunday night, Joan Armatrading plays the New Hazlett, The Old 97s bring their always-popular show to Mr. Smalls, and Ola Podrida, whom you know because I both Short Listed them (him) this week and played them (him) on my spot on WYEP a couple weeks ago, plays Garfield Artworks.
Whew! Is that enough for you?
Slush Puppies at 707 Gallery
Posted By Mason Fulmore on Thu, Jul 15, 2010 at 6:33 PM
In the summertime, what better way to cool off than with an icy treat? Two artists bring that cool feeling to summer with their exhibit Slush Puppies.
The exhibit combines music and a summer feel with a little taste of the chill of winter. Slush Puppies, which closes July 25, will be part of Downtown's Fri., July 16, Gallery Crawl.
Artists Chris Beauregard and Jonathan Chamberlain met while working at Wood Street Galleries. They teamed up to create Slush Puppies after discovering they shared a taste in humor and art.
The exhibit's title speaks to all the cool things that summer has to offer, with a humorous take on the season. Indeed, as a viewer first enters the gallery door, it's actually winter that's best represented: The temperature drastically drops. The walls are covered in white, with fake ice, and the theme of cold is present throughout.
Slush Puppies tries to freeze the memorable moments of summer and make them last forever. Though the exhibit is silent, about half of it displays musical influence. Another piece, "Endless Summer on Ice," consists of the sleeve of the soundtrack LP to the classic surfing movie Endless Summer -- frozen in fake ice two inches thick. Another highlight is "Snow Cone" -- a replica of a traffic cone, except colored blue and also encased in fake ice.
But while the artists introduce winter into summer, summer remains in the form of the season's stereotypical delights. "Three Ice Princesses," an acrylic painting, pays homage to the clothing of summer: beautiful women, colorful clothes, summer fads. These sit alongside the slushies, ice cream and Klondike bars that fill the thoughts of many minds on a warm day in Pittsburgh.
Slush Puppies reminds anyone who complains about the summer heat that no matter how hot it is outside, that there is always an icy treat to enjoy.
Beef Honey Comedy Show
@ Richard Vaux Masonic Hall
Sat., Jan. 18, 7-9:30 p.m.
CP Year in Review: Looking back on editorial designer Abbie Adams' favorite covers of 2019
By Abbie Adams
CP Year in Review: Looking back on senior writer Ryan Deto's favorite stories of 2019
CP Year in Review: Looking back on photographer Jared Wickerham's favorite assignments of 2019
By Jared Wickerham
CP Year in Review: Looking back on managing editor Alex Gordon's favorite stories of 2019
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Early and late rehabilitation and physical training in elderly patients after cardiac surgery
Claudio Macchi, Francesco Fattirolli, Raffaele Molino Lova, Andrea A. Conti, Maria Luisa Eliana Luisi, Rosanna Intini, Renato Zipoli, Costanza Burgisser, Lorenzo Guarducci, Giulio Masotti, Gian Franco Gensini
Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus
OBJECTIVE: Few randomized trials have enrolled patients who have undergone cardiac surgery, and even fewer have included patients aged 75 yrs or more. Furthermore, the optimal timing of cardiac rehabilitation for postsurgical patients has not yet been codified. The aim of this study was to verify whether rehabilitation outcomes are also favorable in postsurgical patients aged 75 yrs or more and whether an early rehabilitation program is as effective and safe as a late one. DESIGN: Three hundred patients who underwent cardiac surgery, 27.7% of whom were at least 75 yrs old, were randomly assigned to a rehabilitation program starting within the second week after operation or within the fourth week. All events occurring during the rehabilitation program or in the following year were recorded. RESULTS: During the rehabilitation program, new-onset atrial fibrillation was significantly more frequent in the early rehabilitation group, independent of age class, and anemia was significantly more frequent in older patients, independent of rehabilitation timing. At the end of the rehabilitation program, more than 90% of patients showed significant increases in walking distance, and during the follow-up, no significant difference was found with regard to mortality, nonfatal events, functional ability, or control of cardiovascular risk factors, independent of rehabilitation timing and age class. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that in selected patients who have undergone cardiac surgery, rehabilitation outcomes are also favorable in patients aged 75 yrs or more, and an early rehabilitation program is as effective and safe as a traditionally late one.
American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e318151fd86
Health Professions(all)
Macchi, C., Fattirolli, F., Lova, R. M., Conti, A. A., Luisi, M. L. E., Intini, R., ... Gensini, G. F. (2007). Early and late rehabilitation and physical training in elderly patients after cardiac surgery. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(10), 826-834. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e318151fd86
Early and late rehabilitation and physical training in elderly patients after cardiac surgery. / Macchi, Claudio; Fattirolli, Francesco; Lova, Raffaele Molino; Conti, Andrea A.; Luisi, Maria Luisa Eliana; Intini, Rosanna; Zipoli, Renato; Burgisser, Costanza; Guarducci, Lorenzo; Masotti, Giulio; Gensini, Gian Franco.
In: American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol. 86, No. 10, 10.2007, p. 826-834.
Macchi, C, Fattirolli, F, Lova, RM, Conti, AA, Luisi, MLE, Intini, R, Zipoli, R, Burgisser, C, Guarducci, L, Masotti, G & Gensini, GF 2007, 'Early and late rehabilitation and physical training in elderly patients after cardiac surgery', American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol. 86, no. 10, pp. 826-834. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e318151fd86
Macchi C, Fattirolli F, Lova RM, Conti AA, Luisi MLE, Intini R et al. Early and late rehabilitation and physical training in elderly patients after cardiac surgery. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2007 Oct;86(10):826-834. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e318151fd86
Macchi, Claudio ; Fattirolli, Francesco ; Lova, Raffaele Molino ; Conti, Andrea A. ; Luisi, Maria Luisa Eliana ; Intini, Rosanna ; Zipoli, Renato ; Burgisser, Costanza ; Guarducci, Lorenzo ; Masotti, Giulio ; Gensini, Gian Franco. / Early and late rehabilitation and physical training in elderly patients after cardiac surgery. In: American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2007 ; Vol. 86, No. 10. pp. 826-834.
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title = "Early and late rehabilitation and physical training in elderly patients after cardiac surgery",
abstract = "OBJECTIVE: Few randomized trials have enrolled patients who have undergone cardiac surgery, and even fewer have included patients aged 75 yrs or more. Furthermore, the optimal timing of cardiac rehabilitation for postsurgical patients has not yet been codified. The aim of this study was to verify whether rehabilitation outcomes are also favorable in postsurgical patients aged 75 yrs or more and whether an early rehabilitation program is as effective and safe as a late one. DESIGN: Three hundred patients who underwent cardiac surgery, 27.7{\%} of whom were at least 75 yrs old, were randomly assigned to a rehabilitation program starting within the second week after operation or within the fourth week. All events occurring during the rehabilitation program or in the following year were recorded. RESULTS: During the rehabilitation program, new-onset atrial fibrillation was significantly more frequent in the early rehabilitation group, independent of age class, and anemia was significantly more frequent in older patients, independent of rehabilitation timing. At the end of the rehabilitation program, more than 90{\%} of patients showed significant increases in walking distance, and during the follow-up, no significant difference was found with regard to mortality, nonfatal events, functional ability, or control of cardiovascular risk factors, independent of rehabilitation timing and age class. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that in selected patients who have undergone cardiac surgery, rehabilitation outcomes are also favorable in patients aged 75 yrs or more, and an early rehabilitation program is as effective and safe as a traditionally late one.",
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author = "Claudio Macchi and Francesco Fattirolli and Lova, {Raffaele Molino} and Conti, {Andrea A.} and Luisi, {Maria Luisa Eliana} and Rosanna Intini and Renato Zipoli and Costanza Burgisser and Lorenzo Guarducci and Giulio Masotti and Gensini, {Gian Franco}",
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AU - Macchi, Claudio
AU - Fattirolli, Francesco
AU - Lova, Raffaele Molino
AU - Conti, Andrea A.
AU - Luisi, Maria Luisa Eliana
AU - Intini, Rosanna
AU - Zipoli, Renato
AU - Burgisser, Costanza
AU - Guarducci, Lorenzo
AU - Masotti, Giulio
AU - Gensini, Gian Franco
N2 - OBJECTIVE: Few randomized trials have enrolled patients who have undergone cardiac surgery, and even fewer have included patients aged 75 yrs or more. Furthermore, the optimal timing of cardiac rehabilitation for postsurgical patients has not yet been codified. The aim of this study was to verify whether rehabilitation outcomes are also favorable in postsurgical patients aged 75 yrs or more and whether an early rehabilitation program is as effective and safe as a late one. DESIGN: Three hundred patients who underwent cardiac surgery, 27.7% of whom were at least 75 yrs old, were randomly assigned to a rehabilitation program starting within the second week after operation or within the fourth week. All events occurring during the rehabilitation program or in the following year were recorded. RESULTS: During the rehabilitation program, new-onset atrial fibrillation was significantly more frequent in the early rehabilitation group, independent of age class, and anemia was significantly more frequent in older patients, independent of rehabilitation timing. At the end of the rehabilitation program, more than 90% of patients showed significant increases in walking distance, and during the follow-up, no significant difference was found with regard to mortality, nonfatal events, functional ability, or control of cardiovascular risk factors, independent of rehabilitation timing and age class. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that in selected patients who have undergone cardiac surgery, rehabilitation outcomes are also favorable in patients aged 75 yrs or more, and an early rehabilitation program is as effective and safe as a traditionally late one.
AB - OBJECTIVE: Few randomized trials have enrolled patients who have undergone cardiac surgery, and even fewer have included patients aged 75 yrs or more. Furthermore, the optimal timing of cardiac rehabilitation for postsurgical patients has not yet been codified. The aim of this study was to verify whether rehabilitation outcomes are also favorable in postsurgical patients aged 75 yrs or more and whether an early rehabilitation program is as effective and safe as a late one. DESIGN: Three hundred patients who underwent cardiac surgery, 27.7% of whom were at least 75 yrs old, were randomly assigned to a rehabilitation program starting within the second week after operation or within the fourth week. All events occurring during the rehabilitation program or in the following year were recorded. RESULTS: During the rehabilitation program, new-onset atrial fibrillation was significantly more frequent in the early rehabilitation group, independent of age class, and anemia was significantly more frequent in older patients, independent of rehabilitation timing. At the end of the rehabilitation program, more than 90% of patients showed significant increases in walking distance, and during the follow-up, no significant difference was found with regard to mortality, nonfatal events, functional ability, or control of cardiovascular risk factors, independent of rehabilitation timing and age class. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that in selected patients who have undergone cardiac surgery, rehabilitation outcomes are also favorable in patients aged 75 yrs or more, and an early rehabilitation program is as effective and safe as a traditionally late one.
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The most admired people tend to be the teachers, neighbors, pastors and bosses who live in our hometowns.
Penn State researchers Michael Brown and Linda Trevino investigated ways that managers can be perceived as decent humans and ethical leaders.
"The individual must be seen as a moral person who is honest, trustworthy, caring about people, open to input, respectful and able to make principled decisions," reported in PT magazine.
In high school, we were blessed to have legendary teacher and coach.
Harry "Swede" Dahlberg's teams won a number of state championships over his 40-year career, but everyone admired him as an ethical family man who believed in hard work, following the rules and honesty.
There was a reason former students stop by Butte High School to visit him. They knew he cared.
In 1961, the Mandell's saw an ad listing a DQ in Missoula for $17,000. They took a risk, bought the business and moved their family to Montana, a state they had never seen.
If one of the servers makes a mistake such as dipping a vanilla cone in chocolate rather than cherry coating, Art doesn't throw it the trash; he puts it in the freezer. They are called mistakes, and kids asking for mistakes get them free.
His "mistake policy" has become so popular that he devised a "baby cone" that he would give children when there were no slipups available.
There are millions unsung role models in business today. They are generous people who work hard to make our communities better places.
Hopefully, their good examples are still contagious among teens.
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Tax benefits and sunshine: What's not to love?
For many reasons including the great weather, many people choose to purchase property and spend time in Florida. Florida also has several significant tax benefits for its residents; however, qualifying for these benefits depends on whether Florida is your primary residence.
Two of the best Florida tax benefits are no state income tax and no state estate tax, both of which are likely to remain in place because they are written into the Florida Constitution. As a result, property owners consider changing their primary residence to Florida. In order to make this change, there is a number of steps that should be completed.
While Florida will accept your decision to become a Florida domicile, your current state may try to challenge this based upon their unique laws and your specific facts and circumstances. Additionally, with the current deteriorating condition of many states' economies and the increasing need for state tax revenue, states could be increasingly aggressive in auditing the primary residence of taxpayers.
And as importantly, update your estate planning documents to Florida documents. Most people aren't aware that the first line of your Last Will says something to the effect of: "I, John Smith, a resident of Parkland, Florida." So, if your Will was done in New York, it declares you a domicile of New York and you don't want that to be your Last Will if you are a Florida Domicile.
For your old state income taxes, be sure to file a final tax return or a non-resident income tax return in your prior state.
Other recommended actions include to become affiliated with Florida social organizations such as churches and temples; use local physicians, and re-title real estate that might be owned outside of Florida into your Florida revocable living trust. It would be helpful to move your valuables and safe deposit box to Florida. Lastly, keep track of where you are each day of the year, including the times you are traveling. The rule generally is that you should spend a majority of your days each year in Florida – you don't have to spend six months and a day, you just have to be in Florida for more time than any other state to qualify. As long as you truly intend to have Florida as your home, you will be fine … and doing the above will achieve those goals so you can enjoy the rewards of a Florida residency – including smaller snowdrifts!
Learn more by attending an upcoming complimentary dinner workshop at Ruth's Chris or Abe & Louie's Steakhouse in Boca Raton or Fort Lauderdale. This workshop is best suited for those over age 60 with between $500,000 to $10 million in investable assets.
Craig Kirsner, MBA, is a nationally-recognized Author, Speaker, and Retirement Planner, whom you may have seen on Kiplinger, CBS, ABC, NBC, Fox, Fidelity.com, Nasdaq.com, MSN Money, Yahoo Finance, and others. Craig is the author of Retire With Confidence: Preserve and Protect Your Wealth And Leave A Legacy and creator of the Preserve and Protect Retirement System. He holds undergraduate degrees in finance and risk management from the University of Florida, as well as an MBA in finance from the Chapman School of Business at Florida International University. He has passed the Series 63 and 65 securities exams and has been a licensed life insurance and fixed annuity agent for 25 years.
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{
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that is quickly becoming a Seattle icon. Spend the day with Rosie and me on an "Artful Adventure." Details here. I also offer tours and group activities for private parties and businesses.
In March 2017, I converted a 2002 Bluebird short school bus into a mobile art studio and traveling storefront dubbed "Rosie the Art Bus." I paint inside the bus and on top of the rooftop deck and invite local musicians to join me up there to celebrate and share the arts. I hope Rosie the Bus brings art visibility to the community to share the creative process and a glimpse at the arts as a profession.
WHY DID YOU CHOOSE A MOBILE ART STUDIO?
1) I want people to see that artists do still exist, that we live here, and we are part of the community. I also want to share the live creative process with people because it is fascinating and inspiring.
2) I could not find an affordable studio space on the eastside of Seattle.
WHAT'S THE STORY BEHIND ROSIE?
Like so many blessings in my life, Rosie came only after something else did not work out. I'm grateful for the heartache that led me to Rosie, which is even better than I could have imagined in my wildest dreams. She is also part of the ending of my upcoming memoir, A Year of Roses, and represents my long sought freedom and independence.
IS ROSIE DIFFICULT TO DRIVE?
No, Rosie is so much fun to drive! The windows and mirrors make it easy to navigate. She's such a joy, and I LOVE seeing people's reactions to her.
HOW CAN I TAKE A TOUR OF ROSIE?
– Check out Rosie's tour schedule here.
– Sign up for "An Artful Adventure" and spend the day painting with me and cruising around in Rosie.
– Follow me and Rosie on Instagram @carrieschmitt for the most current updates on our whereabouts and events.
WHAT KIND OF PAINT DID YOU USE FOR THE OUTSIDE OF ROSIE?
JOIN ROSIE + ME FOR A UNIQUE PRIVATE PAINTING SESSION AND A FULL DAY OF INSPIRATION AND ADVENTURE.
Enjoy a private painting session on the bus with me. I will share how I create a painting from start to finish as we paint side by side. Creating a collaborative painting for you to keep is also an option.
Benefit from simple techniques I use to spark my creative flow and nurture my mind, body and spirit.
Eat lunch with me at a park or charming café in Seattle or the surrounding area.
Ask me questions about anything related to art, such as the creative process, licensing, publishing books, submitting magazine articles, designing products, how to sell in galleries or online, and more! Ask away.
Receive two 24x24 canvases for you to work on and all paint supplies.
Find joy in people smiling and waving at Rosie and us!
Treasure photos from our special day together.
Note: Lunch and snacks are not included.
Pack snacks and feel free to bring your favorite art supplies if you would like.
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In the Occitan language, the term Pèira Levada, literally « lifted stone », denotes a megalithic structure: menhir, dolmen. Naturally, the name Peyro Levado has been attributed to the largest of the Tarn's dolmens, dated nearly five thousand years ago and recently erected at the Historical Monument rank. This building stone of 4 meters long and 2.90 meters width is located about one hundred kilometers northwest of Toulouse. Hence the presence, in the western sky, of numerous whitish trails: dispersed by the southerly wind, the traces of water vapor contained in the exhaust gases of aircraft engines draw particular shapes - the Greek letter psi on this photograph taken an autumn evening. In quantum physics, the letter psi designates the wave function that gives any particle (not just the photon) a wave nature; in astronomy, a star of high apparent magnitude. More generally, the Greek language is to Material Sciences what the Latin language is to Life Sciences: it forms the basis of a formalism shared by an entire community of teachers and researchers.
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{
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The 21st century will be remembered as the century of creativity and innovation: from performing arts to manufacturing, from education to trade finance, all economic sectors – both conventional and unconventional – need to be creative and innovative in order to succeed in the current global market.
Often considered synonymous, the terms creativity and innovation are actually two very different concepts. Creativity is indeed a phenomenon of hybrid nature, which consists of the generation starting from scratch of products, processes or pathways related to intuitive mechanisms not easily replicated by mere imitation; innovation is instead a incremental phenomenon, which contributes decisively to the increase in the quality and value of a certain productive activity pursuing a path already taken and adding to the technical and economic profiles.
Not taking such a semantic difference into account, it is possible to identify the capability of developing new ideas in order to fill social gaps as the common shared value of creativity and innovation. In the contemporary context the progressive affirmation, at national and international level of these two major drivers of development, has made no further postponed the development and implementation of strategies to convey in a single path of growth economic and social benefits resulting from their joint use.
In this respect, this issue of Tafter Journal provides a reflection on the notion of innovation from two different points of view. The article by Chiara Guerritore about participative methods of designing local cultural policies, brings to light the evolving process of cultural planning through the concrete case of the Password project which has been implemented by the Cultural Department of the Municipality of Trento during 2012. Thanks to a "bottom-up" approach, the citizens have played a strategic role in the radical review of the local cultural plan, taking part in twelve public meetings – dedicated to five main topics, as performing arts, museum networks, education, urban marketing and so on – and giving voice to their needs and expectations. By focusing on the meeting and on the comparison of different perspectives, the Password project also has been able to strengthen social cohesion and sense of belonging to local community.
In their paper on social innovation and the arts, Mariangela Lavanga and Sarah Schützle analyse the notion of social innovation, highlighting the possible links between this kind of innovation and the cultural sector. Though social innovation has become on one side a buzzword and on the other side the new "mantra" of the EU flagship initiatives in the field of social cohesion, there are still few examples of cross-fertilization processes between cultural organisations and social innovation practices. The combination of these two elements offers endless possibilities to find unexpected solutions to a huge variety of issues, as can be gauged from the case of Waag Society – Institute for Art, Science and Technology documented in the paper.
In this sense we can say that establishing transversal links between creativity and innovation, it is possible to offer the double chance to find effective ways to work in ground-breaking projects and to share solutions for cultural development and society, promoting a way of acting and work that goes beyond sectors' boundaries.
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Located next to Mills Fleet Farm in Baxter.
Your ''No Pressure, All Pleasure'' dealer. Sales and service for new Buick and GMC cars, trucks & SUVs. Huge selection of GM certified used vehicles on the lot. We're also your authorized Pontiac service provider. Free wireless internet, children's play area, and refreshments in our comfortable & spacious service waiting area.
Since 1922, Mills has built a family tradition of honesty, trust and integrity. We strive to develop mutual, long-term relationships with our customers through dedicated team members creating world-class experiences. It is our sincere goal to ensure that all of our customers' expectations are exceeded.
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Tony de Bell was appointed to the IFRS Interpretations Committee in May 2013 for a three-year term with effect from 1 July 2013. He was re-appointed for a further three-year term with effect from 1 July 2016.
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HomeCommentaryIt's Time to Fix the RTS Earlygame
It's Time to Fix the RTS Earlygame
Posted on May 23, 2015 December 29, 2017 by Michael Lowell
Note: This piece was amended on May 25th, 2015.
The Cossacks series and Planetary Annihilation are allowing players to throw thousands of soldiers across the fields of war, and singleplayer RTS games constantly seek to scale the action as they move onward. And yet, many developers and players have resigned themselves to this idea that everyone starts off with a tiny outpost and a heap of workers. And all I can ask is: Why?
I mean, seriously, has anyone ever said "My favorite part of the RTS experience are the situations where you only manage a handful of units?" Hell no. Today's earlygame is the worst part of the RTS experience and it's not hard to understand the reason: In a genre where economies and armies ideally grow at an exponential rate, earlygame situations feature the smallest economies, the fewest soldiers, the least interesting fights, and the least room for complex game states.
The happenings are so simple that in tournament RTS matches, the earlygame provides commentators with ample time to discuss the players, the tournament, and the stakes of the match. They're approaching the earlygame for what it is: Prep work for the "real action". And it is this simplicity that has manifested itself in strict, rigid build orders, simple enough that the opening minutes in most RTS games are "solved" at the strategic level and most of the hand-wringing comes at the tactical level.
But it is in the complexity of lategame situations where "build orders" and other rote actions become irrelevant, because the game states are complex enough that they strip the player's capability to map them out. So why not simply build RTS games which get to those complex situations sooner? Anyone who has tasted those situations (and understood them) wants more. More units. Bigger bases. More destruction. Even in the RTS games which pride themselves on small-scale encounters and micromanagement—games such as Warcraft III or Sacrifice—the best moments are still those involving the largest, most demanding encounters that can exist within their framework.
Bear in mind that RTS developers understood this from the get-go. Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness and Command and Conquer offered significant flexibility for customization and starting resources, where players could begin matches with massive resource pools and large standing armies. Players did not cast off those choices because they were fundamentally bankrupt, but because their implementation (in the infancy of real-time wargames) was poor. That's not a problem anymore. Decades later, there is a massive body of RTS theory out there and there is nothing stopping developers from pushing the edge even further.
And if you're genuinely unconvinced, then all you have to do is look at videogaming's contemporary body of work. Divinity: Dragon Commander translates the tabletop pieces in its turn-based strategy component into material for real-time engagements, allowing both sides to immediately push the action until they can recruit more troops. The Wargame series lets players start the battle with standing armies and then reinforce those troops as the fight moves on. But if you're looking for something familiar to what is thought of as RTS, Planetary Annihilation offers each player enough resources to crank out three production buildings in the first minute, and players will be waging meaningful encounters by the three-minute mark. Even the StarCraft II expansion pack Legacy of the Void is doubling the game's starting worker count. And in all of these games, this jumpstart happens to be one of the strongest aspects of their design.
So if the body of current RTS design is already favoring more impactful and interesting earlygames, then why not go all-in? Instead of starting off with a single headquarters or an all-constructing Commander, how about a construction facility that unfolds into a functional base? Why not have the ability to launch half-a-dozen production facilities from the moment the game starts? Why not give the player multiple scouts so they can survey the battlefield immediately? Why not give players a starting army so they can press the action? Yes, for those of you who are worried that a different earlygame could result in a broken earlygame, you would have to adjust the basics of RTS multiplayer to get it to work, but it's absolutely nothing that talented designers couldn't handle.
And look at what you would gain from doing this. Instead of a long buildup phase, the earlygame now looks like the midgame. The midgame now looks like the lategame. The inevitable rush tactics provided by the early armies can be buffered with larger maps, replacing the rush tactics with a rush to control important parts of the map. And the time and energy commonly afforded to "worker scouting" and single-factory openings can now be afforded to endgame situations, replaced by the coolest ideas to see face in an RTS. More room for Supreme Commander's experimentals. More room for Sacrifice's environment-deforming sorcery. And for the developer that feels a bit more ambitious, you could even integrate true space combat beyond the land, sea, and air archetypes, where the best of Homeworld meets the best of ground warfare.
Then you can go a step beyond today's lategame and endgame, the one toyed with in Planetary Annihilation, where superweapons don't merely blow up the soldiers, but the very ground they stand on. The ultimate answer for the exponential economies of the RTS lategame will be exponential destruction, total annihilation in the truest sense, whatever form this may eventually appear in. And committing oneself to earlygames with a small handful of units will only take time away from what will soon be an essential component of the genre.
But if the obvious mechanical benefits are not enough to convince you, then I'll simply point out that scrapping the earlygame just makes sense in the first place. If we accept the given narrative that RTS multiplayer matches are a smaller slice of an epic, all-reaching conflict, who would start a galactic war with little more than a tiny outpost? Who lands in unknown territory without the tools to explore and survey the immediate surroundings? Maybe the Total Annihilation lineage provided a good reason as to why—since it's easier for the Commander to build the army on-site than it is to send the army through space—but that's the best alibi in a genre which has spent most of its time supplying bad ones.
"This will make the genre even harder for beginners to enjoy!" Who gives a shit? Didn't we learn anything from Warcraft III? You can hand beginner RTS players the most beginner-friendly RTS game possible and they will still think it's too hard, and when they are given the opportunity, they will rush for the degenerate variants of RTS (dota, tower defense) that are even easier. You want to win beginner and inexperienced players? Give them their shared armies, their scalable game settings, their "no rush" modes, and make sure the map for two experts—or teams of experts—can be played by dozens of players who can't find all the keys on the keyboard. There is never going to be a magic pill that breaches the divide between the strongest and weakest players in RTS, and the sooner we stop pretending there is, the better.
And when it is said and done, you will notice that all the opposition arguments will have a common theme: They are opposed to progress. "Beginners will be overwhelmed!" "It might ruin the earlygame!" Fuck 'em. If we opposed every single RTS breakthrough because it may compromise the current template, we'd still be playing Dune II and Warcraft. This is an idea that is being intended for the next level beyond Supreme Commander, the things that wider consumer technology will soon be capable of handling. As far as I see it, the epic battles of Seton's Clutch and Open Palms should be the bare minimum for the RTS experience. And as more and more RTS games throw thousands of soldiers to a side, nobody will even want to borrow from the single-factory openings of the genre's formative years.
So if you want the best singleplayer and multiplayer skirmishes in a genre which is heavily defined by the number of moving parts, then you start by cutting out the phase of play that looks more like the beginning of a chess game and less like the awesome simulation of war that RTS can be. Let's support progress and fix the earlygame.
Categories: CommentaryTags: Game Development
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Another factor that tends to push up the price of cable harnesses: In future data-driven business models, some functions may only be temporarily enabled via OTA software updates. In the case of electric vehicles, this can also include the motor performance. For car manufacturers to be able to implement such functions, the cabling must be designed for the maximum possible performance, even if this is rarely required at all. This will also make cable harnesses more expensive, Hornfeck explained.
On the other hand, there are also areas in which costs can fall. These include, for example, the trend to integrate power electronics directly into electric motors. Then OEMs could eliminate the 3-phase cables for power transmission (see diagram), Hornfeck said.
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Q: Emit data to a specific user using Socket IO,Laravel,Redis,Angularjs I am building an app that gives students the ability to see their schedule which is created by the admin. Now each student has a group_id.
I want to make the schedule update in real time so I applied this tutorial http://www.kodeinfo.com/post/realtime-app-using-laravel-nodejs-angularjs-redis . here what I've done so far.
Event Handler:
namespace echooly\Handlers;
use Redis;
use Response;
class StudentScheduleUpdatedEventHandler
{
CONST EVENT = 'schedule.update';
CONST CHANNEL = 'schedule.update';
public function handle($data)
{
$redis = Redis::connection();
$redis->publish(self::CHANNEL, $data);
}
}
AdministrationController (Event CRUD Method)
//Create an event
public function createEvent()
{
if(Auth::Admin()->check()) {
$eventDetail = Input::all();
$event = Planing::create($eventDetail);
$event->save();
Event::fire(\echooly\Handlers\StudentScheduleUpdatedEventHandler::EVENT, array($event));
} else {
return Redirect::intended('/');
}
}
So Basically I am pushing the latest created event.
Node Server:
var express = require('express'),
http = require('http'),
server = http.createServer(app);
var app = express();
const redis = require('redis');
const io = require('socket.io');
const client = redis.createClient();
server.listen(3000, 'localhost');
console.log("Listening.....");
io.listen(server).on('connection', function(client) {
const redisClient = redis.createClient();
redisClient.subscribe('schedule.update');
console.log("Redis server running.....");
redisClient.on("message", function(channel, message) {
client.emit(channel, message);
});
client.on("getGroup", function(groupId) {
console.log(groupId);
});
client.on('disconnect', function() {
redisClient.quit();
});
});
Angular Controller:
studentSocket.on('schedule.update', function (data) {
$scope.events.length = 0;
$scope.populatePlan(JSON.parse(data));
inform.add('New Course Added');
});
The issue is how can I filter the sent data to a specific student.
*
*Something is telling me that we can make a dynamic channel with redis? sadly I don't have any experience with it.
*I tried to fire the event when I fetch the data by the student group id
this ends up making the student see a new schedule whenever the group id changes.
//Show Planing by group
public function showPlaningsByGroup($id){
if(Auth::Admin()->check()){
$planing = Planing::with('Course')->where('group_id',$id)->get();
Event::fire(\echooly\Handlers\StudentScheduleUpdatedEventHandler::EVENT, array($planing));
return Response::json($planing);
}
}
I hope I was clear enough I really hope to get some answers thanks.
A: You need to send the data through to each student on a separate channel.
Example:
public function broadcastOn()
{
return ['Student.' . $this->student->Id];
}
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Wasted water means increased room fees, so you're ultimately losing out on maximizing your hotel profits. Plus, there's the environmental ramifications related to wasting all that water.
In the United States alone, hotel and other lodging facilities account for nearly 15% of all commercial and institutional water usage. That means that your hotel has a major impact on the water usage in your city; therefore, the responsibility lies with you to make sure you run and maintain an efficient and environmentally friendly establishment.
These water saving tips (among many others) have been proven to save hotels thousands of dollars in water related costs alone. For example, a hotel in San Antonio, Texas upgraded its restroom facilities with high efficiency toilets, showerheads and sink aerators, saving 7 million gallons of water and $35,000 in water and sewage bills each year. And if that's not good enough, they also reported fewer maintenance calls from their 397 guest rooms!
The bottom line: If you become as water savvy as possible within your hotel operations, you'll save and make more money, help your local community keep their water costs down, and help save the environment. It's a win-win situation for everyone!
The first thing to do if you want to understand how to lower your water bill is to conduct something called a water audit. A water audit is a process to figure out how much water your business is using and exactly where it's all going. Though the best way to get accurate results is to hire an energy consulting firm, this can be done in a more general way by yourself and/or your staff. If you choose to conduct your own water audit, you should start by looking at two things: your previous water bills and your water meter(s).
If your bookkeeping is in order you should have ready access to at least year's worth of water bills, and two or three years worth is even more helpful if you have them. This may be 12 bills annually, or as few as two or four. Some municipalities bill water usage monthly, some bill once per quarter and others just twice a year.
Your water bill will generally be measured in cubic feet (or Ccf), so you need to know that one cubic foot is equal to 748 gallons. This information is useful because it gives you a starting point for a comparison with other businesses of a similar size as your own. As a general point of reference, as of June 2012 the EPA found that the median per guest room usage in a hotel was 102 gallons of water per day. When you begin calculating where the water in your bill is actually being used (we'll touch on that shortly), knowing industry benchmarks helps determine if your usage is low, higher than normal or just about average.
Additionally, changes in your bills might give you a clue as to hidden leaks or problems in your system. If your usage has increased considerably from bill to bill and you can't attribute a jump in your hotel water usage to anything in particular, such as additional equipment or seasonal changes, this could indicate a leak somewhere on your property.
If you don't have access to your bills, you can still calculate your water usage by reading your water meter. This may look complicated at first, but once you know what all of the numbers mean you can easily calculate your facility's overall usage rates. To gather current data, add the task of checking the water meter to the list of scheduled maintenance your crew is already doing.
You may also be able to use your water meter for leak detection. For this you need to find your "water movement indicator dial" aka "leak dial." The leak dial is usually either asterisk or triangle shaped. This test will only work if you can be sure that none of the water in your facility is running, which is why this is simpler for homeowners to accomplish. But it might be feasible if you own a small hotel or close for business at any time – perhaps on a seasonal basis. Essentially, if the leak dial is moving there is a flow of water somewhere inside your building. So if you can be sure that everything is turned off and your dial is still turning, you know you have a leak somewhere.
For faucets and showerheads you need to know the rate of flow (gallons per minute or gpm), for toilets you need the amount of gallons/flush, for dishwashers you'll need the gallons per rack rating (GPR), and for washing machines you need to know how many gallons of water are used per load. Consider that although you may have 200 toilets, sinks and showerheads in each of your hotel rooms, the chances are high that many of them have the same fixtures installed. If you have documentation for your equipment or the make and model, you can easily find the usage per rack or load.
If you have the resources, it might make sense to appoint a staff person to this task. Choose someone who is numbers savvy and has a passion for reducing, reusing and recycling. The more interested they are in conserving our Earth's natural resources, the better!
The reason for doing this is simple: knowledge is power. You can't understand what needs to be upgraded, improved or changed if you don't know where the problems lie. Knowing what uses the most water in your hotel is the first step to becoming more efficient. Your restrooms, kitchens, laundry operations and landscaping consume more water than any other area. Luckily, there are plenty of solutions, and we're here to help!
If you were under the assumption that your pool and jacuzzi were sucking up your water dollars, think again. Pools usually account for just 1% of a hotel's overall water usage. Restrooms are the number one culprit when it comes to hotel water usage, claiming a whopping 30% of total water use. Luckily, this is one place where changes can easily be made, simply by reducing the flow from showerheads and faucets, along with the gallons flushed down those toilet drains.
This is a great example of why you need to know your rates of flow and gallons used. Let's say your toilets are two or three decades old, and they use between three and seven gallons of water every time they are flushed. Installing a WaterSense model will reduce that usage to 1.28 gallons/flush. You can probably imagine how quickly a water savings of between 50 and 500 percent would affect your bottom line, and how quickly those toilets could pay for themselves.
Similar examples can be made with shower heads and sinks. If your showers were installed pre 1992, you might be looking at a flow of 5.5 gpm. Now, you can get a shower head with a flow rate of 2.5 gpm. Multiply that by 100 rooms and you've got a significant daily savings.
Low flow and high efficiency toilets will save you money immediately. REMEMBER: Dual-flush toilets should be equipped with posted instructions so that everyone understands how to use them!
Have sink aerators installed; these reduce the flow of water by 1.5 gallons/minute.
Install showerheads that regulate flow; 2.5 gallons/minute or less will not bother your guests, while saving you big time.
Install motion activated sensors for hotel sinks and restroom facilities. This not only controls the amount of time water is used, but your guests will appreciate hands-free options.
Install timers in your hotel showers. This is a gentle reminder to guests to be conscious of water conservation.
Many urinals are no-flush, but there are new energy efficient models on the market which may provide a more pleasant user experience.
If your hotel has a kitchen, there are likely two main areas where you can make reductions in your water usage and save money over time: upgrading appliances and educating staff.
Consider investigating possible rebates, tax breaks or other incentives may be offered for purchasing ENERGY STAR® rated equipment. Energy efficient equipment can go a long way in reducing usage. The average commercial dishwasher uses roughly four gallons of water per rack (GPR), while energy efficient models can bring that number well below a gallon per rack. The official requirements for a commercial dishwasher to be considered for an ENERGY STAR® rating can be found here, if you're interested.
Ice machines, which might be in your kitchen as well as other places around your hotel, are another big offender when it comes to inefficient water usage. This is because ice machines with water cooling refrigeration units use lots of water simply to cool – much more water than is actually used to make ice. The amounts of energy and water vary widely with each unit, but it's likely that between 34% and 95% of water used in these machines is simply going down the drain after it's used for cooling.
The alternative option is air cooled refrigeration units, which are much more water efficient. Previously, these machines were often less energy efficient that water cooled machines, but current energy efficient technology means you can have an air cooled refrigeration unit that wastes neither water nor energy.
Don't forget about the human element to water usage reduction in your kitchen – namely your staff. While most of us have an education in basic conservation, your staff might not be aware of how much their water usage is costing your business. It's imperative that you make it clear that water is a metered utility – just like electricity or natural gas – and should be treated as such. Don't be afraid to educate them on ways to conserve water!
Do your kitchen staff do any of the following?
Washing produce under a constant stream of running water.
Running half-full loads in your dishwasher.
Keeping the water running while cleaning surfaces or dishes.
Upgrade to ENERGY STAR® rated equipment. This alone will reduce water usage by approximately 10%.
Install sink aerators to reduce the flow of water to 2.5 gallons/minute or less.
Install pedal operated faucets. This will reduce the ability for staff to turn on a faucet and walk away while leaving it running.
Turn off continuous flow water streams when not in immediate use.
Only run fully loaded dish racks through the washer.
Defrost food in refrigerators instead of under running water. With just a bit of foresight, you will save thousands of gallons/year by eliminating this unnecessary cost.
Wash vegetables in water basins rather than under running water.
Fix leaky water lines immediately.
Educate your staff about water usage and encourage them to be conscious of how they use water.
Install food traps or compost food waste, rather than automatically and excessively using your garbage disposal which requires running water to work properly.
After restrooms, laundry operations are the second biggest consumer of water in your hotel, clocking in at an average of 16% of overall usage. One great way to cut down on loads of laundry being implemented in hotels everywhere is to change your practice from daily washing of sheets and towels to every other or every third day. Mosts guests to your hotel probably don't sleep in freshly laundered sheets each and every night of the week, and won't expect to do so at your hotel either – especially if it's in the name of water conservation. If properly implemented, a long weekend stay can go from daily washes of sheets and towels to just once per room per stay. And for bonus savings – less frequent washings can also lead to less frequent replacement of linens and towels!
Water and wastewater account for more than 50% of the total operating costs in a typical commercial laundry. An upgrade that can really make a difference in your laundry operations, is to invest in either a "tunnel washer" or a "washer-extractor".
A washer-extractor often includes a water recycling option, meaning the water used in the rinse cycle is stored inside the machine for use in the subsequent wash cycle. Machines without this capacity can be retrofitted with a recycling unit.
Tunnel washers operate much differently than normal washing machines, containing long chambers that the laundry is slowly pushed through. These units, though very expensive are highly efficient, using between ⅔ and ½ the amount of washer-extractors.
Reduce detergent and water use by installing ozone systems.
Landscaping is number three on the list of Big Water Users, generally making up an average of 14% of hotel water usage. Oftentimes water is wasted in landscape architecture simply due to a lack of knowledge about irrigation systems and horticultural practices.
For instance, you're probably familiar with overhead sprinklers for irrigation, but have you heard of a product called drip tape? Exchanging your overhead sprinklers for drip irrigation can save you water because while a sprinkler will broadcast water all over the place, drip tape and drip irrigation will concentrate a steady flow of water onto only the plantings of your choosing. Just place the drip tape tubing on exactly what you want watered, turn it on and walk away – certain that only your plants are being watered and not your asphalt driveway.
Another great innovation in irrigation are rain sensors for your sprinklers. Never again will you have the frustrating experience of looking out the window in a downpour only to see your timed sprinklers come on, adding your purchased water to the free stuff falling from the sky. Rain sensors tell your sprinklers that the work is being done for them and they can take a break for the time being.
Unless you have water-loving plants in a hot and dry landscape, plants and shrubs don't need to be watered every day. The exception to this rule is new plantings, which may need a daily watering for the first week or so. Follow these and save on water and overall costs!
Water your hotel landscape 2 to 3 times a week instead of every day.
Remove weeds and other unwanted plants to preserve water for your desired landscape.
Do not over-fertilize or over-prune plants to avoid overstimulated growth.
Avoid hosing down hotel sidewalks, parking lots and driveways, unless absolutely necessary.
Install soil moisture override systems and timers on hotel sprinkler systems.
Time watering when evaporation is the lowest: early morning or evenings are the key.
Make sure irrigation equipment applies water evenly; if it's watering anything other than the lawn and garden, it's wasting your money.
Use mulch around plants to help avoid evaporation and keep weeds to a minimum.
Install drip irrigation instead of sprinkler systems.
Install rain sensors on your sprinkler system so you don't end up watering in the rain!
Install rain barrels or other water catchment systems to catch water as it falls from the sky for free for later use in landscape watering.
Sweep floors whenever possible to clean them. Avoid washing down sidewalks and surfaces with hoses, which waste a lot of water in this application.
Consider switching your mopping system to the water broom, a new technology that saves water while delivering maximum cleaning power.
Conduct an audit of your housecleaning staff and their procedures and keep an eye out for excessive water usage during cleaning.
Discourage water-wasting practices in the housekeeping staff, like using the bathtub as a mopping station.
Switch your hotel's carpet cleaning process from wet to dry.
Have windows cleaned on an as-needed basis, as opposed to a set schedule which may be unnecessary.
Consider switching any water cooled equipment to air cooled – in addition to your ice machines this could include air compressors and refer condensers.
Installing greywater systems is a big commitment, but once in place is probably also the single biggest way to recycle potable water. Greywater uses filtration systems to turn the water used for laundry, dishes and bathing into water that can be used to flush toilets and irrigate your landscaping. We may not think that water can be used twice, but really – why shouldn't the water you showered in be used to flush a toilet? With the right mechanisms in place, greywater can be an amazing way to reduce water usage. If you're ready to take your water reduction to the next level, look into installing a greywater system in your hotel.
Now that you have a better understanding of how to save money with your hotel water usage, it's time to get to work. The longer you wait to begin implementing your hotel regulatory procedures and water saving equipment, the longer you're going to keep flushing money down the drain.
You're in the hotel business to make money. Taking control of how effectively and efficiently your hotel uses water directly affects how much money your hotel makes every year. Making money isn't just about renting more rooms, it's also about reducing your hotel expenses. You simply can't afford to keep ignoring your water usage, not just for your profit margin, but also for the environment. Try these water saving tips today!
Featured image courtesy of Flickr user Steve Johnson. Licensed under CC by 2.0.
All images in post licensed under CC0 Public Domain.
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HomeLatest News & PoliticsStrike: FG, varsity staff reach new agreement
Strike: FG, varsity staff reach new agreement
September 21, 2017 AdeLove Latest News & Politics, Today's Trending.... 0
Non-teaching staff of Nigerian Universities and the federal government signed a new agreement with a view to ending their two weeks old strike embarked upon to press for the implementation of their demands.
After a conciliatory meeting with the three union which lasted for over eight hours, ending in the wee hours of Thursday, Minister of Labour and Employment, Senator Chris Ngige, assured the unions under the Joint Action Council that government will implement the agreements reached.
He said the government has agreed to address all twelves issues raised by the striking workers, including the payment of salaries shortfalls and the Unpaid earned allowances for the striking workers.
The non-teaching staff includes the Senior Staff Association of Nigerian Universities (SSANU), the National Association of Academic Technologists (NAAT) and the Non-Academic Staff Union of universities (NASU).
Don't allow side pu**y win – Dencia advise ladies
Anambra guber: Ekwueme's daughter emerges Obaze's running mate
APC, CNPP and others stage anti-Fayose rally in Ekiti
July 8, 2016 AdeLove Latest News & Politics, Today's Trending...., Uncategorized 3
Members of the APC and the Conference of Nigerian Political Parties (CNPP) as well as other interest groups on Thursday staged a peaceful demonstration in Ado-Ekiti in support of the anti-graft campaign of President Muhammadu […]
PDP hijacks Buhari's Government, says Hameed Ali
October 28, 2017 AdeLove Latest News & Politics, Today's Trending.... 0
According to reports, the Comptroller General (CG) of the Nigerian Customs Service (NCS) Colonel Hameed Ali (rtd) has said the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) has not fulfilled its promises, half way into the journey […]
FG apologises to Nigerians over current economic hardship
June 8, 2016 AdeLove Latest News & Politics, Today's Trending...., Uncategorized 5
The Federal Government on Tuesday apologised to Nigerians over the current harsh economic condition they have been subjected to. Audu Ogbeh, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, who tendered the apology at an event in […]
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"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
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modern science cannot understand, leave aside the solutions.
SADHAK will surely help you with his unmatched powers.
for any type of black magic. 3.
* All type of problem solution by Aghori sadhana.
AGHORI SHIV SADHAK is a very expert & world famous.
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}
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\section{Introduction}
Stars near the center of galaxies occasionally get launched on a plunging near-parabolic trajectory that leads to their disruption by the strong tidal forces of the central supermassive black hole. This phenomenon called tidal disruption event (TDE) results in the formation of a debris stream that progressively fuels the compact object, leading to strong electromagnetic emission outshining the entire host galaxy \citep{rees1988}. This signal represents a powerful probe of the majority of supermassive black holes in the local universe that are otherwise starved of accreting material, and therefore undetectable.
Many TDE candidates have already been discovered as powerful flares of radiation lasting from months to years and originating from the innermost region of otherwise quiescent galaxies. This emission can cover a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which usually includes components in the optical/UV or the soft X-ray bands \citep{komossa2008-j095,gezari2012,chornock2014,saxton2017,leloudas2016,gezari2017-15oi,leloudas2019,holoien2019,van_velzen2019,hung2020,short2020} that likely have different physical origins. Several of these observations additionally present strong evidence of matter present on large scales with outflowing motion, which is expected given the violent interactions that the stellar matter can undergo as it reaches the vicinity of the black hole to eventually get accreted.
The stellar disruption itself is overall well-understood that makes quantitative predictions possible for the hydrodynamics of this early phase. For deep encounters, this process may be accompanied by strong compression potentially triggering nuclear reactions, as first proposed by \citet{carter1982}. The stellar debris then evolves into an elongated stream, whose transverse profile can be confined by the gas self-gravity \citep{kochanek1994,coughlin2015-variability,coughlin2016-structure,steinberg2019}. About half of this stream is bound to the black hole, thus returning to its vicinity according to a predictable fallback rate \citep{evans1989,lodato2009,guillochon2013} that chiefly depends on the stellar structure. However, the gas is not expected to emit observable radiation\footnote{During the stellar disruption, it has been proposed that an X-ray shock breakout signal gets emitted due to strong compression, although with a very short duration \citep{guillochon2009,kobayashi2004}. It is also possible that the debris stream radiates due to hydrogen recombination \citep{kasen2010} but at a luminosity much lower than that expected when the gas returns near the black hole.} until it passes at pericenter for the second time.
Starting from the return of this matter to the black hole, our understanding of the hydrodynamics becomes much less secure. The main difficulty is a computational one that prevents from accurately following the pericenter passage of the stream within a global three-dimensional simulation. An early simulation by \cite{lee1996_tvd} displays a large expansion of the gas at this location that they suspect could be caused by a lack of resolution. Later on, \cite{ayal2000} similarly finds that the gas gets strongly heated during pericenter passage, which has the more extreme consequence of unbinding most of the mass. It now appears likely that the gas evolution found in these works is significantly affected by numerical artefacts caused by a too low resolution. This issue at least partly stems from the fact that the stream of debris displays a very large aspect ratio with a longitudinal extent larger than its transverse width by several orders of magnitude, which makes it difficult to discretize with enough resolution elements in both directions. Although numerical errors seem to become less catastrophic when resolution is improved, there is so far no convincing evidence that the problem completely disappears, even when approaching the limit of currently available computational resources.
In order to alleviate this computational burden, most numerical investigations have so far relied on simplifications of the problem compared to the physically-motivated situation involving a parabolic stellar trajectory and supermassive black hole (for a recent review, see \citet{bonnerot2021-review}). This is usually achieved by either decreasing the stellar eccentricity \citep{hayasaki2013,bonnerot2016-circ,sadowski2016} or the black hole mass \citep{rosswog2009,guillochon2014-10jh,shiokawa2015}, which both tend to reduce the longitudinal size of the stream, making it numerically easier to resolve. The advantage of these simulations is that they can follow the global evolution of the gas in three dimensions. In particular, they capture the self-crossing shock induced by relativistic precession that results from an intersection between the part of the stream going away from the black hole after pericenter passage and that still moving inward. These works find that this collision can initiate the formation of an accretion flow, which is likely associated with most of the radiation observed from TDEs. However, it is not generally possible to extrapolate these results obtained for simplified initial conditions to the more physically realistic situation. More recently, \cite{andalman2020} performed a simulation that does not rely on these simplifications, but still considers a less likely deeply-penetrating disruption. Due to the high computational needs involved, the gas could however only be followed for a short duration even making use of their efficient GPU-accelerated code.
In another class of works, the authors have chosen to treat the passage of the stream near the black hole in an analytical way, which is most commonly achieved by assuming that the center of the stream evolves ballistically with either a full or approximate calculation of general-relativistic geodesics \citep{dai2013,guillochon2015,dai2015,bonnerot2017-stream,lu2020}. Such calculations were mainly used to determine the properties of the two stream components involved in the self-crossing shock. This first interaction was then studied by means of local simulations \citep{lee1996,kim1999,jiang2016,lu2020} to determine the properties of the resulting outflow. Making use of this information, \citet{bonnerot2020-realistic} were able to perform the first simulation of the subsequent accretion disc formation for astrophysically realistic parameters, by treating the outflow through an injection of matter. However, a significant uncertainty in the above analytical treatments concerns the level of stream expansion occurring during pericenter passage. This effect could lead to different properties for the colliding streams, which may reduce the efficiency of the self-crossing shock and cause the outflow to become less spherical than for identical streams (see figure 3 of \cite{bonnerot2021-review} for an illustration of this difference). This mechanism is also fundamental if the black hole has a non-zero spin, which can cause the streams to be offset at the intersection point due to relativistic nodal precession. While the collision may be entirely missed if the streams are both very thin, some of the gas could nevertheless collide if the vertical offset is compensated by an increase in stream thickness \citep{dai2013,guillochon2015,hayasaki2016-spin,liptai2019-spin}.
The main interaction taking place when the stream passes near the black hole is usually referred to as a `nozzle shock'. It results from a strong vertical compression induced by an intersection of the orbital planes of the returning gas near pericenter. This phenomenon is similar to that involved in the process of deep stellar disruption, during which the entire star gets squeezed \citep{carter1982,luminet1985,brassart2008,stone2013}. However, the nozzle shock has not received as much attention so far. One of the earliest investigations of this process has been done in the pioneering work by \citet{kochanek1994} that studies the stream evolution at pericenter in a semi-analytical way. In analogy with the case of deep disruptions, analytical estimates by \cite{guillochon2014-10jh} suggest that the specific kinetic energy dissipated by the nozzle shock is of order the squared stellar sound speed. This conclusion has been used to formulate an analytical prescription for the resulting stream expansion in the semi-analytical study by \citet{guillochon2015} that focuses on the impact of black hole spin. The nozzle shock has also been captured by three-dimensional simulations of stellar disruption by low-mass black holes \citep{ramirez-ruiz2009,shiokawa2015} or involving deep penetrations \citep{sadowski2016} but without a detailed analysis of the underlying mechanism. More recently, it has also been studied in the context of eccentric accretion discs through a semi-analytical treatment of this type of flows \citep{zanazzi2020,lynch2021,lynch2021_magnetic}.
In this paper, we perform the first systematic study dedicated to the nozzle shock in TDEs. Our approach consists in first simulating the stellar disruption in three dimensions to obtain the property of a given section of the fallback stream. To circumvent numerical issues encountered in past works, the subsequent evolution of this stream element is studied with a two-dimensional simulation. This is achieved thanks to a method we developed that follows the dynamics of this gas along the two transverse directions in the frame co-moving with its center of mass and co-rotating with the local direction of stream elongation. With this technique, we are able to study the hydrodynamics of this stream element throughout its evolution around the black hole at sufficient resolution, including the passage at pericenter where the nozzle shock occurs.
This paper is arranged as follows. In Section \ref{sec:simulations}, we describe our initial conditions and the numerical method used to follow the transverse evolution of a stream element in two dimensions. The results of this simulation are presented in Section \ref{sec:results}, from the gas infall towards pericenter where the nozzle shock takes place to the subsequent recession of this matter back to larger distances. In Section \ref{sec:discussion}, we carry out a convergence study, demonstrate the validity of our two-dimensional treatment, determine the consequences of our results on the later stages of evolution, and evaluate the impact of several additional physical processes on the nozzle shock. We include a summary of our main findings in Section \ref{sec:summary}
\section{Meshless simulations}
\label{sec:simulations}
Our numerical strategy consists first in performing a three-dimensional simulation of stellar disruption, from which we obtain the properties of a given section of stream. The subsequent transverse evolution of this stream element is then followed in two dimensions as it continues to approach the black hole.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{stream_ink-crop.pdf}
\caption{Snapshots taken from the preliminary three-dimensional simulation of stellar disruption, showing the gas density inside the tip of the stream of debris as it falls back towards the black hole at times $t/t_{\rm min} =$ 0.59 (left panel) and 2.2 (right panel). The value of the density increases from black to white, as shown on the colour bar. The white segment on the first snapshot indicates the scale used and the orientation is given by the white arrows. The red dot indicates the location of the stream element selected to follow its transverse evolution at later times as it continues to move towards the black hole. Its properties are recorded at the time of the second snapshot when it reaches the surface depicted with the orange segment that is orthogonal to the longitudinal stream direction.}
\label{fig:stream}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Initial conditions}
\label{sec:initial}
We consider the disruption of a star with solar mass and radius $M_{\star} = 1 \, \mathrm{M}_{\hbox{$\odot$}}$ and $R_{\star} = 1 \, \mathrm{R}_{\hbox{$\odot$}}$ by a black hole of mass $M_{\rm h} = 10^6 \, \mathrm{M}_{\hbox{$\odot$}}$. For this encounter, the tidal radius is located at
\begin{equation}
R_{\rm t} = R_{\star} \left(\frac{M_{\rm h}}{M_{\star}}\right)^{1/3} \approx 7 \times 10^{12} \, \rm cm,
\label{eq:tidal_radius}
\end{equation}
which corresponds to the distance within which the tidal force from the black hole exceeds the stellar self-gravity. We assume that the stellar pericenter is equal to the tidal radius that corresponds to a penetration factor $\beta = 1$, defined by the ratio of tidal radius to pericenter. This choice of parameters is that of a typical tidal disruption, for which we are able to study the passage of the stream near pericenter for the first time. Since we already consider this work as a significant step forward, we defer a more complete exploration of the parameter space to the future while providing a discussion of possible effects in Section \ref{sec:extrapolation}.
The stellar disruption is followed with the hydrodynamics code \textsc{gizmo} \citep{hopkins2015}, making use of the meshless-finite-mass technique that consists in dividing the gas into particles of fixed mass. The star has a solar mass and radius with a density profile assumed to be polytropic with an exponent $\gamma_{\star} = 5/3$. It is constructed by first placing the particles in a closed-pack lattice and then radially stretching their position to obtain the desired profile. This distribution is then evolved for a few dynamical times including a damping term until the amplitude of its oscillations become negligible. We use $N_{\rm D} = 10^7$ particles with mass $M_{\rm D} = 10^{-7} \, \mathrm{M}_{\hbox{$\odot$}}$ that is among the largest resolution used for this type of study. The star is initially placed at a distance $R_0 = 3 R_{\rm t}$ from the black hole on a parabolic orbit with pericenter equal to the tidal radius of equation \eqref{eq:tidal_radius}. Self-gravity is included to simulate the encounter and the gas is assumed to follow an adiabatic equation of state with $\gamma = 5/3$ as expected for this phase of evolution. A Newtonian potential is used to describe the black hole's gravity, which amounts to neglecting the impact of general relativity. This approximation is justified by the fact that the pericenter of the orbit is much larger than the gravitational radius, with a ratio of $R_{\rm p}/R_{\rm g} \approx 47 \gg 1$. Gas particles that get within an accretion radius $R_{\rm acc} = 3 R_{\rm t}$ from the black hole are removed from the simulation.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{sketch.pdf}
\caption{Sketch illustrating the two-dimensional treatment used to follow the transverse evolution of a stream element around the black hole. The particles (blue points) used to describe the gas are confined at all times to the grey surface, which follows the trajectory (dashed line) of its center of mass while remaining orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the stream defined by the unit vector $\vect{e}_{\parallel}$. This direction makes an angle $\delta<0$ with the outward radial direction, which evolves in time as the stream element moves. The transverse position of a given particle is specified by the coordinates $\xi$ and $z$ that correspond to offsets with respect to the center of mass along the in-plane and vertical directions specified by the unit vectors $\vect{e}_{\perp}$ and $\vect{e}_{\rm z}$, respectively.}
\label{fig:sketch}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{rhovsxiini.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{vzvszini.pdf}
\caption{Initial density (upper panel) and vertical velocity (lower panel) profiles inside the stream element along the in-plane and vertical directions, respectively. The orange dots correspond to individual particles selected from the three-dimensional simulation of stellar disruption that are used to obtain the fitted profiles shown with the red lines. The smaller black dots correspond to the particles used as initial conditions of the two-dimensional simulation, whose properties are determined by the fitted profiles. We only display $1\%$ of the $N_{\rm p} \approx 2 \times 10^5$ particles used in the simulation so that individual points can be distinguished.}
\label{fig:profiles}
\end{figure}
In this initial phase, the gas evolution is similar to that found in previous studies \citep{lodato2009,guillochon2013,guillochon2014-10jh,coughlin2015-variability}, and we therefore only provide a brief description. Following the encounter, the stellar debris gets imparted a spread in orbital energy a few times larger than that $\Delta \epsilon = G M_{\rm h} R_{\star} / R_{\rm t}^2$ analytically expected from the frozen-in approximation \citep{stone2013}. Half of this gas gets bound to the black hole with its extremity coming back the earliest to pericenter, after a time slightly shorter than $t_{\rm min} = 2 \pi G M_{\rm h} (2 \Delta \epsilon)^{-3/2} \approx 41 \, \rm d$ according to Kepler's third law. The tip of the returning stream can be seen from the gas density shown at a time $t/t_{\rm min} = 0.59$ since disruption in the left panel (a) of Fig. \ref{fig:stream}. At large radii, the stream displays a thin profile due to its confinement by self-gravity following the disruption \citep{kochanek1994,coughlin2016-structure}. Because it originates from the stellar outermost layers, the gas closer to the black hole is more tenuous, which reduces the impact of self-gravity. As a result, this more bound matter presents, in addition to the central part, a wing several orders of magnitude less dense that extends towards the left. This asymmetry and wider range of densities makes the transverse gas properties of this part of the stream more difficult to describe and to accurately follow numerically. For this reason, we choose to study instead the near-cylindrical and more compact gas that arrives immediately after. The specific element we select to follow its later evolution around the black hole is indicated with the red point in Fig. \ref{fig:stream}.
This element has an orbital energy $\epsilon = -0.575 \Delta \epsilon$ that corresponds to a fallback rate of $\dot{M} = 0.685 \, \rm \mathrm{M}_{\hbox{$\odot$}} \, {yr}^{-1}$, only a factor of $\sim 2$ lower than the peak value. Note that this choice is mostly made for computational convenience but we discuss its possible influence on our results in Section \ref{sec:extrapolation}. The two-dimensional transverse properties of the element are recorded at $t / t_{\rm min} = 0.22$ when it reaches a distance $R_{\rm in} = 51.2 R_{\rm t}$ from the black hole. This is done by defining a surface orthogonal to the stream longitudinal direction at this location, which is displayed with the orange segment on the right panel (b) of Fig. \ref{fig:stream}. The properties of a few hundred particles are recorded as they cross this surface, which are used to determine by interpolation the transverse profiles of the hydrodynamical variables. The location of a given particle on this surface is parametrized by the two coordinates $\xi$ and $z$ shown in the sketch of Fig. \ref{fig:sketch} that correspond to offsets with respect to the center of mass along the stellar orbital plane and the vertical direction, respectively.
The initial density profile can be approximated by a binormal distribution $\rho_{\rm in} (\xi,z) = \Lambda (2 \pi \sigma_{\perp} \sigma_{\rm z})^{-1} \exp(-((\xi/\sigma_{\perp})^2 + (z/\sigma_{\rm z})^2)/2 )$, with fitted values of the standard deviations of $\sigma_{\perp} = 4.1 R_{\star}$ and $\sigma_{\rm z} =2.0 R_{\star}$. Note that this element is narrower along the vertical direction, which is caused by earlier oscillations around hydrostatic equilibrium seeded by the passage of the star at pericenter \citep{coughlin2016-pancakes}. To ensure that the density distribution is consistent with the fallback rate, the normalization is fixed by $\Lambda = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \rho_{\rm in}(\xi,z) \diff \xi \diff z = \dot{M} / v_{\rm c, in}$. The center of mass speed has a value of $v_{\rm c, in} = 16.6 v_{\star}$, where $v_{\star} = \sqrt{G M_{\star} / R_{\star}} = 440 \, \rm km \, s^{-1}$ denotes the approximate stellar sound speed, such that the central density is given by $ \rho_{\rm in}(0,0) = \dot{M}/ (2 \pi v_{\rm c, in} \sigma_{\perp} \sigma_{\rm z}) = 2.4 \times 10^{-7} \, \rm g \, cm^{-3}$. Due to the proximity to the black hole, the center of mass has its velocity completely aligned with the stream longitudinal direction,\footnote{Note that the center of mass velocity is not aligned with the direction of stream elongation before the gas comes back near the black hole. When a part of the stream is for example at the apocenter of its orbit, its velocity is tangential to the black hole while the longitudinal direction is almost radial.} which itself is almost along the inward radial direction. Specifically, these two directions are initially inclined by an angle $\delta_{\rm in} \approx -0.95 \pi < 0$ (see Fig. \ref{fig:sketch}). The initial velocity profiles in the co-moving frame can be approximated by homologous transverse compression along both directions given by $v_{\rm z,in}/v_{\rm c,in} = A_{\rm z,in} z / R_{\rm in}$ and $v_{\rm \perp,in}/v_{\rm c,in} = A_{\rm\perp,in} \xi / R_{\rm in}$, where $A_{\rm z,in} = -0.47$ and $A_{\rm\perp,in} = -0.39$ are obtained by fitting. Similarly, the longitudinal velocity changes across the stream as $v_{\rm\parallel,in}/v_{\rm c,in} = A_{\rm \parallel,in} \xi / R_{\rm in}$ with $A_{\rm \parallel,in} = 0.12>0$ since the material with $\xi >0$ is closer to the black hole. As representative examples, Fig. \ref{fig:profiles} shows the initial density (upper panel) and vertical velocity (lower panel) profiles along the orbital plane and orthogonal to it, respectively. The orange dots correspond to the particles picked from the three-dimensional simulation that are used for the interpolation while the red lines are the fitted profiles. For simplicity, we adopt a uniform specific thermal energy distribution given by its average value of $u = 4.8 \times 10^{-6} v^2_{\star}$ for the selected particles. Note that the corresponding gas temperature $T = 2 m_{\rm p} u /(3 k_{\rm B}) \approx 70 \, \rm K$ is very small, which in reality may be prevented by hydrogen recombination that injects energy into the gas at earlier times \citep{coughlin2016-structure}. This choice is nevertheless appropriate because pressure forces are found to be irrelevant until the gas reaches close to pericenter where strong heating occurs that makes the matter forget about its initially much lower internal energies.
The initial conditions of the two-dimensional simulation are then created by generating a higher resolution version of this stream element along the orthogonal surface. The initial mass of gas is $m_{\rm in} = \Lambda l \approx 2 \times 10^{-6} \, \mathrm{M}_{\hbox{$\odot$}}$, which is specified by a longitudinal length arbitrarily fixed to $l=R_{\star}$. Even though the gas only has a surface density $\Sigma$ defined on the orthogonal surface, it can be converted into a three-dimensional density given by $\rho = \Sigma / l$, which is used instead throughout the paper. Importantly, this density is independent of our choice of length $l$ since this parameter affects the mass and enclosing volume in the same proportional way. The particle mass $M_{\rm p}$ specifies the number of particles used in the simulation given by $N_{\rm p} = \left[m_{\rm in}/M_{\rm p}\right]$, where the brackets denote the nearest integer function. We choose a value of $M_{\rm p} = 10^{-11} \, \mathrm{M}_{\hbox{$\odot$}}$ corresponding to $N_{\rm p} \approx 2 \times 10^5$ particles. In Section \ref{sec:convergence}, we determine the influence of resolution on our results to demonstrate that the above particle number is enough to attain numerical convergence.
The particles are first positioned randomly on the orthogonal surface according to the probability distribution associated with the binormal function fitted for the density. To reduce density interpolation errors resulting from random noise, we find it necessary to relax the particle distribution. This is realized by evolving the gas for a short duration inside a periodic box whose vaccuum is filled with ghost particles to prevent artificial expansion. To impose the particles to move towards the desired density profile, they are also subject to a pressure force that vanishes when this configuration is attained. After the particles have reached their final position, we assign their velocities according to the fitted profiles as well as its uniform specific internal energy. The result of this procedure is displayed with the black points in Fig. \ref{fig:profiles}, which by comparison with the red lines demonstrates that the gas properties are correctly imposed. The stream element thus obtained is then used to initialize a two-dimensional simulation that studies its transverse gas evolution at later times, according to the numerical method we now explain.
\subsection{Two-dimensional treatment of hydrodynamics}
\label{sec:treatment}
We aim at studying the two-dimensional transverse evolution of the selected stream element during its passage near the black hole in the frame co-moving with its ballistic center of mass and co-rotating with the local longitudinal direction of elongation. We rely on the orientation indicated in Fig. \ref{fig:sketch} that is specified by three orthogonal unit vectors $\vect{e}_{\parallel}$, $\vect{e}_{\perp}$ and $\vect{e}_{\rm z}$, aligned with the longitudinal direction and along the two transverse ones, respectively. The stream element has its longitudinal direction aligned with the velocity $\vect{v}_{\rm c}$ of its center of mass such that $\vect{e}_{\parallel} = \vect{v}_{\rm c} / v_{\rm c}$, where $v_{\rm c} = |\vect{v}_{\rm c}|$. The orientation of the above unit vectors is then specified at all times by this velocity, which we evaluate along with the position $\vect{R} = R \vect{e}_{\rm r}$ of the center of mass, assuming that it follows a Keplerian orbit under the gravitational acceleration $\vect{a}_{\rm c} = -G M_{\rm h} \vect{R} / R^3$. Here, $R = |\vect{R}|$ while $\vect{e}_{\rm r}$ is a unit vector pointing outward in the radial direction.
We examine the evolution of the gas along the two transverse directions by evolving its position relative to the center of mass given by the vector $\vect{r} = \xi \vect{e}_{\perp} + z \vect{e}_{\rm z}$. By construction, this motion remains confined at all times to the surface orthogonal to the direction of stream elongation, shown in grey in the sketch of Fig. \ref{fig:sketch}. Note that the matter located on this surface is made of different fluid elements at each time because of shearing but this effect does not impact the hydrodynamical properties of the stream element due to their invariance along the longitudinal direction. In the inertial frame, the relative acceleration experienced by this gas is $\vect{a}_{\rm i} = \vect{a}_{\rm t} + \vect{a}_{\rm p}$ that contains the contribution from both pressure gradients and the tidal force, given by
\begin{equation}
\vect{a}_{\rm p} = - \frac{\boldgreek{\nabla} P}{ \rho},
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\vect{a}_{\rm t} = - \frac{G M_{\rm h}}{R^3} \left( \vect{r} - 3 \frac{\vect{R} \cdot \vect{r} }{R^2} \vect{R} \right),
\label{eq:tidal}
\end{equation}
respectively. Equation \eqref{eq:tidal} relies on a first order expansion of the tidal potential, which is valid since $|\vect{r}| \ll R$ at all times. As we derive in Appendix \ref{ap:equations}, the equations of motion that determine the transverse gas evolution in the frame co-rotating with the longitudinal direction are
\begin{equation}
\ddot{\xi} = -\frac{G M_{\rm h}}{R^3} \xi (1-3 \sin^2 \delta) + \xi \Omega^2 - 2 V \Omega - \boldgreek{\nabla} P \cdot \vect{e}_{\perp} / \rho,
\label{eq:xiacc}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\ddot{z} = -\frac{G M_{\rm h}}{R^3} z - \boldgreek{\nabla} P \cdot \vect{e}_{\rm z} / \rho,
\label{eq:zacc}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\dot{v}_{\parallel} = 3 \frac{G M_{\rm h}}{R^3} \xi \cos \delta \sin \delta + \dot{\xi} \Omega - V \lambda,
\label{eq:vparadot}
\end{equation}
where $v_{\parallel}$ represents the longitudinal component of the gas velocity that arises due to shearing and we introduced the quantity $V = \xi \Omega + v_{\parallel}$ that has the dimension of a speed. The two remaining coefficients involved are defined by $\lambda = -G M_{\rm h} \cos \delta / (R^2 v_{\rm c})$ and $\Omega = -G M_{\rm h} \sin \delta / (R^2 v_{\rm c})$ that represent the rate of longitudinal stream stretching and the angular frequency of rotation of the orthogonal surface, respectively. Here, the angle $\delta < 0$ is measured between the longitudinal and outward radial directions (see Fig. \ref{fig:sketch}). Equation \eqref{eq:zacc} is directly obtained from the inertial acceleration while equations \eqref{eq:xiacc} and \eqref{eq:vparadot} additionally contain non-inertial terms associated with the co-rotation of the frame with the longitudinal direction. In equation \eqref{eq:vparadot}, it is assumed that the parallel pressure gradient is negligible due to the larger extent of the gas in the longitudinal direction compared to the transverse ones. This assumption is checked in Section \ref{sec:validity}, where we demonstrate the validity of the two-dimensional treatment used in our simulation.
We implemented equations \eqref{eq:xiacc} and \eqref{eq:zacc} in the code \textsc{gizmo} \citep{hopkins2015} by adding external acceleration terms to the pressure gradients directly obtained by this code.\footnote{The code \textsc{gizmo} uses a second order Leapfrog integrator with adaptive timestepping. Each particle is evolved according to an individual timestep $\Delta t$ computed from the local properties. One of the main constraints is specified by the Courant condition $\Delta t \leq \eta_{\rm C} d/c_{\rm s}$, where $d$ is a measure of the local distance between particles, $c_{\rm s}$ is the sound speed, and $\eta_{\rm C}$ is a dimensionless parameter. The simulation presented uses $\eta_{\rm C} = 0.4$ but we checked that the results are unaffected when this parameter is reduced.} Equation \eqref{eq:vparadot} is also solved but the longitudinal velocity of the fluid element is not used to update the position of the gas that remains confined to the orthogonal surface. Because we consider a stream element of longitudinal length constant in time, its mass varies due to stretching and elongation along this direction as
\begin{equation}
m = m_{\rm in} \frac{v_{\rm c, in}}{v_{\rm c}},
\label{eq:mass_change}
\end{equation}
which we implement through a continuous change of the mass of every particle.\footnote{Note that equation \eqref{eq:mass_change} is equivalent to $\dot{m} = - \lambda m$, which justifies that $\lambda$ represents the rate of stream stretching.} This variation in turn affects the density evaluated by the code as well as the specific thermal energy specified by adiabaticity. Note that this effect acts in a symmetric way with respect to pericenter passage, such that the mass of the stream element decreases due to stretching as it approaches the black hole but increases again due to longitudinal compression as this matter recedes back to larger distances.
We assume that the gas thermodynamical evolution is adiabatic with $\gamma = 5/3$. This is justified by the inability of the gas to significantly cool through radiation due the large optical depths involved, as demonstrated in Section \ref{sec:radiative}. Additionally, the gas pressure dominates that provided by radiation with a ratio of $P_{\rm rad} / P_{\rm gas} = (a T^4 /3) / (\rho k_{\rm B} T / m_{\rm p}) \lesssim 0.01$. Anticipating the results, this numerical value uses the maximal temperature and density of $T \approx 10^6 \, \rm K$ and $\rho \approx 10^{-3} \, \rm g \, cm^{-3}$ reached by the gas throughout its evolution. Shocks are treated in \textsc{gizmo} by solving the Riemann problem at faces reconstructed at the boundaries between particles. This is done by using the numerical scheme proposed by \citet{panuelos2020}, which we choose for its ability to maintain good particle order, as required for our problem. The gas contained in the element initially satisfies $\rho_{\rm in} < M_{\rm h} /(2 \pi R^3_{\rm in}) = 1.2 \times 10^{-6} \, \rm g \, cm^{-3} $ (see upper panel of Fig. \ref{fig:profiles}), implying that self-gravity is overwhelmed by the tidal force \citep{coughlin2016-structure}. Because this is also the case closer to the black hole, the gas self-gravity is not taken into account in the two-dimensional simulation.
\subsection{Ballistic motion of the stream element}
\label{sec:ballistic}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{trajectory_comparison.pdf}
\caption{Trajectories followed by different parts of the selected stream element during its passage near the black hole (black dot). Differences between them can be distinguished from the four rectangles that are insets zooming-in on specific regions. The black solid line represents the center of mass trajectory, starting from the orthogonal surface (orange segment) where the two-dimensional simulation is initialized. Its pericenter is indicated by the black diamond in the lowermost inset, which is located close to that of the star. The dotted black curve represents the same trajectory at earlier times, as obtained by backward integration. The grey point shows the location where the tidal force overcomes the gas self-gravity, while the arrow of the same color represents the orientation of the corresponding velocity vector. We consider a single particle inside the stream element with initial relative positions $\xi \approx 5 R_{\star}$ and $z \approx 2 R_{\star}$, and velocities given by the fitted homologous profiles. Its trajectory is shown with the coloured curves that are computed in different ways: analytically from a Keplerian ellipse (red dashed line) and by integrating equations \eqref{eq:xiacc} and \eqref{eq:zacc} with pressure forces switched off (blue dotted line). These two orbits perfectly overlap as seen from the insets, which proves the correct implementation in \textsc{gizmo}. The particle considered evolves on an orbital plane inclined with respect to that of the center of mass. These two planes intersect along the blue long-dashed line, which is parallel to the grey velocity vector, as expected geometrically. The stream collapses vertically when it crosses this line at the location of the blue points. This happens for example slightly before pericenter as seen from the lowermost inset, that is where the nozzle shock is expected to take place. The green dash-dotted line shows the trajectory of the exact same initial particle but including pressure forces from the rest of the matter within the stream element. It deviates from the two other ballistic orbits (red dashed and blue dotted lines) past pericenter, as seen from the two uppermost insets. The intersection line of its orbital plane with that of the center of mass is shown with the green dotted line, which is evaluated when the stream element has reached the green point.}
\label{fig:trajectory}
\end{figure*}
Before presenting the hydrodynamical results, we start by better characterizing the ballistic motion of the gas. The center of mass trajectory of the stream element is shown with the black solid line in Fig. \ref{fig:trajectory}, which starts at the orthogonal surface represented by the orange segment, where the two-dimensional simulation is initialized. The pericenter of this trajectory is denoted by the black diamond in the lowermost inset, whose location is essentially identical\footnote{Specifically, we find that the pericenter distance of the stream element is slightly lower than that of the star with a numerical value of $R_{\rm p} = 0.975 R_{\rm t}$.} to that $R_{\rm p} = R_{\rm t}$ of the star due to the small angular momentum spread imparted by the stellar disruption \citep{cheng2014}. The orbital energy of the selected element specifies its semi-major axis $a \approx 87 R_{\rm t}$, which corresponds to a high eccentricity $e \approx 0.99$. Before reaching the initial orthogonal surface, the stream element was moving on the trajectory indicated with the black dotted line obtained by backwards integration of a Keplerian orbit. We find that the tidal force overcomes the stream self-gravity during this earlier phase at a distance $R_{\rm eq} \approx 1.8 a$ from the black hole. This location is indicated by the grey point while the arrow of the same colour represents the direction of the corresponding velocity vector. The gas is still close to hydrostatic equilibrium at this moment but starts getting tidally compressed as it continues to move inward.
The coloured curves correspond to the trajectory of a single particle belonging to the stream element whose relative positions are initially of $\xi \approx 5 R_{\star}$ and $z \approx 2 R_{\star}$ with velocities given by the fitted profiles. The red dashed line is evaluated analytically as a Keplerian ellipse from these initial conditions. The blue dotted line is obtained in a very different way by using the method described in Section \ref{sec:treatment}, switching off pressure forces in equations \eqref{eq:xiacc} and \eqref{eq:zacc}. These two trajectories completely overlap, as can be seen from all the insets. Similarly, the vertical motion is found to be identical using the two methods of calculation. This proves the correct implementation of the numerical solution designed to follow the transverse gas evolution with \textsc{gizmo} as well as the validity of the tidal approximation used in equation \eqref{eq:tidal}. The green dash-dotted line displays the trajectory of the exact same initial particle but taking into account pressure forces. It can already be seen to deviate from the ballistic trajectories, as we describe in detail in Section \ref{sec:results}.
During the infalling phase, we will see that pressure forces are negligible and the gas motion is essentially ballistic with equations \eqref{eq:xiacc} and \eqref{eq:zacc} simplifying to
\begin{equation}
\ddot{\xi}|_{P=0} \approx B_{\perp} \frac{G M_{\rm h} \xi}{R^3},
\label{eq:xiacc_bal}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\ddot{z}|_{P=0} = -\frac{G M_{\rm h} z}{R^3},
\label{eq:zacc_bal}
\end{equation}
where $B_{\perp} = 5 \sin^2 \delta /2 -1 + 2 A_{\parallel} \sin \delta$, approximating in the first equation the center of mass speed by its parabolic value of $v_{\rm c} \approx (2G M_{\rm h} /R)^{1/2}$. Here, the last coefficient uses that the longitudinal velocity evolves close to homologously as $v_{\parallel} = A_{\parallel} v_{\rm c} \xi / R$. Away from pericenter, $\delta \approx -\pi$ such that $B_{\perp} \approx -1$, which implies that the two transverse positions obey the exact same equation. Because the center of mass moves on a near-radial parabolic trajectory, we show in Appendix \ref{ap:scaling} that the two transverse widths then follow an analytic solution given by equation \eqref{eq:zaccbalsol} that in our situation leads to a parabolic scaling $H \propto R^{1/2}$ (see also equations 31 of \citet{sari2010}) shortly after the moment when the stream starts moving ballistically at $R = R_{\rm eq}$. Writing the velocity profiles as $v_{\perp} = A_{\perp} v_{\rm c} \xi / R$ and $v_{\rm z} = A_{\rm z} v_{\rm c} z / R$ for homologous compression, this width evolution also implies that $A_{\perp} = A_{\rm z} = -0.5$. This analytical solution is already almost attained at $R = R_{\rm in}$ since the fits of Section \ref{sec:initial} yield $A_{\rm z,in}=-0.47 \approx -0.5$ and $A_{\rm \perp,in}= -0.39 \approx -0.5$. We will see from our simulation that the width keeps approaching the parabolic scaling as the gas continues to move inward.
The gas inside the stream element with an initial vertical offset evolves on orbital planes inclined with respect to that of the center of mass. These planes intersect along the same line for all the gas owing to the homologous nature of the compression \citep{stone2013}. It is shown with the blue long-dashed line in Fig. \ref{fig:trajectory} that is obtained from the test particle considered above. As we further explain in Appendix \ref{ap:intersections}, its orientation must be parallel to the velocity vector of the stream when the tidal force starts dominating self-gravity, which we indeed find to be the case by comparing with the grey arrow. This geometrical construction was already noticed in the early work of \citet{luminet1985} in the context of deep stellar disruptions. The stream gets vertically compressed\footnote{This vertical collapse can also be anticipated from the fact that the vertical acceleration induced by the tidal force in equation \eqref{eq:zacc_bal} always leads to $\ddot{z}/z<0$.} when it crosses this line at the location of the blue points. This occurs for example slightly before pericenter passage, as seen from the lowermost inset of Fig. \ref{fig:trajectory}. The stream is expected to reach its maximal level of compression near this location that is at the origin of the nozzle shock. Another consequence is that the orbital planes intersect close to apocenter, which would lead to another vertical collapse of the stream element, but only \textit{if} its evolution is entirely ballistic during and after pericenter passage.
The situation is different for the in-plane motion since the fluid elements never intersect with the trajectory of the center of mass during the infalling motion. This is because the gas with $\xi>0$ has a lower pericenter distance than the center of mass (see lowermost inset in Fig. \ref{fig:trajectory}), which is permitted by a change of sign of the in-plane acceleration.\footnote{The pre-factor in equation \eqref{eq:xiacc_bal} takes the value $B_{\perp} \approx -1 < 0$ at large distances, which implies a compression of the stream element. Close to pericenter, $\sin \delta \approx -1$ and the longitudinal homology factor has increased to $A_{\parallel} \approx 0.5$, as explained in Section \ref{sec:pericenter}. This implies that $B_{\perp} \approx 1/2 > 0$, which means that the in-plane acceleration has changed its sign such that the ballistic collapse along this direction is reversed.} However, ballistic motion implies that an intersection does take place along the stellar orbital plane after pericenter passage. Its exact location is displayed with the purple point in Fig. \ref{fig:trajectory} located slightly before the apocenter of the trajectory. Looking at the two insets directly before and after this point, it is clear that the ballistic trajectories (red dashed and blue dotted lines) have changed side compared to that of the center of mass (black solid line). As explained further in Appendix \ref{ap:intersections}, this intersection mainly results from the initial conditions that impose a slightly larger apocenter distance for fluid elements with $\xi > 0$.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{hvsr_infall.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{rhovsr_infall_ink.pdf}
\caption{Widths (upper panel) and density (lower panel) of the selected stream element as a function of distance from the black hole as it evolves from shortly after the stellar disruption (diamonds) to its return to pericenter (circles). The density is averaged over the element while the widths are defined as the distance from the center of the stream that encloses half of its mass along the vertical (black line) and in-plane (red line) direction. The early phase of outgoing motion and early fallback past apocenter (dotted lines) is obtained from the preliminary simulation of disruption performed in three dimensions. The gas used to compute the above properties has its orbital energies inside a narrow interval centered around that $\epsilon = -0.575 \Delta \epsilon$ of the stream element considered. To compute the widths, we determine the line crossing the center of this element from the positions of a small portion of gas located at its extremities. The subsequent phase of infall (solid black and dashed red lines) is evaluated from the two-dimensional simulation that starts at the location of the orange vertical segments where the transverse properties of the stream element are recorded. The dashed blue line in the lower panel delimits the region inside which the tidal force from the black hole dominates the stream self-gravity, which is given by $\rho_{\rm sg} = M_{\rm h}/(2\pi R^3)$ \citep{coughlin2016-structure}. It is reached by the stream element at a radius $R = R_{\rm eq} \approx 1.8 a$ indicated by the blue arrow. The grey long-dashed segments indicate the scalings that the widths and density are analytically expected to follow in each phase.}
\label{fig:hrhovsr_infall}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{density_ink-crop.pdf}
\caption{Snapshots showing the gas density inside the stream element along the surface orthogonal to its longitudinal direction at different times $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = $ -197, -15.6, -0.0823, 15.6, 197 and 1622, which are offset with respect to that $t=t_{\rm p}$ of pericenter passage and normalized by the stellar dynamical timescale $t_{\star} \approx 0.44 \, \rm h$. The value of the density increases from black to white, as shown on the colour bar. The white segment on the first snapshot indicates the scale used and the orientation is given by the white arrows. The first snapshot corresponds to the initial condition of the two-dimensional simulation whose density and velocity profiles are displayed on Fig. \ref{fig:profiles}. Snapshots with exactly opposite times like the second and fourth ones with $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = \pm 15.6$ are taken when the stream element is located at the same distance from the black hole before and after pericenter passage.}
\label{fig:density}
\end{figure*}
\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}
We now present the results of the simulation following the transverse gas evolution in the stream element.\footnote{A movie made from the simulation is available online at \url{http://www.tapir.caltech.edu/~bonnerot/nozzle-shock.html}.} This is done in a chronological manner, particularly focusing on the nozzle shock taking place near pericenter.
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{density_pericenter_ink-crop.pdf}
\caption{Snapshots showing the gas density along the transverse directions inside the stream element at different times $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = $ -0.167, $-4.27\times 10^{-3}$ and 0.168, which are offset with respect to that $t=t_{\rm p}$ of pericenter passage and normalized by the stellar dynamical timescale $t_{\star} \approx 0.44 \, \rm h$. The value of the density increases from black to white, as shown on the colour bar. The white segment on the first snapshot indicates the scale used and the orientation is given by the white arrows. These snapshots are taken around the point where the gas reaches maximal collapse that results in a bounce, which reverses the infalling motion to make the gas expand after pericenter passage.}
\label{fig:density_pericenter}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{Approach to the black hole}
\label{sec:approach}
We start by briefly describing the evolution of the stream element found in the three-dimensional simulation of disruption. Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall} shows with dotted lines its transverse widths (upper panel) and density (lower panel) as a function of distance from the black hole during this early phase, from shortly after the stellar disruption (diamonds) to the beginning of the fallback. Both the vertical (black dotted line) and in-plane (red dotted line) widths increase on average according to the scaling $H \propto R^{1/2}$ (grey segment), which is expected from gas in hydrostatic equilibrium with self-gravity compensating gas pressure forces for an adiabatic evolution with $\gamma = 5/3$ \citep{coughlin2016-structure}. In addition, the stream displays oscillations that are almost exactly out-of-phase between the two transverse directions, which implies that the stream gets deformed according to an approximately quadrupolar mode. We attribute these oscillations to in-plane pancake shocks taking place during the stellar disruption, as proposed by \cite{coughlin2016-pancakes}. During this outgoing phase, the density is expected to evolve as $\rho \propto (H^2 \ell)^{-1} \propto R^{-3}$, which is indeed what we find from the simulation (grey segment). This comes from using the width scaling and the fact that the longitudinal extent of a portion of stream with fixed mass increases due to stretching as $\ell\propto R^2$ \citep{coughlin2016-structure}. After reaching its apocenter, the stream element proceeds to move inwards again, which corresponds to a turnaround in Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall}. The density then gets lower than the critical value $\rho_{\rm sg} = M_{\rm h}/(2\pi R^3)$ (blue dashed line), causing the tidal force from the black hole to become larger than the stream self-gravity and pressure forces. The gas therefore starts moving ballistically under external gravity from this radius of $R=R_{\rm eq} \approx 1.8 a$ indicated with the blue arrow in the lower panel, corresponding to the grey point of Fig. \ref{fig:trajectory}.
The remaining of the gas evolution is followed with a two-dimensional simulation that starts at the location of the orange vertical segments in Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall}. During this phase, the vertical (black solid line) and in-plane (red dashed line) widths still follow $H \propto R^{1/2}$, but the physical reason for this scaling is different from before. It is due to the fact that the transverse motion is entirely ballistic such that the compression takes place with homology factors that tend to $A_{\rm z } = A_{\perp} = -0.5$, as explained in Section \ref{sec:ballistic}. This compression causes the density (black solid line) to increase towards lower radii as $\rho \propto R^{-1/2}$ because $\rho = \dot{M}/(\pi H^2 v_{\rm c})$, where the center of mass velocity scales as $v_{\rm c} \propto R^{-1/2}$ for a near-parabolic trajectory. This compression is directly visible in the first two snapshots of Fig. \ref{fig:density}, which show the gas density along the orthogonal surface at the start of the simulation when $(t-t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = -197$ and later during the infalling phase at $(t-t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = -15.6$. Here, $t_{\star} = R_{\star}/v_{\star} \approx 0.44 \, \rm h$ denote the stellar dynamical timescale while $t = t_{\rm p}$ corresponds to pericenter passage. The above scalings imply that the tidal force evolves as $F_{\rm t} \approx G M_{\rm h} H /R^3 \propto R^{-5/2}$ and pressure forces as $F_{\rm p} \approx P / (H \rho) \propto R^{-5/6}$, such that their ratio scales as $F_{\rm t} /F_{\rm p} \propto R^{-5/3}$. This confirms the expectation that the gas transverse motion keeps being specified by external gravity as the stream element continues to approach the black hole. At $R\lesssim 2 R_{\rm t}$, it can be seen from Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall} that the scalings we just derived break down due to a much faster vertical compression at the origin of the nozzle shock.
\subsection{Passage at pericenter}
\label{sec:pericenter}
As explained in Section \ref{sec:ballistic}, the ballistic trajectories of the gas on opposite sides of the stellar orbital plane intersect shortly before pericenter passage. This causes the stream element to get squeezed until its vertical width becomes $H_{\rm z} \approx 10^{-3} R_{\star} \ll R_{\star}$, as seen from the upper panel of Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall} (black circle) and also visible from the gas density displayed in Fig. \ref{fig:density} shortly before pericenter passage at $(t-t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = -0.0823$. This strong compression leads to the formation of the nozzle shock that dissipates the kinetic energy associated with this vertical motion. As a result, pressure forces sharply increase until they reverse this collapse, causing the gas to expand again as it moves away from the black hole. This bounce can be seen more closely from Fig. \ref{fig:density_pericenter}, which shows a zoom-in on the gas density distribution during pericenter passage. Because we have seen that ballistic motion does not predict an intersection of trajectories along the in-plane direction, the corresponding width of the stream element undergoes a smaller decrease down to $H_{\perp} \approx 0.1 R_{\star}$, meaning that the stream takes the geometry of a very thin sheet of matter. Pressure gradients are therefore much larger along the vertical direction, which causes the immediate expansion to be primarily orthogonal to the equatorial plane.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{rhovsz_ink.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{vzvsz_ink.pdf}
\caption{Density (upper panel) and vertical velocity (lower panel) profiles along the vertical direction at different times $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = -0.65$ (black solid line), -0.066 (red dashed line), -0.024 (blue long-dashed line), -0.016 (orange dotted line), -0.0075 (purple dash-dotted line), 0.00076 (green dash-dot-dotted line), 0.47 (brown dash-dash-dotted line). This chronological ordering of the different curves is indicated schematically at the bottom of the upper panel. The profiles are obtained by dividing the gas distribution into slices parallel to the equatorial plane. The coloured arrows in the lower panel indicates the position of the shockwave that vertically sweeps through the stream, reversing the direction of motion of the collapsing matter.}
\label{fig:rhovzvsz}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{density_wave_ink-crop.pdf}
\caption{Zoom-in on the center of the stream element showing its density at $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = -4.27 \times 10^{-3}$, with black arrows of the same length denoting the direction of the velocity field. The value of the density increases from black to white, as shown on the colour bar. The white segment indicates the scale used and the orientation is given by the white arrows. This snapshot is taken shortly after the start of the nozzle shock as the shockwave ahead of the expanding gas passes through matter still approaching the equatorial plane, which has the effect of reverting its direction of motion.}
\label{fig:density_wave}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{rhovsxi_ink.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{vperpvsxi.pdf}
\caption{Density (upper panel) and perpendicular velocity (lower panel) profiles along the in-plane direction at the same times as used in Fig. \ref{fig:rhovzvsz}. The chronological ordering of the different curves is indicated schematically at the bottom of the upper panel. The profiles are obtained by dividing the gas distribution into slices perpendicular to the equatorial plane.}
\label{fig:rhovperpvsxi}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{uvst.pdf}
\flushright
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{svst.pdf}
\caption{Evolution of the specific internal energy (upper panel) and entropy (lower panel) during the nozzle shock. The energy is obtained by averaging over the whole stream element (black solid line) and using only the $10\%$ of particles with the largest energies (red dashed line). The entropy is computed as $s = u \rho^{-2/3}$, which we normalize by its initial value. The time is offset with respect to that $t=t_{\rm p}$ of pericenter passage and normalized by the stellar dynamical timescale $t_{\star} \approx 0.44 \, \rm h$. }
\label{fig:uvst}
\end{figure}
The hydrodynamics of the nozzle shock can be examined more precisely from Fig. \ref{fig:rhovzvsz}, which displays the density (upper panel) and vertical velocity (lower panel) profiles along the vertical direction that are obtained at different times by dividing the gas within the stream element into slices parallel to the equatorial plane. The chronological ordering of the different curves is indicated schematically at the bottom of the upper panel. At $(t-t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = -0.65$ (black solid line), the density is still uniform on the scale of $|z| \leq 0.015 R_{\star}$, with a maximal value larger than initially as a result of compression during the infall phase. The velocity profile is also perfectly homologous due to the ballistic gas motion that is unaffected by small pressure forces. As matter gets closer to pericenter at $(t-t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = -0.066$ (red dashed line) and -0.024 (blue long-dashed line), the central density starts rising while the gas gets decelerated by growing central pressure gradients, as can be seen from a steepening of the velocity profiles. The gas reaches its maximal density of $\rho \approx 10^{-3} \, \rm g \, cm^{-3}$ for a range of vertical distances $|z| \lesssim 10^{-3} R_{\star}$ at $(t-t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = -0.016<0$ (orange dotted line), that is before pericenter passage as predicted in Section \ref{sec:ballistic}. At the same time, the collapse of the matter closest to the equatorial plane gets reverted by pressure forces as indicated by a change in sign of the vertical speeds. Additionally, a shockwave gets launched that propagates outward (coloured arrows) at later times $(t-t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = -0.0075$ (purple dash-dotted line) and 0.00076 (green dash-dot-dotted line) through matter still collapsing at supersonic speeds. Gas entering this shocked region at increasing vertical heights have their infalling motion reversed, which continues until the shockwave has swept through the entire stream. This process is displayed in Fig. \ref{fig:density_wave}, which zooms in on the gas density near the center of the stream shortly after the start of the nozzle shock at $(t-t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = -4.27 \times 10^{-3}$. As seen from the black arrows that indicate the direction of the velocity field, matter near the equatorial plane undergoes expansion behind the shockwave, while the gas further away still moves inward. Following this bounce, the density drops back to its value before pericenter passage with a velocity profile that becomes homologous again, as seen in Fig. \ref{fig:rhovzvsz} at $(t-t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = 0.47$ (brown dash-dash-dotted line). The hydrodynamics of this shock is similar to that taking place during deep tidal disruptions due to the strong compression of the star at pericenter \citep{guillochon2009,brassart2010}.
Fig. \ref{fig:rhovperpvsxi} shows the gas density (upper panel) and perpendicular velocity (lower panel) profiles along the in-plane direction at the same times as in Fig. \ref{fig:rhovzvsz}. The gas density increases for $|\xi| \lesssim R_{\star}$, which is entirely due to the much stronger vertical compression. Due to low in-plane pressure gradients, the velocity profiles remain close to homologous at all times.\footnote{Note however that small deviations are visible in the outer layers, which we attribute to an early impact of pressure forces on this low-density gas.} In contrast with the vertical direction, these profiles get shallower as the stream element moves inward to reach $v_{\perp} \approx 0$ at pericenter since all the gas velocities are aligned with that of the center of mass along the tangential direction. Later on, the velocities switch sign due to a divergence of the gas trajectories as the stream element moves away from the black hole.
The dissipation taking place during pericenter passage can be analysed from Fig. \ref{fig:uvst}, which shows the evolution of the specific internal energy (upper panel) and the entropy (lower panel) normalized by its initial value. During the infalling phase, the compression experienced by the gas results in close to adiabatic heating at approximately constant entropy. Dissipation at the nozzle shock results in a sharp entropy jump close to pericenter associated with an increase of the internal energy by several orders of magnitude. The maximum value reached is $u \approx 10^{-2} v^2_{\star}$ when averaging over the whole stream element (black solid line) and a factor of a few larger when considering only the hottest parts of the gas (red dashed line). The corresponding maximal temperature is of order $T = m_{\rm p} u / k_{\rm B} \approx 10^5 \, \rm K$, which is high enough to ionize hydrogen, as we further explain in Section \ref{sec:radiative}. As expected, the injected internal energy is similar to the kinetic energy of the infalling gas with vertical speeds $v_{\rm z} \approx 0.3 v_{\star}$ (see lower panel of Fig. \ref{fig:rhovzvsz}). Just upstream from the shock, the Mach number is $\mathcal{M} = v_{\rm z}/c_{\rm s} \approx 30 \gg 1$, using the sound speed $c_{\rm s} = (10 u/9)^{1/2} \approx 0.01 v_{\star}$ of the cold infalling gas. The magnitude of the entropy jump is consistent with that obtained from the jump conditions at a strong shock, which predicts an increase by a factor $\sim (2\gamma / \gamma +1)(\gamma-1/\gamma+1)^{\gamma} \mathcal{M}^2 \approx 0.12 \, \mathcal{M}^2 \approx 100$ \citetext{equation (1.85) of \citealt{zeldovich1967}} for $\gamma = 5/3$. After the shock, the gas cools adiabatically through expansion that induces a fast decrease of the internal energy. Importantly, it however remains on average hotter than before pericenter due to the entropy jump.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{vparavsxi_ink.pdf}
\caption{Parallel velocity profiles along the in-plane direction at different times $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} =$ -197 (black solid line), -1.5 (red dashed line), -0.92 (blue long-dashed line), -0.34 (orange dotted line), 0.00076 (purple dash-dotted line), 0.55 (green dash-dot-dotted line) and 3.4 (brown dash-dash-dotted line). This chronological ordering of the different curves is indicated schematically in the lower-right corner. The profiles are obtained by dividing the gas distribution into slices perpendicular to the equatorial plane. The thick grey dashed line represents a homologous velocity profile evaluated from $v_{\parallel} = A_{\parallel} \xi v_{\rm p} / R_{\rm p}$ with $A_{\parallel} = 0.5$, where $v_{\rm p}$ denotes the center of mass velocity at pericenter.}
\label{fig:vparavsxi}
\end{figure}
Due to their distinct locations with respect to the black hole, different parts of the stream element experience relative accelerations along the longitudinal direction that cause shearing motion. This effect can be analysed from Fig. \ref{fig:vparavsxi} that shows the profile of the parallel velocity along the in-plane direction at different times. The chronological ordering of the different curves is indicated schematically in the lower-right corner. During the infalling phase at $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} =$ -197 (black solid line), -1.5 (red dashed line), -0.92 (blue long-dashed line) and -0.34 (orange dotted line), the profiles progressively steepen as shearing becomes stronger due to the increase in relative acceleration across the stream element at lower radii. This trend continues until pericenter passage where the $e_{\perp}$ direction is radial and all the fluid elements have velocities tangential with respect to the black hole. At this point, the parallel speed can therefore be approximated as $v_{\parallel} = \xi \diff v / \diff R \approx A_{\parallel} \xi v_{\rm p} / R_{\rm p}$ with $A_{\parallel} =0.5$ because all the gas inside the stream element is on close to parabolic orbits with $v \propto R^{-1/2}$. Here, we have set the center of mass velocity to its value $v_{\rm c} = v_{\rm p}$ at pericenter. This analytical homologous profile (thick grey dashed line) coincides as expected with that obtained from the simulation closest to pericenter at $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} =$ 0.00076 (purple dash-dotted line).\footnote{One can however notice a small deviation due to the fact that the trajectories are not exactly parabolic, which we show in Appendix \ref{ap:intersections} to be related to the occurrence of in-plane intersections of ballistic orbits later in the evolution.} Importantly, we find that the parallel speed is limited to $v_{\parallel} \lesssim v_{\star}$ because of the relation $v_{\rm p} \approx R_{\rm p} v_{\star} / R_{\star}$ at the tidal radius and the fact that the gas is confined to $\xi \lesssim R_{\star}$. After pericenter passage at $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} =$ 0.55 (green dash-dot-dotted line) and 3.4 (brown dash-dash-dotted line), shearing weakens due to a decrease of the tidal force until the velocities becomes similar again across the stream element. However, note that the profile never reverses due to the rotation of the frame of reference that imposes the fluid elements with $\xi>0$ to always remain closer to the black hole. As discussed in Section \ref{sec:viscosity}, shearing taking place near pericenter may lead to additional dissipation if the gas has a viscosity, which could increase the level of heating compared to that induced by the nozzle shock only.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{hvsr_outflow.pdf}
\caption{Vertical (black solid line) and in-plane (red dashed line) widths as a function of distance from the black hole as the stream element moves outward after pericenter passage (red circle). They are computed from the two-dimensional simulation as the distances from the center of mass that enclose half of the mass in each direction. The dash-dotted lines of the same colours are obtained in the same way but setting pressure forces to zero in the simulation such that the gas moves ballistically. For ease of comparison, we also reproduce with dotted lines these widths for the previous infalling phase, which were already plotted in the upper panel of Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall}. The grey long-dashed segments indicate the scalings that the widths are analytically expected to follow in each phase.}
\label{fig:hvsr_outflow}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Recession to larger distances}
\label{sec:recession}
We now turn our attention to the evolution of the stream element past pericenter to determine how its properties are affected by the passage through the nozzle shock. Fig. \ref{fig:hvsr_outflow} displays the vertical (black solid line) and in-plane (red dashed line) widths as a function of distance from the black hole, which are computed from the simulation as the distances that contain half of the mass of the element. The dash-dotted lines of the same colours are obtained in the same way but switching off pressure forces in the simulation such that the gas moves on ballistic trajectories. Owing to the symmetry of the gas properties with respect to the equatorial plane, this situation is remarkably equivalent to an instantaneous sign reversal of the vertical gas velocities at the point where its trajectories intersect near pericenter. We also reproduce with dotted lines the stream widths for the previous infalling phase, which were already plotted in the upper panel of Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall}. At low radii $R\lesssim 10 R_{\rm t}$, the different widths evolve approximately as $H \propto R^{1/2}$ (grey segment) in both transverse directions that is the same scaling as during the infalling phase. Note however that the vertical component is a factor of a few lower for the hydrodynamical evolution. This means that the outgoing stream element is more concentrated than before pericenter passage, as we explain later. As the stream element moves to larger radii $R\gtrsim 10 R_{\rm t}$, the widths obtained from the hydrodynamical simulation (black solid and red-dashed lines) start to significantly differ from those assuming ballistic motion (dash-dotted lines). If the gas moved ballistically, we find that it would undergo a vertical collapse followed shortly after by a strong in-plane compression. This is due to the two intersections of trajectories we identified in Section \ref{sec:ballistic} that occur when the center of mass reaches the blue long-dashed line and then the purple point in Fig. \ref{fig:trajectory}. These episodes of compression are not present in the hydrodynamical evolution, which implies that the gas motion departs from purely ballistic trajectories owing to a non-instantaneous influence of pressure.
To understand more precisely these deviations from ballistic motion, it is useful to determine how pressure forces modify the orbital parameters. Due to vertical pressure gradients, the outgoing gas undergoes a deflection of its velocity away from the equatorial plane. This induces a modification of its orbital plane whose intersection line with that of the center of mass gets rotated along the direction of motion. This can be seen from the green dotted line displayed in Fig. \ref{fig:trajectory} that represents this line computed when the center of mass has reached the green point. Almost a full rotation of the intersection line is completed by this time compared to its initial location (blue long-dashed line). The intersection of trajectories predicted from ballistic motion is therefore prevented, which explains the absence of vertical collapse in our simulation. Another consequence is that the stream element moves perpendicularly to the rotated intersection line. As explained in Appendix \ref{ap:scaling}, this causes the gas to expand faster in the vertical direction as seen from Fig \ref{fig:hvsr_outflow} at large radii where the scaling becomes close to $H_{\rm z} \propto R$ (grey segment).
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{rhovsz_large_ink.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{rhovsxi_large.pdf}
\caption{Density profiles along the vertical (upper panel) and in-plane directions (lower panel) at different times $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = $ -197 (black solid line), -15.6 (red dashed line), 15.6 (blue long-dashed line), 197 (orange dotted line) and 1622 (purple dash-dotted line) that are also shown in the snapshots of Fig. \ref{fig:density}. The grey dotted line corresponds to $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = -1622$ that is before the start of the two-dimensional simulation. It is obtained by extrapolating from the initial density profile at $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = -197$ using the scaling $H \propto R ^{1/2}$ identified during the infalling phase for the transverse widths evolution based on the upper panel of Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall} and the analytical evolution of the mass of the stream element given by equation \eqref{eq:mass_change}. The chronological ordering of the different curves is indicated schematically in the top-left corner of the upper panel. The three earliest profiles are taken at times exactly opposite to those of the three latest ones, which means that they are obtained when the stream element is at the same distance from the black hole of $R/R_{\rm t} =$ 9.3, 51.2 and 158 before and after pericenter passage, respectively.}
\label{fig:rhovzvszxi_large}
\end{figure}
Although the pressure gradients are close to purely vertical immediately after the nozzle shock, the resulting bounce rapidly leads to a more circular transverse density distribution (see Fig. \ref{fig:density} at $(t-t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = 15.6$).\footnote{In the last snapshot of Fig. \ref{fig:density}, we note the presence of irregular density features in the outer layers of the stream element close to the orbital plane of its center of mass. We attribute them to an irregular distribution of the low number of particles present in this region, which results in artificial fluctuations of the gas density. Because these features are only present for a small fraction of the total mass, we nevertheless do not expect this effect to change the results of our simulation.} As a result, pressure forces start additionally acting to make the stream expand along the in-plane direction. This causes the gas to get deflected away from the center of mass trajectory, which induces a spread in the orientation of its different major axes with a range of precession angle $\psi_{\rm h} \approx \pm 10^{-5} \pi$. This influence of pressure can be directly seen by comparing the hydrodynamical (green dash-dotted line) and ballistic (blue dotted line) trajectories displayed in Fig. \ref{fig:trajectory}. While ballistic motion predicts an intersection with the center of mass trajectory at the location of the purple point, this collision is prevented by the deflection induced by pressure forces. This provides an explanation for the absence of in-plane collapse in the hydrodynamical evolution, as we described before. As explained more in Appendix \ref{ap:intersections}, an intersection is nevertheless still expected very close to apocenter. This can be seen from the flattening of the red dashed curve in Fig. \ref{fig:hvsr_outflow} at the largest radii, which is expected to be followed by an in-plane compression. This type of interactions already predicted by \citet{kochanek1994} (see his figure 5) may significantly affect the subsequent stream evolution, particularly by broadening its angular momentum distribution.
We have seen that the influence of pressure is not limited to the nozzle shock, but also affects the gas motion during most of its later evolution towards apocenter. This is because of the entropy jump that increases the gas internal energy past pericenter despite similar densities (see Fig. \ref{fig:uvst}). As the gas moves away from the black hole, the ratio of tidal to pressure forces scales as $F_{\rm t}/F_{\rm p} \approx G M_{\rm h} H^2/(u R^3) \propto R^{-5/3}$ like during the infalling phase since the stream properties evolve similarly as long as $R\lesssim 10 R_{\rm t}$ (see Fig. \ref{fig:hvsr_outflow}). However, the value of this ratio shortly after pericenter passage is of $F_{\rm t}/F_{\rm p}|_{R\gtrsimR_{\rm p}} \approx 10$, that is more than an order of magnitude lower than before due to the entropy increase at the nozzle shock. Here, we have used $u\approx 10^{-3} v^2_{\star}$ and $H\approx 0.1 R_{\star}$ to get the numerical value, which corresponds to a time $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} \approx 1$. As the stream moves outward, pressure forces can therefore become comparable to the tidal force, thus affecting the gas motion. A consequence is that self-gravity is not expected to become dynamically important again since it will likely be dominated by pressure forces even after the density has reached $\rho \gtrsim \rho_{\rm sg}$ near apocenter.\footnote{Remarkably, this long-term influence of pressure forces is not present in deep stellar disruptions due to the strong stretching experienced by the debris after pericenter that degrades the injected internal energy through adiabatic losses \citep{guillochon2009}. The situation is different following the nozzle shock because the stream gets instead compressed along the longitudinal direction (see Section \ref{sec:treatment}) as it recedes from the black hole that prevents any such reduction of pressure forces.}
The density profiles of the stream element are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:rhovzvszxi_large} along the vertical (upper panel) and in-plane (lower panel) directions. They are obtained at different times $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = $ -1622 (grey dotted line), -197 (black solid line), -15.6 (red dashed line), 15.6 (blue long-dashed line), 197 (orange dotted line) and 1622 (purple dash-dotted line) that are also displayed in the snapshots of Fig. \ref{fig:density}. The fact that these times have exactly opposite signs implies that the stream element is at the same distance from the black hole of $R/R_{\rm t} = $ 9.3, 51.2, 158 on opposite sides with respect to pericenter passage. At the lowest two radii, the gas is more concentrated\footnote{Our finding that the gas is more concentrated after the nozzle shock appears to be consistent with the semi-analytical calculations of \citet{lynch2021} (see their figure 14) focusing on the same mechanism in the context of eccentric accretion discs.} and features a more extended density profile along the vertical direction after pericenter passage than before. We suggest that this difference can be traced back to the bounce following the nozzle shock, during which the expansion of the gas closest to the equatorial plane is hampered by matter still moving inward (see Fig. \ref{fig:density_wave}). As a result, the outward motion of this central part of the stream is slowed down compared to matter near the boundary that expands instead in complete vaccuum. At the largest radius close to apocenter, the central concentration is reduced while the gas gets more compressed along the in-plane direction than during the infalling phase, which is consistent with the widths evolution displayed Fig. \ref{fig:hvsr_outflow} (solid black and red dashed line) at $R\gtrsim 100 R_{\rm t}$.
Apart from the above differences in the exact mass distribution within the stream element, we find that the density profiles of Fig. \ref{fig:rhovzvszxi_large} are overall similar when considered at the same distance from the black hole. This is because the stream element does not undergo significant \textit{net} expansion due to the impact of pressure forces at the nozzle shock and later in the evolution. This conclusion is also confirmed by the widths computed in Fig. \ref{fig:hvsr_outflow} that only vary by a near-unity factor between the infalling phase and the recession towards apocenter. This qualitative evolution drastically differs from that obtained in several previous works, which find that the stream gets strongly inflated during pericenter passage.
\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:discussion}
\subsection{Convergence study}
\label{sec:convergence}
We now carry out a convergence study to evaluate the dependence of the results on the resolution used. To this aim, we show in Fig. \ref{fig:hvsnp} the vertical (solid black line) and in-plane (red dashed line) widths as a function of number of particles used to describe the stream element. This number is successively set to $N_{\rm p} \approx 2 \times 10^2$, $2 \times 10^3$, $2 \times 10^4$ and $2 \times 10^5$, corresponding to the points of the same colours. The highest particle number is that used in the simulation presented throughout this paper. As before, the widths are defined by the distance from the center of mass that contains half of the mass in each direction. Here, they are evaluated after the nozzle shock at a time $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = 197$ when the gas has receded back to a distance $R = 51.2 R_{\rm t}$ from the black hole. The widths are essentially identical at the largest particles numbers, which demonstrates that the results presented in the paper are not expected to change if resolution is further increased. At lower particle numbers, the stream becomes both thicker and more circular, which we attribute to an artificially weaker vertical compression at the nozzle shock that makes the bounce more isotropic.
The particle number required for numerical convergence can be evaluated from $N^{\rm 2D}_{\rm p} \approx m/M_{\rm p}$, where the mass of the stream element is given by $m = \dot{M} l / v_{\rm c}$ (see Section \ref{sec:initial}) while the particle mass relates to the resolution length $h_{\rm res}$ in two dimensions as $M_{\rm p} \approx \Sigma \, h^2_{\rm res}$. Writing the surface density as $\Sigma = \rho l$ and making use of $\rho \approx \dot{M}/(H_{\rm z}H_{\perp} v_{\rm c})$, the particle number is then given by
\begin{equation}
N^{\rm 2D}_{\rm p} \approx \frac{H_{\rm z}H_{\perp}}{h^2_{\rm res}} \gtrsim \epsilon^{-2} \frac{H_{\perp}}{H_{\rm z}} \approx 10^4 \left( \frac{\epsilon}{0.1} \right)^{-2} \left( \frac{H_{\rm z}}{10^{-3} R_{\star}} \right)^{-1} \left( \frac{H_{\perp}}{0.1 R_{\star}} \right),
\end{equation}
where the inequality is obtained by imposing that the resolution length is less than a small fraction $\epsilon \approx 0.1$ of the minimal vertical width, i.e. $h_{\rm res} \lesssim \epsilon H_{\rm z}$. This condition is the most constraining at maximal compression where our simulation finds that the vertical and in-plane widths decrease to $H_{\rm z} \approx 10^{-3} R_{\star}$ and $H_{\perp} \approx 0.1 R_{\star}$ (see upper panel of Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall}). It implies that the number of particles must be $N^{\rm 2D}_{\rm p} \gtrsim 10^4$ to sufficiently resolve the vertical size of the stream at pericenter within a two-dimensional simulation, which is consistent with the value where convergence starts in Fig. \ref{fig:hvsnp}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{hvsnp.pdf}
\caption{Vertical (black solid line) and in-plane (red dashed line) widths as a function of number of particles, successively set to $N_{\rm p} \approx 2 \times 10^2$, $2 \times 10^3$, $2 \times 10^4$ and $2 \times 10^5$ as displayed with the points of the same colours. These widths are defined as the distances from the center of mass that enclose half of the mass in each direction. They are computed at a time $(t - t_{\rm p})/t_{\star} = $ 197 when the stream element has receded back to a distance of $R = 51.2 R_{\rm t}$ from the black hole after pericenter passage.}
\label{fig:hvsnp}
\end{figure}
Another approach to study the nozzle shock could rely on a single global three-dimensional simulation that first follows the stellar disruption, then the later evolution of the returning stream at pericenter. Like for the two-dimensional case, the number of particles required to resolve the stream at pericenter in three dimensions can be estimated. It is given by $N^{\rm 3D}_{\rm p} \approx M_{\star} / M_{\rm p}$, where the particle mass relates to the resolution length as $M_{\rm p} \approx \rho h^3_{\rm res}$. The condition $h_{\rm res} \lesssim \epsilon H_{\rm z}$ then yields
\begin{equation}
N^{\rm 3D}_{\rm p} \gtrsim \frac{M_{\star} H_{\perp} v_{\rm p}}{\epsilon^3 \dot{M} H^2_{\rm z}} = 10^{14} \left( \frac{\epsilon}{0.1} \right)^{-3} \left( \frac{H_{\rm z}}{10^{-3} R_{\star}} \right)^{-2} \left( \frac{H_{\perp}}{0.1 R_{\star}} \right),
\end{equation}
where the density has been expressed as before, adopting its value at pericenter by setting $v_{\rm c } = v_{\rm p} \approx 0.2 c$. The extremely high number of particles $N^{\rm 3D}_{\rm p} \approx 10^{14}$ necessary to resolve the compression cannot be reached with current computational capacities. Three-dimensional simulations of this process are so far limited to much lower values of $N^{\rm 3D}_{\rm p} \lesssim 10^7$, for which the vertical extent of the stream is effectively resolved with one particle or less. This lack of resolution likely causes a large overestimate of the stream thickness after pericenter passage, as expected based on an extrapolation of our convergence study to lower particle numbers (see Fig. \ref{fig:hvsnp}). Although we focused here on particle-based methods, the very large resolution necessary to accurately follow the nozzle shock is likely also problematic for grid-based codes. In this case, it implies that the computational domain must be divided into many cells that also increases computational demands.
Another source of artefacts in three-dimensional simulations is due to the possibility that a fraction of the orbital kinetic energy gets artificially dissipated in addition to the much lower transverse component. Due to the large ratio of $v^2_{\rm p}/v^2_{\rm z} \approx 10^4$ between these two energies, even a very small conversion of the orbital kinetic energy into heat can dramatically affect the transverse evolution. The important lack of resolution suffered by three-dimensional simulations near pericenter likely makes them prone to overestimating this energy transfer. This effect may accelerate the subsequent gas expansion, resulting in an artificially large width of the stream as it gets away from the black hole. This is indeed the qualitative trend seen in three-dimensional simulations carried out by early works \citep{lee1996_tvd,ayal2000} and more recent investigations at higher resolution. While these authors find that the outgoing stream reaches a thickness comparable to its distance from the black hole, our two-dimensional study predicts similar transverse widths before and after pericenter passage (see Fig. \ref{fig:rhovzvszxi_large}). We suggest that the above effects affecting three-dimensional simulations are at the origin of these differences.
\subsection{Validity of the two-dimensional approach}
\label{sec:validity}
Our two-dimensional simulation neglects the mutual interaction between successive stream elements and we check here the validity of this assumption. A first possibility is that the returning stream gets heated before passing through the nozzle shock due to pressure waves travelling upstream from matter already undergoing this interaction. The ratio of the sound speed $c_{\rm s} = (9 u /10)^{1/2}$ at which this signal travels to the orbital velocity $v_{\rm p} \approx (2 G M_{\rm h} /R_{\rm p})^{1/2}$ at pericenter is of about $c_{\rm s}/v_{\rm p} \approx 10^{-3} \ll 1$, making use of the internal energy $u \approx 10^{-2} v^2_{\star}$ found near the nozzle shock (see Fig \ref{fig:uvst}). This implies that the shocked matter is unable to communicate with the upstream gas. A given section of stream therefore only starts experiencing significant heating when it arrives at the nozzle shock. Our neglect of this longitudinal energy transfer is therefore fully justified.
Longitudinal pressure gradients can also develop downstream from the nozzle shock, leading to the acceleration of highly compressed matter towards the already expanding gas along the direction of motion. To evaluate the importance of this effect, we calculate the longitudinal pressure force $F_{\rm \, p \parallel} = -\nabla P \cdot \vect{e}_{\parallel}/\rho$ by estimating the gradient from the pressure variation of the stream element at successive times divided by the offset in position of its center of mass. This leads to a maximal value of $F_{\rm p \,\parallel} \approx 0.01 v^2_{\star}/R_{\star} >0$ that is reached immediately downstream from the nozzle shock due a reduction in pressure. To determine its importance, this force must be compared to that in the vertical direction, which can be directly estimated from $F_{\rm p ,z} \approx u/H_{\rm z} = 100 \, v^2_{\star}/R_{\star}$. Here, we have used the gas properties found in the simulation when the gas is vertically compressed to a small width $H_{\rm z} \approx 10^{-3} R_{\star}$ (see upper panel of Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall}). We therefore find that the longitudinal component of the pressure force is much lower than in the vertical direction with a ratio $F_{\rm p \, \parallel} / F_{\rm \, p ,z} \approx 10^{-4} \ll 1$. Its influence on the dynamics can then be neglected as assumed in our two-dimensional approach.\footnote{The impact of longitudinal pressure gradients appears lower than in the situation of deep stellar disruptions, for which three-dimensional simulations find that they can significantly affect the dynamics \citep{guillochon2009}. This is likely because the inflow rate of the compressed star varies along the longitudinal direction due to its density profile, which enhances pressure leakage compared to the stream whose inflow rate through the nozzle shock is uniform.}\footnote{The configuration we studied is similar to that of ``oblique shocks'' \citep[e.g.][]{matzner2013}, particularly studied in the context of supernovae shock breakout.}
\subsection{Extrapolation to other parameters}
\label{sec:extrapolation}
We now evaluate the dependence of our results on the choice of parameters. The strength of the nozzle shock can be estimated from the vertical component of the stream velocity near pericenter where the trajectories would intersect in the ballistic limit. This speed is approximately given by $v^{\rm max}_{\rm z} \approx v_{\rm p} \vartheta$ where $\vartheta$ denotes the inclination angle between the orbital plane of the collapsing gas and that of the stream center of mass. As explained in Section \ref{sec:ballistic}, gas motion becomes close to ballistic from the moment when the tidal force starts dominating the dynamics. For the stream element we considered, this occurs shortly after apocenter passage, which we argue remains valid in general due to the sharp decrease in density experienced by the gas as it starts moving inward (see lower panel of Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall}). Therefore, hydrostatic equilibrium is maintained down to a distance larger than the semi-major axis, i.e. $R_{\rm eq} \gtrsim a$. The inclination angle is then given by the ratio of the average stream width to its distance from the intersection line at this location, that is $\vartheta \approx \tan \vartheta = H_{\rm eq} / d_{\rm eq}$. This distance can be geometrically expressed as $d_{\rm eq} = ((R_{\rm p} R_{\rm a})/(2a/R_{\rm eq} -1))^{1/2}$, where $R_{\rm a} \approx 2 a$ denotes the apocenter distance. Making use of $R_{\rm eq} \gtrsim a$ yields $d_{\rm eq} \gtrsim b \approx (R_{\rm p} a)^{1/2}$ that is comparable to the semi-minor axis $b = (R_{\rm p} R_{\rm a})^{1/2}$ of the stream element, as can also be seen from Fig. \ref{fig:trajectory} for our parameters. The stream width at this location is estimated from $H_{\rm eq} \approx H_{\rm t} (R_{\rm eq} / R_{\rm t})^{1/2} \approx H_{\rm t} (a / R_{\rm p})^{1/2} \beta^{-1/2}$ according to the scaling followed shortly after stellar disruption, introducing the normalization $H_{\rm t} \approx 0.1 R_{\star}$.
Combining these calculations leads to a maximal collapse speed of
\begin{equation}
\frac{v^{\rm max}_{\rm z}}{v_{\star}} = \frac{H_{\rm eq} v_{\rm p}}{d_{\rm eq} v_{\star}} \approx 0.1 \beta \left(\frac{H_{\rm t}}{0.1 R_{\star}}\right) \left(\frac{d_{\rm eq}}{b}\right)^{-1},
\label{eq:vzmax}
\end{equation}
where we have also used the relation $v_{\rm p} \approx v_{\star} \beta^{1/2} R_{\rm t} / R_{\star}$. This estimate is consistent with the vertical velocities found in our simulation and also similar to that obtained by \citet{guillochon2014-10jh} apart for the lower normalization. The independence of this speed on the black hole mass ultimately ties to the coincidence of having identical scalings $H \propto R^{1/2}$ for outward and inward stream motion (see upper panel of Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall}).\footnote{The estimate of equation \eqref{eq:vzmax} remains approximately valid for parts of the stream whose entire dynamics is specified by the tidal force since they are also expected to obey the same scaling $H \propto R$ \citep{coughlin2016-structure} while moving inward and outward.} Note however that a dependence appears in the case where $R_{\rm eq} \approx R_{\rm a}$, which results in $d_{\rm eq} \approx R_{\rm a}$ such that equation \eqref{eq:vzmax} leads to a lower speed given by $v^{\rm max}_{\rm z}/v_{\star} \approx 0.01 \beta^{1/2} (H_{\rm t} / 0.1 R_{\star}) (M_{\rm h}/10^6 M_{\star})^{-1/6} $ due to the reduced inclination angle. We nevertheless consider this situation unlikely since it requires a significant degree of fine-tuning such that the tidal force becomes dominant exactly at apocenter. As a result, the energy dissipated by the nozzle shock mainly depends on the sound speed of the star being disrupted and the penetration factor $\beta$, but we do not expect this effect to drastically affect the qualitative picture obtained from our study.
The specific stream element followed in our simulation is mostly chosen for numerical convenience (see Section \ref{sec:initial}). We find that its initial vertical velocity profile is close to homologous, although this may change for other parts of the stream. Deviations from homology can come from oscillations around hydrostatic equilibrium close to the moment when the tidal force overwhelms self-gravity. It may also be due to a transverse density profile that significantly differs from the binormal distribution we use. Such a difference is visible for the most bound tip of the returning gas that features a dense core offset with respect to more tenuous surrounding matter. As discussed by \citet{stone2013} in the context of deep stellar disruptions, non-homologous compression implies that gas at initially different vertical distances reaches the equatorial plane at distinct locations along the trajectory. This desynchronization may cause fluid elements to cross each other multiple times away from the stellar orbital plane, leading to internal collisions. This implies that the energy dissipation at the nozzle shock could be more gradual than found in our simulation where this interaction is confined to a small region. We argue that this can lead to a more isotropic bounce compared to the gas motion we predict that is largely limited to the vertical direction.
The stream element considered initially has a range of pericenter distances that causes its in-plane width to remain $H_{\perp}\gtrsim R_{\star}$ during the nozzle shock (see Fig. \ref{fig:hvsr_outflow}). Physically, this is due to a spread in angular momentum imparted by pressure forces during the previous evolution of the stream around hydrostatic equilibrium. However, this in-plane width would be reduced for the parts of the stream entirely dominated by the tidal force since their prior evolution occurs at constant angular momentum. This effect may result in more in-plane compression or even crossing of trajectories along this direction. The nozzle shock could therefore become more isotropic with a larger amount of gas being significantly deflected along the equatorial plane than what our simulation predicts. Settling these uncertainties would require to improve our understanding of the orbital properties of the different parts of the returning stream including its small angular momentum, which we defer to the future.
\subsection{Role of relativistic effects}
\label{sec:relativistic}
While our simulation is entirely Newtonian, we now discuss how general relativity could affect the results. The most important effect is caused by relativistic apsidal precession that acts at pericenter to rotate in the direction of motion the ellipse followed by the stream center of mass by an angle \citep{hobson2006}
\begin{equation}
\Delta \phi \approx \frac{3 \piR_{\rm g}}{R_{\rm p}} = 0.06 \pi \, \beta \left( \frac{M_{\rm h}}{10^6 \, \mathrm{M}_{\hbox{$\odot$}}} \right)^{2/3},
\label{eq:apsidal}
\end{equation}
making use of the near-parabolic nature of the trajectory and assuming a solar-like star. This precession implies that the stream crosses the line where its different orbital planes intersect (blue long-dashed segment in Fig. \ref{fig:trajectory}) earlier than in the Newtonian case. If the gas moved ballistically at the nozzle shock, the stream could therefore get vertically compressed a second time shortly after leaving pericenter. This effect was discovered in the context of deep stellar disruptions by \citet{luminet1985}, who predict several vertical collapses near pericenter when general relativity is accounted for. However, our work finds that the nozzle shock additionally induces a rotation of the intersection line that would likely delay this second vertical compression for weakly relativistic encounters with $\Delta \phi \ll \pi$.\footnote{If the vertical collapse taking place for deep stellar disruptions also induces the modification of orbital planes we find in the present work, this conclusion may also apply to this situation.} Nevertheless, we still expect successive compressions to take place for strong precession with $\Delta \phi \gtrsim 2 \pi$ since it induces at least one entire near-circular revolution at pericenter before the gas goes back to apocenter. Another consequence of apsidal precession is to cause the formation of a self-crossing shock between two parts of the stream, which we discuss in Section \ref{sec:crossing}.
While the center of mass precesses by the angle given by equation \eqref{eq:apsidal}, fluid elements composing the stream that pass at different distances from the black hole have slightly different precession angles. This induces a differential precession of these elements with respect to the center of mass by an angle that can be estimated as
\begin{equation}
\Delta \phi_{\rm d} \approx \Delta \phi \frac{\xi_{\rm p}}{R_{\rm p}} = \pm 6 \times 10^{-4} \pi \, \beta^2 \left( \frac{|\xi_{\rm p}|}{R_{\star}} \right) \left( \frac{M_{\rm h}}{10^6 \, \mathrm{M}_{\hbox{$\odot$}}} \right)^{1/3},
\label{eq:apsidal_diff}
\end{equation}
where $\xi_{\rm p}$ represents the distance from the center of mass at pericenter, which we set in the numerical value to $\xi_{\rm p} \approx \pm R_{\star}$ as motivated by our simulation (see the red dashed line in Fig. \ref{fig:hvsr_outflow}). This differential precession
compensates the small spread in apsidal angles imposed by the initial conditions, as discussed in Appendix \ref{ap:intersections}. Because it makes the gas trajectories diverge, we expect this effect to delay in-plane intersections compared to the location predicted by Newtonian dynamics (purple point in Fig. \ref{fig:trajectory}). Due to the small precession angles involved, it is however unlikely to prevent this collapse to eventually occur close to apocenter.
If the black hole has a non-zero spin inclined by an angle $i\neq 0$ with respect to the stellar angular momentum, the center of mass trajectory experiences a change of orbital plane at pericenter due to the additional nodal relativistic precession. This causes the gas to have its angular momentum vector shifted during pericenter passage by an angle \citep{stone2019}
\begin{equation}
\Delta \Omega \approx \sqrt{2} \pi \, a_{\rm h} \sin i \left(\frac{R_{\rm g}}{R_{\rm p}} \right)^{3/2} = 0.004 \pi \,a_{\rm h} \sin i \, \beta^{3/2} \left( \frac{M_{\rm h}}{10^6\, \mathrm{M}_{\hbox{$\odot$}}} \right),
\label{eq:nodal}
\end{equation}
where $a_{\rm h}$ denotes the dimensionless spin parameter. All the gas within the stream experiences a change of trajectory similar to that of the center of mass. However, small variations between fluid elements passing at the same distance from the black hole but moving along different orbital planes are expected due to distinct values of the inclination angle $i$. This differential nodal precession likely leads to small modifications of the transverse speeds involved in the nozzle shock, which we do not expect to qualitatively affect our results.\footnote{In the context of deep stellar disruptions, a similar effect has been proposed \citep{leloudas2016} to widen the energy spread of the debris due to a partial alignment of the bounce velocity with the direction of orbital motion. A potentially significant difference is that the estimates of this work appear to rely on an inclination angle between the bounce and longitudinal velocity vectors of order the precession angle $\Delta \Omega$ given by equation \eqref{eq:nodal}. Because not only the center of mass but also all the matter within the star or stream element precesses by a similar amount, we expect these two velocities to be inclined by a smaller angle that likely reduces this impact of black hole spin.} A complete study of these effects on the nozzle shock requires to generalize our numerical method to account for general relativity, which we defer to the future.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{etascvsrint.pdf}
\caption{Efficiency of the self-crossing shock obtained from equation \eqref{eq:efficiency} as a function of the intersection radius where this collision occurs for different black hole spin parameters $a_{\rm h}=0$ (black solid line), 0.05 (red dashed line), 0.1 (blue long-dashed line) and 0.3 (orange dash-dotted line). The vertical grey dotted line indicates the location of the intersection radius $R_{\rm int} = 118 R_{\rm t}$ resulting from apsidal precession for the orbital parameters of the stream element considered.}
\label{fig:etascvsrint}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Consequences on the self-crossing shock}
\label{sec:crossing}
Due to relativistic apsidal precession, the part of the stream that has passed pericenter is put on a collision course with the component still moving inward. If the black hole has no spin, this collision is unavoidable that results in a self-crossing shock at the intersection radius given by \citep{dai2015}
\begin{equation}
R_{\rm int} = \frac{R_{\rm p} (1+e)}{1-e \cos(\Delta \phi/2)},
\label{eq:rint}
\end{equation}
where the apsidal precession angle $\Delta \phi$ is given by equation \eqref{eq:apsidal}. For the stream element considered and our choice of parameters, this intersection radius is $R_{\rm int} = 118 R_{\rm t}$ that is beyond the semi-major axis $a \approx 87 R_{\rm t}$ of the trajectory due to weak precession. Through its impact on the gas at pericenter, the nozzle shock could lead to different properties for the two components colliding at the self-crossing shock, which may affect the strength of this interaction.
Even though our simulation does not include relativistic precession, we can evaluate this effect by comparing the properties of the stream element at the same distance from the black hole before and after pericenter.\footnote{Note that this computation assumes that the nozzle shock acts similarly on elements falling back to the black holes at different times, while we have seen in Section \ref{sec:extrapolation} that its impact may vary. Additionally, we neglect the different trajectories and fallback rates of the interacting streams, which could become significant when the intersection radius is close to apocenter.} This calculation can be done for an intersection radius ranging from pericenter to apocenter, extrapolating the properties of the infalling stream at $R\geq R_{\rm in}$ with the same method as used to produce the grey dotted line in Fig. \ref{fig:rhovzvszxi_large}. Quantitatively, this is done by defining an efficiency for the self-crossing shock given by
\begin{equation}
\eta_{\rm sc} = \frac{1}{m_{\rm tot}} \int_{z_{\rm min}}^{z_{\rm max}} \frac{\diff m_{\rm tot}}{\diff z} \tilde{\eta}(z) \diff z,
\label{eq:efficiency}
\end{equation}
where $m_{\rm tot} = m_{\rm in}+m_{\rm out}$ denotes the total mass of the colliding stream elements that move inward and outward when reaching the intersection point. The integral is computed by dividing the two distributions into slices containing matter at the same vertical distance that therefore collide with each other. The interacting mass is weighted by an efficiency parameter $\tilde{\eta}(z) = 4 \rho_{\rm in}(z) \rho_{\rm out}(z) / (\rho_{\rm in}(z) +\rho_{\rm out}(z))^2$ computed from the averaged densities in each slice for the two stream components. It represents the fraction of the incoming kinetic energy lost during the collision assuming inelasticity and velocities of equal magnitude but opposite directions, such that $\tilde{\eta}(z) = 1$ for $\rho_{\rm in}(z) = \rho_{\rm out}(z)$ while $\tilde{\eta}(z) \ll 1$ for widely different densities. The integrated efficiency given by equation \eqref{eq:efficiency} has the same physical meaning but averaged over the total mass of the intersecting stream elements.\footnote{Even if parts of the stream components can avoid a direct collision, they may however still be heated by the passage of a shockwave generated by a partial self-crossing shock involving the rest of the matter. This implies that their trajectories can be indirectly affected by the interaction, which is not taken into account in our calculation of the efficiency of equation \eqref{eq:efficiency}.}
This self-crossing shock efficiency is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:etascvsrint} with the black solid line as a function of the intersection radius that ranges from near pericenter (circles) to apocenter (squares). It additionally assumes that the black hole is non-rotating with $a_{\rm h} =0$ such that the center of mass of the two streams evolve on the same orbital plane. The grey vertical dotted line indicates the value $R_{\rm int} = 118 R_{\rm t}$ corresponding to our choice of parameters. We find that $\eta_{\rm sc} \approx 0.9$ at all distances, with the small reduction compared to unity coming from the fact that the stream element is more centrally concentrated after pericenter passage than before. Its central density is larger by a factor $\rho_{\rm out}(0)/\rho_{\rm in}(0) \approx 2$ (upper panel of Fig. \ref{fig:rhovzvszxi_large}) that explains the value of the efficiency found.\footnote{Close to apocenter, the efficiency also displays a slight decrease due to faster vertical expansion of the outgoing stream that results in some of its mass passing beyond the sharper boundary of the infalling component.} We therefore conclude that the self-crossing shock remains very efficient despite the modifications induced by the nozzle shock, which results for the low level of net stream expansion it induces.
If the black hole rotates, the change of orbital plane caused by relativistic nodal precession results in a vertical offset
\begin{equation}
\Delta z = R_{\rm int} \sin \gamma \, \Delta \Omega,
\label{eq:offset}
\end{equation}
between the stream components at the intersection point. Here, the angle $\Delta \Omega$ is obtained from equation \eqref{eq:nodal} while $\gamma$ is measured between the direction joining the intersection point to the black hole and the line along which the two orbital planes intersect.\footnote{This angle is a priori random but has been implicitly set to $\gamma = \pi/2$ is previous estimates that maximizes the vertical offset. This offset is only overestimated by a factor of order unity for most values of this angle except when $\gamma \ll \pi$ that leads to a strong reduction with $\Delta z \approx 0$ despite the presence of nodal precession.} This effect may prevent a fraction of the incoming gas from efficiently colliding, which can be evaluated by comparing the offset to the vertical widths of the stream components. We assume for now a common value for the latter given by
\begin{equation}
H_{\rm int} = H_{\rm t} \left( \frac{R_{\rm int}}{R_{\rm t}} \right)^{\kappa},
\label{eq:width}
\end{equation}
with an exponent $\kappa = 1/2$ and a normalization set to $H_{\rm t} = 0.1 R_{\star}$ as motivated by our simulation (see black solid and dotted lines in Fig. \ref{fig:hvsr_outflow}). The ratio of the vertical offset to stream width is then given by
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\frac{\Delta z}{H_{\rm int}} & = \frac{\Delta \Omega R_{\rm t}}{R_{\star}} \beta^{\kappa -1} \left( \frac{H_{\rm t}}{R_{\star}} \right)^{-1} \left( \frac{R_{\rm int}}{R_{\rm p}} \right)^{1-\kappa} \\
& \approx 100 \, a \sin i \, \beta \left( \frac{M_{\rm h}}{10^6 \, \mathrm{M}_{\hbox{$\odot$}}} \right)^{4/3} \left( \frac{H_{\rm t}}{0.1 R_{\star}} \right)^{-1} \left( \frac{R_{\rm int}}{118 R_{\rm p}} \right)^{1/2},
\end{split}
\label{eq:dzovh}
\end{equation}
where we set $\gamma = \pi/2$ for simplicity and used the parameters of our simulation to get the numerical value.\footnote{Note that the this ratio may additionally be affected by black hole spin through a modification of the relativistic apsidal angle it induces compared to equation \eqref{eq:apsidal} that can either increase or decrease the intersection radius depending on the orientation of the black hole spin compared to the gas angular momentum vector.} Our estimate of this ratio is larger than found in past studies \citep{guillochon2015,jiang2016} that assumed a linear width evolution with $\kappa = 1$ and a larger normalization of the stream width of $H_{\rm t} \approx R_{\star}$. From our simulation, we find that the stream is both thinner near the black hole and expands slower,\footnote{As mentioned in Section \ref{sec:extrapolation}, parts of the stream with low densities are not confined by self-gravity that could result in a fast expansion with $\kappa \approx 1$, although potentially also decreasing $H_{\rm t}$. More work is need to pinpoint the impact of black hole spin for this gas that nevertheless represent a much lower fraction of the total mass.} which results in an increase of the ratio by about two orders of magnitude. This implies that nodal precession may strongly affect the self-crossing shock even for slowly-spinning black holes with $a_{\rm h} \gtrsim 0.01$ while past estimates require near extremal rotation for $M_{\rm h} \approx 10^6 \, \mathrm{M}_{\hbox{$\odot$}}$.
A more quantitative evaluation of this impact of black hole spin can be done by computing the self-crossing shock efficiency from equation \eqref{eq:efficiency}, introducing the vertical offset of equation \eqref{eq:offset} between the centers of the two colliding stream components. This efficiency is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:etascvsrint} for several spin parameters, assuming $\gamma = \pi/2$ and $\sin i = 1$ for simplicity. For $a_{\rm h} = 0.05$ (red dashed line), we find that the efficiency is strongly reduced to $\eta_{\rm sc} \lesssim 0.5$ for an intersection radius $R_{\rm int} \gtrsim 50 R_{\rm t}$, as predicted by equation \eqref{eq:dzovh}. The self-crossing shock is almost as efficient as for $a_{\rm h}=0$ (black solid line) with $\eta_{\rm sc} \gtrsim 0.8$ close to pericenter due to the reduced impact of the sub-linear width increase. Increasing the black hole spin to $a_{\rm h} = 0.1$ (blue long-dashed line) further decreases the efficiency but with a similar rise at low radii. For $a_{\rm h} = 0.3$ (orange dash-dotted line), the self-crossing shock is inefficient at all radii with $\eta_{\rm sc} \lesssim 0.1$ because most of the gas misses the collision due to a large vertical offset.
The above calculations suggest that the self-crossing shock is efficient with $\eta_{\rm sc} \gtrsim 0.9$ as long as the black hole has a negligible spin. This conclusion lends support to the assumption of identical stream components used in local simulations of this interaction \citep{lee1996,kim1999,jiang2016,lu2020}. In this situation, the shocked gas is launched into a large-scale quasi-spherical outflow that can have a significant unbound fraction. When the bound matter returns near the black hole, an accretion disc may promptly form with a direction of rotation potentially opposite to that of the original star \citep{bonnerot2020-realistic,bonnerot2021-light}.\footnote{Note that this evolution differs from that found in global simulations of disc formation \citep[e.g.][]{shiokawa2015,sadowski2016}, for which the nozzle shock appears to result in faster expansion of the outgoing stream. This may be due to either the different parameters used or insufficient resolution near pericenter that can both result in faster expansion, as explained in Sections \ref{sec:convergence} and \ref{sec:extrapolation}.} If the efficiency is reduced to $\eta_{\rm sc} \gtrsim 0.1$, the interaction likely produces a non-spherical outflow that contains less unbound matter. Nevertheless, we still expect a significant amount of gas to have their trajectories deflected that could initiate the formation of an accretion disc. In the future, we intend to better characterize the outcome of the self-crossing shock if the collision is significantly offset.
If the efficiency is $\eta_{\rm sc} \ll 1$, most of the stream components miss each other on the first pass. In this situation, the stream continues to evolve on a largely unaffected trajectory for several orbital periods until a delayed collision eventually occurs \citep{guillochon2015}. Similarly to the nozzle shock, we expect the stream to experience several episodes of strong compression that may lead to additional dissipation. Studying this stage of evolution is necessary to precisely determine the time of the first intersection and the properties of the stream components involved. This could be achieved through a generalization of the two-dimensional approach presented here, which we intend to do in the future.
\subsection{Impact of viscous dissipation}
\label{sec:viscosity}
The stream element experiences shearing as it revolves around the black hole, implying that viscous effects could act to dissipate part of its orbital kinetic energy. As a result, the gas may experience additional heating compared to that caused by the nozzle shock only. Although viscosity is not included in our simulation, we aim here at estimating its impact based on the shearing properties we find. Only considering shearing along the perpendicular direction,\footnote{There may be other sources of viscous dissipation due to shearing along the vertical direction, but we neglect its influence because of the lower velocity gradients involved.} the associated viscous heating rate is given by the integral $\dot{E}_{\rm vis} = \int_{\mathcal{V}} \nu (\diff v_{\parallel}/\diff \xi)^2 \rho \diff V$ \citetext{equation (11.31) of \citealt{clarke2007}} over the volume $\mathcal{V}$ swept by the stream element throughout its evolution. This integral can be simplified by writing the differential volume as $\diff V = v_{\rm c} \diff \xi \diff z \diff t$ combined with the definition of the inflow rate $\dot{M} = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \rho v_{\rm c} \diff \xi \diff z$, which leads to $\dot{E}_{\rm vis} \approx \nu_{\rm p} \dot{M}/\tau_{\rm sh}$, approximating the viscosity by its value $\nu \approx \nu_{\rm p}$ at pericenter where shearing is the strongest. Here, we have introduced the timescale $\tau_{\rm sh} = \int_{t =0}^{t_{\rm max} } (\diff v_{\parallel}/\diff \xi)^2 \diff t = 0.88 t_{\star}$ computed directly from the shearing profile, where $t=t_{\rm max}$ corresponds to the end of the simulation. This value of $\tau_{\rm sh} \approx t_{\star}$ comes from $\diff v_{\parallel}/\diff \xi \approx v_{\star}/R_{\star} = 1/ t_{\star}$ near pericenter (see Fig. \ref{fig:vparavsxi}) where the stream element stays for a timescale of order $t_{\star}$. The viscous heating rate can then be estimated as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:edotvis}
\frac{\dot{E}_{\rm vis}}{\dot{M} v^2_{\star}} = \frac{ \nu_{\rm p}}{\tau_{\rm sh} v^2_{\star}} \approx 10^{-5} \left(\frac{\nu_{\rm p}}{10^{-5} R_{\star} v_{\star} } \right),
\end{equation}
showing that it competes with that at the nozzle shock where $u \approx 10^{-2} v^2_{\star}$ only if $\nu_{\rm p} \gtrsim 10^{-2} R_{\star} v_{\star}$.
To estimate the value of the viscosity, we make use of the prescription $\nu = \alpha c_{\rm s} H_{\rm z}$, involving the local sound speed and vertical extent of the stream. At pericenter, this estimate leads to $\nu_{\rm p}/(R_{\star} v_{\star}) \approx 10^{-5} (\alpha/0.1) (u / 10^{-2} v_{\star})^{1/2} (H_{\rm z}/10^{-3} R_{\star})$, setting the internal energy and stream vertical width to their values at the nozzle shock, and the viscosity parameter to $\alpha \approx 0.1$. The obtained viscosity is $\nu_{\rm p}/ R_{\star} v_{\star} \approx 10^{-5} \ll 10^{-2}$, implying that the resulting heating rate of equation \eqref{eq:edotvis} is much lower than that due to the shock. The magneto-rotational instability \citetext{MRI, \citealt{balbus1991}} could provide a physical source of viscosity after saturation has been reached. However, this requires several orbital periods while in our situation the stream remains near pericenter for only about half an orbit \citep{guillochon2014-10jh,chan2018}. For this reason, saturation is unlikely to be attained that may strongly reduce the viscosity compared to the above value based on $\alpha \approx 0.1$. An improved evaluation of this effect would require to carry out a dedicated magneto-hydrodynamical simulation of the stream passage at pericenter.
\subsection{Influence of magnetic fields}
\label{sec:magnetic}
Following the disruption, the stellar magnetic field gets transported with the stream, which has been investigated through magneto-hydrodynamics simulations \citep{guillochon2017-magnetic,bonnerot2017-magnetic}. These studies find that the magnetic field lines get aligned with the longitudinal direction of stream elongation. This is because magnetic flux conservation induces a strong decrease of the transverse components of the field due to stretching, while the longitudinal magnetic field strength gets only weakly reduced due to slow expansion. During the strong compression at the nozzle shock, the strength of this longitudinal field component is increased from its original stellar value $B_{\parallel \star} \approx 1 \, \rm G$ to
\begin{equation}
B_{\parallel} \approx B_{\parallel \star} \frac{R_{\star}^2}{H_{\rm z} H_{\perp} } = 10^3 {\rm G} \left( \frac{B_{\parallel \star}}{1 \, \rm G} \right) \left( \frac{H_{\rm z}}{10^{-3} R_{\star}} \right)^{-1} \left( \frac{H_{\perp}}{R_{\star}} \right)^{-1},
\label{eq:magnetic}
\end{equation}
where we have used $H_{\rm z} \approx 10^{-3} R_{\star}$ and $H_{\perp} \approx R_{\star}$ as found in the simulation (see Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall}). This increase in magnetic strength results in an enhanced magnetic pressure that may compete with that due to the gas only.
To estimate this effect, we compare the two pressures obtained from $P_{\rm mag} = B^2_{\parallel}/(8 \pi)$ using equation \eqref{eq:magnetic} and $P_{\rm gas} = 2 \rho u /3$. Evaluating the density at pericenter with $\rho = \dot{M} / (\pi H_{\rm z} H_{\perp} v_{\rm p} )$, the pressure ratio is given by
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\frac{P_{\rm mag}}{P_{\rm gas}} & = \frac{3 B^2_{\parallel \star} R_{\star}^4 v_{\rm p}}{16 H_{\rm z} H_{\perp} u \dot{M}} \\
& \approx 7 \times 10^{-6} \left( \frac{B_{\parallel \star}}{1 \, \rm G} \right)^2 \left( \frac{H_{\perp}}{R_{\star}} \right)^{-1} \left( \frac{H_{\rm z}}{10^{-3} R_{\star}} \right)^{-1} \left( \frac{u}{10^{-2} v^2_{\star}} \right)^{-1}.
\end{split}
\end{equation}
This implies that a dynamical impact of magnetic pressure on the nozzle shock requires a stellar magnetic field of $B_{\parallel \star} \gtrsim 400 \, \rm G$ that can be reached inside solar-type stars as evidence by observations of sunspots. Note that even larger strengths $B_{\parallel \star} \gtrsim 10^5 \, \rm G$ are required for magnetic pressure to affect the previous stream evolution \citep{guillochon2017-magnetic,bonnerot2017-magnetic}. The impact on the nozzle shock becomes more important as the fallback rate drops, also due to the arrival of more magnetized gas originating from near the stellar core. This effect may also be stronger if the penetration factor is increased to $\beta>1$ due to a larger velocity at pericenter and a stronger vertical compression. Magnetic pressure could lead to a faster expansion of the stream past pericenter, which we intend to investigate in the future through a magneto-hydrodynamics simulation of the nozzle shock.
\subsection{Effect of radiative processes}
\label{sec:radiative}
We now estimate the impact of radiative processes on the gas, which is assumed to evolve adiabatically in the simulation. The time required for radiation to diffuse out from the stream along its vertical direction can be determined from $t_{\rm diff} \approx H_{\rm z} \tau / c$, where $\tau = \rho \kappa_{\rm s} H_{\rm z}$ denotes the optical depth and the density is given by $\rho = \dot{M} / (\pi H_{\rm z} H_{\perp} v_{\rm c})$. This leads to a diffusion timescale of
\begin{equation}
\frac{t_{\rm diff}}{t_{\star}} = \frac{\dot{M}\kappa_{\rm s}}{\pi v_{\rm c} c t_{\star}} \frac{H_{\rm z}}{H_{\perp}} \approx 50 \left( \frac{H_{\rm z}}{H_{\perp}} \right) \left( \frac{v_{\rm c}}{v_{\rm p}} \right)^{-1}.
\label{eq:diffusion}
\end{equation}
To determine the impact of radiative losses\footnote{As shown in Section \ref{sec:treatment}, the internal energy or pressure in the stream is dominated by thermal motion rather than radiation. Nevertheless, radiation energy losses directly result in gas cooling because temperature equilibrium between these two components is reached almost instantaneously for the properties of the gas considered.} on the nozzle shock, the diffusion timescale must be compared to the time $t_{\rm exp} = H_{\rm z} / v_{\rm z}$ required for the stream element to expand significantly. Making use of $v_{\rm c} = v_{\rm p}$ in equation \eqref{eq:diffusion}, their ratio is $t_{\rm diff} / t_{\rm exp} \approx (\dot{M}\kappa_{\rm s} / \pi c H_{\perp}) (v_{\rm z} / v_{\rm p}) \approx 50 \gg 1$ where the vertical width cancels out. Here, we adopted the numerical values $v_{\rm z} \approx 0.1 v_{\star}$ and $H_{\perp} \approx 0.1 R_{\star}$ reached at the point of maximal compression. This implies that diffusion has a negligible impact on the gas dynamics near pericenter, which justifies our assumption of gas adiabaticity.\footnote{This inefficient diffusion implies that the emerging luminosity is lower than the heating rate $\dot{E}_{\rm sh} \approx \dot{M} u \approx 10^{39} \, \rm erg\, s^{-1}$ at the nozzle shock, so that it is unlikely to be distinguishable from the host galaxy emission.} When the stream recedes from the black hole at later times, the diffusion timescale decreases relative to the dynamical timescale $t_{\rm dyn} = R/v_{\rm c}$ with a ratio $t_{\rm diff} / t_{\rm dyn} \approx 50 \, (R/R_{\rm p})^{-1}$. Near apocenter, these timescales become similar such that radiative cooling may become important. This effect is enhanced if the mass fallback rate is lower than the value near peak we adopted, which is expected for the more tenuous tip of the stream.
As it passes through the nozzle shock, the hydrogen that had recombined during the previous evolution \citep[e.g.][]{kasen2010} gets reionized due to the large temperatures reached. This however does not affect the hydrodynamics of the interaction since the specific energy required for ionization is $E_{\rm H}/m_{\rm p} \approx 5 \times 10^{-4} v^2_{\star}$ where $E_{\rm H} = 13.6 \, \rm eV$, which is much lower than that $u \approx 10^{-2} v^2_{\star}$ injected due to dissipation. As the gas expands at larger distances, its temperature decreases back to $T \lesssim 10^4 \, \rm K$ such that hydrogen recombines again, which is associated with a jump in entropy. This effect may result in additional expansion compared to what our adiabatic simulation predicts, if radiative cooling can be neglected.
\section{Summary}
\label{sec:summary}
We have carried out the first dedicated study of the return of the debris stream towards the black hole following a stellar disruption. This is realized by first performing a three-dimensional simulation of the disruption, from which we obtain the hydrodynamical properties of a given section of stream. These properties are then used to initialize a two-dimensional simulation that follows the subsequent transverse evolution of this stream element in the frame co-moving with its ballistic center of mass and co-rotating with the longitudinal direction. Using this numerical technique, we are able to study with sufficient numerical resolution the approach of this gas towards the black hole, its passage at pericenter where the nozzle shock takes place, and its recession back to large distances. The results of this investigation and the main points of the accompanying discussion can be summarized as follows.
\begin{enumerate}
\item During its infall towards the black hole, the transverse widths of the stream element decrease approximately as $H \propto R^{1/2}$, which is specified by the dominant tidal force. Due to a combination of this homologous compression and longitudinal stretching, its density increases according to $\rho \propto R^{-1/2}$ (see Fig. \ref{fig:hrhovsr_infall}).
\item When it gets close to the black hole, the stream is strongly compressed along the vertical direction due to an intersection of its different orbital planes. Its vertical width sharply decreases down to $H_{\rm z} \approx 10^{-3} R_{\star}$ while its in-plane extent remains of $H_{\perp} \approx 0.1 R_{\star}$. This point of maximal compression is reached slightly before pericenter, as predicted from ballistic motion.
\item The strong compression near pericenter results in the formation of the nozzle shock that dissipates the kinetic energy associated with vertical motion. As a result, a shockwave is launched from the equatorial plane that rapidly sweeps through the collapsing gas. The infalling motion of this matter is reverted, which makes it bounce back to larger vertical distances.
\item While the rest of its evolution is entirely adiabatic, the gas undergoes a sharp increase of its specific internal energy to a maximal value of $u \approx 0.1 v^2_{\star}$ during the nozzle shock (see Fig. \ref{fig:uvst}). This dissipation is associated with an entropy jump by about two orders of magnitude, causing an overall increase of pressure forces that therefore become important at later times.
\item Throughout its evolution, the stream element experiences shearing along its longitudinal direction due to the relative acceleration between its parts located at different distances from the black hole. This effect is the strongest at pericenter where the shearing profile becomes close to that expected from a Newtonian circular flow.
\item After pericenter passage, the gas expands with transverse widths increasing as $H \propto R^{1/2}$ close to the black hole. At larger distances, in-plane expansion stalls to eventually result in a collapse near apocenter while the vertical width increases faster as $H_{\rm z} \propto R$ (see Fig. \ref{fig:hvsr_outflow}). Contrary to the infalling phase, the gas evolution significantly deviates from ballistic motion due to the influence of pressure forces.
\item The nozzle shock does not result in significant net expansion of the gas during pericenter passage, but rather modifies its transverse density profile. The outgoing stream element is slightly more centrally concentrated with a larger extent than when it was at the same distance from the black hole before pericenter passage.
\item Numerical convergence is reached for a particle number $N^{\rm 2D}_{\rm p} \approx 10^5$ used to describe the stream element in our two-dimensional approach (see Fig. \ref{fig:hvsnp}). We estimate that resolving the nozzle shock within a three-dimensional simulation of stellar disruption would require $N^{\rm 3D}_{\rm p} \approx 10^{14}$ particles, which does not appear computationally feasible.
\item Our simulation finds that the stream element has a lower vertical width that increases slower with radius than previously assumed. This implies that relativistic nodal precession may be able to prevent the self-crossing shock induced by apsidal precession even for slowly-spinning black holes with $a_{\rm h} \gtrsim 0.1$ (see Fig. \ref{fig:etascvsrint}).
\item If the stream is magnetized, the nozzle shock can be affected by the additional support from magnetic pressure against vertical collapse. We estimate that this effect becomes important for stellar magnetic field strength along the direction of stream elongation of about $B_{\parallel\star} \gtrsim 400 \, \rm G$, which may be reached for solar-type stars.
\end{enumerate}
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The Ems Tip Their Cap to the 100th Anniversary of the Negro Baseball League
This season the Eugene Emeralds were set to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the formation of the Negro Baseball League at PK Park. This league was known for spotlighting some great sportsmanship. Although the pandemic has stopped the Emeralds season, we will move forward with recognizing some of the great
This season the Eugene Emeralds were set to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the formation of the Negro Baseball League at PK Park. This league was known for spotlighting some great sportsmanship. Although the pandemic has stopped the Emeralds season, we will move forward with recognizing some of the great players who played in the Negro Baseball Leagues.
Baseball had a prominent standing in African American society since the mid to late 1800s. Racist norms of the day prevented teams with black players from joining the Association of Amateur Baseball Players and this segregation was codified in the 1890's by a "gentlemen's agreement" among National League owners. Banned from the major leagues, black athletes and teams barnstormed in the US, competing against anyone who would play them.
In 1920, Andrew "Rube" Foster, the managers of one of these teams and a former pitcher, met with 7 of the owners of similar teams in Kansas City, MO and created the Negro National League, comprised of eight teams from the Northeast and Midwest. This Negro National League is generally recognized as the first of the Negro Leagues, and it provided a spotlight on some of the best baseball players of the era.
From the beginning the league had many hardships. In addition to racism, Jim Crow laws, and tough economic conditions, most teams played in ballparks owned by white teams which were only available when the white team was out of town. Games were sometimes cancelled when a profitable exhibition against a white team became available. Wide disparity in the quality of teams exasperated financial woes and led to a number of team failures which, in turn, led to league failures. Despite the hardships, the decades between 1920 and 1950 always included at least one active league.
World War II led to an improvement in the economic situation of many African Americans, which in turn lead to a great improvement in the leagues. Similar to MLB, many teams lost players to the armed forces, but the leagues continued to put a quality product on the field. Teams became a linchpin for economic development in black communities. Games drew crowds of over 5,000 and black business men and women started to build their businesses around the game of baseball. They saw the chance to offer goods, services and entertainment to the players as they would come through town for games. Cities began to see hotels, restaurants, night clubs, barbershops and barrooms being created to cater to players and their crowds.
The integration of Major League Baseball that started in 1947 with Negro League alumnus Jackie Robinson led to a slow but irreversible gutting of talent of the Negro Leagues. Teams were not able to compete financially and did not want to stand in the way of African Americans playing in the Majors. Quality of play declined and finances suffered. Teams tried to stay relevant by signing white players as well as women, but it wasn't enough and the last one folded in the 1960's.
Many outstanding players started their playing careers in the Negro League and the Eugene Emeralds will be highlighting some of the players over the next week. Be sure to watch the Emeralds Facebook page as we learn more about founder Rube Foster, Josh Gibson, James Bell and Toni Stone. You can also visit the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum e-museum (http://www.nlbemuseum.com/ to find out more about the League and its players. Please join us as we tip our cap to honor the Negro Leagues in its centennial year.
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matches some words in the title?
but can't remember what the full title is.
on a form with bound controls? Into a Listbox? Report?
Searching with multi-selects and textboxes.
Searching for records using a subform.
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{
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}
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Token-as-a-Service ('TaaS'), dubbed the "first-ever" tokenized closed-end fund (CEF) that allows investors to capitalize on the rise of blockchain markets, is to launch a fundraising next month through an Initial Coin Offering (ICO). The platform on which TaaS is based claims to offer "full transparency' for investors by deploying Cryptographic Audit technology.
Utilizing the Ethereum blockchain and its Cryptographic Audit technology, TaaS was co-founded by Blockchain protagonists Konstantin Pysarenko, Ruslan Gavrilyuk, Dmytro Chupryna and Maksym Muratov.
Together with team members from the United States, China, Poland, South Africa and the Ukraine, fledgling startup TaaS with offices in Kiev and San Francisco intends to offer a "new way" to participate in and benefit from capital raising, fund management and cryptocurrency investing. Its use of the ICO funds raised will be audited by HLB, a worldwide network of independent accounting firms and business advisors.
Pysarenko, TaaS' 26-year old Ukrainian-born American co-founder, commenting said: "Blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies have risen exponentially over the last 12 months with little doubt for its ability to disrupt and revolutionize major industries over the coming years."
Having previously co-founded Geo-Earth Resources Ltd in 2011 and more recently Bitup Analytical Group in the crypto asset management space last year, he asserted that the blockchain pioneers believed there is "a unique window of opportunity for early adopters, enthusiasts and professional investors to join this phenomenon."
What Assets Will Be Invested In?
Pysarenko told Forbes that in terms of the scope of investment to be pursued they intend to be "an active player" across blockchain markets, investing in cryptocurrencies and tokens. It is understood that they are interested in investing in "blockchains built by progressive-thinking teams" that solve crucial real-world problems, or are pioneering and stretching the limits of blockchain.
Citing "many barriers" to entry, TaaS aims to "reduce risks and technical barriers" associated with investing in the blockchain space and trading cryptocurrencies.
Indeed, investors interested in exploring blockchain markets face several problems. These sapn technical barriers such as owning and operating wallets, a lack of market understanding (including lack of understanding of blockchain economics), as well as a lack of transparency in existing investment solutions, and, limited investment instruments.
As the first and truly transparent closed-end fund on the market, Pysarenko stated that TaaS offers a solution to all the above cited problems.
Unlike traditional closed-end funds, TaaS will issue tokens, which represent a 'Proof-of-Membership' in a fund that are built on a profit-sharing smart contract - executed by an Ethereum smart contract - where token owners collect 50% of quarterly profits. It is intended that these tokens will in due course to be traded on all major exchanges including Bittrex, Kraken and Poloniex.
In order to grow the fund's capital pool without attracting additional investment, around 25% of the profits will be reinvested back into the fund.
The reasoning here is explained on the basis that as the Net Asset Value (NAV) of a token increases over time. And, TaaS tokens will have their value "explicitly tied" to the performance of its parent project, thereby introducing a 'Token-as-a-Service' business model.
"While smart contracts can guarantee payout distribution, it does not contribute to the problem of transparency of investing in non-Ethereum tokens," explained Pysarenko, who studied at the University of Buckingham. To solve this they have built an in-house Cryptographic Audit technology.
What Is A Cryptographic Audit?
The Cryptographic Audit (CA) is a set of autonomous auditing techniques that tracks, records and timestamps trading activity. The technology was built by TaaS to ensure all profits are properly recorded, the money flow is transparent and the company is in possession of all declared funds from investors. It is said to enable any member of the public to validate trading history and portfolio history.
Proof of Reserves: Preference will be given to using exchanges that have Proof of Solvency implemented; cold storage reserves are able to be audited such with Poloniex and Kraken.
Auditable Exchange Accounts: Where for each account used for trading on exchanges will have a view-only API key that permits anyone to check and verify the balance and trade history of the account.
Proof of Reserves for Non-Exchange Accounts: For all non-exchange accounts (e.g. cold storage address that will be used for their funds) a proof of ownership will provided.
Proof of Reserves for Fiat Accounts: TLSNotary or a similar solution will be used to provide a cryptographic proof of fiat currency in bank and exchange accounts.
Regular Blockchain Snapshots: In order to have proof that no one mismanages data between the audits, a special smart contract will be developed to retain the daily snapshots of audit data.
By incorporating a bonus system for early bird investors, a 25% bonus will be offered for the first 1,000 Bitcoin (BTC) raised with the bonus system decreasing progressively up to the 9,000 BTC mark.
A figure of 2% of the funds collected will be reserved for bounty programs for investors and contributors, who include social media contributions, assistance with translations, beta testing and others. Payments for these bounties will be held upon completion of ICO.
In terms of the venture's roadmap, a 'Q1 payout' is indicated for July 2017. The ICO distribution is broken down as follows: Portfolio (75%); Operations (15%); and, Reserve Fund (10%).
In addition to their fund, TaaS is also building Kepler, which is described as a "first Bloomberg-like" cryptocurrency portfolio management and analytics platform that aims to cover the "entire spectrum" of the investment process.
It understood that Kepler will provide market research, due diligence and order management as well as risk exposure and performance forecasting. Some might view this as an ambitious project for the early startup. A Kepler beta test release is slated and envisaged for later this year in December.
Board members include fund management expert John Wong, a former investment banker at Lehman Brothers with over 25 years' experience taking companies public and managing funds. Joining Wong is Sergey Rabenko, a legal consultant at the International Finance Corporation (a member of the World Bank Group), who has over a decade of experience in advising on legal, M&A and tax issues.
TaaS' upcoming ICO is scheduled to open for investment on March 27 and will run until to April 27, 2017. A whitepaper explaining TaaS' development and plans more fully can be found on their website.
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Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991)
46 continuity mistakes
Directed by: Kevin Reynolds
Starring: Alan Rickman, Brian Blessed, Christian Slater, Kevin Costner, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Michael McShane, Morgan Freeman
Genres: Action, Adventure, Drama, Romance
All mistakes 4 audio problems46 continuity mistakes2 deliberate mistakes9 factual errors2 other mistakes1 plot hole5 revealing mistakes2 visible crew/equipment mistakes Order by popularity Order chronologically Significant dates Titles starting with R
Continuity mistake: When Robin is burying his father, he cuts his hand saying, "I swear it by my own blood" and that he will avenge his fathers murder. We see the blood dripping over his fingers. Suddenly the camera shot changes and Robin's hand has no blood seeping between the fingers.
Continuity mistake: When Robin reaches the cliffs after escaping from prison, he jumps out of the boat and starts kissing the ground. He then reaches out with his right hand for help up, but when the camera switches, he's being lifted by his left.
Continuity mistake: At the start when Azeem is tied up in the prison, at one point when he asks the Christian to free him, his hands are tied at the wrists, then apart tied to the wall, and then back to his wrist all in three quick takes. (00:05:15)
Continuity mistake: When Robin heroically swings across to Fanny and the child in the Sherwood Forest battle scene: He swings straight across, with the rope's focal point fixed between himself and Fanny. Then he gives the rope to Fanny to swing across to John. This time the focal point is between her and John. Someone somehow managed to "move" the rope in order to move the plot along. That was jolly nice of them wasn't it?
Continuity mistake: When Robin reaches his homeland, after he kisses the ground, he rolls over in the water. His coat is covering him, then in the next scene, it isn't, then it is, then it isn't. (00:12:15)
Continuity mistake: When Azeem first blows something up, the Friar is next to him and Will, Robin, John and Bull are seen behind them around the model of the castle. However when it goes to the next shot there's only Will and Robin around the model. John and Bull walk in a few seconds later.
Continuity mistake: When Robin goes to the Church, the camera pans down from an enormously high vaulted ceiling in a vast cathedral. A few moments later, Robin and the Sheriff come running out of the Church and it's a small little stone shack.
Continuity mistake: At the execution scene where Will Scarlet is about to be beheaded, Robin picks up a burning arrow to shoot the executioner. When the arrow is first picked up from a dead body, the flame is half-way up the arrow, but when Robin fires it, the flame is (conveniently) at the arrow's tip.
Continuity mistake: When Robin first goes to visit Marian, he enters the house with a roll on his back (over the shoulder). It's there when he enters and the maid tells him to 'stand right here'. A moment later "Marian" appears, and the roll is gone, it's not on his back, or even in a wide shot showing he took it off. It never appears again.
Jack's Revenge
Continuity mistake: Throughout most of the film, Robin wears brown boots with metal studs around the calf. When he is fighting the Sheriff of Nottingham at the end, he is suddenly wearing greyish boots, with cross-garters. Since you see his brown boots just before he enters the castle - when he kneels down near the dung they're especially visible - it is rather ludicrous that he would suddenly change them, given that he is rushing around trying to save the other outlaws, and then Marian.
Continuity mistake: When Marian and Duncan leave the camp by boat, Marian's lady-in-waiting, Sarah, is nowhere to be seen. Surely she should have left with Marian, as she is with Marian later in the chapel.
Continuity mistake: When Robin and Azeem are approaching Dover Beach, there is shot behind the boat showing only one sailor standing at the stern. In the very next shot, not only is the sailor standing but suddenly so is Robin, at the bow.
Continuity mistake: When Robin is challenged by John Little after attempting to cross the river watch Johns staff. The scene cuts between shots from in front of and behind John. All shots from in front of him show him leaning closely on the staff, all shots from behind show him holding it to side and not leaning on it.
Continuity mistake: When Robin is talking to the Bishop about his Father, they are in a small chamber in the Church. Later on in the film, when the castle is being stormed, Friar Tuck enters this room and throws the Bishop out of the window. Only this time the exact same room is in the castle, not the Church.
Continuity mistake: In the big fight scene in the forest Robin is not wearing his necklace. But when he goes to help save Fanny before he swings across the necklace suddenly is around his neck. (01:39:40 - 01:40:25)
Continuity mistake: Guy of Gisbourne's men come upon two of Robin Hood's men in the forest, trying to pull a log onto the path. The men see their enemies and run away, leaving the log sticking out onto the path. But the log suddenly disappears when Gisbourne's men go after them, and never again reappears.
Continuity mistake: During the hanging scene, when Bull cuts the rope to close the gate, he cuts it and runs so he doesn't get squashed by it, but in the zoomed out shot, he is suddenly on the ground and rolling away. (01:57:20)
Jennifer 1
Continuity mistake: Just before the 'one true weapon' speech, one of the villagers shows Robin what the soldiers did to his son, Will walks toward Robin and pulls his dagger from its scabbard, after Azeem says 'if it's fame you seek.' the camera goes back to Will and he is no longer carrying it. In the behind shots, it can be seen back inside its scabbard. (00:55:00)
Continuity mistake: When Will tells the sheriff he'll have to "respectfully decline" his execution, from one angle his hands are behind him holding onto the gallows, but from another angle they're outstretched.
Continuity mistake: In the scene where Will Scarlet goes back to Sherwood after being captured by Nottingham, Little John attacks him calling him a traitor. In one shot the cuts on Will's chest are going one direction in the next shot, they are going another.
More for Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
Factual error: When Marian is embroidering at home, she is singing to herself "Le chant des oiseaux", which Renaissance composer Clement Janequin didn't write until the 16th century.
More mistakes in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
Guy of Gisbourne: Why a spoon, cousin? Why not an axe?
Sheriff of Nottingham: Because it's dull, you twit! It'll hurt more!
More quotes from Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
Trivia: There is a close relation between Sean Connery and Robin Hood. Connery played Robin Hood in the movie "Robin and Marian" in 1976. His son, Jason Connery, played this same character in "Robin of Sherwood," the TV series, in the eighties. And, finally, he had a small part in "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves" as King Richard.
More trivia for Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
Question: Who exactly are the masked cult of which the Sheriff is a member, shown at the beginning when he unmasks and demands that Robin's father join them or die? If memory serves, the cult and the Sheriff's affiliation with them isn't referenced again at any point in the film. I know the Sheriff and the Witch are dark magic practitioners, but that was suggested to be a private thing between them in the bowels of the castle.
Purple_Girl
Chosen answer: The masked men weren't part of a cult, they were the Sheriff's soldiers, the same ones that Robin meets when he first returns home. They are just in hoods and masks to appear intimidating while trying to kill the noblemen, like Locksley.
More questions & answers from Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
Mistake & trivia booksMost popular pagesBest movie mistakesBest mistake picturesBest comedy movie quotesMovies with the most mistakesNew this monthWonder Woman 1984 mistakesThe biggest mistakes in the Harry Potter moviesCobra Kai mistakesWhat's Eating Gilbert Grape endingThe Truman Show questionsLuke Evans movies & TV showsThe Wizard of Oz triviaDoctor Who mistake pictureLife quotesCast Away plotMore for Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
Robin and Azeem land at the white cliffs and Robin says something like, 'Tonight we will dine with my father'. Those white cliffs are the Seven Sisters in East Sussex, about 200 miles from Nottingham. It would probably take about two weeks to walk it. They also reach Hadrian's Wall in the next scene, which is 200 miles further north than Nottingham.
Sheriff of Nottigham: That's it then! Cancel the kitchen scraps for lepers and orphans, no more merciful beheadings, and call off Christmas!
There was a series made in the UK (and very popular in many other countries) in the 80's called Robin of Sherwood. One of the characters was a Saracen called Nasir. He was not originally supposed to be one of the regulars, but the actor (Mark Ryan) got on so well with the rest of the cast, the decided not to kill Nasir, but keep him on as one of Robin's men. When Robin Hood Prince of Thieves was in development, a character called Nazeem was written because the writer thought that the Saracen was a traditional part of the legend (along with Little John, Will Scarlet and Marian). The name was changed to Azeem because they found out that the character was unique to Richard Carpenter's Robin of Sherwood. So, thanks to a random piece of casting in the UK in the 80's, we were given Morgan Freeman's Azeem.
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"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
|
When planning a holiday party, consider these ideas and suggestions that Magic Jump Rentals has taken the liberty to prepare for you. There are a number of party ideas to help you organize and enjoy a successful event.
Easter is right around the corner and you want to make sure your Easter celebration is one that will have guests jumping for joy. Send out your invites as soon as possible. Online invites are quickest, but if you want a more personal touch you may decorate card invites with an Easter theme.
As decoration for your party it is important to remember the pastel colors. Stick to these colors for your banners, table covers and paper goods. Baskets of eggs, Easter bunnies, chicks and spring flowers are all fitting symbols of Easter to decorate with.
On the menu you may have traditional Easter foods such as fish, rack of lamb or a roast lamb, and finger foods such as mini egg salad sandwiches or deviled eggs. For refreshments you may have Easter candies and cupcakes or cookies decorated with bunnies and chicks.
As for entertainment, you will definitely need to plan for an Easter egg hunt. Hide plastic eggs full of toys inside and outside the house for kids to find. Make some easier to find for the little ones. You may also play games like egg toss, egg roll or have an egg and spoon race. Having guests bring their favorite dyes for an egg coloring party is also a great idea.
Another great idea for entertainment is inflatable games. Why should the Easter bunny be the only one enjoying a day full of fun-filled hopping around? Any number of bounce houses, combo rides, inflatable slides and interactive games will make for an exciting Easter party.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Q: Slow Post request in React Native I am making a post request in react-native using apisauce, but the request is too slow. The request takes around 1000ms in Postman, but is slower in react-native. How can I optimize this?
My sample response data is like
[
{
"email": "abc@gmail.com",
"id": 2753,
"phone_number": "",
"user_name": "New client"
},
{
"email": "cda@gmail.com",
"id": 2754,
"phone_number": "",
"user_name": "New client"
},
{
"email": "dsa@gmail.com",
"id": 8868,
"phone_number": "",
"user_name": "Slow"
}
]
And the program for post request is:
const setConfigHeader = () =>
api.setHeader(
'Authorization',
getState().login.data.access_token
? `Bearer ${getState().login.data.access_token}`
: null,
);
const getAddressBookData = data =>
api.post(globalConstants.user_address_book, data, setConfigHeader());
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
|
Filed Under: Poet's Corner, Presente!
Sam Hamill, who gave up a wayward life to become an accomplished poet and founder of Copper Canyon Press, a leading nonprofit poetry publisher, and whose impromptu protest before the American invasion of Iraq in 2003 became a cri de coeur for artists nationwide, died on April 14 at his home in Anacortes, Wash. He was 74.
Mr. Hamill was a former Marine-turned-pacifist who beat a heroin habit before helping to found Copper Canyon Press in 1972 with a $500 prize he had won for editing the literary magazine Spectrum at the University of California, Santa Barbara. After buying a printing press, he and three partners — Tree Swenson, Jim Gautney and William O'Daly — set up shop in Denver.
The company released its first book: "Badlands," a collection of verse by Gerald Costanzo, in 1973. The next year, Mr. Hamill and Ms. Swenson moved Copper Canyon to Port Townsend, Wash.
Mr. Hamill served as Copper Canyon's editor for the next three decades, and his refined taste and painstaking translations of Asian poets like Du Fu, Wang Wei and Matsuo Basho helped ensure the company's success.
Copper Canyon has since released hundreds of new books or fresh translations of work by, among others, the Nobel laureates Pablo Neruda, Rabindranath Tagore and Octavio Paz and the Pulitzer Prize winners Carolyn Kizer, Ted Kooser and W. S. Merwin.
Mr. Hamill was a prolific writer himself. He published several books of prose and 17 collections of lyric poetry. His work could be autobiographical and naturalistic, but he believed that verse should engage with the world.
in pain as his body was consumed.
with such horror, but with dignity and conviction.
and never cry and never blink.
for me would never come.
is mine, mine to suffer in its grief.
Mr. Hamill felt obligated to take action when he received an invitation in January 2003 to a White House symposium to be held by the first lady, Laura Bush, on the work of Emily Dickinson, Langston Hughes and Walt Whitman. Outraged by the Bush administration's proposed military campaign in Iraq, he sent an email to 50 friends and colleagues rejecting the invitation and asking them to submit protest poems to him.
"The only legitimate response to such a morally bankrupt and unconscionable idea is to reconstitute a Poets Against the War movement like the one organized to speak out against the war in Vietnam," he wrote in the email.
Mr. Hamill's correspondents shared his call to action, and within a few days he received more than 1,500 responses. He built a website to present the poems he received, and the White House eventually canceled the symposium.
Sam Patrick Hamill was born, by his account, in Northern California to an illiterate carnival fry cook. His date of birth is listed in records as May 9, 1943, his daughter said.
As a toddler he was adopted by Samuel Hamill, a poultry farmer, and the former Freeda Empey, a schoolteacher; the couple lived in Holladay, Utah, just outside Salt Lake City.
Mr. Hamill said that his adoptive parents had been abusive and that as a teenager he ran away from home, making it to San Francisco, where he began using heroin.
He met the poet Kenneth Rexroth outside the City Lights bookstore there, and the two became friends. Mr. Rexroth fed Mr. Hamill, helped him give up drugs and taught him about poetry — kindnesses that Mr. Hamill said changed his life.
He joined the Marine Corps before he turned 20 and was stationed in Okinawa, Japan, where he began studying Zen Buddhism. He became a pacifist, which did not endear him to his commanding officers, and he was honorably discharged in 1965.
In the mid-1960s he married Nancy Harmon, and they moved to Marin County, Calif. They divorced in the late 1960s as Mr. Hamill began studying poetry at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he became involved with the civil rights and antiwar movements.
Mr. Hamill married Ms. Swenson soon after they started Copper Canyon. Their marriage ended in divorce in the early 1990s, and a few years later he married Gray Foster, a painter. She died in 2011. His daughter is his only immediate survivor.
Mr. Hamill's honors include fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Guggenheim Foundation. His last collection, "After Morning Rain," is to be published this year by Tiger Bark Press.
Tomgram: Arnold R. Isaacs, Why Can't the World's Best Military Win Its Wars?
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|
When an electric field is applied to microspheres which are dispersed in a ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal, particle translation along the smectic layer plane, i.e., in a direction nearly perpendicular to that of the director, can be observed. Under certain electric field conditions the translation is shown to be linear in time. We have determined the stability regime of linear particle displacement in the parameter space of amplitude and frequency for various applied wave forms. This regime enlarges for increasing electric field amplitude and frequency, with a threshold behavior observed for small parameters. The upper stability boundary is related to the reciprocal ferroelectric switching time. The microspheres translational velocity is independent of the applied electric field amplitude, but increases linearly with applied frequency. The microsphere velocity also increases with increasing temperature, which is indicative of the respective decrease in liquid crystal viscosity. Possible mechanisms of electric-field-induced particle motion are discussed.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Target (TGT) on target, at least today. Investors were prepared for nothing but bad news coming from Target Corp, but the stock is up 2% after beating earnings and sales numbers. The company also guided second quarter in line with indications a turnaround is taking hold. Good news today, but the stock is still down over 20% year to date.
Comey and Trump have the major averages headed to their worst day of the year. The Dow Jones industrial average traded 250 points lower, with Goldman Sachs (GS) contributing the most losses, down nearly 4%. Even the mighty Apple, Amazon and Facebook are trading lower. Not sure all three have fallen in the same day this year.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Visit website Twitter icon < a>@AstraZeneca Cambridge, UK
AstraZeneca is a global, science-led biopharmaceutical company that focuses on the discovery, development and commercialisation of prescription medicines.
Our Purpose is to push the boundaries of science to deliver life-changing medicines. We believe the best way we can achieve our Purpose is to put science at the centre of everything we do. Science defines who we are. It is why we come to work every day and is part of our DNA. But this is only half of the story. We know that we do not have all the answers. We want to share ideas because we believe it results in better medicines. We want the way we work to be inclusive, open and collaborative. This approach runs through all that we do.
We focus on three main therapy areas – Oncology, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease (CVMD) and Respiratory – and we are also selectively active in the areas of autoimmunity, neuroscience and infection. To put ourselves in the best position to push the boundaries of science, we seek to leverage our combination of capabilities, which encompass both small molecules and biologics, and include immunotherapies and developing innovative delivery devices that can offer choice to patients. These are reinforced by a strong focus on personalised healthcare capabilities, which aim to match medicines only to those patients who will benefit from them. Our teams also work alongside the world's leading academic and biotech research institutions to stimulate innovation and evaluate emerging technologies such as Modified RNA and CRISPR genome editing.
AstraZeneca operates in over 100 countries and its innovative medicines are used by millions of patients worldwide. For more information, visit www.astrazeneca.com.
Community Guidelines: bit.ly/2MgAcio
AstraZeneca Jobs
|
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}
|
Funding for these programs totals more than $1.7 billion. State allocations were released for SHSGP and EMPG, and local allocations for UASI. Target allocations also were announced for the state set-aside within the NSGP.
Federal assistance for natural disasters comes in many forms, with different eligible funding activities, matching requirements, and funding streams coming into play under varying circumstances. Most funding to state and local governments is provided through the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF), generally after the president issues an emergency or major disaster declaration under the Robert T. Stafford Emergency Relief and Disaster Assistance Act (Stafford Act).
This Issue Brief describes major DRF programs for state and local governments and their relevant provisions for states.
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Emergency Relief (ER) program supports repair work on federal-aid highways damaged by disasters. In fiscal year (FY) 2019, FHWA has released $706 million in ER funds to 34 states.
This Issue Brief provides a summary of the ER program, and state-level funding since FY 2012.
Yesterday, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) released preliminary state personal income data for 2018. The federal government uses state per capita income to calculate each state's federal reimbursement rate—the Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP)—for Medicaid and certain other grant programs. The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) uses an enhanced FMAP, which is higher than the Medicaid matching rate.
The BEA release facilitates projections of fiscal year (FY) 2021 FMAPs and enhanced FMAPs, which are based on per capita incomes for calendar years (CYs) 2016-2018. FFIS's projections show that FMAPs will increase in 28 states and decline in 11. However, these projections are based on preliminary data, and subsequent adjustments can have a large impact on final FMAPs. All states will see significant reductions in their enhanced FMAPs because FY 2021 marks the full phase-out of the 23 percentage-point increase under the Affordable Care Act (ACA).
The Department of the Treasury has published a Notice of Funding Availability (NOFA) soliciting applications from state and local governments for Social Impact Partnerships to Pay for Results Act Demonstration Projects. The grant program, which was created in 2018 by the Bipartisan Budget Act (BBA), reimagines the prevailing structure of federal grants by providing funding to grantees only upon the successful completion of projects that meet target outcomes, as determined by an independent evaluator. This Issue Brief provides background on Social Impact Partnerships and information on the funding announcement.
Because of the recent partial government shutdown, the rule was not published in the Federal Register until February 1; comments will be accepted through April 2, 2019. This Issue Brief summarizes the proposed rule, and reviews work and eligibility requirements under current law.
Preliminary FY 2019 allotments total $12.6 billion, $295 million (2.4%) more than FY 2018. Initially, states expected to see significant reductions in DSH payments under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) beginning in FY 2014. These cuts have been delayed multiple times, most recently until FY 2020.
In fiscal year (FY) 2019, Congress provided a $20 million set-aside within Promoting Safe and Stable Families (PSSF) to support kinship navigator programs. These programs link relative caregivers to services and supports that help to meet their needs as well as the needs of children they are raising. The Administration for Children and Families (ACF) recently released guidance and estimated state allotments. States must apply by March 15.
The president has signed into law both the First Step Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-391) and the Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385). Title V of the First Step Act reauthorizes the Second Chance Act through fiscal year (FY) 2023 and authorizes $95 million in competitive grants for state and local offender reentry programs. The Juvenile Justice Reform Act amends existing juvenile justice programs and repeals the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Block Grant.
This Issue Brief summarizes provisions of both bills that affect state grant programs.
This brief provides details on changes to existing grants and newly authorized programs included in the laws.
This Issue Brief examines the law, focusing on the nutrition, rural development, and research titles, which cover most state grant programs—and in particular on SNAP, which accounts for the majority of outlays for programs funded under this and previous farm bills.
The U.S. Census Bureau released state resident population estimates for July 2018 and revised data for prior years. The new data identify population shifts and affect certain formulas.
The U.S. population continues to grow at historically low rates. Not only was this year's increase of 0.62% the lowest in recent years, but last year's estimate was also revised downward. Nevada and Idaho were the fastest-growing states, with growth greater than 2%. Nine states and Puerto Rico registered population declines.
This Issue Brief summarizes the new population estimates and calculates their effect on calendar year (CY) 2019 tax-exempt private activity bond limitations and fiscal year (FY) 2020 Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) allocations.
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) released allotment percentages for Child Welfare Services for fiscal years (FYs) 2020-2021. The percentages are calculated using per capita personal income and are one of the factors used to distribute Child Welfare Services state grants.
This Issue Brief provides the new allotment percentages and calculates their impact on Child Welfare Services state allocations.
Congress provided almost $4 billion in fiscal year (FY) 2018 to address the opioid crisis. Funding is widespread, but primarily in the departments of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Justice (DOJ). This Issue Brief provides an overview of grant funding to states, including funds awarded to date.
It is accompanied by a spreadsheet that provides awards by state for each program.
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has released $3.65 billion in fiscal year (FY) 2019 Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) block grant funds. Of the total appropriated, $36.9 million has not been allocated to states. It is uncertain whether this amount will be released later or if the secretary of HHS is transferring it to other accounts.
This Issue Brief focuses on grant provisions in the agreement, highlighting new programs, changes to existing ones, and Medicaid reforms.
America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) of 2018 (S. 3021) has passed the House and Senate, and now heads to the president for approval. The legislation authorizes new Army Corps of Engineers projects, creates grant programs, modifies the Drinking Water State Revolving Loan Fund (DWSRF), amends provisions of the Clean Water Act (CWA), and reauthorizes Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (WIFIA) loans. This Issue Brief highlights provisions of interest to states.
The fiscal year ended on September 30, 2018, without an extension or reauthorization of the Agriculture Act of 2014, also known as the farm bill—a recurring package of reauthorizations that govern most of the nation's agriculture and nutrition policy. The largest and most important farm bill programs will continue to operate based on appropriated funding, but some programs may see a lapse in funding due to the farm bill's expiration.
This Issue Brief discusses the various ways in which farm bill programs may or may not be affected by the bill's expiration.
Yesterday, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) released revised state personal income data for 2017 and prior years. The federal government uses state per capita income to calculate each state's federal reimbursement rate—the Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP)—for Medicaid and certain other grant programs. The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) uses an enhanced FMAP, which is higher than the Medicaid matching rate.
The BEA release facilitates calculation of the final fiscal year (FY) 2020 FMAPs and enhanced FMAPs, which are based on per capita incomes for calendar years (CY) 2015-2017.
This Issue Brief summarizes the BEA data and provides FFIS's estimates of the final FY 2020 FMAPs and enhanced FMAPs. FFIS estimates that FMAPs will increase in 19 states and decline in 17, ranging from a +3.64 percentage-point increase in Oklahoma to a -1.52 percentage-point decline in Utah. Comprehensive revisions to the BEA personal income data affected results in some states.
Among the major congressional priorities this year, passing a new farm bill—a recurring package of agriculture and nutrition reauthorizations—is one of the most important items that might still be accomplished before the end of the legislative session. The House and Senate have each passed separate proposals, and have begun negotiations to reconcile their proposals in conference. However, there are significant differences between the two bills.
This Issue Brief compares the House and Senate proposals, focusing on provisions of interest to states.
The Department of the Interior (DOI) announced $552.8 million in payments to counties under the Payments in Lieu of Taxes (PILT) program for fiscal year (FY) 2018. These payments compensate local governments—usually counties—for property tax revenue that would otherwise be collected on non-taxable land owned by the federal government.
The FY 2018 PILT payments are the largest amount ever allocated, and represent a 19% increase compared to FY 2017. This Issue Brief provides background on PILT and details on the FY 2018 payments.
The preliminary FY 2018 DSH allotments are $288 million (2.4%) more than FY 2017. Initially, states had expected to see significant reductions in DSH payments under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) beginning in FY 2014. These cuts have been delayed multiple times, most recently until FY 2020.
The White House has released Delivering Government Solutions in the 21st Century, a proposal to reorganize the federal government. Some of its components are narrow in scope and seek to streamline processes, while others call for privatizing, restructuring, eliminating, or merging entire agencies.
This Issue Brief summarizes components of the proposal that would have the biggest impact on states. Table 1 contains a full list of the proposals.
Addressing the opioid crisis is a major item on the congressional agenda. The full House and four Senate committees have approved multiple bipartisan opioid-related bills, with additional action expected in the coming months. The bills cover a wide range of issues, including expanding access to services through Medicare and Medicaid, improving drug safety, strengthening law enforcement, and enhancing prevention and treatment efforts.
This Issue Brief focuses on the grant provisions in the bills, highlighting new programs, changes to existing ones, and Medicaid reforms. Within these areas, there are some similarities between the House and Senate, but many differences remain.
When Congress enacted the Fixing America's Surface Transportation (FAST) Act in 2015, it created a new, competitive grant program for major freight projects funded at $4.5 billion over five years, called the Nationally Significant Freight and Highway Projects (NSFHP) program.
The Department of Transportation (DOT) later rebranded the program as the Fostering Advancements in Shipping and Transportation for the Long-term Achievement of National Efficiencies (FASTLANE), for the fiscal year (FY) 2016 round of awards. Then, in July 2017, it rebranded the program again, as the Infrastructure for Rebuilding America (INFRA) program, significantly altering the program's goals and selection criteria.
DOT recently announced more than $1.5 billion in INFRA grant awards for projects in 23 states, awarding all FY 2018 funding, as well as $710 million from FY 2017. This Issue Brief provides details on INFRA and the recent awards.
The National Farmworker Jobs Program (NFJP) provides grants to state agencies and community organizations to counter chronic unemployment among migrant and seasonal farmworkers. The Employment and Training Administration (ETA) allocates funds using a regulatory formula based on state shares of eligible participants. On May 23, ETA published a notice in the Federal Register proposing significant changes to the NFJP formula, and announcing estimated allocations for program year (PY) 2018. This Issue Brief provides details on the formula change.
ETA also recently published PY 2018 allocations for other major workforce programs, and revised its NFJP allocations for PY 2017. These funding announcements are reported in this brief as well.
Funding for these programs totals more than $1.6 billion. State allocations were released for SHSGP and EMPG, and local allocations for UASI. In addition, target allocations were announced for a new $10 million state set-aside within the NSGP.
The omnibus spending bill for fiscal year (FY) 2018 included several titles unrelated to FY 2018 appropriations. Among them was a two-year reauthorization of the Secure Rural Schools (SRS) Act, which provides increased revenue-sharing payments to states from timber sales on federal lands. The reauthorization is retroactive to FY 2017 and expires after FY 2018.
On May 8, the Forest Service announced the payments to states for FY 2017 (paid in FY 2018).
This Issue Brief provides background on SRS reauthorization issues, and compares payments for FY 2017 with those for recent years.
The omnibus spending bill for fiscal year (FY) 2018 appropriated $2.525 billion in supplemental funding for federal-aid highways, as part of a bipartisan agreement to provide at least $20 billion in additional infrastructure spending over two years. On April 25, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) apportioned $1.98 billion of these funds to states.
This Issue Brief provides details on the supplemental highway appropriation, and compares state apportionments of this funding to apportionments of highway contract authority for the year.
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has released the fiscal year (FY) 2018 allocations under the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), which include three funding streams—discretionary, mandatory, and matching. The discretionary portion, the Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG), received an 83% increase in funding in FY 2018.
The House has passed a comprehensive reauthorization of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) programs, through fiscal year (FY) 2023. The FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (H.R. 4) extends tax and spending authority of the Airport and Airways Trust Fund, reauthorizes the Airport Improvement Program (AIP), and reforms aviation policy.
The bill also includes the Disaster Recovery Reform Act (DRRA), which would reform federal disaster programs to improve pre-disaster planning and mitigation.
This Issue Brief highlights provisions of interest to states in H.R. 4.
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has released the final $609 million of fiscal year (FY) 2018 Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) block grant funds. States received an initial release of $3 billion last October. While LIHEAP funding increased 7.4% in FY 2018, state allocations varied from -2.7% in Hawaii to +28.7% in five states—Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Nevada, and Texas.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) announced the release of $485 million in second-year Opioid State Targeted Response Grants (Opioid STR). A forthcoming funding opportunity announcement will be issued shortly for an additional $1 billion provided in the fiscal year (FY) 2018 omnibus appropriations.
Funding for Opioid STR is authorized for two years (through FY 2018). However, legislation is being considered to reauthorize the program through FY 2021.
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) announced the parameters that will guide calendar year (CY) 2019 individual and state costs for the Medicare Part D drug benefit. CMS projects a 3.96% increase in per capita Part D expenditures. After accounting for prior-year downward revisions, the annual percentage increase is 1.94%. Based on the release, FFIS estimates that CY 2019 clawbacks will cost states $11.7 billion, a 1.7% ($194 million) increase from CY 2018.
A grant program that was created in response to the contentious presidential election of 2000—and concerns that state election systems were badly in need of updating—has been resurrected in the wake of new concerns about potential foreign intervention in U.S. elections. Specifically, the recently signed omnibus appropriations act for fiscal year (FY) 2018 (P.L. 115-141) provided $380 million for Election Security Funds, as authorized by the Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA; P.L. 107-252). This brief summarizes the election assistance program and lists state awards.
On March 22, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) released preliminary state personal income and per capita data for 2017. The federal government uses state per capita income to calculate each state's federal reimbursement rate—the Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP)—for Medicaid and certain other grant programs. The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) uses an enhanced FMAP, which is higher than the Medicaid matching rate.
The BEA release facilitates projections of fiscal year (FY) 2020 FMAPs and enhanced FMAPs, which are based on per capita incomes for calendar years (CY) 2015-2017. FFIS estimates that FMAPs will increase in 16 states and decline in 20 states. However, these projections are based on preliminary data, and subsequent adjustments can have a large impact on final FMAPs.
On March 9, the Department of Transportation (DOT) awarded nearly $500 million in competitive grants to state departments of transportation, local governments, and other organizations under the Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) program for fiscal year (FY) 2017. DOT has awarded more than $5 billion in TIGER grants since the program's creation in 2009, but the program has been targeted for elimination, both in the president's budget request and in an omnibus spending package passed by the House last year.
This Issue Brief provides background on TIGER grants and details on the latest awards.
Yesterday, the House passed the Students, Teachers, and Officers Preventing (STOP) School Violence Act (H.R. 4909). The bill amends and reauthorizes the Secure Our Schools (SOS) grant program, which has not received funding since fiscal year (FY) 2011. A companion bill was introduced in the Senate last week.
This Issue Brief describes proposed House and Senate amendments to the SOS program.
As part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (P.L. 115-97), enacted on December 22, 2017, Congress created a new program to incentivize long-term private investment in low-income communities (LICs). Under the Opportunity Zones program, investors receive tax incentives for qualifying investments in low-income census tracts nominated for inclusion in the program by governors.
This Issue Brief describes the Opportunity Zones program and how states can nominate Qualified Opportunity Zones (QOZs) before the March 21 deadline.
On February 24, the Department of the Interior awarded $300.7 million in mandatory fiscal year (FY) 2018 Abandoned Mine Land (AML) reclamation grants to 25 states and three tribes, an increase of nearly $120 million compared to last year. AML funding helps states eliminate dangerous conditions and pollution caused by abandoned coal mines.
This Issue Brief provides background on AML grants and a breakdown of recent funding distributions.
On February 12, 2018, the White House released its long-awaited infrastructure proposal, entitled a Legislative Outline for Rebuilding Infrastructure in America. The document is a policy proposal only, and contains no legislative text or executive actions. However, infrastructure reform is expected to be a priority for Congress in the coming year, and the administration's proposal may serve as a framework. The proposal also recommends changes to major workforce and training programs.
This Issue Brief summarizes the proposal, focusing on new grant programs, new sources of federal funding, and other provisions of interest to states.
On January 18, 2018, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a final rule establishing four new Superfund sites on the National Priorities List (NPL), as well as a proposed rule identifying 10 additional sites. The EPA also updated its Superfund Redevelopment List, which highlights 31 Superfund sites from the NPL with the highest commercial and redevelopment potential. The EPA has suggested there will be refocused effort on cleaning up Superfund sites throughout the country.
This Issue Brief describes the Superfund program and the separate-but-related Brownfields state grant programs.
In fiscal year (FY) 2010, the federal government began phasing out the income-eligibility requirements for IV-E Adoption Assistance. As a result, more children have become eligible for the federal program—which is paid for by federal and state funds—rather than state-funded programs. States are required to spend any savings from this federal expansion on child welfare services. The Administration for Children and Families (ACF) released details on the FY 2016 adoption savings, which totaled $110 million.
The eligibility expansion was fully implemented at the beginning of FY 2018. However, the Bipartisan Budget Act (BBA) of 2018 (P.L. 115-123) delayed the full expansion until July 1, 2024, as an offset to child welfare financing reforms in the agreement.
On January 22, Politico published a leaked document outlining the administration's plan to spur investment in the nation's infrastructure. While the document is unofficial, it provides a relatively detailed preview of a major infrastructure plan the administration is expected to announce on or about January 30.
This Issue Brief summarizes its provisions.
|
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|
> Teaching Reading
> Expert Interviews
A video interview with
Sylvia Diehl, Ph.D.
President, Knowledge Counts; Professor, University of South Florida
Dr. Sylvia Diehl is a nationally known expert in teaching children with autism. She has a master's degree in speech language pathology; an educational specialist degree in language, learning, and reading; and a Ph.D. in education curriculum and design, with a focus on autism (all from the University of South Florida).
Dr. Diehl is retired from the University of South Florida, where she taught courses in autism and augmentative and alternative communication. She has years of experience in public schools, universities, and clinical settings. She consults for school systems and conducts workshops nationally and internationally. Dr. Diehl has authored numerous journal articles, book chapters, and continuing education classes for the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) and Medbridge Education.
Dr. Diehl is the founder of Knowledge Counts, an online school for parents and families of children with autism.
See Dr. Diehl's presentation on reading comprehension in children with autism, Reading It and Meaning It. The presentation was made at the 18th Annual Autism Conference (October 2018), sponsored by the Kennedy Krieger Institute, Center for Autism and Related Disorders (CARD).
Meet Sylvia Diehl, autism expert
My name is Sylvia Diehl. I worked for over 30 years at the University of South Florida teaching courses in autism and augmentative and alternative communication. And after I retired, I decided that I really wanted to focus on educating parents in evidence-based practices. And so I'm really focusing on teaching them what I taught my graduate students all those years. So that's my present passion at this moment. Part of that is reading, because we know that reading comprehension is an area of need for children with autism.
Executive functioning and reading comprehension
I'd first like to start off by talking about executive functioning. We know that executive functioning impacts children with autism in all kinds of ways, particularly in reading comprehension. We also know though it's not specific to children with autism, so children with ADHD struggle with executive functioning and children with traumatic brain injury suffer with delays in that area. When we talk about reading however, executive functioning really comes into mind, because what we know about good readers is — what do they do? They check themselves. They go, "Oh, did I understand that?
That kind of repair and reflection is part of executive functioning and that's very difficult for them. Another part of executive functioning is flexibility. And so the ability of being able to attack something flexibly is very difficult. So somebody might be reading, and it may go off in a different way and it throws them something within a reading passage may remind them — may have "pounce" on it — and remind them of The Lion King. And so then they've gone to The Lion King and they have difficulty bringing themselves back. As you can see as I'm going through, executive functioning is a really broad term that encompasses a lot of things. In fact people call it the CEO of the brain. Other things it involves are the working memory. If I have to hold things in my memory — so for instance if I said, "say 'horse, chicken, dog,'" and then, "horse, chicken, dog."
That's no problem. But then if I say, "Okay, say those three words in alphabetical order," I have to hold that in my memory and then be able to put "chicken, dog, horse," in the right order. So that ability to hold something in the short-term memory is sometimes difficult for children with autism, although if they've put it in their memory — their long-term memory is wonderful, and they are the proverbial elephant. They just never forget. Many times those kinds of things — being able to follow through on a project — which really involves, you know, homework, science projects, all of those kinds of things — in what order — how do I get started? All of those things really involve executive functioning issues.
Theory of mind in children with autism
The next of the core characteristics that I'd like to address is theory of mind. Theory of mind is being able to take someone else's perspective. Do I think I know what you're thinking? You know, and then later on, do I think I know what you think about someone else? And when we talk about theory of mind we don't just talk about feelings.
We also talk about words like knowing and remembering and thinking, and understanding, "How do I think? What is my opinion?" as well as, "How do you think, and what is your opinion?" We have those two things on the cognitive level, and then on an affective level we have, how does someone feel when they fell down and skinned their knee? Or how do I feel?
Many times when I'm with children and they'll have fallen down and they have a skinned knee and it's obvious they feel awful. And I'll say, "How do you feel?" And they'll say "Happy," because they want to give you the answer that they'd like and they're not as in touch with their feelings at that point. So we spend a great deal of time trying to get them to understand not only how they feel but how others feel, and get what they know and what other people would know.
When we think about it in terms of reading comprehension, the impact is just huge. If you have a narrative story, especially if they have multiple characters, well, why did Anne want to get to the top of the hill? And why did Joe want to get to the top of the hill? Why did they have that argument? Did they feel proud of each other when they were done? All that kind of character perspective and their own background and what their motive is comes into it. And it's all pretend, so someone has to, "It's not real," which may be difficult for children with autism. The reader has to say, "Oh, this is a pretend story about Polly, but this is what Polly is thinking." A lot of times when we're dealing with theory of mind we have to really talk about the difference between someone speaking and someone thinking and what they might be thinking.
What might be their motive behind those things? And that's very difficult for children with autism.
I think in anything, especially when you're talking about people's emotions and how other people feel, that connection is so important. That's one of the reasons why it's very important that we use evidence-based strategies like activating schemas. You know, you have to start with a child with autism where they are, what their functional experience is.
What have they done, what do they know? And bring those in, so they can organize their brain and say, "Oh, I understand. That's like when I did" — whatever. And that brings their learning in and organizes their learning so it makes sense.
Understanding multiple perspectives in complex text
When we're talking about higher-level expectations in school, which in high school would be debate, compare and contrast, and those kind of higher-level arguments where you have to take multiple perspectives, that makes expository language much more difficult for children with autism.
In the beginning, expository language may be their strength because there's a paragraph about China — where China is, how many people are in China, what they like to eat, and all those facts very easy for them. Getting the big global part may not. Main topic may be difficult, so you could say, "Oh, what's the main topic?"
And they might say, "Star Wars," because that's what they'd like to talk about. But as we go along, expositories get harder and harder and harder because we expect to know that this person thinks China is a player in the world's — in the world financial markets, and this person says "Absolutely not, we don't need China, we should pull up the United States a little bit more." same topic, but people — this person with this mind thinks this way, and this person with another mind thinks another way, is very difficult. They're trying to accept people that have two different minds in battling opinions, and that's sometimes very difficult for them.
Seeing the bigger picture
The last cognitive characteristic I'd like to talk about is central coherence. Central coherence is simply the ability to take clues that you find and form a higher meaning. So there's a trunk, there's some twigs, there's a branch, there's some leaves — "Oh, it must be a tree."
Children with autism may look at that leaf and see every vein on that leaf much, much more in depth than we may ever see, but seeing where that leaf fits in the whole tree may be difficult for them. Now there is a little controversy about central coherence. Some people believe that children with autism have central coherence, but you have to tell them to use it.
For instance, if I gave you a worksheet with words that sound the same but mean differently according to context — if I say, "Okay, just fill in the right word in the sentence," they may not do as well than if I say, "I'd like to look — you to look at the sentences very carefully, and from what the sentence says pick out the right word that goes in that sentence."
So sometimes they have a lot of knowledge and a lot of abilities, but they aren't really sure when to use those knowledge and abilities. As it looks on the surface, without going deeper, children with autism have a terrible time with main topic, with summarization where you have to take out those important details, leave those unimportant details alone, all of those things that make you form a bigger whole. Because from their perspective they're usually only seeing those little parts of things rather than the big picture.
Adapting teaching strategies for students with ASD
One of the things I feel very strongly about is that as much as possible children with autism should be educated and have access to the general education curriculum. But because their learning style is sometimes not conducive to the learning style of the typical classroom, I find that if we can use the evidence-based practice that works with all the other children and just tweak it a little bit — so it works for children with autism, that makes that more possible and it makes the teacher be able to incorporate that child into the classroom.
Primarily we have a few things that are — literature that is specific to children with autism like anaphoric reference, some graphic organizer work, some grouping kinds of things and shared storybook reading — but for the most part what we do is take the evidence-based strategies that we know of and make them more visual to help the child with autism really understand the focus of the evidence-based strategy that we're working on, or to make the social communication part of the comprehension easier for that child to understand.
A lot of times I use thought bubbles for instance, so, "Here's Mr. Smith, he thinks that the penny has had its day and it should go away, right? And here's Mr. Robert, he thinks the penny is very, very important." I'm showing these two people who are kind of arguing with each other, and they both have a different thought bubble. Well then, I've made those two different perspectives visual for that child with autism, and they can understand the premise of what's being asked of them.
Adapting the summarizing strategy for students with ASD
The next strategy I'd really like to address is summarizing, because we know summarizing is kind of the gold star of knowing that you comprehended something. You took something you read and you put it in your own words. That means I have to choose what's important in that article. I have to choose what supports those arguments in that article and what really doesn't belong in that article.
When I'm first starting, I try to make the differences really very wide. I might take a short story and clip them — the sentences — and then put a few sentences of their narrowed and restricted interest such as Star Wars, Chewbacca, something like that in there. And I have three boxes. One says, "main, important facts of the story." One says, "supporting details." And one says, "unimportant." So I'm going to have them sort which ones of those stories are there. So they start to develop that pathway and that organization of their brain that as they're reading, "Oh no, I don't need that."
That also follows over in math kinds of word problems — where people may put excessive sentences in a word problem, and even though Bobby has 17 cents I don't need that Bobby has 17 cents in that word problem.
These kinds of reading comprehension issues not only impact their reading scores but also impact their math scores, because typically children with autism do very well on the computation end of things — but the minute the language starts coming in it's a problem, because you have to use those little words, all together, you know, things that are not visually seen.
The power of semantic mapping
I'd really love to talk about semantic mapping which is one of my very favorite interventions. One, it really activates someone's schema. So we have the topic in the middle, so say the topic in the middle is China. Then as children add things, you know, "It's in Asia, it has many people," things like that, we add circles.
And it shows how various things are connected to each other very visually. And then if a child with autism comes off with, "But Chewbacca has big furry hair and he's six foot three," it's a way I can put the circle not connected to the China discussion, and show them that that topic is not appropriate at this time.
And it also helps them when they're organizing their writing. So I take it and I put the circle over here where it's not connected, and let them know that even though this is China talking time, at the end may — perhaps we could have two minutes of talking about Chewbacca.
Inference strategies for students with autism
Inference is something that is throughout every story that we read. Even through expository stories we have to make these jumps, and because it's not a direct kind of language, you know autism is a disorder of functional connectivity. So if I was to look at your brain, your whole brain would be lit up because your visual cortex would be reading the words — your language centers would be taking care of all that, and then any kinds of memories that that story brings up in you is also really lit. So you're on fire when you're reading. However, for children with autism you see a more direct kind of thing.
You see a lot of activity in that visual cortex and maybe a little bit in the language centers but much less in the environmental, kind of situational things that show those connections. So when it comes to inference we're not talking about very literal, very straightforward language. We're talking about getting information from a story and making predictions, or making assumptions on what we've read — but it's not directly there, you know. It's not, "William has a red sweater," it's like, "William looked outside and the skies were gray. He had a baseball game. I wonder what he's going to do." And you have to infer that that's rainy.
One of the things we do intervention-wise, because children can infer when things are presented verbally and have a much more difficult time when things are presented auditorily — we start, separate from the story, where they are.
Perhaps we have a baby with shampoo in their hair and they're crying and that kind of stuff. And we look, "What do we know, from just looking at the picture?" "Oh, the baby is crying, the baby has soap on its hair." And then, "What do we know from our head? What do we know just from our head, not what we saw in the picture?"
"Oh, soap can sometimes get in your eyes, and soap can make you cry because it stings." And so, "Then what's our inference?" "The baby may be crying because the soap is stinging their eyes." You give them an idea to do that on just a visual basis with a picture, and then you pull it to your text comprehension — so they can do that same order in what they're reading and see they can take part, which is similar to a question where part comes from the story and part comes from their head. They can take those and put them together and make an inference.
What do you already know?
It's very difficult for children sometimes to recognize their own knowledge. It may be specific to a person, it may be specific to an environment, it may be specific even to a story. So I always tell students, you know, you're not done unless everything you're doing is applied across materials, people, and settings.
When we're doing these kinds of things it activates what they already know, and that's important, and we need to cement that with them. "Oh look what you already know! This is already in your head. Here's my thought bubble. It's not so full." You know, "Look, you know much more about fish than I do." So they get that kind of theory of mind that goes back and forth.
Understanding character perspective
Another area of particular difficulty is character perspective. When we're understanding character perspective we have to be able to say, "Here's this pretend character Polly, and she's been raised by her grandmother, and she knows a lot about sewing and she knows a lot about playing with dolls, and here's this other character Dick who, you know, knows a lot about playing soccer." There's not much in between there.
Both of their approaches to this problem are very different. One of the things I do, again, is to use thought bubbles to show the difference between what someone is thinking and what someone isn't thinking. For instance, if you play 20 Questions with a child with autism, typically if they have a bag of things and they're supposed to give you hints, you'll say, "Is it yellow?" And they'll go, "Yes! It's a comb." Right? It's very difficult for them to keep a secret where your mind knows it doesn't know it and my mind does. So we spend a lot of time in those areas so they can understand just the pure fact that your mind might know something that my mind doesn't.
Family storybooks
What I start really early on is to make storybooks about their family. This is the Dickinsons' TV book, so-and-so likes — this is their favorite TV, Dick likes — this is their favorite TV, Daniel Tiger is this person's favorite TV — and then we do colors of people's shirts and different kinds of categories.
And then when things come up we might say, "You know, Mom's birthday is coming up and she really wants a blouse. What color do you think the blouse could be?" And I'll hand them mother's book, and he can go through and go, "Oh, her favorite color is blue. I think we should buy her a blue blouse." You know, that kind of application starts getting theory of mind directly into their lives.
Teaching comprehension and social communication together
When we're teaching reading, because there's such little time to talk about social communication as well as some of the comprehension issues and they dovetail together so well, it's a perfect time to teach social communication along with teaching reading comprehension.
I try to choose texts that highlight those things that may be difficult for the child at that particular time and then — also add times for them to make predictions, time for them to make inferences, time for them to look at anaphoric reference, which is those nonspecific rules that sometimes they have difficulty with.
For instance, I had a young man who was just learning how to lie, and most children with autism don't lie very well. And so whereas we've been lying since we were two or three and by the time we're in adolescence we're pretty good at it, they're just kind of starting out.
This young man was using a scale that was addressing his own behavior, and being able to tell the teacher when he really just needed a break before he had a big blowup. So the scale was from one to five, and so four would be, you know, "I'm a little shaky," and five would be, "Leave me alone, I just need to calm down." Well, at first he was really excited about it, it was working really well.
As he learned to start lying he realized that if he said a four or a five, he could get out of work. And so we were kind of excited, because that meant — if you're lying, that means I can fool your mind into thinking of something else. So that's growth, that's wonderful growth. However, his teachers were not so fond.
So I chose a parable, The Boy Who Cried Wolf, to show the effects of lying. And he learned how to kind of predict what was going to happen, but at the same time learned some social rules about the fact that if you lie all time people aren't going to help you.
I try and choose those kinds of texts that will allow me to create many kinds of directions to hit both social communication goals and reading comprehension goals.
Teaching anaphoric reference improves comprehension
One of my other strategies, and one that is certainly literature-based — O'Connor and Klein did a wonderful study in 2004 that showed that if you support anaphoric reference, children have better reading comprehension. Well, what is anaphoric reference? It is simply referring to something in a non-specific way.
"William had a red shirt, he really loved it," so William's responding — is the referent for "he." And many times our children, because these are not definite specified words, don't get the idea that "he" refers back to "William." For that reason their reading comprehension might be great at a two-sentence level, but if you go through in longer and longer things, they can't keep creating that memory because they're not following through who exactly is "he" over here, who exactly is "they" over there, what's this, what's that, what's anything.
Those kinds of non-specific words are very difficult. One thing that O'Connor and Klein did was as you were reading, they would take a little laminated index card and write three words and say, "Okay well, here's 'he,' who is 'he' in this story?" and have them circle all along so they're keeping that continuum.
Another thing that I do that I really like is to use tape that goes on the book — invisible tape that goes on the book, but doesn't hurt the book. And I can use it color-coded so the "he's" are all blue and the "she's" are all pink and the objects are all green, so they can see how it goes throughout, and entertain the fact that this is an integrated story rather than sentence by sentence by sentence.
And truthfully, in research terms that's one of the most powerful studies that we have — that we know that teaching anaphoric reference will increase children's reading comprehension.
Shared read-alouds for students with autism
Another thing that I think is really important in the literature right now is shared read-alouds. It's always been shown that shared reading aloud is fabulous for children when they're learning how to read, and recent studies have shown it also is fabulous for children with autism.
And recent studies have shown that it's fabulous for even older children. However, sustained silent reading — where they're just reading by themselves doesn't help. So it needs to be guided discussion that really talks to them about what's going on in it and being able to have discussions and writing down what's going on. And I think that is so rich and helpful.
It also is a perfect time to start getting them to talk with other children about what they've read and discuss what their opinion is according to others.
I love that time because it's so supporting and they learn the text so well that they're able to start forming opinions. It's one of my favorites.
The benefits of family shared read-alouds
I love shared read-alouds, because it's such a perfect thing for children and parents and such a special time and a great time to, you know, kind of take it all down just a little bit before they go to bed, and I think that's a wonderful sharing time. Teaching them how to support making predictions to teaching them how to support really listening to the words and looking at the pictures and making sense of a story by asking good questions.
A lot of times, we parent how we were parented. Some help with what kinds of questions make your child think, or not too many questions — if you ask a question every single minute or five or six questions a page, that child's going to forget what the story is about, right? So those kinds of things make that time so much richer for the parent and for the child and really helps them.
In fact they even did a study that combines attention with the shared storybook reading with their parents aloud. And because children don't always pick out what's the most important — children with autism don't — they looked at whether if they read the story that was going to be read the next day, whether there was more attention than if they read a different story than was going to be read the next day.
And they found if they read the story that was going to be read the next day it primed that children's mind to know what to pay attention to, and they focused on it and they were able to answer questions and really be part of the classroom discussion. So I think that's wonderful and a way that parents can really help.
The strengths of students with autism
When we look at what do children with autism bring to the table? Well one, they love visuals. So the fact that they love visuals make it such fertile ground for us to teach them to read. So immediately I start to make symbols make sense to them by using either real objects — miniature objects — or line drawings or real photographs, so they start seeing that symbolization. And then that makes them excited because those are visual and that's exciting to them.
Many children — but not all — learn to decode quite early. I've had children who were three years old and could read The New York Times, and people go, "Oh my goodness!" Now, did she understand what she read? Oh, no. But she had this innate phonological sense, that she could read all of those words.
People used to say, "Oh, they have autism so that doesn't mean anything, that they can call words." Of course it does! We spend a huge amount of time using something that's not innate, which is learning how to read, and teaching children phonics and how to read. With many children with autism we don't have to do that.
So we have extra time to spend on those semantic connections that we want to make and really make the social communication part of that. Their memory for facts is absolutely wonderful.
Using their narrowed and restricted interests to help them explore their strengths and expand it — for instance, I had a child that wanted to be a pilot. It was perfect! You can find math in pilots, you can find geography in pilots, I can find biographies in pilots, it was wonderful. So we just expanded their narrowed or restricted interest in that.
They bring such fertile ground to want to read and such interests to want to read that it just makes you have so much fun when you're working with reading comprehension.
High expectations and positive feedback
For years we've known that if we expect a lot of children, that they do what we'd like. You know, if we tell them they're a failure then they act like a failure. If we tell them, "We expect great things," that we think they are so smart, they're going to do wonderful things, they will do well.
We haven't really considered what that's like for children with disabilities, and some recent studies have come out where it's so important that the child with autism feels like they are able, that they are empowered, that they have the power over their own mind, say to even change from being mad to being calm.
You know, many children with autism don't even think they have that power. They're waiting for someone else to calm them down, instead of internally being able to calm them down.
So as teachers — and parents — I think it's vital that we instill that in children with autism, that we think they can achieve, that we're proud of them and their achievements. So I always tell parents and teachers alike that you never say anything in front of a child with autism unless it's positive.
Now, you can describe what happened very easily. I can take a teacher and say, you know, "Johnny and I worked together very hard on reading this story today, and it was difficult for Johnny to realize what the pronouns were, but you know, before we were done, he did it." Then I just told the teacher what we did and made that connection, but I did it in a positive way.
And I think as teachers we all need to focus — and as parents — on talking about our children in positive ways. That doesn't mean you give them a reward for every single one, it means you recognize what you really enjoy about that child — and there is no child that you can't find things to enjoy in.
Rachael Walker
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"Books make great gifts because they have whole worlds inside of them. " — Neil Gaiman
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Throngs Mourn, Iranian Leader Weeps for General Slain by US
Soleimani's killing Friday in a U.S. drone strike has prompted a vow by his successor to take revenge. Tehran also has abandoned the remaining limits of its 2015 nuclear deal with world powers in response
By Nasser Karimi and Jon Gambrell • Published January 5, 2020 • Updated on January 6, 2020 at 6:12 pm
Office of the Iranian Supreme Leader via AP
Iran's supreme leader wept Monday over the casket of a top general killed in a U.S. airstrike, his prayers joining the wails of mourners who flooded the streets of Tehran demanding retaliation against America for a slaying that's drastically raised tensions across the Middle East.
The funeral for Revolutionary Guard Gen. Qassem Soleimani drew a crowd said by police to be in the millions in the Iranian capital, filling thoroughfares and side streets as far as the eye could see. Although there was no independent estimate, aerial footage and Associated Press journalists suggested a turnout of at least 1 million, and the throngs were visible on satellite images of Tehran taken Monday.
Authorities later brought his remains and those of the others to Iran's holy city of Qom, turning out another massive crowd.
The death of Gen. Soleimani, the head of Iran's elite Quds Force, is expected to dramatically increase tensions between the United States and Iran.
The outpouring of grief was an unprecedented honor for a man viewed by Iranians as a national hero for his work leading the Guard's expeditionary Quds Force. The U.S. blames him for the killing of American troops in Iraq and accused him of plotting new attacks just before his death Friday in a drone strike at Baghdad's airport. Soleimani also led forces in Syria backing President Bashar Assad in a long war.
His slaying already has pushed Tehran to abandon the remaining limits of its 2015 nuclear deal with world powers as his successor and others vow to take revenge. In Baghdad, the parliament has called for the expulsion of all American troops from Iraqi soil, something analysts fear could allow Islamic State militants to mount a comeback.
Soleimani's daughter, Zeinab, directly threatened the U.S. military in the Middle East while also warning President Donald Trump, whom she called "crazy."
"The families of the American soldiers ... will spend their days waiting for the death of their children," she said to cheers.
Her language mirrored warnings by other Iranian officials who say an attack on U.S. military interests in the Middle East looms. Iranian state TV and others online shared a video that showed Trump's American flag tweet following Soleimani's killing turn into a coffin, the "likes" of the tweet replaced by over 143,000 "killed."
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei prayed over the caskets of Soleimani and others at Tehran University after a brief mourning period at the capital's famed Musalla mosque, The mosque was where prayers were said over the body of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic, after his death in 1989.
Khamenei, who had a close relationship with Soleimani and referred to him as a "living martyr," broke down in tears four times while offering Muslim prayers for the dead.
"Oh God, you took their spirits out of their bodies as they were rolling in their blood for you and were martyred in your way," Khamenei said as the crowd wailed. Soleimani will be buried Tuesday in his hometown of Kerman.
Soleimani's successor, Esmail Ghaani, stood near Khamenei's side as did President Hassan Rouhani and other leaders of the Islamic Republic. While Iran recently faced nationwide protests over government-set gasoline prices that reportedly led to the killing of over 300, Soleimani's death has brought together people from across the country's political spectrum, temporarily silencing that anger.
Demonstrators burned Israeli and U.S. flags, carried a flag-draped U.S. coffin or displayed effigies of Trump. Some described Trump as a legitimate target.
Mohammad Milad Rashidi, a 26-year-old university graduate, predicted more tension ahead.
"Trump demolished the chance for any sort of possible agreement between Tehran and Washington," Rashidi said. "There will be more conflict in the future for sure."
Another mourner, Azita Mardani, warned that Iran "will retaliate for every drop of his blood."
"We are even thankful to (Trump) because he made us angry and this fury will lead to shedding of their blood in the Persian Gulf and the region's countries," Mardani said. "Here will become their graveyard."
Ghaani made his own threat in an interview shown Monday on Iranian state television. "God the Almighty has promised to get his revenge, and God is the main avenger. Certainly actions will be taken," he said.
Markets reacted Monday to the tensions, sending international benchmark Brent crude above $70 a barrel for part of the day and gold to a seven-year high. The Middle East remains a crucial source of oil, and Iran in the past has threatened the Strait of Hormuz, the narrow mouth of the Persian Gulf through which 20% of all the world's oil traded passes.
NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg, chairing emergency talks with the alliance's ambassadors in Brussels, called for "restraint and de-escalation," adding: "A new conflict would be in no one's interest."
U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres warned global political tensions were "at their highest level this century." In a letter, Iraq's U.N. Ambassador Mohammed Hussein Bahr Aluloom called on the U.N. Security Council to condemn the U.S. airstrike that killed Soleimani and ensure "that Iraq is not dragged into international and regional crises."
Ghaani, a longtime Soleimani deputy, has taken over as the head of the Revolutionary Guard's Quds, or Jerusalem, Force, answerable only to Khamenei. Ghaani has been sanctioned by the U.S. since 2012 for his work funding its global operations, including its work with proxies in Iraq, Lebanon and Yemen.
Those proxies likely will be involved in any operation targeting U.S. interests in the Middle East or elsewhere.
Already, the U.S. Embassy in Saudi Arabia warned Americans "of the heightened risk of missile and drone attacks." In Lebanon, the leader of the Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah said Soleimani's killing made U.S. military bases, warships and service members across the region fair game for attacks.
"We promise to continue down martyr Soleimani's path as firmly as before with help of God, and in return for his martyrdom we aim to get rid of America from the region," Ghaani said.
The head of the Guard's aerospace program, Gen. Amir Ali Hajizadeh, suggested Iran's response wouldn't stop with a single attack.
"Firing a couple of missiles, hitting a base or even killing Trump is not valuable enough to compensate for martyr Soleimani's blood," Hajizadeh said on state TV. "The only thing that can compensate for his blood is the complete removal of America from the region."
On the nuclear deal, Iran now says it won't observe the accord's restrictions on fuel enrichment, on the size of its enriched uranium stockpile and on its research and development activities. That's a much-harsher step than they had planned to take before the attack.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel, French President Emmanuel Macron and British Prime Minister Boris Johnson have urged Iran to "withdraw all measures" not in line with the deal.
Iran insisted it remains open to negotiations with European partners over its nuclear program. And it did not back off from earlier promises that it wouldn't seek a nuclear weapon.
However, the announcement represents the clearest nuclear proliferation threat yet made by Iran since Trump unilaterally withdrew from the accord in 2018 and reimposed sanctions last year. It further raises regional tensions, as Iran's longtime foe Israel has promised never to allow Iran to produce an atomic bomb.
IranIraqTrumpQasem Soleimani
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Home » News » College of Business student to speak at commencement
College of Business student to speak at commencement
For the original banner story, please visit https://www.ndsu.edu/news/banner_stories/bersie/.
Commencement speaker to encourage graduates to remember lessons learned
Colette Bersie plans to focus on lessons learned at NDSU when she gives an address to fellow graduates at spring commencement. Bersie is set to speak at the 2 p.m. ceremony, Saturday, May 13, in the Fargodome.
"I was thinking about how bittersweet it is to graduate from the awesome NDSU community and how graduates can take some of the core concepts from NDSU into our post-graduate lives" said Bersie, who is from Delano, Minnesota.
She'll talk about the importance of finding commonalities with people, taking pride in the work of other people and yourself, and celebrating victories along the way to reaching big goals.
Bersie double majored in management and marketing and has already started her career at Cargill in Wayzata, Minnesota, as a marketing coordinator. She works remotely and will move into the corporate headquarters after commencement. She interned at Cargill last year.
"I'm never bored, and I love what I do there," said Bersie. "I already feel like a contributor to my team."
Bersie was a big contributor at NDSU, too. She was a student representative on the College of Business Dean's Advisory Board, member of Beta Gamma Sigma and Order of Omega honor societies, Kappa Alpha Theta sorority, co-founder of the College of Business organization Leading Edge and student senator in NDSU's student government.
"Colette exemplifies the very best of our college and NDSU," said Scott Beaulier, dean of the College of Business. "She's been an outstanding student, both within the classroom and through her countless extracurricular activities."
She's excited to represent her fellow graduates and the College of Business at commencement and continue her career.
"NDSU excelled in blending my business curriculum with an emphasis on modern agriculture and all the career opportunities in this industry," said Bersie. "There is a place for every student to pursue a passion and stand out for their accomplishments."
Colette Bersie, a management and marketing major, will represent her fellow graduates as commencement speaker on May 13 at 2 p.m.
|
{
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}
|
SpaceX's Elon Musk waves while providing an update on Starship, on Feb. 10, 2022, near Brownsville, Texas. Twitter on Thursday, Dec. 15, 2022, suspended…
SpaceX's Elon Musk waves while providing an update on Starship, on Feb. 10, 2022, near Brownsville, Texas. Twitter on Thursday, Dec. 15, 2022, suspended the accounts of journalists who cover the social media platform and Musk, including reporters working for The New York Times, Washington Post, CNN and other publications (Miguel Roberts/The Brownsville Herald via AP, File)
Twitter suspends journalists who covered Elon Musk
Twitter on Thursday suspended the accounts of journalists who cover the social media platform and its new owner Elon Musk, among them reporters working for The New York Times, Washington Post, CNN, Voice of America and other publications.
The company hasn't explained to the journalists why it took down the accounts and made their profiles and past tweets disappear. But Musk took to Twitter on Thursday night to accuse journalists of sharing private information about his whereabouts that he described as "basically assassination coordinates." He provided no evidence for that claim.
The sudden suspension of news reporters followed Musk's decision Wednesday to permanently ban an account that automatically tracked the flights of his private jet using publicly available data. That also led Twitter to change its rules for all users to prohibit the sharing of another person's current location without their consent.
Several of the reporters suspended Thursday night had been writing about that new policy and Musk's rationale for imposing it, which involved his allegations about a stalking incident he said affected his family on Tuesday night in Los Angeles.
"Same doxxing rules apply to 'journalists' as to everyone else," Musk tweeted Thursday. He later added: "Criticizing me all day long is totally fine, but doxxing my real-time location and endangering my family is not."
What is Hanukkah? Jewish festival of lights explained
"Doxxing" refers to disclosing online someone's identity, address, or other personal details.
The Washington Post's executive editor, Sally Buzbee, called for technology reporter Drew Harwell's Twitter account to be reinstated immediately. The suspension "directly undermines Elon Musk's claim that he intends to run Twitter as a platform dedicated to free speech," Buzbee wrote. "Harwell was banished without warning, process or explanation, following the publication of his accurate reporting about Musk."
CNN said in a statement that "the impulsive and unjustified suspension of a number of reporters, including CNN's Donie O'Sullivan, is concerning but not surprising."
"Twitter's increasing instability and volatility should be of incredible concern for everyone who uses Twitter," CNN's statement added. "We have asked Twitter for an explanation, and we will reevaluate our relationship based on that response."
Another suspended journalist, Matt Binder of the technology news outlet Mashable, said he was banned Thursday night immediately after sharing a screenshot that O'Sullivan had posted before the CNN reporter's suspension.
The screenshot showed a statement from the Los Angeles Police Department sent earlier Thursday to multiple media outlets, including The Associated Press, about how it was in touch with Musk's representatives about the alleged stalking incident, but that no crime report had yet been filed.
"I did not share any location data, as per Twitter's new terms. Nor did I share any links to ElonJet or other location tracking accounts," Binder said in an email. "I have been highly critical of Musk but never broke any of Twitter's listed policies."
Binder said a message he received while trying to access his Twitter account showed that his suspension was permanent. But Musk later suggested the penalty would last a week in response to a question about his suspension of former ESPN and MSNBC host Keith Olbermann.
Late Thursday, Musk briefly joined a Twitter Spaces conference chat hosted by journalist Kate Notopoulos of Buzzfeed. He reiterated his claims that the journalists Twitter banned were "doxxing" him when they were reporting on the jet tracking accounts being banned.
"There is not special treatment for journalists," Musk said, after being asked by the Post's Drew Harwell if he had a connection between the stalking incident and posting of real-time information.
"You dox, you get suspended, end of story," he added, before abruptly signing out. The Spaces ended abruptly shortly after 9 p.m. Pacific time.
"Sorry it appears the Space cut out, screen went suddenly blank on my end and everyone got booted," host Notopoulos tweeted at 9:14 p.m. Pacific.
Jay Leno explains accident that led to third-degree burns
Another suspended reporter, Steve Herman of Voice of America, said he assumes he was banned "because I was tweeting about other journalists being suspended for tweeting about accounts being booted that had linked to the Elon Jet feed."
The suspensions come as Musk makes major changes to content moderation on Twitter. He has tried, through the release of selected company documents dubbed as "The Twitter Files," to claim the platform suppressed right-wing voices under its previous leaders.
He has promised to let free speech reign and has reinstated high-profile accounts that previously broke Twitter's rules against hateful conduct or harmful misinformation, but also has said he would suppress negativity and hate by depriving some accounts of "freedom of reach."
The nonprofit Committee to Protect Journalists, which defends journalists around the world, said Thursday night it was concerned about the suspensions.
"If confirmed as retaliation for their work, this would be a serious violation of journalists' right to report the news without fear of reprisal," the group said.
Counties in Ohio with the fastest-rising temperatures
Volunteers come together to build home for Licking …
Local News / 3 years ago
Suspects in custody for death of Columbus infant
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{
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}
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We can't wait for our most recent partnership with Filigree Suppers!
Check out the supper they are planning at Rhine Hall on July 12th! Link to event and supper details here.
Filigree Suppers is a monthly pop-up dinner series that pairs imaginative food with American made design. More details on partners for the event to follow! Stay tuned.
Rhine Hall Summer Updates: Open FRIDAYS, Pear Brandy Launch, + Supper Collab with Filigree Suppers!
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{
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}
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title: Week 3 Day 2
---
### Topics for Today
* [Statistics](https://github.com/tiy-lv-python-2015-06/class-notes/blob/master/week3/02-Statistics.ipynb)
* [Plotting](https://github.com/tiy-lv-python-2015-06/class-notes/blob/master/week3/03-Plotting.ipynb)
### Homework
[Charting Coin Flips](https://github.com/tiy-lv-python-2015-06/charting-coin-flips)
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{
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}
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Naomi Scott's First-Ever Met Gala Outfit Is The Start Of A Magic Red-Carpet Ride
By Naomi Pike
The Met Gala calls for a special look from every attendee, but it is those that are going for the first time who the evening will prove most formative for. Naomi Scott is one of them. Her Burberry ensemble - by Riccardo Tisci - is the start of her Met Gala journey, and further cements her fashion ascent.
Forgoing the traditional gown, the Vogue cover girl's look comes together to shape a fresh take on red-carpet dressing, and the evening's theme: camp. Naomi's Burberry look is comprised of smart black trousers, a corset top with a '20s style flapper dress entirely made of PVC and Swarovski crystals layered on top, while the back of the overlay comes with billowing feathers draping. It sounds a lot but Naomi's outfit maintains a serene elegance that we're coming to associate with Tisci's Burberry aesthetic.
"Creating the look has been incredible," explains Zadrian Smith, Naomi's fashion director. "The entire team at Burberry had one goal in mind and that was to make Naomi look and feel her best. It was an open dialogue the entire way through, both sides throwing creative ideas at each other to reach a beautiful end result."
"As Susan Sontag notes, 'Camp is the triumph of the epicene style.' With this in mind, from the very beginning, we knew we wanted to go with an unexpected silhouette for the evening, something slightly more androgynous or epicene," Smith adds. "However, still very feminine."
"In one of our final fittings, Riccardo came in and it was pure magic watching him make tweaks and perfect the look with Naomi, whilst really listening to her thoughts and immediately incorporating them into his vision."
Read more: Princess Jasmine Will Have 10 New Costumes in the Live-Action "Aladdin"
No other event rivals the Met Gala in the concept and inspiration stages. Stylists, designers and attendees all invest time in research to create outfits that feel right for the theme and the talent. "I think there are many sources of inspiration in this look, but I think era wise it can be linked to the fashion of the '20s" Smith told Miss Vogue. "Where there was a confidence and freedom of expression that was liberating and progressive, especially for women of this period."
The Met Gala comes just weeks before Naomi's big role as Princess Jasmine in the live-action Aladdin, and the lengthy press tour packed with many public appearances that will come alongside it. Could this also be a hint as to what we can expect there also? Likely, but as Smith adds each look he puts together is about the event.
"Whenever I'm styling Naomi or any client for that matter, my starting point is to always consider the context of the event. Is it happening in the day or night? Who else is attending, as this will set the tone in regards to what levels of style will be brought to the event. Once I've had a chance to review these elements, I then review where we are with Naomi in regards to her style and what's our best next move to maintain a natural evolution of her fashion."
Read more: Naomi Scott's Latest Look Brings Her One Step Closer To Total Fashion Power Player
Miss VogueMiss Vogue Celebrity StyleMet GalaNaomi Scott
|
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|
As one of the leading names in the stamp industry, Cosco has a history of creating innovative products made with the highest standards. With Cosco self-inking pocket stamps, they have created a unique take on the traditional pocket stamp in terms of shape and function. They have created what are called mouse stamps and it shows their commitment to innovation. These Cosco self-inking pocket stamps offer a curved shape perfect for one-handed operation. They help to eliminate hand strain while still offering a vivid impression with every use. In fact, these small powerhouses offer thousands of clean, clear impressions.
We offer a range of Cosco self-inking pocket stamps in their innovative style. Stamps are designed for one-handed operation with a simple flip top mechanism that activates the stamp and exposes the dye. Simply click and stamp! We offer this innovative stamp in two sizes, ½ x 1 ½ and 1 5/8 round for a decent sized image area given the compact nature of the design. These Cosco self-inking pocket stamps are lightweight and easy to carry. Carry them in your purse, pocket, or with the option of lanyards to make sure you never misplace this valuable accessory. These stamps feature self-housed ink pads and our custom laser engraving for an easy to care for option that will last for many years. Choose from 11 different ink colors to match your preference. When it is time to replace ink, simply add a few drops of ink to the pad. It's really that easy! We can customize up to 3 lines of text on these models of pocket-sized stamps making them perfect for addresses, contact information, delivery instructions, and more. We can also engrave your company logo for a professional touch your customers will love. Add one of these great stamps to your collection today!
When you choose Rubber Stamp Champ, you are choosing exceptional quality at an affordable price. For the last two decades, we have been honored to be your source for all your stamps and accessories. We would be happy to answer any questions you may have while shopping with us!
Image size: 1/2" x 1-1/2", up to 3 lines of text or upload your b&w logo.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Q: Spring security ldap authenticate first I have set up an ldap authentication using the following configuration. I just need to user to authenticate to the LDAP data store, then have their session get an authentication token. From reading the docs, this is what I am thinking is supposed to happen:
*
*Authenticate as the manager, find the users full dn based on search criteria
*Attempt to bind as the user (using their full dn) and the provided password
The logs dont seem to give enough information as to why this is failing. It just says invalid credentials - when I know they are valid. My thoughts are one of the following is happening:
*
*The users full DN is not being found, and they are just being authenticated with the username
*It is trying to do a password compare, vs actually trying to bind to the directory
Configuration:
<ldap-server
url="ldap://adapps.company.com:389/dc=company,dc=com"
manager-dn="cn=fulluserdn,dc=company,dc=com"
manager-password="password"/>
<ldap-user-service user-search-base="" user-search-filter="(samaccountname={0})"/>
<authentication-manager>
<ldap-authentication-provider user-search-filter="(samaccountname={0})" user-search-base="dc=company,dc=com"/>
</authentication-manager>
Error logs:
[DEBUG,FilterBasedLdapUserSearch] Searching for user 'test', with user search [ searchFilter: '(samaccountname={0})', searchBase: 'dc=company,dc=com', scope: subtree, searchTimeLimit: 0, derefLinkFlag: false ]
[DEBUG,AbstractContextSource] Got Ldap context on server 'ldap://adapps.company.com:389/dc=company,dc=com'
[INFO,SpringSecurityLdapTemplate] Ignoring PartialResultException
[DEBUG,XmlWebApplicationContext] Publishing event in Root WebApplicationContext: org.springframework.security.authentication.event.AuthenticationFailureBadCredentialsEvent[source=org.springframework.security.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken@488b5f0b: Principal: test; Password: [PROTECTED]; Authenticated: false; Details: org.springframework.security.web.authentication.WebAuthenticationDetails@fffd148a: RemoteIpAddress: 127.0.0.1; SessionId: 0718B7EED3F930C63C03DA97C4344CBD; Not granted any authorities]
[DEBUG,UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter] Authentication request failed: org.springframework.security.authentication.BadCredentialsException: Bad credentials
[DEBUG,UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter] Updated SecurityContextHolder to contain null Authentication
[DEBUG,UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter] Delegating to authentication failure handlerorg.springframework.security.web.authentication.SimpleUrlAuthenticationFailureHandler@395158
[DEBUG,TokenBasedRememberMeServices] Interactive login attempt was unsuccessful.
[DEBUG,TokenBasedRememberMeServices] Cancelling cookie
A: The problem was teat the LDAP server was running on a different port, but the normal port was still open.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
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Hip Dysplasia in dogs is a painful, chronic condition where the ball of the hip joint is malformed and does not fit properly together with the adjoining socket and, therefore, often warrants surgical correction. Normal wear and tear will gradually scrape away the cartilage inside the socket and, as a result, causes arthritis. Although Hip Dysplasia normally begins between 4 to 8 months of age, while the dog is still growing, it can also occur later in life as a result of osteoarthritis. The condition worsens for dogs who also suffer from obesity due to the added weight they are supporting.
Panzer (pictured above) received Regenerative Stem Cell Therapy using only his own cells on May 7, 2015. Panzer is a 13-year-old Rottweiler with painful elbow and hip dysplasia (poor/abnormal development) and Fragmented Coronoid Processes (FCP). While rehabilitation and pain management helped him a great deal, it was evident he needed something more. Stem cells was that something more for Panzer that literally saved his life because, otherwise, he would have been put down. Stem cells actually regenerated the cartilage in his hip joints, giving him the ability to walk again! Your pet can be treated with stem cell injections, too! Injections placed directly into the bad joints and/or administered intravenously can restore cartilage and function and, thereby, reduce their pain!
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Keep all your fishing gear neatly organized with the Plano Magnum Guide Series 1444. With four layers of storage, this fishing tackle box is designed to help yo..
Rod Holder Extender, all Nylon, MFG# 0259, extends the height of the rod holder by 6.5". Extends height of rod holder by 6-1/2\"Works with Scotty post-mount rod..
Flambeau Outdoors Soft tackle system is designed using Flambeau Zerust technology and front drop-down accessory storage. This is the perfect mobile fishing soft..
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
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Q: SQL, How to convert VARCHAR to bigint? I have a field that is VARCHAR(6) I am trying to insert it into another table of type bigint it is giving me an error
(Error Converting from data type varchar to bigint
here is what i am doing
CONVERT(bigint, seconds) as seconds
Can anybody help with this issue?
A: an alternative would be to do something like:
SELECT
CAST(P0.seconds as bigint) as seconds
FROM
(
SELECT
seconds
FROM
TableName
WHERE
ISNUMERIC(seconds) = 1
) P0
A: This is the answer
(CASE
WHEN
(isnumeric(ts.TimeInSeconds) = 1)
THEN
CAST(ts.TimeInSeconds AS bigint)
ELSE
0
END) AS seconds
A: I think your code is right. If you run the following code it converts the string '60' which is treated as varchar and it returns integer 60, if there is integer containing string in second it works.
select CONVERT(bigint,'60') as seconds
and it returns
60
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
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The North Shore Rectangular Extension Table and Dining Arm Chairs / Dining Side Chairs Set by Millennium at Ryan Furniture in the Havre De Grace, Maryland, Aberdeen, Bel Air North, Churchville area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
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Modern Measure for Measure from RSC on screen
THE latest production of Shakeaspeare's Measure for Measure, directed by Gregory Doran, will be beamed around the world by satellite on Wednesday 31st July.
The story is astonishingly resonant today.
A corrupt official visits a young and frightened novice nun, offering to save her beloved brother from execution in return for sexual favours. She has no idea where to turn for help and when she threatens to expose him, he tells her, with confidence, that no one would believe her.
See Measure for Measure by beamed from Stratford-upon-Avon at the McMillian Theatre in Bridgewater or Bridport Arts Centre at 11am on 31st July, or at 7pm at Christchurch Regent Centre, The Marine Theatre in Lyme Regis, The Gateway at Seaton, Nuffield City in Southampton, Strode Theatre in Street or The Brewhouse in Taunton, among many venues across the region.
|
{
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}
|
Dan Cogdell
Former NFL Player Irving Fryar and Mom Convicted of Bank Fraud
By Cogdell Law Firm
| January 05, 2016
Former Philadelphia wide receiver Irving Fryar and his 74-year-old mother have been convicted of bank fraud by a New Jersey jury and are facing five to 10 years in a state prison as well as fines up to $150,000.
However, attorneys for Fryar and his mother have filed a motion to have the verdict overturned, alleging prosecutorial misconduct and lack of evidence. Of the prosecutorial misconduct allegation, the motion states that the prosecution "made inflammatory statements saying the defendants should go to jail" and that the jury "must" find them guilty.
Fryar's attorneys cited precedence where courts have ruled prosecutors should show restraint and not voice their personal opinions because doing so could unfairly prejudice jurors.
In addition, the motion states that the prosecution showed charts with false financial information that was contrary to the evidence during closing arguments.
Fryar and his mother, Allene McGhee, were convicted of second-degree conspiracy and theft by deception connected to six home equity loans that McGhee took out on her home in Willingboro, NJ.
According to court documents, McGhee applied for five home equity loans totaling $840,000 within a six-day period, allegedly so that each bank would be unaware of any other loans on the property. She also took out a $414,000 loan on her son's Springfield, NJ, home, which is owned in her name. Fryar allegedly received $200,000 of the loaned funds.
Prosecutors also alleged that McGhee falsified her wage and employment information on the loan applications.
The defense contends that Fryar and McGhee were the victims of a scam run by William Barksdale, a former mortgage broker who is currently serving time in federal prison for defrauding banks out of more than $2 million. Barksdale, who owns the mortgage on McGhee's home, testified at trial that McGhee was unaware of the scheme and continued to make mortgage payments until she lost her home to foreclosure.
Fryar's defense attorney said that his client had no knowledge of the scheme and that bank witnesses testified that he was never at any of the loan closings. Barksdale and Fryar had prior business ventures flipping houses, and Fryar was unaware that the money Barksdale paid him came from the loans, not from the sale of their investment property.
The Cogdell Law Firm is a boutique law firm focusing on large, complex business and criminal financial-related litigation, including white collar criminal defense, securities fraud, health care fraud investigation, criminal appeals and state criminal defense. When results matter most, contact Dan Cogdell at (713) 426-2244 or dan@cogdell-law.com.
April 6, 2017 Houston Police Arrest More Than 30 Drivers on Alleged DWI Charges in February Read More
May 12, 2016 How You Can Have Your Texas Juvenile Criminal Record Sealed or Expunged Read More
May 11, 2016 Understanding How Texas Prosecutes Adults and Teens for Sexting Read More
May 10, 2016 What to Do If Your Minor Child is Arrested in Texas Read More
402 Main Street, 4th Floor
the Criminally Accused
|
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|
Prof Sattar Bawany Published "Leadership in Disruptive Times" In Response to COVID-19 Challenges
Posted on September 8, 2021 August 15, 2021 by Editor
Prof Sattar Bawany published "Leadership in Disruptive Times", which examined the fundamental qualities of disruptive leadership that would distinguish successful leaders as they guide their organizations through the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the digital transformation at the workplace. It explores the transformation of organizations in today's highly disruptive, increasingly VUCA and the digital-driven era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0).
The book also serves as a resource for organizations that plans to prepare for the Disruptive and Digital-Driven Post-Pandemic era of the 'New Normal' and includes toolkits, frameworks and best practices case studies including organizations such as Microsoft, Uber, Grab, Netflix and DBS Bank amongst others.
This book provides insights into an understanding of disruptive leadership. It explores the key success factors for digital transformation of organizations in the highly disruptive, increasingly VUCA-driven era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.Disruption is happening everywhere and in every aspect of our lives. It is happening at a scale and speed that is unprecedented in modern history, impacting diverse industries, from financial services to retail, media, logistics and supply chain, manufacturing, education, professional services, and life sciences. Leaders are finding it challenging to navigate the near-insurmountable challenges resulting from the impact of these disruptive events on their organizations.
The right leadership is critical for organizations to thrive in a disruptive business environment. How should we define leadership in such an environment? Are the current leadership practices and competencies still relevant in the face of such disruption? What are the attributes of a "disruptive digital leader"? How can leaders set themselves up not only to survive but also to thrive in navigating the challenges of disruptive events and crises?
This book provides insights into an understanding of disruptive leadership. It explores the key success factors for digital transformation of organizations in the highly disruptive, increasingly VUCA-driven era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (also known as Industry 4.0). The book also examines the fundamental qualities of disruptive leadership that would distinguish successful leaders as they guide their organizations through the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the digital transformation at the workplace.
With over 30 years of experience in international business, executive coaching and leadership development, there is no doubt that Prof Sattar Bawany is one of the most trusted experts when it comes to international business strategies.
At present, Prof Bawany holds the following professional appointments:
Chief Executive Officer and C-Suite Certified Master Executive Coach of the Centre for Executive Education (CEE)
Managing Director & Master Executive Coach, EDA Asia Pacific
Strategic Advisor of International Professional Managers Association (IPMA)
Senior Advisor & Adjunct Practice Leader, Talent Management of Cegos Asia Pacific
Faculty Member of Harvard Business Publishing Corporate Learning
Faculty Member of the Duke CE Global Learning Resource Network (GLRN)
Adjunct Faculty & Executive Coach of ICLIF Leadership & Governance Centre
Adjunct Professor of Strategy at the Paris Graduate School of Management (PGSM) and Curtin Graduate School of Business (CGSB)
Additionally, he has also held the following professional appointments in the past:
Managing Director and Talent Management Practice Leader, DBM Asia Pacific
Head of Transition & Executive Coaching Practice, DBM Asia Pacific
Business Leader, Global Information Services, Mercer HR Consulting, Asia Pacific
Head of Learning Services & Senior Consultant Organisational Effectiveness and Management Development (OEMD), The Hay Group, Asia Pacific
Head of Business Development, Forum Corporation, Asia Pacific
Senior Consultant, Sales, Service & Leadership Development, Mercuri International
He was awarded the 2019 Executive of the Year for Human Resources Consulting at the Singapore Business Review (SBR) Management Excellence Awards 2019. Over the past 30 years, working with clients across various industries globally, he has delivered executive coaching engagement and executive development programs to ensure C-Suite leaders' readiness for the highly disruptive and digital-driven workplace. His earlier book titled Transforming the Next Generation Leaders: Developing Future Leaders for a Disruptive, Digital-Driven Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) was published by Business Expert Press (BEP) in 2019.
Professor Bawany has coached a range of leaders, from CEOs to high potential managers. His talks focus on encouraging individual initiative and leadership from a systemic perspective in order to achieve clearly defined business results. His specialty is linking people processes to business outcomes. Prof Bawany's speaking topics are:
Transforming the Next Generation of Leaders
Leading and Engaging a Multigenerational Workforce
Contact us if you would like Prof Sattar Bawany at your upcoming conference.
Virtual Sessions by Michael Dodd on Business Communications
Stephen McGown, Al-Qaeda's longest-held captive, available to inspire your team on resilience
|
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}
|
Email | +18136011925
Hillsborough County School Locations - Mobile Mammography
Selection Options
Adams Middle School 1/28/2021
Thursday Jan 28, 2021 @ 08:30:AM — 10:00:AM
Alonso High School 2/22/2021
Monday Feb 22, 2021 @ 08:00:AM — 12:00:PM
Apollo Beach Elementary School 1/29/2021
Friday Jan 29, 2021 @ 12:00:PM — 02:00:PM
Ballast Point Elementary School 3/26/2021
Friday Mar 26, 2021 @ 08:00:AM — 11:00:AM
Ben Hill Middle School 1/27/2021
Wednesday Jan 27, 2021 @ 12:30:PM — 02:30:PM
Brandon High School 2/17/2021
Wednesday Feb 17, 2021 @ 12:00:PM — 02:30:PM
Boyette Springs Elementary School 1/29/2021
Bryan Elementary School 1/27/2021
Wednesday Jan 27, 2021 @ 08:30:AM — 10:30:AM
Buchanan Middle School 1/21/2021
Buckhorn Elementary School 1/29/2021
Friday Jan 29, 2021 @ 08:00:AM — 10:00:AM
Burney Elementary School 1/27/2021
Wednesday Jan 27, 2021 @ 11:30:AM — 01:30:PM
Canella Elementary School 1/27/2021
Carter Woodson K-8 2/25/2021
Thursday Feb 25, 2021 @ 11:30:AM — 01:30:PM
Chamberlain High School 1/28/2021
Thursday Jan 28, 2021 @ 11:00:AM — 01:00:PM
Chiles Elementary School 1/21/2021
Clair Mel Elementary School 1/25/2021
Monday Jan 25, 2021 @ 08:30:AM — 10:30:AM
Clark Elementary School 2/8/2021
Claywell Elementary School 1/22/2021
Collins Elementary School 4/5/2021
Monday Apr 05, 2021 @ 08:00:AM — 11:00:AM
Davidsen Middle School 2/18/2021
Thursday Feb 18, 2021 @ 01:30:PM — 04:00:PM
Davis Elementary School 1/22/2021
Desoto Elementary School 1/28/2021
Dowdell Middle School 1/25/2021
Monday Jan 25, 2021 @ 11:30:AM — 01:30:PM
Dorothy Thomas Elementary School 2/12/2021
Friday Feb 12, 2021 @ 12:30:PM — 02:00:PM
Dunbar Elementary School 1/28/2021
Thursday Jan 28, 2021 @ 12:00:PM — 02:00:PM
Essrig Elementary School 1/22/2021
Monday Jan 25, 2021 @ 12:00:PM — Friday Jan 22, 2021 @ 02:30:PM
Franklin Middle School 2/9/2021
Tuesday Feb 09, 2021 @ 08:30:AM — 10:30:AM
Freedom High School 1/26/2021
Tuesday Jan 26, 2021 @ 08:00:AM — 11:30:AM
Frost Elementary School 1/29/2021
Gary Adult High School 2/10/2021
Heritage Elementary School 2/8/2021
Monday Feb 08, 2021 @ 08:00:AM — 10:30:AM
Hillsborough High School 2/2/2021
Hunters Green Elementary School 1/28/2021
ISC - Instructional Services Center 2/26/2021
King High School 2/12/2021
Kingswood Elementary School 2/17/2021
Wednesday Feb 17, 2021 @ 08:00:AM — 11:00:AM
Lake Magdalene Elementary School 2/12/2021
Friday Feb 12, 2021 @ 08:30:AM — 11:00:AM
Lamb Elementary School 3/8/2021
Monday Mar 08, 2021 @ 08:00:AM — 10:30:AM
Lewis Elementary School 2/12/2021
Limona Elementary School 2/8/2021
Lithia Springs Elementary School 2/10/2021
Lomax Elementary School 2/26/2021
Lopez Elementary School 2/23/2021
Madison Middle School 2/1/2021
Monday Feb 01, 2021 @ 12:00:PM — 02:00:PM
Manhattan Center 2/1/2021
Memorial Middle School 2/9/2021
Tuesday Feb 09, 2021 @ 11:30:AM — 01:30:PM
Morgan Woods Elementary School 2/22/2021
Mort Elementary School 1/26/2021
Mulrennan Middle School 2/3/2021
Nelson Elementary School 2/24/2021
Newsome High School 2/10/2021
Oak Park Elementary School 1/27/2021
Oak Grove Elementary School 2/24/2021
Wednesday Feb 24, 2021 @ 11:30:AM — 02:30:PM
Pepin Academy Riverview 3/1/2021
Pepin Academy Tampa 3/1/2021
Monday Mar 01, 2021 @ 11:30:AM — 01:30:PM
Pizzo Elementary School 3/23/2021
Tuesday Mar 23, 2021 @ 11:30:AM — 01:30:PM
Potter Elementary School 1/27/2021
Progress Village Magnet 3/8/2021
Monday Mar 08, 2021 @ 12:00:PM — 02:00:PM
Rampello K-8 2/19/2021
Friday Feb 19, 2021 @ 08:30:AM — 12:30:PM
Reddick Elementary School 4/5/2021
Monday Apr 05, 2021 @ 12:30:PM — 03:30:PM
Robinson Elementary School 3/9/2021
Tuesday Mar 09, 2021 @ 01:30:PM — 03:00:PM
Robinson High School 3/26/2021
Friday Mar 26, 2021 @ 12:00:PM — 03:30:PM
Roland Park K-8 2/25/2021
Roosevelt Elementary School 2/25/2021
Thursday Feb 25, 2021 @ 08:30:AM — 10:30:AM
ROSSAC 2/25/2021
Seminole Elementary School 2/2/2021
Tuesday Feb 02, 2021 @ 12:00:PM — 02:00:PM
Shaw Elementary School 3/23/2021
Tuesday Mar 23, 2021 @ 08:30:AM — 10:30:AM
Sickles High School 2/18/2021
Silo Event Center 1/26/2021
Tuesday Jan 26, 2021 @ 01:00:PM — 03:30:PM
Sulphur Springs Elementary School 2/24/2021
Symmes Elementary School 1/29/2021
Friday Jan 29, 2021 @ 11:30:AM — 02:30:PM
Tampa Tech High School 2/10/2021
Turkey Creek Middle School 2/24/2021
Turner Bartels K-8 1/28/2021
Valrico Elementary School 2/3/2021
Walden Lake Elementary School 2/8/2021
Wharton High School 1/26/2021
Wimauma Elementary School 1/29/2021
Witter Elementary School 2/25/2021
Woodbridge Elementary School 1/22/2021
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
|
TRUE BOND PATCH | Pro Chem, Inc.
TRUE BOND PATCH is a ready-mix compound of finely graded mineral aggregate and specially prepared asphalt and additives for repairing holes and expansion joints in asphalt or concrete surface. It sticks to asphalt and concrete with a primer, even in cold, wet weather.
The surface should be clean of grease, oil and dirt. If extremely dusty, hose the surface down with water. The surface need not be dry before applying. Take care to keep vertical edges of hole as clean as possible to allow for best adhesion. Material works best over a solid base; do not use over mud or clay. Remove material from the drum just as it is and place it where needed by shoveling or pouring it in. Level material slightly higher than desired depth to allow for compaction. Pack it down with a hand tamper or roller. If the void is deeper than 1 inch, tamp material down in successive layers of 1 inch to assure maximum compression. No drying or curing time is required. Area can be immediately opened to traffic.
Coverage rate is approximately 7 square feet at 1 inch deep.
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{
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}
|
Q: How to get the type of the identifier at the cursor I am writing an extension for Visual Studio 2012 that contains an ICompletionSourceProvider. I need to determine the type of the identifier at the location of the cursor. I tried the following approaches:
*
*Using IClassifierAggregatorService, I am able to determine that the current word is an identifier, but there is no additional information.
*Using DTE2, I can get a CodeElement at the current location, but the model is incomplete and the closest that I can get is the current method (CodeFunction)
It is obvious that Visual Studio has that information, but how can I retrieve it? I only need it to work when editing C# files.
A: Visual Studio 2012 offers no public API to access this information. We have it, yes, but you can't get to it. You might want to take a look at the Roslyn CTP, where we are working on a set of APIs to support scenarios exactly like your own.
Disclosure: I'm on the Roslyn team.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
|
Nervup OD capsule contains Methylcobalamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, and Folic Acid and Pyridoxine.
Methylcobalamin is an essential nutrient for neurons and Alpha Lipoic Acid is a powerful antioxidant that protects the neurons from oxidative stress.
The trio of Methylcobalamin, Pyridoxine and Folic Acid helps in bringing down the plasma level of homocysteine, the major risk factor for Atherosclerosis. Alpha Lipoic Acid prevents plaque formation in the arteries by preventing LDL oxidation. Thus Nervup OD reduces the major risk factors for Atherosclerosis.
Take Nervup OD Capsule 1 capsule a day, with or without food, for maximum effect.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Pretty small towns, sandy beaches and rolling dunes await visitors to the southeast side of Lake Michigan.
Where to start The most accessible section of this shore extends from the Indiana line 175 miles north to Ludington.
From New Buffalo to St. Joseph, enjoy sandy beaches and easy access to inland fruit farms and wineries.
St. Joseph/Benton Harbor and Saugatuck bookend this region.
Worth noting Many visitors stay in vacation-home rentals, which range from simple and rustic to plush and beachside.
Shoppers delight in St. Joseph's boutiques and galleries.
The shore towns west of Grand Rapids have Dutch heritage and pretty boardwalks.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Platform, Ruskin Square, provides an attractive space between the new pedestrian bridge at East Croydon Station and Lansdowne Road which leads into Croydon town centre.
If you are coming to Croydon by another route then Platform is easy to find. Just head for the roundabout on the corner of Dingwall Road and Lansdowne Road.
All buses to Croydon town centre stop within easy walking distance to Platform, Ruskin Square. If your bus stops on Wellesley Road, just walk along George Street, then left onto Dingwall Road, and take the path leading off the roundabout to the right.
Get off the tram at East Croydon, then walk towards the town centre along George Street, turning right onto Dingwall Road, and take the path leading off the roundabout to the right.
Our nearest car park is the Dingwall Road car park, which is run by NCP. Click here for details of other car parks.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Q: Error when updating data into a database I'm trying to create an admin page where the admin must approve a user registration before the user logs in.I'm trying to show in this page all the users which have been registered but still waiting for admin approval for log in.So I want to create a button close to each unconfirmed user with the value"Yes" to give the admin the possibility to approve his account.If "Yes" button is set by the admin the user should be approved so the approval field which is stored in my database should be updated to 1.This is the idea.When executing the code the buttons are displayed but no update is made for the field approval!
Also the buttons are displayed but are not functional.Can someone help me to make the "Yes" buttons functional?
This is my code:
<html >
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
if( !($database=mysql_connect("localhost","root",""))||!(mysql_select_db("st_login",$database)) )
print("Could not connect");
if(isset($_POST['yes'])){
$id = intval($_POST['id']);
$update_query= "UPDATE login SET `approval`=1 WHERE `id` = '".$id."'";
mysql_query($update_query,$database);
}
$query = "SELECT * FROM `login` WHERE `admin` =0";
if(!($result=mysql_query($query,$database)))
{
print("Could not execute query");
die (mysql_error());//ose error
} else
while($query_row=mysql_fetch_assoc($result))
{
$firstname=$query_row['firstname'];
$lastname=$query_row['lastname'];
$username=$query_row['username'];
$password=$query_row['password'];
$email=$query_row['email'];
$cv=$query_row['cv'];
$id=$query_row['id'];
if($query_row['approval']==0){
echo "this user is waiting for you approval";
echo $firstname.' '.$lastname.' has this cv:'.$cv.'<br />
Do you want to approve his account?
<form action="admin.php" method="post">
<input type="text" style="display: none;" value="$id" name="id">
<input type="submit" value="yes" name="yes">
</form>
<br/>';
}
}
mysql_close($database);
?>
</body>
</html>
Anyone helping me with this updating?Thanks in advance!
A: Change the button to be
<form action="admin.php" method="post"><input type="submit" value="'.$id.'" name="id"></form><br />';
So that the whole echo will be
echo $firstname.' '.$lastname.' has this cv:'.$cv.'<br /> Do you want to approve his account? <form action="admin.php" method="post"><input type="submit" value="'.$id.'" name="id"></form><br />';
The name of the form element is what you should expect to be the key in the $_POST array, and the value is what you should expect to be the value of $_POST['id']
Also, you should use $_POST not $_GET as you have specified the form method to be post
A: You should change the last part of your code. Your form method is POST and yet you're trying to get id via GET. You can't do that, and you can't get the id from the input like this.
This is what you should do:
if($query_row['approval']==0){
echo "this user is waiting for you approval";
echo $firstname.' '.$lastname.' has this cv:'.$cv.'<br />
Do you want to approve his account?
<form action="admin.php" method="post">
<input type="hidden" value="$id" name="id">
<input type="submit" value="yes" name="yes">
</form>
<br/>';
}
}
mysql_close($database);
?>
And on the line
$id = intval($_GET['id']);
It should turn into
$id = intval($_POST['id']);
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
|
Portsmouth Country Club in New Hampshire. Top golf courses of USA: New England.
Portsmouth Country Club is home to a championship golf course that ranks with some of the best in New Hampshire. This tree-lined and open parkland layout provides a wonderful test for your all-round game, with many attractive, skilfully crafted and challenging holes to enjoy. A must play if you are in the area.
Surroundings: Lakeside (Great Bay tidal estuary), riverside (Winnicutt River), woodland and wetland.
1 mi N of Greenland, NH / 3 mi SW of Portsmouth, NH / 34 mi E of Manchester, NH.
2015 visitor fee, 18-holes in high season (mid-June thru' Aug): $85. Reduced 9-hole rates. [Contact club for full details, discounts, packages, etc]. Credit cards accepted.
In 1901, a group of Portsmouth citizens established the Portsmouth Country Club. They bought a piece of farmland and hired Scottish-born Alex Findlay to build them a 9-hole golf course. The course was built and ready for play in five weeks; thirty-two years later nine more holes were added. In the 1950s the U.S. Government decided to build a bomber base alongside the course, and the Club was forced to find a new location (which turned out to be less than a mile to the southwest, on the shoreline of Great Bay). The original course is now the Pease Golf Course, located next to the Portsmouth Intl Airport at Pease.
2017-18 Golf Digest rating: 5th best course in New Hampshire.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Had 665,360 land, 341,525 troops and 20 science points. Killed 612,258 soldiers, won 67 of 128 battles and captured 105 cities.
Had 418,824 land, 817,075 troops and 21 science points. Killed 49 soldiers, won 0 of 0 battles and captured 1 cities.
Had 242,422 land, 409,181 troops and 25 science points. Killed 364,635 soldiers, won 17 of 41 battles and captured 28 cities.
Had 423,257 land, 300,652 troops and 7 science points. Killed 426,415 soldiers, won 24 of 46 battles and captured 23 cities.
Had 385,523 land, 757,137 troops and 17 science points. Killed 710,183 soldiers, won 40 of 57 battles and captured 35 cities.
Had 134,179 land, 349,666 troops and 12 science points. Killed 177,574 soldiers, won 15 of 29 battles and captured 10 cities.
Had 297,666 land, 319,822 troops and 27 science points. Killed 362,434 soldiers, won 13 of 48 battles and captured 30 cities.
Had 236,063 land, 281,812 troops and 19 science points. Killed 22,137 soldiers, won 8 of 19 battles and captured 7 cities.
Had 251,182 land, 682,150 troops and 21 science points. Killed 1,611,216 soldiers, won 72 of 93 battles and captured 39 cities.
Had 145,846 land, 225,659 troops and 15 science points. Killed 18 soldiers, won 6 of 7 battles and captured 5 cities.
Had 235,903 land, 241,521 troops and 11 science points. Killed 30,592 soldiers, won 9 of 21 battles and captured 19 cities.
Had 200,000 land, 209,278 troops and 17 science points. Killed 734,196 soldiers, won 32 of 48 battles and captured 16 cities.
Had 187,920 land, 223,052 troops and 21 science points. Killed 17,136 soldiers, won 1 of 3 battles and captured 8 cities.
Had 137,302 land, 244,789 troops and 18 science points. Killed 204,933 soldiers, won 21 of 43 battles and captured 24 cities.
Had 273,452 land, 219,661 troops and 21 science points. Killed 188,290 soldiers, won 23 of 53 battles and captured 71 cities.
Had 265,281 land, 383,756 troops and 8 science points. Killed 345,335 soldiers, won 18 of 24 battles and captured 16 cities.
Had 165,841 land, 119,080 troops and 21 science points. Killed 41,678 soldiers, won 3 of 13 battles and captured 5 cities.
Had 126,848 land, 92,818 troops and 17 science points. Killed 33,780 soldiers, won 14 of 30 battles and captured 23 cities.
Had 130,266 land, 90,438 troops and 31 science points. Killed 86,325 soldiers, won 13 of 32 battles and captured 29 cities.
Had 179,967 land, 13,507 troops and 17 science points. Killed 170,514 soldiers, won 4 of 9 battles and captured 4 cities.
Had 79,557 land, 98,318 troops and 21 science points. Killed 318,601 soldiers, won 26 of 42 battles and captured 40 cities.
Had 53,520 land, 80,415 troops and 20 science points. Killed 145,538 soldiers, won 4 of 15 battles and captured 3 cities.
Had 0 land, 3 troops and 4 science points. Killed 6,326 soldiers, won 4 of 12 battles and captured 0 cities.
Had 44,137 land, 5,971 troops and 20 science points. Killed 0 soldiers, won 0 of 0 battles and captured 0 cities.
Had 0 land, 1 troops and 3 science points. Killed 946 soldiers, won 0 of 17 battles and captured 0 cities.
Had 26,018 land, 0 troops and 12 science points. Killed 102,208 soldiers, won 8 of 25 battles and captured 4 cities.
Had 35,345 land, 15,538 troops and 11 science points. Killed 0 soldiers, won 0 of 0 battles and captured 0 cities.
Had 29,598 land, 219 troops and 12 science points. Killed 2,724 soldiers, won 0 of 4 battles and captured 0 cities.
Had 12,680 land, 50 troops and 0 science points. Killed 0 soldiers, won 0 of 0 battles and captured 0 cities.
Had 12,506 land, 53 troops and 13 science points. Killed 187,458 soldiers, won 23 of 46 battles and captured 33 cities.
Had 10,286 land, 62 troops and 0 science points. Killed 0 soldiers, won 0 of 0 battles and captured 0 cities.
Had 0 land, 1 troops and 16 science points. Killed 12,727 soldiers, won 1 of 8 battles and captured 1 cities.
Had 1,113 land, 52 troops and 10 science points. Killed 0 soldiers, won 0 of 0 battles and captured 0 cities.
Had 0 land, 1 troops and 15 science points. Killed 10,674 soldiers, won 2 of 7 battles and captured 0 cities.
Had 0 land, 1 troops and 5 science points. Killed 16 soldiers, won 0 of 3 battles and captured 0 cities.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
I voted in the Presidential Election by email--why don't you do the same
Rabbi Yehuda Lave From Jerusalem
The Torah tells the story of how Joseph was in prison in Egypt. This is a model of how anyone in any situation can grow. After Joseph was released from prison he became a powerful ruler. That is because in prison he used his mental ability to train himself to master the attribute of total self-discipline. In prison he ruled over himself, and he went on to rule over the Egyptian nation.
Today, think of a difficult situation you are in, and consider how you might use this to develop mastery over self.
In my personal case, I have a serious problem with food. In the past I couldn't control myself. My personal goal for the Jewish New Year coming up next week, is to realize that food is not my friend and I have to be the master over it. I am doing it by remembering water is my friend and sustituting it for food. Can I claim mastery over my problem? Not yet, but I have given back to the universe 10 pounds. 30 more to go before December 31, secular New Year.
During Last week Jerusalem had a program which opened up 128 intersting historical places for open houses, among the other places I saw was the famous Beit Tavor (pictures below) which now houses the Swedish Theological Institute
It is more than Ironic after visiting a place dedicated to improving relationships between Christian and Jews, I give this piece by Rabbi Kahne on the subject:
Selected Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane,
A "CHRISTIAN EMBASSY"
For those willfully deluded Jews who prefer to believe that the gentile cannot match the Jew in cleverness, let a symbolic visit to the "new" Christian missionaries of Israel rudely disabuse them of such nonsense. Once the Christian missionary was open and blunt in his proselytizing. But the end of Christian hegemony and the rise of liberalism, combined with the birth of a Jewish state, served to create a new, subtle, clever and dangerous kind of Christian missionary.
One can find them today all over Israel – and the United States. The sheep's clothing of lovers of Israel deftly disguising their main concern and goal – the bringing of the "truth" to the Jew, the conversion of the Jew to Christianity, the call to the Jew to be "born again." Remember the names: The "International Christian Embassy" and Jon Willem van der Hoeven. Remember and beware.
They are, of course, only part of a bewildering and numbing influx of sects, religions and cults that are granted total freedom to ensnare the Israeli Jew. Paganism in its most blatant idolatry is given free rein in the Jewish state that is far, far from that Gurus of various forms and shapes, purchase buildings and villas to which they attract thousands of Jews. The pagan Hare Krishna can be seen in the streets and the campuses, singing their siren songs to a shallow and empty sabra (and young Jewish tourists, as well). Transcendental meditation flourish, as well as EST and a whole host of Eastern cults and pagan seductions, Never in Israel's history have the pagan and Eastern cults flourished so freely and well.
But the old, classical missionaries – the Christians – are still here, flourishing as never before. And cleverer, by far, than the Jew. Shrewdly understanding the change in time and temper. They no longer blatantly seek the Jewish soul. Instead, they understand the Jewish Achilles' heel and with wile and guile, pounce upon it. They have come to understand that if the goy compliments the Jew, the latter will throw himself at the complimenter; that gentile praise of the Jew is as water to a parched soul. Let the gentile stand and defend the Jew, and the latter will dissolve in love and gratitude. Such is the painful but necessary result of two thousand years of Exile. So hated and persecuted the Jew pines away for any sign of the non-Jewish love he so desperately needs to believe is out there somewhere.
Remember the names: the "International Christian Embassy" and Jan Willem van der Hoeven.
Remember and beware:
It is, of course, impossible for a people to live for any considerable length of time as a minority, without land or home or sovereignty, and remain a normal, healthy entity. It is simply not possible to be – for centuries – abused, persecuted, trampled upon, murdered, and the subject of contempt and sheer hatred, and to remain spiritually or mentally sound. One becomes filled with the fears and insecurities and neuroses and psychoses of the hated. One comes to hate himself as he slowly and subconsciously begins to believe that all these vilifications and attacks on him cannot all be false. It is the natural condition of man to be loved and not hated; it is the normal condition of man to be free and sovereign and resident in his own home. Twenty centuries of being a hated and despised stranger, supping at the tables and "tolerance" of others, has turned the Jew in the Exile into a less than normal person, so fearful of persecution and so eager for love, that he reacts with abnormal gratitude and thanksgiving at the slightest hint of gentile sympathy, not to mention lavish praise.
Remember the name. And beware of it. It is the cleverest and most dangerous of the missionaries. Immediately after the passage of the so-called Jerusalem Law declaring the city to be the eternal capital of Israel, the few countries that had kept their embassies in the Holy City pulled them out. The missionaries saw here a golden opportunity for a public relations coup that would win them the love of a people starved for love. And so, the idea was born in the missionary mind to create an "International Christian Embassy" accompanied by a declaration of support for Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. Is there any wonder that Jews fell over themselves in gratitude? Is there surprise that people who want to believe that the gentile really does not hate them will lionize and elevate unto the seventh heaven the cunning Christian, who outjingoizes the most xenophobic nationalist?
And so, when the missionaries of the "Christian Embassy" brought over some 3,000 missionaries last Sukkot for a conference in Israel, of course they were given treatment usually awarded to visiting royalty. Begin, himself, spoke to them. Newspapers, television and radio publicized them. And the cunning game plan succeeded beyond all expectations. Jews and Jesus were beginning to move closer. The ban, prohibition and total separation between the Jewish people and Jesus the apostate, fraud and traitor to the Torah law, were now being abandoned. After all, Christians who praise Israel to the heavens cannot be those who seek to destroy Jewishness!
But they do. And remember them. The "Christian Embassy." The heart of the Christian missionaries in Israel. The most cunning and dangerous. Tell your friends. Have your rabbis warn of the. Do not visit them. Condemn them. And consider what they are and what they do.
The Christian Embassy openly distributes literature aimed at converting Jews, including a well-known missionary paperback entitled The Uniqueness of Israel (entire chapters are devoted to quoting passages from the Torah which supposedly "prove" that Jesus was the Messiah).
The Christian Embassy distributes articles by Menachem Benhayim, a Jew who converted to Christianity and now leads a missionary group called the "International Hebrew Christian Alliance."
"A VEHICLE FOR EXTENDING G-D'S PURPOSE FOR ISREAL AND THE NATIONS" – that is, to convert Jews to Christianity. The author of the article, David Bivin, is on the Embassy's board of Trustees.
Merv Watson, another member of the Christian Embassy's board of Trustees, if the founder of a missionary outfit called itself "Shekinah."
This is the group that Jews in Israel dote upon. These are the people honored (and publicized) by the Prime Minister when he spoke before their convention. But above all, remember the cunning Dutchman, the man who is the evil genius behind the missionary center. Remember the name of Jan Willem van der Hoeven and fight him, unmask him, remove the cloak of "Jew-lover" that covers a man who would destroy, in his own way, Jews – quite as much as did the Nazi machine, in its own manner.
I know van der Hoeven personally. Following attacks on missionaries in 1973, he – who was the warder of the Garden Tomb in Jerusalem (a Christian holy site) – asked to speak to me. He made an open and undisguised appeal to me to accept Jesus. And why not? He is a devout and fanatic missionary who has long taught Bible classes aimed at converting Jews.
And why not? Every born-again Christian, fundamentalist, evangelist or what-have you MUST BE A MISSIONARY. The absurd Jews who ask them not to be, or the ludicrous ones who deny that they are, bring disaster on us. Can one tell an Orthodox Jew to suspend his observance of the Sabbath? Just as well as a born-again Christian to suspend his attempts to proselytize. They cannot. It is a fundamental part of their faith.
And indeed, at a press conference in Jerusalem's Beit Agron (Oct. 12, 1981), van der Hoeven, the Dutchman who is flying so high with adoring Jews, refused to criticize or disassociate himself from missionary activities, saying: "After all, a basic tenet of Christianity is to witness our faith to others.
Fair enough. But let us know them for what they really are. Fanatical missionaries who will stoop to every deceit, trick and lie in order to snatch a Jewish soul. And let us do two other things"
One: Expose them. Have your rabbi, from the pulpit and in a special letter to the membership. Warn of them. Have every Jewish community group explain to the local community that the support for Israel that these groups give is derived – not from any love of Jews – but only because of the belief that Jewish victory and return to the land will bring the coming of THEIR Messiah, Jesus, and the total conversion of the Jewish people. And until that time, they fanatically renew their efforts to convert Jews NOW.
And that leads us to the second point: The Israel government. There simply are no words to describe the tragedy of a government that calmly allows missionary work to literally explode in intensity in the Jewish state. Even as Begin regales us with yet another " Baruch Hashem," the Christian missionaries, in staggering numbers, fill the land. There is not one ulpan (school for learning Hebrew) that has not got its missionary. They come as volunteers in kibbutzim to work and snatch souls. They study and teach at Hebrew University. They come as olim (!), immigrants, and enter the absorption centers And Begin – Baruch Hashem, all is well . . .
And I write these words on the heels of an effort by the lonely few of the Kach Movement to prevent van der Hoeven from speaking at a seminar, organized by benighted Jewish intellectuals. The seminar, held sadly enough at a rented yeshiva hall (the yeshiva did not know of the Dutchman at the time of the renting, but was notified later), was disrupted by Kach people demanding the ouster of van der Hoeven. They were attacked by police riot forces who gassed and arrested them. Despite the comments by the head of the yeshiva that the action of the Jews was a Hillul Hashem (sic), one can only call upon Heaven to witness the lonely sacrifice of these young Jews and to testify as to who really desecrated Judaism that day.
No one need tell me about the born-again Christians and their support for Israel. Long before others, I wrote saying that here were people to be USED as a tool for Jewish struggle. But never did I say to do what is being done today. Never did I say to simply ignore their missionary activity. Rather, I said to do precisely what I did in practice when I flew to the church in Plains, Georgia, where Carter prayed and told some hundred Baptists in the courtyard:
Israel does not NEED you. It will survive because it is G-d's Chosen state. But for your own sakes, remember the warning of the All Mighty in Genesis 12:3; " And I shall bless those that bless you and curse them who curse you." On Judgment Day, you Christians will be judged by the L-rd on the basis of your having either supported the chosen people of the land or not. Not because we need you but because you had better fear the L-rd, we warn you to stand behind the Jewish people and state.
That is how one speaks to the Fundamentalists. And parallel to that, one fights in every way their missionary efforts. One demands that the Israeli government throw them out of Israel, pass a Knesset law banning their activity, and heavily punish all those who violate that law.
Let us not be afraid of anyone except the G-d of Israel. And let us cleave unto His law and remove the abomination from our midst.
Parasha/ Haftarah Poetry
"NOT BY RACHEL'S TEARS ALONE" NITZAVIM / ROSH HOSHANAH
by Evelyn Haies founder and president Rachel's children Reclamation Foundation 1995 and Bnei Rachel Corp 2001
(c) September 25, 2016
One father, four mothers, twelve brothers
Unity with a diversity of others
On the last day of his life Moses in Nitzavim
presented to all the children of Israel to be a team
On the seventh parasha of consolation
He advised on pride and truth; not shame, lies and ramifications.
Old and young, men and women, rich and poor, farmer and scholar
HIS covenant for goodness and life is the Torah
Every Jew is to observe and help others to observe
for the mandate of HIS nation is to be responsible and serve
Disloyalty and disobedience cause the curse
Transgression leads to oppression and worse
Public desecration of the Torah is sinful and evil
Repentance is a barrier to upheaval
Unity and pride bring simcha to His chosen nation
Allegiance to the Covenant needs total participation
With Judah professing for Benjamin, not cowering and bowing
with Mordechai withstanding the wrath of Haman disallowing
It is Not by Rachel's Tears Alone but with Esther's actions
with praying, planning, fasting, affirming without factions
That the Jewish nation in unity can return to its borders
and be a light to nations and gather supporters.
Choosing HIS commandments is a shofar blasting for blessings and settlement
A Rosh Hoshanah of renewal for all according to HIS Covenant
Choosing Torah is a panacea for all the generations
Let this be a New Year beginning with all HASHEM'S benevolence.
It is Not by Rachel's Tears Alone
To return to our borders, we must do what we chose' .Atone!
There must be rectification
Being political, polite, is not a solution.
Letting evil linger spreads the disease
And a deadly plague is released.
Not by Rachel's tears alone, but with proper reactions
Fixing faults with love and unity leads to true satisfaction
Hearing the shofar at Rachel's Tomb is an invitation for celebration
Remembering our roots, rectification, righteousness, rights, responsibility, brings the Redemption
The Guela will be achieved Not by Rachel's Tears Alone
It is by all Rachel's Children caring and sharing, so that Yirmiyahu's prophesy will reclaim HASHEM's throne
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Drone Surfing is here!!
Zero Mostel shows us to be a rich man and Shabbat ...
Danny Kaye at his best
Is it good for the Jew?
Blowing in the Wind -the BGs make it real and Sel...
The True Video that has the world upset--Bibi cal...
Holocaust survivors sing Hatikvah before their ar...
Shlomo Carlbach interview from 1993 and Shabbat Sh...
The benefits of Living alone on a Mountain top
Tribute to Gene Wilder
The battle of Beersheva 1917 with the Light-horsem...
A Bear-al of Fun!! and Trip to Hebron part two
Second Temple Floor tiles discovered and a trip to...
Five interesting Gematrias to get you thinking lik...
Texting and Driving--the pain that it causes
Cherokee's Proven to be Lost Tribe of Issachar?
What's a little pie throwing among friends?
Sully the movie about the plane crash into the Hud...
World's longest and scariest Glass Bridge
Plants that can Kill!! and Shabbat Shalom
A serious Wave-Enjoy
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
|
Q: PHP Paypal item description So i managed to get a paypal checkout working,
the problem is, whenever it gets to the paypal checkout, theres no item description:
EDIT: i found out its not picking my database stuff anymore:
<input type='hidden' name='item_name' value='".$row['name']."'>
A: According to the HTML variable reference you should item_name
<input type='hidden' name='item_name' value='".$row['Description']."' />
A: So, my database tables were empty...
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
|
Let's take a look at two professional trainers. For this article, let's call them Joan and Jack.
Both Jack and Joan are energetic trainers who get their audiences laughing quickly. They will both do whatever it takes – using props or quacking or asking trainees to do silly things – to illustrate a concept or get their trainees excited and engaged. And when trainees leave at the end of the training day, they feel energized, happy and ready to take on new challenges.
In other words, Jack's training is edutainment. Joan's isn't, because it gets results. And that is true, even though someone who peeked into either of their training rooms wouldn't notice much difference.
How Can You Avoid Wasting Money on Frivolous Training?
The first step is understanding that although good training is often entertaining, it is not entertainment. In other words, training is supposed to achieve demonstrable results, not just make people laugh or enjoy themselves or kick back and enjoy a day out of the office or away from the selling floor.
I call the wrong kind of training edutainment. It's entertaining, it does well on the "smile sheet." but doesn't actually have long impactful results.
1. Think of training as a strong combination of education, engagement and usefulness. Training must educate by teaching skills, transferring knowledge, cultivating attitudes and hitting other specific targets. Yet training that is purely educational doesn't get results. That is why training must present information in ways that are engaging, interactive and require the learner to think and use the information learned.
2. Apply the VAK Attack model to increase learning. VAK stands for the three ways that people learn, and your live training should make use of all three. Visual learning happens when people watch materials that can include videos, PowerPoints, charts and other visual elements. Auditory learning happens when people learn by listening to people who might be other trainees, compelling trainers, visitors and others. And kinesthetic learning happens when people get out of their seats and move around as they take part in work simulations, games, and other meaningful exercises.
3. If you're hiring an outside trainer, speak with other organizations where he or she has worked. When you do, ask for specifics about what the training accomplished. Did average sales orders increase by a certain percentage? Did customers report measurably higher levels of satisfaction when they were polled? Did thefts and losses decrease by a certain significant percentage when training was completed? Remember to look for hard data about results. Statements like "We loved Paul's training!" might be nice, but they don't tell you much about whether Paul's training was worth the money it cost.
4. Define outcomes and make sure your trainer can reach them. Do you want your salespeople to contact 25% more new prospects? Do you want the people who deliver and install appliances for your store to give true "white glove" treatment to customers? Or do you want your hotel front-desk staff to delight guests with exceptional service? Your trainer should explain his or her plans to break those processes down into individual steps and address them directly through training.
5. Help your trainer know who your trainees are. A good trainer will want to know about their ages, prior experience, educational level, current jobs, and all other factors that can be leveraged to engage them more fully in training. A concerned trainer will also want to be aware of any factors that might cause them not to engage.
6. Let your employees tell you what they need to learn during training. Your salespeople know the biggest challenges they face on the retail floor every day. Your service technicians know the glitches that arise most often when they are interacting with customers. Why sit back and hope that your training developers will guess or already know what those issues are and address them in training? It is less haphazard to ask your employee what they most need to learn in training, then make sure those topics are covered.
7. Work with your trainer to develop meaningful metrics. If you work together to define what you will measure after training is completed, chances are good that your training will accomplish much more, because its goals are well defined.
8. Monitor sessions and make sure that training stays on track. If you are a company training director or a member of senior management, you might not want to attend sessions, because your presence could put a damper on trainees' ability to relax and learn. If that is the case, ask a few trainees to check in with you at lunchtime or other breakpoints to tell you whether the trainer is hitting the benchmarks you created. If not, a quick check-in with the trainer can often get things back on track and avoid wasting time and money.
The structure of franchise systems makes it even more difficult to deliver effective training, especially to front-line retail and service employees who work at the franchisee level – in other words, the people who are doing the work. Delivering training to them becomes a two-part process because it is first necessary to train the franchisees, who must then train their employees.
Strategic use of e-learning technologies can go a long way toward simplifying and optimizing that process. In fact, that is why Tortal Training was created: to create effective training at low cost via e-learning to franchisors to offer franchisees.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Apple iPhone 13 Pro vs Apple iPhone 11 Pro Max vs Apple iPhone 11 Pro
2532 x 1170 pixels, 19.5:9 ratio, 457 PPI
Peak brightness:
1200 cd/m2 (nit)
800 cd/m2 (nit)
HDR support, Oleophobic coating, Scratch-resistant glass (Ceramic Shield), Ambient light sensor, Proximity sensor
HDR support, Oleophobic coating, Scratch-resistant glass, Ambient light sensor, Proximity sensor
Apple A15 Bionic (5 nm)
Apple A13 Bionic APL1W85 (7 nm)
Hexa-core, 64-bit
Hexa-core, 2650 MHz, Lightning and Thunder, 64-bit
Apple-designed 4 core
128GB, not expandable
64GB (NVMe), not expandable
iOS (15.x)
iOS (15.x, 14.x, 13.x)
Li - Ion, Not user replaceable
Battery life test results:
USB Power Delivery, Qi wireless charging, MagSafe wireless charging
USB Power Delivery, Qi wireless charging
Wired: 20.0W; Wireless: 15.0W
Wired: 18.0W; Wireless: 7.5W
12 MP (OIS, PDAF)
12 MP (Sapphire crystal lens cover, OIS, PDAF)
Aperture size: F1.5; Focal length: 26 mm; Sensor size: 1/1.65''; Pixel size: 1.9 μm
Aperture size: F1.8; Focal length: 26 mm; Sensor size: 1/2.55"; Pixel size: 1.4 μm
12 MP (Telephoto, OIS, PDAF)
12 MP (Telephoto, Sapphire crystal lens cover, OIS, PDAF)
Optical zoom: 3.0x; Aperture size: F2.8; Focal Length: 77 mm
Optical zoom: 2.0x; Aperture size: F2.0; Focal Length: 52 mm; Sensor size: 1/3.4"; Pixel size: 1 μm
12 MP (Ultra-wide, Autofocus)
12 MP (Ultra-wide, Sapphire crystal lens cover)
12 MP (Ultra-wide)
Aperture size: F1.8; Focal Length: 13 mm
3840x2160 (4K UHD) (60 fps), 1920x1080 (Full HD) (240 fps), 1280x720 (HD) (30 fps)
3840x2160 (4K UHD) (60 fps), 1920x1080 (Full HD) (240 fps), 1280x720 (HD)
OIS, HDR, Time-lapse video, Continuous autofocus, Picture-taking during video recording, Video light
OIS, Time-lapse video, Continuous autofocus, Picture-taking during video recording
12 MP (Time-of-Flight (ToF), EIS, HDR, Slow-motion videos)
12 MP (EIS, HDR, Slow-motion videos)
5.78 x 2.81 x 0.30 inches (146.7 x 71.5 x 7.65 mm)
6.22 x 3.06 x 0.32 inches (158 x 77.8 x 8.1 mm)
Back: Glass; Frame: Stainless steel
Water, Splash, Dust; IP68
Water, Dust; IP68
3D Face unlock
Left: Volume control, Other; Right: Lock/Unlock key
Left: Volume control, Lock/Unlock key; Right: Lock/Unlock key
Graphite, Gold, Silver, Sierra Blue
Gold, Silver, Space gray, Midnight green
n1, n2, n3, n5, n7, n8, n20, n25, n28, n38, n40, n41, n48, n66, n71, n77, n78, n79
Bands 1(2100), 2(1900), 3(1800), 4(AWS-1), 5(850), 7(2600), 8(900), 12(700 a), 13(700 c), 14(700 PS), 17(700 b), 18(800 Lower), 19(800 Upper), 20(800 DD), 21(1500 Upper), 25(1900+), 26(850+), 28(700 APT), 29(700 d), 30(2300 WCS), 32(1500 L-band), 66(AWS-3), 71(600)
Bands 1(2100), 2(1900), 3(1800), 4(AWS-1), 5(850), 7(2600), 8(900), 12(700 a), 13(700 c), 14(700 PS), 17(700 b), 18(800 Lower), 19(800 Upper), 20(800 DD), 25(1900+), 26(850+), 29(700 d), 30(2300 WCS), 66(AWS-3), 71(600)
Bands 34(2000), 38(2600), 39(1900+), 40(2300), 41(2600+), 42(3500), 46, 48(3600)
LTE-A, HSDPA+ (4G) 42.2 Mbit/s, HSUPA 5.76 Mbit/s, UMTS
LTE-A Pro Cat 19 (1600/150 Mbit/s), HSDPA+ (4G) 42.2 Mbit/s, HSUPA 5.76 Mbit/s, UMTS
Nano SIM, eSIM
No 3.5mm jack
Earpiece, Multiple speakers
for Noise cancellation, Video recording
802.11 a, b, g, n, ac, ax (Wi-Fi 6), dual-band; MIMO, Wi-Fi Direct, Hotspot
802.11 a, b, g, n, ac, ax, dual-band; MIMO, Wi-Fi Direct, Hotspot
Charging, Headphones port
GPS, A-GPS, Glonass, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS, Cell ID, Wi-Fi positioning
Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Compass, Barometer, LiDAR scanner
Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Compass, Barometer
NFC, UMA (Wi-Fi Calling)
BCG-E4000A
USB‑C to Lightning Cable, Documentation
EarPods with Lightning connector, USB-C to Lightning cable 18W USB-C power adapter, Documentation
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
|
In a substantial study of three thousand breast cancer patients, all of whom were nurses, completed in 2006, researchers found that women without close friends had a mortality rate of four times that of women with a close circle of friends.
In another study of 514 women, 239 were diagnosed with breast cancer. One of the results of this study was that those with the least social support were nine times as likely to develop cancer following a stressful life event. In fact, most psychooncology studies have found a positive correlation between survival time after cancer diagnosis and the amount and quality of social support.
Price M, Tennant C, and Butow P. The role of psychosocial factors in the development of breast carcinoma: Part II: Life event stressors, social support, defense style, and emotional control and their interactions. Cancer, 2001;91(4):686-697.
Waxler-Morrison N, Hislop T, Meares B, and Kan L. Effects of social relationships on survival for women with breast cancer: a prospective study. Society for Science in Medicine, 1991;33:177-183.
Maunsell E, Brisson J, and Deschenes L. Social support and survival among women with breast cancer. Cancer, 1995;76:631-637.
Brown J, Butow P, Culjak G, Coates A, and Dunn S. Psychosocial predictors of outcome: Time to relapse and survival in patients with early stage melanoma. Brittish J of Cancer, 2000;83:1448-1453.
← Q & A with Dr. B. – Does mindfulness help get rid of the self-deprecating thoughts you describe as being so harmful?
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Published 04/19/2019 09:13:28 am at 04/19/2019 09:13:28 am in Home Depot Gas Wall Oven.
home depot gas wall oven 24 in gas single wall oven in black home depot gas wall ovens.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Information about how to get a permit to perform on a street in the downtown business district.
Check out the different special event permits required in the city, from parades and festivals to block parties and non-profit events.
Information about how to get a permit to do commercial filming on city property.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
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Director Linda Kerns and a spirited cast do an excellent job with this old "chestnut" by Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman. It's rarely produced and tricky to stage successfully because of its dizzying carousel of characters and dated strain of humor. This production is a welcome addition to the usual L.A. theater offerings that make the rounds during the holiday season.
The noted playwriting team of Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman wrote their comedy The Man Who Came to Dinner in 1939 and the Broadway production starring Monty Wooley ran for 739 performances.
Writer/director Susan Chambers scores a modest success with this short coming-of-age tale that meshes allegory with fairy tale, nature myths, and a dash of feminist esprit.
Aside from its pleasantly eccentric quality, one of the more entertaining components of this slate of one-acts is Bill Robens' Transitions, where cast members skillfully perform an imaginative string of mime tableaus to segue from play to play. All are shrewdly directed by Sabrina Lloyd.
David Harrower's edgy psychodrama has had many successful iterations over the years (most recently at this year's Hollywood Fringe Festival), and now comes to Burbank's Grove Theatre Center for a limited run. It's a cheerless account of love and sexual obsession, as well as a stark glimpse of the collision of past and present.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
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MCA Lateral Entry
MSc (Software Technology)
MSc (Bioinformatics)
M.Sc (Big Data)
PGDCA
PGDCB
PGDIT
PGDBF
Mr. Royce Baretto
PGDIM, DFTT (Canada), M.B.A.
Lecturer, Post Graduate Department of Business Administration.
Mr. Royce Baretto completed his Post Graduate Diploma in Investment Management from St. Aloysius College, (Autonomous), Mangalore in 2013 and Diploma Degree in Foundation Travel and Tourism from International Air Transport Association, Canada in 2014. He later completed his Master's in Business Administration from St. Aloysius Institute of Management and Information Technology (AIMIT), Mangalore in 2016 with a distinction specializing in Finance and Human Resource.
Mr. Baretto has 1 year of Teaching Experience and has been lecturing in the Post Graduate Department of Management at AIMIT St. Aloysius College (Autonomous) from2017. He has been teaching subjects in the areas of Working Capital, Operations Management, Supply Chain, Business Ethics and Knowledge Management. He is also teaching Add on Courses on Microsoft Excel and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS).
He has presented 21 research papers at National and International Conferences and has won the 4 Best Paper Awards at St. Josephs Engineering College, Mangalore (2015), Aloysius Institute of Management and Information Technology, Mangalore (2015 & 2016), Canara College, Mangalore in 2016.He has published 11 research papers in Finance, Supply Chain and Economy. The most recent being on International Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Impact Factor 4.88 and Indian Journal of Research, RDA Conference, Goa.
Mr. Baretto has been the resource person for students of Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) programmes on Ethics, Economics, Art and Culture and has attended Management Development Programme on Travel and Tourism in Mangalore.
St Aloysius Institute of Management & Information Technology
Beeri, Kotekar, Mangaluru – 575 022
St Aloysius Degree College
St Aloysius Pre University College
St Aloysius High School
St Aloysius Evening College
Copyright © 2018 AIMIT All rights reserved. Powered by: Server4sites | Concept, Designed & Developed: thebloc
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
|
LTD. RE-PRESS / 2x12" VINYL !!! - Noisia's brand new 'Purpose' EP featuring 8 new tracks, all drum & bass, including 3 collaborations with Phace, Prolix and Evol Intent.
Comes with a free 320 mp3 download of the full EP on date of release. Artwork designed by Nik and Khomatech.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
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Can I ask for different colours on this design? YES!
Can I ask for a different background - even a patterned or photographic one - for this design? YES!
Can I ask for the wording to be changed on this design? YES!
Can I change the style of the wording on this design to that of another design on your website that I prefer? YES!
Can I send in a photo to add to this design? YES! Most designs can have a photo overlaid or added to them.
Do you send me a sample of what it will look like before I have to pay? YES! We'll send that to you via email once your design has been completed.
How quickly can you make my stubby holders? VERY QUICKLY! We even have a 24hr service if you need it.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
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Uighur Nationalism, Turkey, and the CIA
by Sara AM Golling on Monday Aug 03 2009
Much was made in the news, earlier this month, of the series of violent clashes that erupted between Uighurs, a Turkic, and predominantly Muslim, minority ethnic group in China, the Chinese state police, and Han Chinese residents in the the province of Xinjiang, in northwestern China.
Workers at English Wind Turbine Plant Stage Occupation
About 30 workers at the Vestas wind turbine plant in Newport, Isle of Wight, England have occupied their factory in protest against the upcoming closure of the plant.
New Words Added to Webster's Dictionary
by Anonymous on Sunday Jul 12 2009
Merriam–Webster announced that it has added over a hundred new words to the pages of its Collegiate Dictionary. Notable among these additions include: webisode, a television episode viewed from the web; staycation, a vacation that occurs near one's home; and vlog, a form of blog that features videos.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
|
Grantham University was founded in 1951 by WWII Veteran Donald Grantham, whose desire was to help fellow veterans improve their lives through higher education. Today, Mr. Grantham's vision and philosophy on quality distance learning remain the driving force behind our success. As a 100% online university serving a highly diverse student population, Grantham believes education should enhance your life – not get in the way of it. That's why everything we do, every single day, is centered on our students – minimizing potential obstacles and maximizing quality learning. You do your part by working hard to earn your degree. And we do ours by providing you an exceptional Grantham experience that leads to an even more amazing career.
Over 65 years ago, a veteran founded Grantham University with the express intent to support the military. That gives us more than six decades of experience providing education for active duty personnel, military veterans and military families. We consider it an honor and privilege to serve those who serve. And over time, we've learned a few things. Number one? We make it easy for military veterans to graduate. From low tuition rates to our Textbook and Software Grant Program to help with understanding your Veterans Administration benefits, we help you every step of the way.
You're not in this transition alone. Click the image below to follow in this veteran's footsteps.
Hear first-hand why attending Grantham is life changing. Choosing the right school for your post-military education can be hard. There are multiple schools with great benefits...who knows what to choose! Now you can learn from someone else's experience how their military skills helped, why they chose Grantham and what challenges they faced in the transition.
Signed the VA's "Principles of Excellence"
Take advantage of Grantham University's commitment to your service. Request info now on how you can enroll!
In 100 words or less, tell us what sets you apart from the rest.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
namespace oakvr
{
class OakVRObjectUnit::OakVRObjectUnitImpl
{
public:
public:
ObjectMap m_objectMap;
ObjectVector m_objectVector;
ObjectUniquePointer m_root;
Octree<ObjectSharedPointer> m_octree;
};
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
|
If you decide to use a Linux OS host on your virtual private server, you will be delighted to know that you have a variety of options to choose from. Of course, it is essential that you take a look at all of the different options that are available ad get to know the advantages and disadvantages of each individual distribution before making your choice. To make things easier for you, we will list the most popular options here to help get you started.
CentOS is a Linux distribution that is primarily free and community supported. This operating system is centered around Red Hat Enterprise Linux. A CentOS VPS offers enterprise quality software for free, enabling users to experience top quality VPS services at a low cost. Users will just have to pay for their hosting plans.
The CentOS operating system has numerous advantages over other Linux VPS operating systems. For one, the CentOS operating system is one hundred percent free. Second, you can contact developers to report bugs and discuss various problems with them that you are having and need help with, and they will always respond to you. You also have a large user community to consult with, in case you may be stuck on various things or just want to see what things you can do with this OS. In addition, you have a plethora of support options that are available to you that you can use for free. Finally, there are always QAed errata packages that are being tested and built at a quick pace.
Debian VPS is another free open source platform that is of top quality, designed by the GNU Project. This particular Linux VPS software is highly flexible, it will enable you to have complete control over your environment, and it is very easy to set up and configure. In addition, Debian enables you to have high amounts of traffic on your servers without compromising your performance in the least bit. You can host a large number of sites and do a number of tasks without causing trouble with load times. If you are a developer, you will love Debian in that this VPS allows for optimal flexibility in that you can develop a number of applications to customize your VPS environment.
Debian Linux is also backed by outstanding support. You can find a whole lot of free support via IRC, user lists, and forums, and you can even talk with the developers themselves. And last but not least, it is ideally suited for a VPS Hosting environment.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is is one hundred percent stable and performs very well. As a matter of fact, it is more stable and performs better than Microsoft`s Windows operating systems. A Red Hat Linux VPS provides support for a wide array of applications, and it also supports a number of hypervisors, hardware architectures, and clouds. The latest version, Red Hat 6, offers greater flexibility than past versions. Version 6 also allows for users to have a greater amount of control over their virtual private server environments. A large number of businesses trust in Red Hat for the fact that this is a very reliable VPS.
While there are a number of advantages of using Red Hat, there are some disadvantages. For one, it seems difficult to find a lot of information, and there is a cost for using it. You have to obtain a subscription either from Red Hat themselves or from one of their venders.
Fedora is another very powerful, free Linux distribution that is popular among many developers. Developers love how it is very easy to navigate and set up. Like most open source software, the user community plays a very important role. Developers can discuss matters with one another, and they can work together to find solutions to problems. Developers can also help one another to learn new things about Fedora. This comes handy for users who are at the beginner and intermediate levels.
There are several advantages to using Fedora. For one, Fedora is extremely flexible. Fedora has a set of tools that enables developers to create their own versions of the OS and distribute them to others. These tools allow for creativity to be demonstrated. Second, Fedora is one hundred percent secure. And unlike Ubuntu, Fedora has a firewall that works right out of the box and is very easy to configure.
OpenSUSE, also free and open source, is a very stable and secure Linux operating system. The newest release comes jam packed with features, offering a whole host of tools to developers that enable them to customize their experiences. While this particular operating system is excellent for VPS hosting, you may discover that you will have a difficult time finding support info on the web. Information is not as readily available as with some other Linux distributions. You'll need to go straight to the openSUSE Project for most of what you need to know. You will also need to consult the project to obtain a release, should you desire to utilize it. Of course, you can purchase a hosting plan that contains this operating system from a variety of different companies.
Finally, there is Ubuntu. Ubuntu is free and open sourced, and it is immensely popular among developers. Ubuntu is very simple and easy to use, as it takes little effort to configure. In addition, you will have no difficulty finding tons of information about Ubuntu due to its extensive popularity as a Desktop Operating System. You can find whatever you need to know in just minutes by doing a simple search online.
While Ubuntu has huge popularity and is extremely well liked, there is one small disadvantage to using this operating system for a VPS server. Security features, like the firewall, are not present in the beginning. You may need to install and fully configure them to insure that your VPS is entirely secure. And although it is optimized for your desktop, it may not be perfectly suited for a hosting environment. You may want to choose a Debian VPS instead.
Now, no matter what Linux VPS you decide to use, beginners may want to install a VPS control panel like Plesk or cPanel to help with much of the configuration and management of their Linux VPS Server. Such control panels remove a large amount of the learning curve.
With all this information in hand, you will now be able to make an informed decision as to how you will set up your virtual private server and tailor your experience to fit your needs and run your business successfully.
myhosting.com provides VPS Hosting aimed to help enhance productivity & maximize resources. With 12+ years of experience, myhosting.com offers a full suite of services from Shared Hosting to Exchange Email and services for SMBs and businesses of any size.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
|
Q: How to use components of custom jar into another project I've created a jar for the custom exceptionhandler with @ControllerAdvice in springboot and used that jar in another project using maven repository. When an exception occur in the project it is not handled by that jar exceptionhandler class.
If I used @ComponentScan("com.test.*") in the configuration, it gives an error:
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'globalExceptionHandler': Lookup method resolution failed; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalStateException: Failed to introspect Class [com.test.GlobaExceptionHandler] from ClassLoader [sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@18b4aac2]
My jar file contains class:
@ControllerAdvice
@Order(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE)
public class GlobalExceptionHandler extends ResponseEntityExceptionHandler {
private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());
// handle application/json content-type missing
@Override
protected ResponseEntity<Object> handleHttpMediaTypeNotSupported(HttpMediaTypeNotSupportedException ex,
HttpHeaders headers, HttpStatus status,
WebRequest request) {
logger.error("<<< handleHttpMediaTypeNotSupported : "+ ex + " url: "+request.getDescription(false));
String unsupported = "Unsupported content type: " + ex.getContentType();
String supported = "Supported content types: " + MediaType.toString(ex.getSupportedMediaTypes());
String url = request.getDescription(false);
ExceptionResponse exceptionResponse = new ExceptionResponse(unsupported, supported, url);
globalResponse = new GlobalResponseDto(HttpStatus.METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED.value(), HttpStatus.METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED,
new Date(), errorStatus, null, exceptionResponse);
return new ResponseEntity<Object>(globalResponse, new HttpHeaders(), HttpStatus.METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED);
}
...
// some other exception handlers...
}
Then i used the jar in pom.xml in another springboot project. How to make exception to handle from this class when exception occurs in @RestController class.
Thank you all in advance.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
|
At its Modern Finance Experience 2018 in New York, Oracle announced Oracle Enterprise Data Management Cloud.
Part of Oracle Enterprise Performance Management (EPM) Cloud, the new offering will help customers manage important metadata structures related to their financial applications to avoid misalignment and lack of consistency, said Hari Sankar, group vice president, EPM product management, Oracle.
According to Oracle, rapidly changing business environments present multiple data alignment challenges. Cloud adoption, mergers and acquisitions, reorganizations and restructuring can create data inconsistencies that require finance teams to reconcile disparate datasets and associated metadata. Changes to application metadata, dimensions, hierarchies, mappings and related attributes are often handled manually through spreadsheets, email, and in-person meetings.
To help finance leaders eliminate manual errors and inconsistencies and create a single view of all enterprise data, Enterprise Data Management Cloud provides centralized, self-service enterprise data maintenance, and data sharing and rationalization. The new cloud service will serve as a system of reference for managing metadata structures about the enterprise, explained Sankar.
This problem existed before the advent of the cloud, even when the world was simpler with just on-premise applications and Oracle provided an on-premise offering called Data Relationship Management, or DRM, that addressed this same problem, said Sankar.
system of reference for all enterprise data across business domains including master data, reference data, dimensions, hierarchies, business taxonomies, associated relationships, mappings and attributes across diverse business contexts.
For additional information on Oracle EPM Cloud, visit Oracle Enterprise Performance Management (EPM) Cloud.
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Home tienganhcaocap Rain, Rain, Go Away!
And now, it's time for the VOA Learning English program Words and Their Stories.In some parts of the world, April is a time of thunderstorms and lots of rain. In the U.S. we even have a rhyme to describe it: April showers bring May flowers.
We will talk about flowers expressions another time. Today, let's talk about rain.
To rain on someone's parade is to question their positive attitude or to ruin their good time. Someone who rains on another person's "parade" is usually trying to introduce a note of caution or practical advice. This person may not mean to make the other person feel bad, but raining on someone's parade can really kill a good mood.
By the way, this is a fixed expression. So, you shouldn't say, "Don't rain on my picnic!" or "Don't rain on my baseball game!" People will have no idea what you're talking about.
In the musical "Funny Girl," Barbara Streisand's character just wants to live her life in her way. She doesn't want others to stop her from trying to achieve her dreams. So, she warns people, "Don't rain on my parade."
"Don't bring around a cloud to rain on my parade. Don't tell me not to fly. I've simply got to. If someone takes a spill it's me not you. Who told you you're allowed to rain on my parade!"
Here is singer Ella Fitzgerald complaining that she is not getting more than her fair share of suffering. Too many bad things are happening in her life. Too much rain!
"Into each life some rain must fall. But too much is falling in mine."
When it rains, it pours is another popular expression. This means when one bad thing happens, many other things often follow. Now, there isn't any science to support this. Perhaps it just feels that way when it's happening to you.
"When it rains it pours. It all seems so sad. Before it's over, it will wash away all I had."
Come rain or come shine means you are not going to let anything stop you. Many people have sang the Johnny Mercer song "Come Rain or Come Shine." Here, it is Ray Charles who tells his love that he will love her no matter what.
"I'm gonna (going to) love ya (you), like no one's loved you, come rain or come shine. High as a mountain, deep as a river, come rain or come shine."
Sometimes, though, you can't do what you want come rain or shine. Sometimes rain does affect your plans.
Let's say you plan a big outdoor party for all your friends. Unfortunately, on the day of the party, it rains cats and dogs – in other words, it rains really heavily. You will have to reschedule. Your guests can take a rain check and come back another time.
"Rain check" comes from the early days of baseball. If a baseball game was canceled because of rain, attendees were given a piece of paper -- a rain check -- allowing them to come back on a different day to see the game.
One exception is the expression right as rain. If something is "right as rain" it is perfectly fine.
For example, let's say you hurt your back playing sports. You could tell your friends not too worry and that you'll be right as rain in a week or two. Some word experts say that "rain" is used in this expression simply for its "r" sound. "Right" and "rain" sound good together.
"And I've heard that into every life a little rain must fall, but you'll never catch me complaining about too much of that southern rain."
Anna Matteo wrote this story for VOA Learning English. Kelly Jean Kelly was the editor. The Cowboy Junkies sing "Southern Rain" at the end of the show.
0 Comment "Rain, Rain, Go Away!"
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Posted on December 21, 2011 June 22, 2017 by DeathlessProse1
It's not difficult to understand what Anna saw in Harry Lime, the crooked American whose death is at the center of this film. Amid the ruined city of Vienna, the grim faces of its inhabitants, the climate of suspicion and paranoia that prevails throughout the occupied zones, regardless of which army is in charge, Harry stood out. He never grew up, "the world grew up around him, that's all," Anna explains to Harry's old friend, Holly Martins. She refuses to face the truth: that Harry's black market dealing caused the deaths of countless children. She prefers to hold onto her romantic illusions.
Can you blame her? Three years after the Second World War ended, Europe — as embodied by the once shimmering cultural capital of Vienna — is bombed out, exhausted, physically and morally. The grand ideals for which the war was fought are nowhere in evidence. Freedom seems to be particularly lacking: Holly is shadowed, manipulated and lied to, pushed around by the British occupiers, threatened by the black marketeers.
But there's Harry, staging his own death to free himself from surveillance. "He could fix things… [he knew] how to avoid this and that," Holly says admiringly. Holly himself is hopeless at fixing anything, barely able to look after himself in corrupt postwar Vienna. Straightforward American integrity is a liability in this setting. What's needed is a clever liar like Harry.
And our first glimpse of him, sheltered in a doorway, unexpectedly illuminated by a streetlight, confirms the impression that he alone is at ease in the darkly-lit world. Look at how he's smiling.
Seductive, the way he doesn't let his guard down even when he knows you. Even when you love him. Irresistible to Anna, for sure. I suspect that Harry Lime is Graham Greene's alter ego. "I like to have a secret love affair, a hidden life. Something to lie about," the author of "The Third Man" once said.
Anything is possible from a man like that: betrayal, certainly, but also excitement. He gets his thrills from danger, and danger was everywhere in those days, but his zest for life keeps him one step ahead of the police. Time and again you think he's cornered during the dramatic chase in the sewers, but he manages to outwit his pursuers. We see his fingers poking up through the grate the way a plant sends out new shoots. Toward escape, toward the air. Toward life.
Posted in Drama, NoirTagged Carol Reed, Graham Greene, Noir, Orson Welles
Next Post The Rose Tattoo
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\section{Introduction}
Technological developments throughout history have fundamentally changed how people communicate and interact with one another. With new successes come new challenges, as the rapid proliferation of the internet has led to a phenomenon known as cyberbullying. Many questions may arise, such as how cyberbullying can propagate and how it interacts with global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we combine natural language processing and Bayesian time series analysis methods to provide a systematic assessment of the trends of cyberbullying for a span of three years. We begin this exposition with an informal description of cyberbullying before describing the connection with COVID-19 and Twitter.
\subsection{Describing Cyberbullying}
One definition for cyberbullying is "\emph{An aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself}" \citep{smith2008cyberbullying}. And with increases in computer use, the possibility for cyberbullying grows
An immediate question is what sets cyberbullying and traditional in-person bullying apart. These differences are paramount when considering a theoretical approach to studying cyberbullying, as models made with traditional bullying in mind may not tell the two apart \citep{barlett2017theory}. One major point is that cyberbullies can maintain anonymity online which makes it difficult to locate perpetrators \citep{bonanno2013cyber}. Due to the reach of social networks, cyberbullying may also persist far beyond the reaches of normal bullying and can proliferate to large swaths of people, often attaining viral status \citep{aboujaoude2015cyberbullying}. Cyberbullying is a perpetual phenomenon that constantly places stress on the victim.
Cyberbullying has been studied to be a cause of many negative outcomes in victims. A meta-analysis conducted in the topic reveals correlations with low self-esteem, depression, and drug abuse \citep{kowalski2014bullying}. Many episodes of attempted suicide and self-harm have been directly attributed to cyberbullying \citep{kwan2020cyberbullying}. Interestingly, according to surveys, only a small percentage of cyberbullying victims are not bullied in a traditional, in-person manner \citep{olweus2018some}. Regardless, the many negative outcomes and pervasiveness of cyberbullying has led to some to suggest it is a serious public health threat, and its danger can only grow with increased mobile device and social media usage \citep{aboujaoude2015cyberbullying}.
\subsection{COVID-19 and Cyberbullying}
The proliferation of COVID-19 has significantly changed the way many people live. Lockdowns have been put in place to curb the spread, but not without consequences. As humans thrive in social situations, the isolation of many from the day-to-day affairs has led some to posit that people's mental health will worsen, noting consequences such as maladaptive behaviors, loneliness, and depression \citep{talevi2020mental}. Direct research shows that quarantines and self-isolation are linked with higher prevalence of issues like depression and insomnia \citep{wang2021impact}. When comparing time periods before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, \cite{barlett2021comparing} suggest that important components of their cyberbullying model, such as cyberbullying attitude, cyberbullying behavior, and belief in irrelevance of muscularity in online bullying, have significantly changed between these time points. It is also observed that cyberbullying is correlated with COVID-19 experiences \citep{barlett2021cyberbullying}.
The interaction of COVID-19 and cyberbullying in academic settings is a topic of great interest. As universities and schools around the world shifted to online instruction to deter spread of the virus, approximately 1.5 billion students have had their education interrupted \citep{bozkurt2020global}. The effects on isolation on university students is an important matter, as these groups show high proportions of common mental disorders. Such literature reveals these groups were associated with more frequent internet use and may thus have increased probability of being involved in cyberbullying \citep{mota2021mental}. Quantitative analysis of such groups in India \citep{jain2020has} have shown that 80\% of those between 17 and 18 years old were bullied during the pandemic, and 79\% of those experiencing traditional bullying before the pandemic were cyberbullied during pandemic, corroborating the notion that victims of traditional bullying are also victims of cyberbullying. Other categories of victims show an increase in percentage of those cyberbullied from before to during the pandemic as well.
\subsection{Using Twitter to Understand Social Phenomena and Cyberbullying}
As in the aforementioned studies, much research in cyberbullying involves the use of survey data. However, if one relies on a responder's willingness to self-report, then that leaves the door open to problems such as responder bias and invalid responders. In a study on adolescent regarding risk behavior, it is found that responders who purposefully answer wrongfully "showed" higher rates of such behavior, such as alcohol and drug consumption \citep{cornell2012effects}. Such a happening may be present in bullying surveys as well, which can be exacerbated by sample-size limitations imposed by cost and time. Additionally, if a researcher was interested in studying the impact of COVID-19 on cyberbullying, they ideally have to collect data before the pandemic began, as done in previous research \citep{barlett2021comparing}. Since the magnitude and impact of global crises are sometimes unforeseeable, it can be difficult to know when to start such a longitudinal study.
Social media can serve as rich data source that remedies some of the issues that affect survey collection. One major advantage is the scope of social media. Twitter, the choice for our study, had approximately 186 million users, 36 million of which from the United States~\footnote{\url{https://www.businessofapps.com/data/twitter-statistics/}} in 2020. Furthermore, the availability of web scraping technology and even an official API allow individuals to use Twitter's public archive of tweets dating back to 2006. This software is often free to use, making large-scale studies much more affordable. Information harvested from these tweets can be used for many purposes, such as monitoring disease spread and forecasting elections \citep{signorini2011use, tumasjan2010predicting}. This data source enables us to perform a study reminiscent of longitudinal study, with the ability to collect previous years of data without the associated cost of maintaining a large-scale study for many years.
However, one may question the efficacy of using social media such as Twitter as a data source to understand social phenomena. For example, \cite{tumasjan2010predicting} showed that using Twitter traffic to predict vote share in German errors resulted in very low prediction error. \cite{signorini2011use} demonstrate a correspondence between Twitter data and the H1N1 at the overall national level, as well as smaller geographic regions. Based on real-time data, their estimates could be produced earlier than regular health reports. While these present advantages, one must also consider the possible limitations. For instance, predicting elections using Twitter faces two major issues, one being that sampling data from social media does not match the sophistication of more developed polling processes, and that spam, propagandists, and fake accounts can easily manipulate data \citep{gayo2011limits}. In the influenza study conducted by \cite{signorini2011use}, the researchers faced limitations in the lack of uniformity of Twitter usage by different locales and in different time periods. They also could not generalize to a population beyond some form of Twitter population. These limitations are also present in the current study. Brief use of the search endpoint for an arbitrary query may show a few spam or bot posts, heightening the importance of filtering these posts out. Additionally, since Twitter's sampling algorithm is unknown, it is difficult to identify the exact population the study's results can be generalized to. There are methods to reduce this uncertainty by using geo-tagged tweets, as retrieving tweets of this nature results in a more complete sample \citep{morstatter2013sample}.
Despite limitations, there are a variety of points to make in justifying Twitter as a data source to study cyberbullying. \cite{mchugh2019omg} suggests that Twitter is a hotbed for "intentionally aggressive, harmful communication." They explain results from surveys showing that about 70\% of college students use Twitter, and the amount of cyberbullying on Twitter was gauged to be higher than other platforms such as Facebook and Instagram. Additionally, the official Twitter API~\footnote{\url{https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/twitter-api}} allows users to perform a variety of queries and searches on its public archive. With this technology, we can collect swaths of tweets satisfying certain specifications, such as containing particular keywords or hashtags, in order to study the cyberbullying problem.
To analyze the tweets retrieved from Twitter in the first place, many researchers turn to natural language processing (NLP). The usage of NLP in this study is similar to that of previous work done regarding Twitter cyberbullying and COVID-19 \citep{babvey2021using}. The study by \cite{babvey2021using} uses NLP as a pre-processing step to filter out tweets that have low probability of being abusive speech, and then examine the difference in number of cyberbullying tweets before and after a fixed time period. In this study, we use NLP to perform a similar pre-processing step, but instead of comparing a fixed time point, we study each day from 2019 to 2021. Few studies have attempted to study cyberbullying in response to COVID-19 from a continuous perspective. Researchers using Google Trends time series data \citep{bacher2022covid} demonstrate that cyberbullying was actually disrupted by COVID-19, while others, using Twitter data \citep{karmakar2020evaluating}, claim that it led to an increase. We seek to address these studies by broadening the time frame of analysis and using more thorough methods, namely NLP, to obtain better samples to study cyberbullying patterns with.
\subsection{Summarizing Our Contribution}
For our study, we collected 1,004,466 tweets from January 1st, 2019, to December 31st, 2021, with the Twitter API's search endpoint based on keywords associated with hateful and abusive speech. To clean the data, a pre-trained NLP model tuned to classification of offensive and hateful tweets models the probability of a given tweet being offensive or hateful. Because of irregularities in the search endpoint's returned sample sizes, the count endpoint is used with the same keywords as before to obtain a more consistent and comprehensive count of all tweets that the search API could have picked from. The tweets from the search endpoint are then filtered using certain probability thresholds to select relevant tweets. Then, for each day in the study, the fraction of relevant tweets out its respective sample is calculated. This fraction is multiplied by the number reported by the count endpoint, generating a time series that takes into account the different proportions of abusive content on each day while addressing issues with the search endpoint's sampling procedure. This data collection and filtering is described in section 3.
Visual analysis of the data collected is in section 4 and motivates our usage of a Bayesian time series model in section 5. The results demonstrate that abusive speech exhibit strong weekly and year seasonality, which is not as evident in the unfiltered data. Patterns such as two distinct increases in mean trend during the first and second halves of the year remain constant throughout 2019 through 2021, but with slight differences. The effect of the pandemic on these trends, if at all, is to decrease the scale of abusive tweets, as well as widen the second peak of the year. The proportion of these potentially abusive tweets from their respective daily samples also seems to roughly decrease over time. The results can help guide developers of Twitter or other social media to ramp up mitigation technology at the appropriate time by taking the strong seasonal behavior into account.
The work is concluded by a discussion of the issues and limitations of the study, the implications of the results found, and avenues for future research.
\section{Related Work on Internet Data, Cyberbullying, and COVID-19}
This study is motivated by the findings of \cite{karmakar2020evaluating}, which employed a Bayesian, time-varying linear Poisson autoregressive model to tweet counts containing keywords related to cyberbullying. Such an analysis was first of its kind in this field. Their study, confined to the first half of 2020, concluded a rise in mean trend from March to April similar to that of COVID-19 cases and that the first lag accounted for most of the correlation. However, there is criticism to be made in that preliminary analysis. The choice of keywords along with lack of text analysis confined the results to cyberbullying discourse rather than actual cyberbullying events. Cyberbullying attacks may precipitate awareness and discourse, but they do not follow the same time series. While their work collected data using web scraping, the current study pulls data directly from the Twitter API.
Another work by \cite{bacher2022covid}, instead of using Twitter data, opts to use Google Trends, a site that provides time series data for search intensities of search terms~\footnote{\url{https://trends.google.com/}}. This work studies search intensity of cyberbullying and bullying. Like the previous study, they do not depict the frequency of cyberbullying events exactly. Further, since the main model in our study is based on a Poisson distribution, which requires count data, we cannot use the TVBARC model on Google Trends data in attempt to replicate the study.
However, consider the two following similar findings from these works. The model fit by \cite{karmakar2020evaluating} reveals an increase in mean trend from around March to May of 2020, while the model constructed by \cite{bacher2022covid} shows that the deviation from predicted log search intensity increases roughly around the same time frame. One important distinction, though, is that the Bacher-Hicks study includes data from before January 2020 and slightly after. Bacher-Hicks claims, further, that this rise in the March-May period was just an increase back to levels before the onset of the pandemic, and that COVID-19 had disrupted cyberbullying. In the absence of a wider time frame in Karmakar's paper, one may conclude an increase in cyberbullying discourse on Twitter, but this may very well suggest a return to pre-pandemic levels as Bacher-Hicks describes. Again, one cannot say that this necessarily extends to cyberbullying events, but how it becomes a trending topic over time. Furthermore, social media and search engines are used with different motives in mind, which may result in discrepancies in findings \citep{li2021comparing}.
The work done by \cite{babvey2021using} motivates our decision to employ an NLP model in an attempt to retain true cyberbullying events. They query Twitter for keywords associated with abusive speech and then run a machine learning model to discard tweets that are likely not abusive. By using such methods, they are able to have more confidence that their data can represent actual cyberbullying events. They compare two sets of data collected before and after March 2020 to gauge the effect of COVID-19 and the associated interactions with cyberbullying. Their results show an increase in prevalence of abusive and hateful tweets once the pandemic-era lockdowns began.
Thus, to address these above-mentioned issues, we instead opt to use NLP methods to avoid the issue of covering cyberbullying discourse rather than potential cyberbullying events. The use of a larger time frame along with a more continuous time series approach allows one to see whether COVID-19 has a sustained effect on Twitter cyberbullying, or if previous findings may have been coincidences or one-time occurrences. Now, the data collection and NLP filtering procedure are discussed.
\section{Data Collection and Cleaning}
A straight-forward way to access to Twitter data is by using the official Twitter API. To make the most use of the Twitter API, we were provided with an Academic Research License, granting us features such as the full-archive search. This is critical to our research, as it lets us search many years' worth of data quite easily. We used the R programming language to work with the API and perform ensuing analyses.
\subsection{A Foreword on the Twitter API}
Unfortunately, the algorithm used by the Twitter API to sample tweets is unknown. As studied by \cite{thelwall2015evaluating}, the search endpoint may not be comprehensive. However, the tweets that were not retrieved by its sampling procedure are more likely to be spam. Other works \citep{morstatter2013sample} point out that the sampling tweets may result in decreased accuracy (as compared to alternative, costly methods to acquire every single tweet), but interestingly, the sampling algorithm recovers a higher proportion of tweets that are geo-tagged .
The nature of time series analysis emphasizes these sampling issues. The subset of tweets taken from all matching tweets may not be a fixed percent, so the relative sizes between daily counts is not preserved. Simple repetitions of identical requests may sometimes return more tweets seemingly at random. Comparison with the number reported by the count endpoint is an enticing option for a couple reasons. The count endpoint returns much more consistent results through runs, and since it does not have to go through additional compliance that the search endpoint does, the data returned may be more complete~\footnote{\url{https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/twitter-api/tweets/counts/introduction}}. To this end, we take the percentage of relevant tweets from a given daily sample and multiply that percentage to the number reported by the count endpoint. Selection of relevant tweets is described below.
\subsection{Collection Procedure}
To collect a representative dataset, we first sample tweets using the search endpoint to access their textual content. A list of keywords must be assembled to query for in both the search and count endpoints. As a starting point, we reference a lexicon provided by \cite{wiegand2019inducing}. It contains a list of words each with a score rating its abusiveness according to their trained model. One may notice that identical words appear more than once (as a verb and as a noun, for instance). The Twitter API cannot distinguish keywords based on it being a noun or verb, so if a given word appears more than once, we only keep the highest score and discard the other entries. From this adjusted list, the 100 highest ranking words were taken.
For comparison purposes, we reference two similar studies of cyberbullying analysis \citep{nand2016bullying, cortis2015analysis}. Their lists of keywords are different and are only composed of about 25 and 10 words respectively. To test the efficacy of our keywords, we sample tweets in January 2020 using our original list of words, specifying no retweets, written in English, and based in the United States. We then count the number of tweets each keyword in our list appeared in, including keywords in the other studies that were not in our original list. Based on numbers of tweet occurrences, we again take the 100 highest performing words.
With this new list, we use the search endpoint to query the entirety of 2019, 2020, and 2021. Like before, we specify no retweets, tweets written in English, and tweets from the US, but this time we also specify no promotional tweets. Each day contains anywhere between 400 and a couple thousand tweets with their textual content. In total, we collected 1,004,466 tweets. The same query is also used for the count endpoint to collect daily counts. Once the full data set is assembled into a data frame, the results are written into CSV files for storage.
\subsection{A Pre-trained NLP Model for Pre-processing Data}
Another issue is that the tweets we collect, no matter how good our query is, may not necessarily contain all abusive content. This is one issue in previous work, as the keywords used reflected discourse about cyberbullying, but not necessarily cyberbullying events themselves. Furthermore, with no filtering mechanism besides removing duplicates, it is possible that spam tweets are included in the data set \citep{karmakar2020evaluating}. Along with using more stringent parameters for querying tweets, we also opt for a pre-trained natural language model to predict the offensiveness and hatefulness (against women or immigrants) of a given tweet. The models are derived from the work by \cite{barbieri2020tweeteval}, and such models are publicly available for use on HuggingFace~\footnote{\url{https://huggingface.co/cardiffnlp/twitter-roberta-base-offensive}}~\footnote{\url{https://huggingface.co/cardiffnlp/twitter-roberta-base-hate}}. Thus, depending on how we threshold tweets based on their offensiveness/hatefulness score, the ensuing analysis can lead to stronger results.
To use these models, we work with the Python language in Google Colaboratory~\footnote{\url{https://research.google.com/colaboratory/}}, which provides a high performance cloud computing environment and greatly simplifies set-up of packages and other dependencies. Instructions for basic set-up to use HuggingFace are found on the website \footnote{\url{https://huggingface.co/course/chapter0/1?fw=pt}}. Template code for using the models is found on the model pages. While there is a text pre-processing step that is part of the template code, it does not contain the additional step of removing line-breaks that the authors of the model, \cite{barbieri2020tweeteval}, used in their own analysis, so it was added to the text pre-processing function. We also converted all text to lowercase to handle erratic capitalization and removed duplicate white space. The fitting procedure was generalized to collections of text using a for loop.
Using two of their models, we can produce the probability of tweet being offensive and the probability of a tweet being hateful. To filter out irrelevant data, we must properly select thresholds for each of these scores.
\subsection{Subsetting Truly Offensive or Hateful Tweets}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\hspace*{-15mm}
\includegraphics[scale=1, width=100mm]{Figures/DistributionOfMetrics.png}
\caption{Modeled probabilities of offensiveness/hatefulness of tweets according to the NLP model}
\label{fig:DistributionOfMetrics}
\end{figure}
To begin a discussion on thresholds, we first explore the distribution of the scores themselves. In figure \ref{fig:DistributionOfMetrics}, one may notice that the scores of offensiveness are bimodal with peaks 0 to 1, with fewer presences of tweets near the center. The high presence of tweets near 1 is likely related to the nature of the query. In the construction of the model by \cite{barbieri2020tweeteval}, they used a dataset created by a different group for a similar task. The creators of said dataset, \cite{zampieri2019semeval}, describe a tweet as offensive if "it contains any form of non-acceptable language (profanity) or a targeted offense ... This category includes insults, threads, and posts containing profane language or swear words." Thus, if our query contains many profane keywords, we are likely to see many tweets with a high predicted probability for offensiveness.
On the other hand, hatefulness scores are mostly lower than 0.25, and much fewer tweets have scores beyond. To reiterate, the model was fine-tuned to detect hatefulness against two target groups, being women and immigrants. The lower presence of high-probability tweets can be partially explained by queried words, as they lack many words that are explicitly targeting women or immigrants, such as those used by the authors of the dataset \citep{basile2019semeval}.
There are some tweets which the model failed to fit. These tweets all contained copious amounts of emojis which caused issues with the model's tokenizer. Out of the 1,004,466 tweets in this study, only 7 failed to process. Each of these tweets occurred on a different day, making it exceedingly unlikely for them to affect analysis.
Now we observe the effects of subsetting tweets with scores strictly greater than a certain probability threshold, getting the percentage of those tweets from their respective daily sample, then multiplying that percent to the number reported by the count endpoint. Different thresholds are used, and the series is superimposed by a GAM smoother. The results for this process, varying offensiveness while fixing hatefulness, are displayed in figure \ref{fig:DeltaOffensive}. The local maxima are kept intact until accepting only larger scores of greater than 0.8. Likewise, for filtering on hatefulness in figure \ref{fig:DeltaHateful}, the data is much more sensitive to applying greater thresholds. When applying a threshold of 0.05 on hatefulness, the values in January 2019 were around 60,000, and then hovered around 45,000 until 2021. A similar pattern is exhibited when thresholding at the much greater value of 0.5 on offensiveness. These results are a consequence of the distribution of overall scores as shown in figure \ref{fig:DistributionOfMetrics}, with offensiveness scores being bimodal near 0 and 1, while hatefulness clusters near 0 and tapers off rapidly.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{Figures/CountEndpointData.png}
\caption{Daily count of total tweets containing queried keywords, 2019-2021}
\label{fig:CountEndpointData}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!tbp]
\centering
\hspace*{-10mm}
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\textwidth}
\hspace*{-20mm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/DeltaOffensive.png}
\caption{Results of Subsetting Method Using Offensiveness}
\label{fig:DeltaOffensive}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\textwidth}
\hspace*{10mm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/DeltaHateful.png}
\caption{Results of Subsetting Method Using Hatefulness}
\label{fig:DeltaHateful}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}
Now we are tasked to choose a threshold for our dataset, then feed this data into the TVBARC model. In some problems, 0.5 may be used, but we know from reality that the occurrence is of cyberbullying events is not as common as that would suggest. However, given that our query contains keywords associated with abusive behavior, it's possible that the proportion of cyberbullying events among the collected tweets will be higher. Other considerations include the NLP models' performance on their associated test data. The M-F1 score for the hatefulness model is around 50, whereas for offensiveness, it is around 80 \citep{barbieri2020tweeteval}. An additional factor is the TVBARC model itself, which may fail to converge if the data points are too large in magnitude. From above, one can observe that increasing the minimum offensiveness threshold does not greatly alter the structure of the time series, so it can be used to cut down on the scale as necessary. Note that these threshold parameters can be freely tuned to a desired sensitivity. However, making the threshold too high may result in many 0s in the series, which is especially true when filtering on hatefulness. Not all offensive speech is cyberbullying, but hate speech can contain offensive speech like slurs, in this case directed to women or immigrants. That being said, the data set has a non-zero number of tweets that lack offensive content but have a high probability of being hateful. Therefore, it would be wise to increase the threshold on offensiveness as necessary to allow model convergence and primarily focus on altering the hatefulness threshold.
In this study, we will use two separate thresholds for comparison. First, some notation is established. An $x/y$ filter will refer to accepting only tweets with offensiveness probability greater than $\frac{x}{100}$ and hatefulness probability greater than $\frac{y}{100}$. In this notation, the two filters used are $25/0$ and $25/50$. Using these, of interest is rudimentary comparison with prior results before we fit to the TVBARC model. To motivate the usage of this TVBARC model, a visual analysis on the counts is performed.
\section{Visual Analysis on the Raw and Filtered Counts}
A visual analysis, similar to that done by \cite{karmakar2020evaluating}, allows one to deduce some trends and patterns. However, certain issues will limit the efficacy of such an analysis and justify implementation of a statistical model. First, we focus on the counts provided by the count endpoint with no thresholding, observed in figure \ref{fig:CountEndpointData}.
Starting in 2019, one sees a sudden drop in counts, which levels out until the end of 2020. In 2020, there is a prominent peak in April, which roughly agrees with the findings of \cite{karmakar2020evaluating}. Throughout the rest of 2020, there are several spikes, but they are not persistent. When 2021 begins, the counts drop yet again, but unlike 2019, the counts stay at these lower levels.
In both 2019 and 2021, one observes a decrease in counts in the beginning of the year, though this does not occur in 2020. Instead, there are many large peaks though with an overall downward trend. In 2021, the downtrend accelerates and soon levels off. It is possible that with the advent of COVID-19, the typical downward trend was disrupted as lockdowns and social isolations precipitated increased internet use \citep{candela2020impact}. The significant decrease may also be related to the findings of \cite{bacher2022covid} in their study, which uses Google search frequencies and bullying surveys to study the change in cyberbullying-related searches over time. The study shows that the log search intensity of school bullying and cyberbullying significantly decrease near the end of 2020 and beginning of 2021. But since one time series involves profanity and potentially hateful language on social media, and the other search engine data about bullying, it's possible that this is a coincidence. Additionally, due to the lack of thresholding, one cannot say that the frequency of cyberbullying events also follows the same trend.
We revisit the effects of thresholding, but now in the context of identifying trends. In figure \ref{fig:DeltaOffensive}, as the offensiveness threshold increases, the peaks shrink, and the trend begins to flatten. Note that it takes a threshold of 0.9 to induce some significant flattening. However, when thresholding on hatefulness, it only takes a threshold of 0.2 to achieve a similar degree of flattening. By the time we increase it to 0.5, the time series may appear constant, as shown in figure \ref{fig:Filtered2020Legend}, which shows the different threshold settings in 2020. In both the raw and 25/0 time series, the peaks are easily identifiable, and thresholding on offensiveness works to reduce the scale while preserving the peaks. When using a large hatefulness threshold such as 0.5, prominent peaks disappear.
We are not necessarily satisfied with the analysis of the raw or 25/0 data since it may not represent the actual frequency of cyberbullying events. Further, it is also clear that applying any reasonable threshold on hatefulness may cause the time series to flatten out, making it difficult to identify trends visually. Therefore, to identify trends in abusive tweets, we must employ a statistical model.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.65]{Figures/Filtered_Data_2020_Legend.png}
\caption{Total counts and filtered counts in 2020}
\label{fig:Filtered2020Legend}
\end{figure}
\section{Statistical Modeling and Analysis}
While there are many models we can choose from to study this data, we opt to employ a Bayesian model. This model is a time-varying Bayesian autoregressive count (TVBARC) model based on Poisson random variables \citep{roy2020bayesian}. There are many advantages to using this form of model, such as mitigating small sample-size, accounting for dependence, modeling subtle rather than abrupt change, and only needing a single parameter. More information on the motivations of the model, including in the context of Twitter data, is available in previous works of one of the authors \citep{karmakar2020evaluating,das2020change,karmakar2021understanding}.
Suppose $Z_t$ represents the true counts of all tweets, satisfying the query, that are as hateful and offensive as our threshold dictates. Let the time series provided by the count endpoint be $Y_t$. Now let $p_t$ be the proportion of sample tweets on day $t$ that meet the threshold requirements, with $0 \leq p_t \leq 1$ for all $t$. Then, we estimate series $Z_t$ by
$$\hat{Z_t} = X_t = p_t Y_t$$
For this model, the conditional distribution for a count time series $X_t$ given $\mathcal{F}_{t-1}=\{X_i: i\leq (t-1)\}$ is
$$ X_t|\mathcal{F}_{t-1}\sim \mathrm{Poisson}(\lambda_t)$$
$$ \text{where } \lambda_t=\mu(t/T) + \sum_{i=1}^p a_i(t/T) X_{t-i}$$
Furthermore, $\mu(t/T)$ is the mean trend at time $t$, and $a_i(t/T)$ is the effect of the $i$th lag at time $t$. Additional details on restrictions and priors can be found in the work by \cite{karmakar2020evaluating}, as the very same model is used. We apply this model to the estimation $X_t$ of the true counts $Z_t$.
The fitting of the model over a count time series provides the mean trend of the series over time, as well as the coefficient values of the different autoregressive terms. From this one can deduce how the frequency of offensive/hateful tweets changed over time, as well as which lags are most related to each other. In the fitting procedure, we generate two models that differ in up to how many lags are represented. One contains up to lag 10, and the other 15. Generally, the mean trend captured is the same between these two models, though the width of the credible intervals may change. Exceptions to this will be mentioned when relevant.
\subsection{Analysis of Model Fits}
For 2019, there is no significant difference between the results of the lag 10 and lag 15 model, so we only focus on lag 10.
Figure \ref{fig:Lag10-25/0-2019} displays the mean trend and coefficient values of the count data in 2019 by filtering on tweets with offensiveness greater than or equal to 0.25. As shown in figure \ref{fig:DeltaOffensive}, for low thresholds, this filter reduces the scale of the original data set, preserving all structure, so this can be interpreted as a scaled down version of the original count data. Here the credible intervals are quite small, so if the true counts were to be distributed by a 10-lag process, the mean trend would look like this. However, we also see no dependence on any lag besides the first. In the analogous model fit for the 25/50 data in figure \ref{fig:Lag10-25/50-2019}, which focuses more on hateful tweets, we see a similar mean trend, capturing the peak between July and October. However, lag 7 becomes a lot more significant, and an earlier peak in the month is revealed. This process shows that the modeling procedure can uncover local extrema even when the process looks almost constant, like in figure \ref{fig:Filtered2020Legend} with the 2020 data.
\begin{figure}[!tbp]
\centering
\hspace*{-10mm}
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\textwidth}
\hspace*{-20mm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/Lag_10_Model_Fit_on_25-0_Filter_2019.png}
\caption{Mean trend and AR coefficients of Lag 10 model on 2019 data with 25/0 filter}
\label{fig:Lag10-25/0-2019}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/Lag_10_Model_Fit_on_25-50_Filter_2019.png}
\caption{Mean trend and AR coefficients of Lag 10 model on 2019 data with 25/50 filter}
\label{fig:Lag10-25/50-2019}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}
The fits for 2020 are in figures \ref{fig:Lag10-25/0-2020} and \ref{fig:Lag10-25/50-2020}. The trend captured between the two threshold settings is roughly the same. However, the credible intervals for the model passing only more hateful tweets are much wider. In the 25/50 setting, lags around 7 start to get a bit more significant. One may also directly compare this to previous results. In Karmakar's work, the peak of cyberbullying discourse occurred in April-May 2020, while in this setting, the peak in offensive and hateful tweets occurred later in the year, between July and October \citep{karmakar2020evaluating}. A smaller peak near the beginning of the year is also observed. Compared to previous work, the fits here have much wider credible intervals as well.
\begin{figure}[!tbp]
\centering
\hspace*{-10mm}
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\textwidth}
\hspace*{-20mm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/Lag_10_Model_Fit_on_25-0_Filter_2020.png}
\caption{Mean trend and AR coefficients of Lag 10 model on 2020 data with 25/0 filter}
\label{fig:Lag10-25/0-2020}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/Lag_10_Model_Fit_on_25-50_Filter_2020.png}
\caption{Mean trend and AR coefficients of Lag 10 model on 2020 data with 25/50 filter}
\label{fig:Lag10-25/50-2020}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}
In the year of 2021, fitting the data through the 25/50 filter to the TVBARC model resulted in very different outcomes when using lag 10 (figure \ref{fig:Lag10-25/50-2021}) as opposed to 15 (figure \ref{fig:Lag15-25/50-2021}). For the 25/0 data, there is no major difference besides credible intervals and mean trend magnitude. There is an exceedingly rough similarity between the lag 10 and lag 15 model, but it is obfuscated by the very wide credible intervals in the lag 10 model. Yet in both models, lag 7 is important, as the coefficient value for this lag overtakes lag 1 during certain periods. In the lag 10 model, lag 6 is relevant, while in the lag 15 model, lag 13 is important. The results are similar, since if there is a weekly effect, one could also observe a "biweekly" relationship as well. Any dependence on lag $p$ may cause lag $p+7$ to be significant.
\begin{figure}[!tbp]
\centering
\hspace*{-10mm}
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\textwidth}
\hspace*{-20mm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/Lag_10_Model_Fit_on_25-50_Filter_2021.png}
\caption{Mean trend and AR coefficients of Lag 10 model on 2021 data with 25/50 filter}
\label{fig:Lag10-25/50-2021}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/Lag_15_Model_Fit_on_25-50_Filter_2021.png}
\caption{Mean trend and AR coefficients of Lag 15 model on 2021 data with 25/50 filter}
\label{fig:Lag15-25/50-2021}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}
In general, when modeling the data on the 25/0, a scaled version of the raw counts, we most often do not see any weekly effect. However, when only considering tweets with hatefulness probability greater than 0.50, there is a very noticeable weekly effect, bringing out lags like as 5, 6, 7, 13, and 14. From this, we can infer that the frequency hateful tweets similar to those captured in the study have noticeable weekly seasonality that goes otherwise unobserved when looking at the raw counts. Additionally, the yearly pattern of two peaks in the beginning and end of the year roughly holds for 2019, 2020, and 2021. This implies that this time series also has a strong yearly seasonality. Furthermore, the mean of the hateful tweets, in most cases, follows a similar mean trend as the 25/0 series. Since this is just a scaled down version of the total data, the trend of hateful tweets mirrors that of the raw counts. This makes some sense since the filtering process takes a percentage of these counts. However, it may also reveal that the proportion of hateful tweets out of all tweets on a certain day remains about constant throughout time.
Next, correspondences with COVID-19 case counts are discussed in order to gauge possible relationships between the two time series.
\subsection{Comparison to COVID-19 Case Counts}
By analyzing only tweets sourced from the United States, we may focus on COVID-19 counts from the same country. Depicted in figure \ref{fig:COVID-19 2020-2021} are the daily confirmed COVID-19 cases, taking a 7-day rolling average, provided by \cite{owidcoronavirus}. Beginning in 2020, there are consecutively larger peaks at around March, July, and October-December. We see a steep drop beginning near 2021, picking up during August-October. There is an exponential increase during the beginning of 2022.
COVID-19 did not gain much traction in the United States until 2020. Therefore, the Twitter data from 2019 could be seen as a form of experimental control, or what the time series typically looked like before the drastic changes brought about by the pandemic. In figure \ref{fig:Lag10-25/50-2019}, There is a peak in the first few months of the year, and then another during July-October. This same structure is also observed in 2020, as shown in figures \ref{fig:Lag10-25/0-2020} and \ref{fig:Lag10-25/50-2020}, as well as 2021, in figures \ref{fig:Lag10-25/50-2021} (roughly) and \ref{fig:Lag15-25/50-2021}. While the trend structure is similar, indicating the importance of seasonality, one distinction is that the secondary peak is largest in magnitude in 2020 (mean trend of 3000), followed by 2019 (about 2500) and then 2021 (about 1600). The largest peak occurring in 2020 is slightly corroborated by previous findings \citep{karmakar2020evaluating}. Further, with each year the second peak persists for longer. This may be related to a variety of things, such as increased transmission during the winter, as COVID-19 proliferation rates can change significantly with temperature \citep{mcclymont2021weather}, prompting more isolation and thus internet use, or increased cyber-aggression as a psychological response to the external stress of the pandemic \citep{wang2022covid}.
The mean trend structure's similarity across these three years begs the question of whether earlier results were more of a coincidence. More specifically, previous results show that cyberbullying discourse increased roughly the same time as COVID-19 cases began to rise \citep{karmakar2020evaluating}. While these peaks occur at about the same time every year, it is important to note the change in magnitude throughout the years, dipping significantly in 2021. One may argue that the beginning of the pandemic may have brought about a sudden increase in abusive content, but as time progressed, the overall effect was to reduce such content. This angle is supported by findings using Google Trends \citep{bacher2022covid}.
It is also possible to study the proportions of hateful tweets, represented by $p_t$ in the model definition. These proportions give a better idea as to the relative frequency of abusive events, as the previous time series studied can be affected by the overall number of active users. Figure \ref{fig:PropTrend25/50} displays the proportion of daily tweets in the daily sample that meet the 25/50 threshold setting with a GAM smoother. The data is extremely noisy, but the smoother reveals a slight downward trend beginning just before 2020, suggesting a steady decrease in the proportion hateful content as the pandemic progressed.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\hspace*{-10mm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{Figures/ProportionTrend_25-50.png}
\caption{Proportion of tweets meeting the 25/50 threshold out of the entire daily sample superimposed by a GAM smoother}
\label{fig:PropTrend25/50}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.1]{Figures/daily_covid-19_cases_2020-2021.png}
\caption{7-day average of confirmed COVID-19 cases in 2020-2021}
\label{fig:COVID-19 2020-2021}
\end{figure}
\section{Discussion}
In this work, we use the official Twitter API's search endpoint to collect tweets contained keywords associated with cyberbullying over a period of 3 years. After running these tweets on an NLP model, we calculate the proportion of relevant tweets out of all tweets sampled that day. This proportion is then multiplied to the count endpoint's associated number, which is shown to be more reliable and thorough. From this we can construct a time series that is insensitive to the irregularities in daily sample sizes and better approximates the true number of hateful or offensive tweets.
The results show that the mean trend pattern of hateful tweets remains very similar through 2019, 2020, and 2021. Previous work posits that increased cyberbullying discourse happens in parallel with larger case counts \citep{karmakar2020evaluating}, but we notice that these peaks occur in similar time frames in each of these years, including 2019 when the pandemic was not in full force. Other work suggests that cyberbullying may have been disrupted by COVID-19, as the log search intensity on Google of cyberbullying and bullying terms decreases in 2021 \citep{bacher2022covid}. Our work shows that the first study's findings may have been a result of lack of data and suggests that hateful content may have decreased overall, agreeing with the second study. One must take these correspondences with a grain of salt, due to the important differences between social media and search engine data \citep{li2021comparing}.
While the mean trend may have remained roughly similar, there are slight differences across the years. The secondary peak during the latter half of the year grows increasingly wide every year, which may be a consequence of virus proliferation in winter months and lifting of non-pharmaceutical interventions like lockdowns and mask mandates \citep{mcclymont2021weather, singh2021impacts}. However, these findings may be a consequence of more active Twitter users, rather than a true increase in abusive content.
Additionally, from the important seasonal lags revealed in the model fit's AR coefficients, the seasonal effect is likely the most significant factor in determining the quantity of potential cyberbullying events. The effect of COVID-19 is not the clearest, but it is observed that the mean trend is suddenly grows with the introduction of the pandemic but then cuts down significantly a year into it. This may be due to the raw number of potential hateful tweets decreasing as shown in figure \ref{fig:CountEndpointData}, while the proportion of hateful tweets out of a given day's sample decreases across the same time frame (figure \ref{fig:PropTrend25/50}).
\subsection{Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research}
It must be stressed that data of this nature cannot imply causal relationships between COVID-19 case counts and cyberbullying trends. Consider the finding of decreased hate speech quantity as well as proportion over the course of recent years. For this, one may have to address several sources of confounding, such as increase internet usage precipitated by lockdown measures \citep{candela2020impact}.
There are many limitations to this study. The study's immediate results can only be used to infer about the state of cyberbullying events in the United States among English-speaking Twitter users due to how the data was collected. One also cannot be certain that the selection of keywords produces a good sample to pull out potentially hateful tweets from. While pulling geo-tagged tweets helps in collecting a more thorough sample \citep{morstatter2013sample}, Twitter's sampling algorithm remains unknown and produces unique issues for time series analysis, such as whether it maintains a fixed sampling rate to maintain structural relationships in the count series. Additionally, the NLP model used \citep{barbieri2020tweeteval} is not necessarily state-of-the-art and was used for its availability and ample documentation, rather than seeking the best performing algorithm known. Thus, the model's predictions on what it considers offensive or hateful may not necessarily be correct. The hate speech this model is also concerned about is primarily against women and immigrants as opposed to a broader scope of hate speech, like including racial motivations.
Due to the importance of the weekly and yearly seasonality in the studied time series, employing a seasonal model in future work would better reflect the dynamics of the data. One may also consider integrating spatial methods as well, where the data set is broken down into several regions where the analysis is performed independently, like the work done by \cite{babvey2021using}. This spatial analysis can be augmented with a similar daily count time series for a continuous analysis across several regions. It is also possible to use methods of Vector Auto-regression (VAR) to model several time series simultaneously, such as COVID-19 cases, abusive tweets, and search engine data. Studies using VAR methods show the possibility of predicting suicides using search engine data \citep{taira2021predicting} and COVID-19 cases with a great variety of variables \citep{wang2021vector}.
\section{Data Availability Statement}
The search endpoint data with modeled probabilities, count endpoint data, and the query used for the API requests are made available at Harvard Dataverse~\footnote{\url{https://dataverse.harvard.edu/privateurl.xhtml?token=8b866f9e-3a0c-4897-a839-b0fe6a0c2fc8}}.
\section{Acknowledgements}
We thank the Twitter team for granting us an academic research license to carry out this study. The second author's research is supported by NSF DMS 2124222.
\bibliographystyle{apalike}
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Top Markets
Real-Estate Frenzy Overwhelms Small-Town America: 'I Came Home Crying'
Buyers far from big cities lose out to investors and deep-pocket rivals in places where properties until a year ago offered affordable entry to the middle class
By Candace Taylor | Photographs by Michelle Gustafson for The Wall Street Journal
| Originally Published On May 20, 2021 | The Wall Street Journal
House hunters waiting their turn at an open house this month in Northampton, Pa., north of Allentown.
Dominic Pollock, still in his work boots, stood on the lawn of a 1960s-era three-bedroom house for sale in the former steel town of Bethlehem, Pa., 60 miles north of Philadelphia. It was listed at $250,000.
"I really, really like it," Mr. Pollock told his real-estate agent Danny Hazim, a buddy from high school in neighboring Allentown, Pa. Groups of other interested buyers huddled nearby and whispered to their agents in urgent tones, casting sly glances at rivals.
Mr. Pollock, 25 years old, was willing to go above the asking price. He and his fiancée, Brooke Terplan, 26, had made more than 20 offers on houses over nine months. Each time, they were outbid.
The couple had hoped to land a home by their wedding this week and begin a life together. Mr. Pollock lived with his brother, and Ms. Terplan, a labor-and-delivery nurse, lived with her parents.
Like many would-be buyers, they braced for disappointment.
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Home prices in the U.S. have shot up in the past year, driven by limited supply, record-low interest rates and buyer demand. Bidding wars have spread from such high-profile locations as Palm Beach, Fla., and the suburbs outside New York City to smaller cities and towns, including long-neglected locales where properties typically sat on the market for months.
Brooke Terplan and her fiancé, Dominic Pollock, at an open house in Whitehall, Pa.
Local buyers bid against one another as well as against investors who now comprise about a fifth of annual home sales nationally. Online platforms such as BiggerPockets and Fundrise make it easier for out-of-town investors to buy real estate in smaller cities across the U.S., said John Burns of California-based John Burns Real Estate Consulting.
Often, Mr. Burns said, "the cash flows are better in the Tulsas and Allentowns of the world" for those seeking to rent out properties. In the fourth quarter of 2020, nearly a fifth of homes sold in the Allentown area were bought by investors, according to Mr. Burns's data.
The median listed price for a house jumped 24% in January from a year earlier in the metropolitan area surrounding Allentown, the Rust-Belt city whose decline was memorialized in a 1982 Billy Joel song, according to data from Realtor.com. It was the same in such spots as Martin, Tenn., a small city 150 miles from Nashville, where the median asking price went up 159% over the same period; in Kendallville, Ind., about 30 miles outside Fort Wayne, it climbed 56%.
The average price for a house in the Allentown metro area, which includes Bethlehem, was about $225,000 a year ago, Mr. Campbell said. It has since shot past $270,000 in a market so hot that open houses trigger traffic jams, and properties sell in 48 hours.
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Many homeowners want to sell while prices are high but hesitate for fear they won't find an affordable place to move. Housing supplies can't meet demand.
In Bethlehem's 18018 ZIP Code, the average monthly number of homes for sale has fallen 65% in the past year to 25 from 2017-2019 levels, according to Realtor.com. (News Corp, owner of The Wall Street Journal, operates Realtor.com under license from the National Association of Realtors.)
Buyers feel pressure to make snap decisions, and some forego routine home inspections for fear of losing to another bidder. "If you're a buyer, this is the most frustrating time," said Jonathan Campbell, vice president of DLP Realty in Bethlehem. The local market, he said, is outpacing the mid-2000s housing boom.
With the exception of a few urban markets, including Manhattan and San Francisco, the U.S. is seeing "a chronic shortage of inventory, heavy sales volume and prices rising at levels wildly ahead of income growth," said Jonathan Miller of New York-based Miller Samuel Real Estate Appraisers and Consultants. The Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price NSA Index reported a 12% annual gain in February, a figure seen only a few times in the history of the index, said Craig Lazzara, a managing director at S&P DJI.
The ranch-style house where Mr. Pollock stood with Mr. Hazim on Kensington Road had been listed a day and already had several offers. It was 1,900 square-feet with a full bathroom and two half baths. The sellers would only take bids until 11 p.m. the following day.
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Mr. Pollock, who installs fire sprinklers, agreed to submit an offer of $270,500, adding $20,500 to the asking price. To sweeten the deal further, he waived his right to an inspection of the plumbing, roof, foundation or any other part of the house.
"We will know by tomorrow," his agent, Mr. Hazim, told him.
Old blast furnaces at the long-defunct Bethlehem Steel plant rise over the Lehigh River, 90 miles west of New York City. The city of Bethlehem and neighboring Allentown were major industrial centers until a wave of factories moved overseas in the 1980s and 1990s.
In the center of Allentown, population 121,000, Victorian row houses once occupied by middle-class families were divided into low-cost apartment rentals. The city's downtown has recently been redeveloped, but crime remains a common complaint, said Mr. Hazim, 25, who grew up there.
Healthcare and universities are now major employers in the region, which is known as the Lehigh Valley. Much of the area is still farmed. The road a few minutes drive outside of downtown Allentown is flanked by cornfields, and the air smells of manure.
From left, Dominic Pollock, Brooke Terplan and real-estate agent Danny Hazim about to tour a house in Bethlehem, Pa.
Mr. Pollock and Ms. Terplan grew up a few houses apart in an Allentown subdivision called Midway Manor. They started dating when they were 21. It was on New Year's Eve 2016, at the pub where Mr. Pollock where still tends bar on weekends. Someone asked if he was going to kiss Ms. Terplan at midnight, and he did.
The couple started looking for a house around the time they got engaged in August. They needed a place with room to start a family. Ms. Terplan said she wants to get pregnant as soon as they marry. "She really wants the American dream, the white picket fence, the two dogs out back," Mr. Pollock said.
They had been saving for years and planned on making a 10% down payment when they started looking. "A couple people told us that it was going to be tough," Mr. Pollock said, "but we couldn't even fathom what we'd walk into."
Before the pandemic, home prices in the Lehigh Valley began at around $15,000 for a mobile home and went to $400,000 for a two-story house in a newer subdivision. Historic homes in the West End of Allentown sold for as much as $450,000. For years, buyers had their pick, Mr. Hazim said.
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After the first round of pandemic lockdowns eased, real-estate offices reopened last June, Mr. Hazim said, and agents noticed a shift in the market right away.
First, there were fewer home listings than normal because of Covid-19 fears. "No one wants to list their house because no one wants random people coming in," he said of the scariest period. "You never know who has it."
Supply also was down because the government's mortgage forbearance program sharply reduced home foreclosure sales. At the same time, Mr. Hazim said, demand for homes ballooned.
A Lehigh Valley Health Network facility in Allentown, Pa.
Investors are attracted to the Lehigh Valley, Mr. Hazim said, because home prices and taxes are low relative to market-level rents. He recently worked with a New York City-based investor who bought a single-family house in the town of Northampton, about 20 minutes from Allentown.
The New Yorker paid $15,000 over the asking price—all cash, with no inspections—and planned to rent it out. The buyer, Mr. Hazim said, still marveling, took it sight unseen.
'Shoot me now'
Mr. Pollock and Ms. Terplan first started looking in Bethlehem, close to their parents, and in nearby Easton, where Mr. Pollock lived with his brother. When one offer after another was rejected, they started looking farther afield and lifted their budget ceiling to $300,000 from $250,000.
Nearly once an hour on Ms. Terplan's days off, she checked Zillow or Realtor.com for property listings, wondering, she said, "Are there any new ones?"
Their families were baffled at first. Ms. Terplan's father "was getting so aggravated with us, like, 'Hey, you're doing something wrong!' " Mr. Pollock recalled. His future father-in-law couldn't comprehend the market frenzy until they showed him the paperwork for one of the offers they had made above the asking price, Mr. Pollock said.
Mr. Hazim trudged alongside them. He showed the couple about 50 houses and shared their disappointment after rejected offers. He attended Dieruff High School in Allentown with Mr. Pollock and years later joined DLP Realty.
Mr. Hazim, 25, said he was working 12-hour days, seven days a week, and closing maybe five deals a month, about half of what he would expect while serving such a large pool of clients. "With so many hours required to close," he said, "it's going to turn out to be minimum wage."
On a recent Wednesday, he took a two-hour drive to show his client Lisa Hanna a couple of listings she had found online. Both houses needed major repairs, and Ms. Hanna spent only minutes inside each of them.
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"Shoot me now," Ms. Hanna said, after exiting one in rural Ruscombmanor Township, Pa. "The pictures of this house are nothing like what the house is."
Ms. Hanna, 48, who works for an insurance company in Bethlehem, was looking for a three-bedroom house with enough land to start breeding Great Danes. In two weeks of house-hunting, she saw 10 to 15 properties and made three failed offers. "I'm getting very discouraged," she said.
She bought her current home six years ago, paying $116,000 for a new three-bedroom. It took her just a day to find it. Now, she worried she couldn't find any house to move into. "It's nerve-racking," she said.
Many sellers have the same concern. "These people can't list because they have nowhere to go," Mr. Hazim said. He listed Ms. Hanna's house for $189,000, and it sold within days in an all-cash purchase just under the asking price.
Danny Hazim, a real-estate agent at DLP Realty.
She still hadn't found another house, but the buyers agreed to give her 45 days to keep looking. After a month with no luck, "I was freaking out," Ms. Hanna said.
Afraid she would lose her buyers, Ms. Hanna put in an offer on a two-bedroom house—smaller than she had hoped—in the Poconos, and it was accepted. The two transactions are slated to close on the same day in June.
For Mr. Pollock and Ms. Terplan, the rejections have made for an emotional roller coaster. "It's tough," said Mr. Pollock, especially for his fiancée, who falls in love with each house they bid for.
"There were days that I came home crying," Ms. Terplan said.
More:If Time—or Control—Is of the Essence, U.K. Homeowners Should Consider an Auction
When they were first engaged, Ms. Terplan said, she didn't imagine they would still be looking for a house by the wedding. A few weeks ago, she said, "I had the realization that we're probably not going to have a house before we're married. I had a little bit of a breakdown."
Rents in the area have gotten as high as mortgage payments, but it may come to that, the couple said.
After hours of waiting for a response to their bid on the Kensington Road house, Mr. Hazim got an email from the listing agent.
"Thank you for your offer," it said. "We had 14 offers, and my sellers chose one that worked the best for them. Best of luck to your buyers."
Dominic Pollock and his fiancée, Brooke Terplan, at an open house in Northampton, Pa.
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One in three people in the world are overweight. What used to be a condition associated with high-income countries is now global.
In low- and middle-income countries the number of overweight and obese adults almost quadrupled between 1980 and 2008. Much of this rise occurred in countries where incomes were also rising, such as Egypt and Mexico, but it was also seen in sub-Saharan Africa. Hunger is still rife in this region, but the percentage of overweight adults doubled from 12 per cent in 1980 to 24 per cent in 2008.
Nutrition is a question of quality as much as quantity. Underlying deficiencies in vitamins and minerals can be masked by weight gain, but afflict both the underfed and the overfed. Two of the most common are iron-deficiency anaemia and vitamin A deficiency, which continues to cause widespread blindness in children under five years old.
Obesity in low- and middle-income countries is a result of a series of changes in diet, physical activity, health and nutrition, collectively known as the 'nutrition transition'. For a start, increasing importation of foods from the industrialised world means that traditional diets featuring grains and vegetables are giving way to meals high in fat and sugar.
Urban areas have higher rates of obesity because cities offer a greater range of food choices, generally at lower prices. And as more and more women work away from home, they may be too busy to shop for, prepare and cook healthy meals at home.
In rural areas increased mechanisation on farms has reduced physical activity. Moreover, many farmers have given up subsistence farming of multiple crops that provide a more balanced diet in favour of cultivating a single, high-yielding cash crop.
In many countries being overweight has reversed its cultural meaning. In Mexico and Brazil being overweight used to be a sign of wealth, but now that the poor have access to a diet high in fat and sugar it often signals poverty. The elite, who have better access to nutrition education, healthy foods and exercise facilities, tend to be slimmer.
But cultural context is important: in South Africa it has been suggested that overweight people may be deterred from losing weight because thinness is associated with HIV/AIDS, a disease with a high degree of social stigma attached to it.
This resource was first published in 'Obesity' in January 2005 and reviewed and updated in June 2014.
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Private Owned Vacation Villas and Apartments for Rental in Catalunya. Late Deals, Special Offers.
Intraspain can offer you tens off different apartments in Barcelona. These apartments are suitable for 2 to 6 persons.
Barcelona by the mediterranean sea.
New furnished apartment in front of the sea.
3 bed rooms: two double (one en suite) and one triple.
This flat is 50m2. with one bedroom, a spacious lounge area with sofa bed, bathroom and kitchen. The kitchen-dining area is fully equiped with vitroceramic hob, oven and fridge.
Sheets and towels for four people are provided.
Barcelona, 32 apartments to rent in the city.
Situated in the Catalan Pyrennees. Bungalows to hire.
Spacious Beautiful apartment with lovely swimming pool.
Costa Brava: accommodations to rent!
The pyrenees in the Costa Daurada. Mystic place.
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KidneyIntelX
Payors
Payor Resources
Order Test Kit
Atrium Health, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine and Renalytix Partner to Advance Kidney Health
Partnership marks a long-term commitment to reducing impact of kidney disease in large populations via integration of earlier risk assessment paired with comprehensive disease management
NEW YORK, CHARLOTTE AND WINSTON-SALEM, N.C., May 19, 2021 — Renalytix AI plc (LSE: RENX) (NASDAQ: RNLX), Atrium Health, Wake Forest Baptist Health and Wake Forest School of Medicine announced a partnership to implement an advanced clinical care model designed to improve kidney health and reduce kidney disease progression and kidney failure in high-risk populations.
The KidneyIntelX bioprognostic platform for early-stage diabetic kidney disease risk assessment will be available through Atrium Health's electronic health record (EHR) system, providing access to primary care physicians, endocrinologists, nephrologists and care teams throughout 37 hospitals and more than 1,350 care locations across the Carolinas and Georgia. Charlotte, North Carolina-based Atrium Health serves more than 7 million people in the region, providing care under the Wake Forest Baptist Health name in the Winston-Salem, N.C. region and Atrium Health Navicent in Georgia.
The partnership with Renalytix enables focused population health initiatives in kidney disease and will provide real-world evidence of optimized delivery of care, improved quality of life, and reduced healthcare costs.
Renalytix will co-locate personnel in Winston-Salem to support the partnership program with Wake Forest School of Medicine at the Innovation Quarter's iQ Healthtech Labs, which is the core industry partnership hub of the innovation district. Renalytix and Atrium Health believe the partnership is closely aligned with the core precision medicine and healthy aging sectors that are a focus of iQ Healthtech Labs.
The new program initially targets diabetes-associated kidney disease, a critical healthcare need in the region served by Atrium Health and designated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the "diabetes belt" and the "kidney disease belt." In this region in particular, but also nationally and internationally, costs and patient suffering related to diabetes and its associated complications are increasing at unsustainable rates.
"Detecting patients at risk for rapid progression of kidney disease at early, treatable stages is challenging. This effort is critical to optimizing care and improving outcomes using kidney protective medications, specialist referrals and lifestyle changes," said Barry I. Freedman, M.D., John Felts Professor and Chief of Nephrology at Wake Forest School of Medicine and Chief Medical Officer of Health Systems Management, Inc., the operator of Wake Forest Baptist's outpatient dialysis clinics. "KidneyIntelX can help us better allocate clinical resources across Atrium Health's southeastern service region. Patients with diabetic kidney disease at high risk for progression to the need for dialysis or a kidney transplant can be detected earlier and receive intensive blood pressure, blood sugar, cholesterol and lifestyle management and referral to specialists. We expect the outcomes to be very positive for our patients and for our health system."
"The partnership with Renalytix is a significant milestone in carrying out our commitment to continually innovate to improve population health in our region," said Terry G. Williams, Chief Population, Corporate and Government Affairs Officer of Atrium Health and executive leader in iQ Healthtech Labs. "Initiatives focused on the generation of unique data-driven insights to improve patient outcomes enable us to deliver effective education and care pathways to improve care and outcomes. Together, we are innovating to achieve clinical excellence and are laying the foundation for patient and physician access to advanced prognostic precision medicine in a major chronic disease."
"Our commitment to advancing kidney health with KidneyIntelX is strategically aligned with Atrium Health and Wake Forest Baptist Health's goal to advance care delivery using innovative precision medicine guided care," said James McCullough, Chief Executive Officer, RenalytixAI. "Renalytix values this opportunity to demonstrate clear, informative evidence of the value of a comprehensive care solution in a region of the United States particularly challenged by diabetic kidney disease. That evidence is important for clinicians, patients, regulators and payers."
KidneyIntelX is a novel bioprognostic solution that interprets the combination of laboratory results from a simple blood draw and selected electronic health record (EHR) information using a machine learning algorithm. Unlike other solutions available today, the KidneyIntelX risk score assesses a patient's near-term risk for progressive kidney function decline and failure in the earliest stages of the disease when steps can be taken to preserve kidney health.
The partnership also powers a five-year, multi-center evidence development program across the region, in which patients with chronic kidney disease will receive the KidneyIntelX test as part of a comprehensive care solution to drive quantifiable improvements in patient outcomes. KidneyIntelX will also be made broadly available to patients with both private and government insurance, including Medicare beneficiaries under the Medicare Coverage of Innovative Technology expected to be fully implemented in December 2021. RenalytixAI will be providing financial support to Atrium Health in the form of collaborative research and development, digital health technology deployment, education program delivery and third-party resources in each of these critical areas.
About Kidney Disease
Kidney disease is now recognized as a public health epidemic affecting over 850 million people globally. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 15% of US adults, or 37 million people, currently have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Further, the CDC reports that 9 out of 10 adults with CKD do not know they have it and one out of two people with very low kidney function who are not on dialysis do not know they have CKD.2 Kidney disease is referred to as a "silent killer" because it often has no symptoms and can go undetected until a very advanced stage. Each year kidney disease kills more people than breast and prostate cancer. Every day, 13 patients in the United States die while waiting for a kidney transplant.
About KidneyIntelX
KidneyIntelX, is a first-in-class in vitro diagnostics platform, that employs a proprietary artificial intelligence-enabled algorithm to combine diverse data inputs, including validated blood-based biomarkers, inherited genetics, and personalized patient data from electronic health record, or EHR, systems, to generate a unique patient risk score. This patient risk score enables prediction of progressive kidney function decline in chronic kidney disease, or CKD, allowing physicians and healthcare systems to optimize the allocation of treatments and clinical resources to patients at highest risk.
About RenalytixAI
RenalytixAI (LSE: RENX) (NASDAQ: RNLX) is a developer of artificial intelligence-enabled clinical in vitro diagnostic solutions for kidney disease, one of the most common and costly chronic medical conditions globally. The Company's lead product is KidneyIntelX, which has been granted Breakthrough Designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and which is being designed to help make significant improvements in kidney disease prognosis, transplant management, clinical care, patient stratification for drug clinical trials, and drug target discovery (visit www.kidneyintelx.com). For more information, visit www.renalytixai.com
About Atrium Health
Atrium Health is a nationally recognized leader in shaping health outcomes through innovative research, education and compassionate patient care. Atrium Health is an integrated, nonprofit health system with nearly 70,000 teammates serving patients at 37 hospitals and more than 1,350 care locations. It provides care under the Wake Forest Baptist Health name in the Winston-Salem, North Carolina, region and Atrium Health Navicent in Georgia. Atrium Health is renowned for its top-ranked pediatric, cancer and heart care, as well as organ transplants, burn treatments and specialized musculoskeletal programs. A recognized leader in experiential medical education and groundbreaking research, Wake Forest School of Medicine is the academic core of the enterprise, including Wake Forest Innovations, which is advancing new medical technologies and biomedical discoveries. Atrium Health is also a leading-edge innovator in virtual care and mobile medicine, providing care close to home and in the home. Ranked among U.S. News & World Report's Best Hospitals for cancer treatment and in eight pediatric specialties, Atrium Health has also received the American Hospital Association's Quest for Quality Prize and was the recipient of the 2020 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Health Equity Award for its efforts to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in care. With a commitment to every community it serves, Atrium Health seeks to improve health, elevate hope and advance healing – for all, providing more than $2 billion per year in free and uncompensated care and other community benefits.
1 United States Renal Data System
2 https://www.cdc.gov/kidneydisease/publications-resources/2019-national-facts.html
Statements contained in this press release regarding matters that are not historical facts are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. Examples of these forward-looking statements include statements concerning: the potential benefits of the partnership, the potential for KidneyIntelX to receive regulatory approval from the FDA, the commercial prospects of KidneyIntelX, if approved, including whether KidneyIntelX will be successfully distributed and marketed, our expectations regarding reimbursement decisions and the ability of KidneyIntelX to curtail costs of chronic and end-stage kidney disease, optimize care delivery and improve patient outcomes. Words such as "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "seeks," and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We may not actually achieve the plans and objectives disclosed in the forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements are based on management's current views and assumptions and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, performance or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. These risks and uncertainties include, among others: that KidneyIntelX is based on novel artificial intelligence technologies that are rapidly evolving and potential acceptance, utility and clinical practice remains uncertain; we have only recently commercially launched KidneyIntelX; and risks relating to the impact on our business of the COVID-19 pandemic or similar public health crises. These and other risks are described more fully in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including the "Risk Factors" section of our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on October 28, 2020, and other filings we make with the SEC from time to time. All information in this press release is as of the date of the release, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.
© 2022 Renalytix, Inc.
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