tarob0ba/ljspeech_wavtokenizer · Datasets at Hugging Face

LJ001-0001

Printing, in the only sense with which we are at present concerned, differs from most if not from all the arts and crafts represented in the Exhibition

[ 1285, 790, 4089, 1755, 600, 2466, 2380, 2915, 3438, 2105, 1710, 500, 2106, 302, 3437, 2254, 3982, 843, 2707, 2199, 1942, 3554, 3281, 3532, 969, 2756, 2330, 1770, 763, 2230, 3236, 2598, 886, 2352, 3638, 2161, 162, 1201, 2423, 2313, 1186,...

LJ001-0002

in being comparatively modern.

[ 2763, 82, 234, 571, 4035, 375, 3528, 3145, 837, 44, 861, 3147, 2334, 337, 1616, 3501, 2010, 2833, 853, 2932, 2023, 2725, 135, 784, 3666, 3420, 2706, 2213, 3190, 2460, 3911, 641, 904, 687, 1929, 3218, 2540, 1939, 662, 642, 3807, 2636, ...

LJ001-0003

For although the Chinese took impressions from wood blocks engraved in relief for centuries before the woodcutters of the Netherlands, by a similar process

[ 1722, 3746, 993, 30, 656, 3199, 3223, 3306, 2248, 721, 3841, 3606, 1277, 1713, 3200, 777, 1277, 1859, 1085, 2337, 3507, 1582, 3949, 500, 621, 3233, 3110, 3936, 1577, 1061, 1400, 2994, 1152, 2950, 2254, 2650, 1926, 1540, 3943, 3679, 2286...

LJ001-0004

produced the block books, which were the immediate predecessors of the true printed book,

[ 313, 1014, 132, 887, 4002, 1803, 1892, 278, 434, 3708, 1182, 541, 2994, 2113, 528, 176, 2148, 2936, 1876, 2980, 3571, 3015, 876, 2398, 2248, 2413, 51, 319, 3257, 339, 3169, 1951, 706, 3679, 1986, 3162, 4089, 4040, 3586, 1496, 3275, 30...

LJ001-0005

the invention of movable metal letters in the middle of the fifteenth century may justly be considered as the invention of the art of printing.

[ 420, 3373, 3879, 309, 4046, 664, 3765, 3441, 1979, 3682, 1007, 86, 348, 1610, 3860, 2579, 1751, 1601, 122, 1410, 2674, 2190, 3784, 3440, 2618, 1706, 3470, 1041, 3420, 2778, 3932, 1408, 3486, 3052, 1936, 3975, 1341, 2836, 3969, 3786, 280...

LJ001-0006

And it is worth mention in passing that, as an example of fine typography,

[ 1402, 1577, 1226, 64, 2550, 1086, 1708, 3462, 3925, 3321, 1304, 3853, 2098, 3806, 1876, 3453, 3031, 1658, 2696, 3539, 3386, 2852, 253, 1679, 1542, 650, 3943, 441, 944, 2044, 3060, 1378, 1433, 1924, 2724, 2666, 3973, 3305, 2935, 458, 175...

LJ001-0007

the earliest book printed with movable types, the Gutenberg, or "forty-two line Bible" of about 1455,

the earliest book printed with movable types, the Gutenberg, or "forty-two line Bible" of about fourteen fifty-five,

[ 1722, 2673, 954, 4006, 3474, 2452, 4092, 1569, 2991, 1442, 1340, 1139, 1471, 3289, 1143, 3414, 3536, 642, 4055, 209, 2464, 1411, 2891, 2187, 1133, 2480, 1411, 2398, 2541, 3713, 42, 3993, 1323, 73, 3967, 3232, 3238, 159, 706, 2201, 1464,...

LJ001-0008

has never been surpassed.

[ 3525, 3193, 1623, 3220, 2610, 406, 406, 3500, 3638, 739, 597, 2478, 388, 860, 537, 3866, 2430, 1346, 380, 2553, 2987, 1496, 1989, 1361, 2974, 1769, 954, 2841, 1345, 3338, 1777, 1332, 416, 1834, 1722, 2262, 2285, 3758, 2407, 1567, 3647, ...

LJ001-0009

Printing, then, for our purpose, may be considered as the art of making books by means of movable types.

[ 2783, 1948, 3838, 1727, 383, 3419, 2711, 3264, 3438, 1734, 1257, 942, 1036, 2175, 1707, 2472, 1608, 3359, 865, 149, 1590, 3975, 2619, 1473, 1680, 704, 1667, 801, 608, 981, 3127, 3208, 3325, 1516, 3954, 293, 3204, 2900, 3950, 2963, 1917,...

LJ001-0010

Now, as all books not primarily intended as picture-books consist principally of types composed to form letterpress,

[ 826, 1918, 2772, 3610, 1535, 2333, 513, 127, 3341, 738, 1067, 2728, 2233, 2919, 2690, 3853, 3864, 2826, 3416, 2743, 3769, 1235, 974, 3350, 1345, 1235, 1404, 1939, 885, 3324, 885, 1113, 735, 3850, 349, 249, 513, 274, 3228, 12, 3009, 13...

LJ001-0011

it is of the first importance that the letter used should be fine in form;

[ 1106, 578, 677, 3549, 803, 2671, 3571, 2039, 2126, 569, 546, 2211, 3885, 3947, 2559, 3934, 1994, 534, 783, 3087, 3090, 2247, 497, 3662, 1162, 844, 3323, 3134, 3374, 2040, 811, 2038, 210, 1078, 3361, 3552, 2906, 1419, 2645, 3551, 4009, ...

LJ001-0012

especially as no more time is occupied, or cost incurred, in casting, setting, or printing beautiful letters

[ 1594, 1925, 539, 56, 2040, 68, 853, 1385, 1790, 2591, 2734, 89, 1323, 1509, 2171, 1410, 475, 1185, 2563, 1290, 3893, 3501, 2249, 2308, 1822, 3032, 1339, 1034, 3892, 1845, 3139, 3017, 1046, 442, 1353, 1469, 813, 338, 3124, 4064, 3225, ...

LJ001-0013

than in the same operations with ugly ones.

[ 2696, 1180, 1857, 206, 754, 2216, 901, 2686, 403, 3486, 2148, 2647, 3034, 2058, 499, 625, 1232, 406, 2158, 2480, 234, 2334, 2819, 3393, 824, 2879, 3689, 2454, 3912, 308, 3746, 1084, 4093, 463, 1372, 57, 589, 1539, 2230, 2617, 1840, 15...

LJ001-0014

And it was a matter of course that in the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should always be a part of their productions whatever they were,

[ 2345, 3456, 1579, 1692, 3032, 363, 2174, 460, 2929, 2313, 3078, 3612, 3457, 3249, 3162, 3177, 4031, 1481, 3040, 547, 856, 571, 1067, 3746, 2911, 2066, 3956, 2467, 83, 2478, 2440, 3179, 642, 2652, 3848, 3519, 1932, 2933, 2288, 2007, 3769...

LJ001-0015

the forms of printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the page should be reasonable and a help to the shapeliness of the letters themselves.

[ 3174, 2582, 3085, 832, 2515, 1362, 2818, 3305, 3534, 472, 3344, 3415, 3374, 3447, 976, 2986, 3422, 476, 1607, 309, 3955, 1469, 3859, 1674, 3456, 1374, 3890, 3934, 49, 345, 1587, 2796, 740, 269, 48, 3526, 3719, 3461, 813, 2738, 2288, 2...

LJ001-0016

The Middle Ages brought calligraphy to perfection, and it was natural therefore

[ 3467, 1984, 3832, 2633, 3862, 2387, 2268, 2732, 416, 2876, 3800, 3305, 197, 2535, 2885, 2579, 994, 2566, 1650, 320, 1650, 3501, 1916, 801, 1234, 1629, 2487, 3084, 3474, 1930, 2360, 3782, 1558, 210, 3848, 3077, 2243, 2143, 1078, 4001, 52...

LJ001-0017

that the forms of printed letters should follow more or less closely those of the written character, and they followed them very closely.

[ 4010, 423, 289, 193, 2286, 1618, 3284, 3699, 3262, 64, 4021, 2004, 3420, 3057, 2280, 2204, 518, 3591, 1902, 3345, 1226, 1567, 3282, 2140, 639, 1332, 1783, 2456, 1168, 2902, 3582, 3133, 379, 3819, 3620, 2221, 188, 2862, 3574, 1229, 2459,...

LJ001-0018

The first books were printed in black letter, i.e. the letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character,

[ 633, 456, 1223, 3239, 3255, 1014, 2369, 2117, 1656, 1298, 3344, 1443, 548, 532, 167, 3454, 2290, 3153, 2396, 3793, 2029, 671, 923, 4013, 3235, 2598, 1596, 3479, 1490, 1458, 765, 1041, 2962, 164, 3769, 3607, 649, 373, 3825, 3845, 3574, ...

LJ001-0019

and which developed more completely and satisfactorily on the side of the "lower-case" than the capital letters;

[ 2345, 3211, 763, 1449, 1190, 851, 1067, 2900, 2410, 3409, 2813, 3992, 354, 2432, 3788, 1411, 882, 559, 3052, 832, 385, 4063, 4055, 3881, 843, 479, 628, 887, 3878, 3906, 2538, 3174, 879, 3906, 1294, 1999, 2049, 1458, 1035, 2543, 3487, ...

LJ001-0020

the "lower-case" being in fact invented in the early Middle Ages.

[ 806, 1761, 1165, 376, 475, 2823, 2535, 2944, 1968, 3923, 3815, 1757, 895, 3703, 427, 1522, 3157, 896, 2912, 2170, 3807, 1200, 1188, 2895, 2641, 828, 2350, 66, 3885, 2787, 3896, 1672, 2707, 2702, 2611, 1398, 3844, 44, 603, 3343, 56, 37...

LJ001-0021

The earliest book printed with movable type, the aforesaid Gutenberg Bible, is printed in letters which are an exact imitation

[ 3380, 2879, 2440, 56, 2978, 3057, 1049, 1984, 2554, 77, 3982, 1569, 390, 2933, 3813, 2235, 2374, 3051, 1420, 1194, 1487, 2004, 1301, 1332, 3486, 3510, 3724, 3514, 950, 2427, 3618, 777, 284, 357, 1919, 3357, 3265, 979, 1595, 3667, 4058, ...

LJ001-0022

of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which obtained at that time; this has since been called "missal type,"

[ 2062, 1333, 2841, 3456, 3301, 2452, 2577, 3833, 4044, 3306, 2334, 3991, 1101, 1367, 2205, 1346, 2745, 2966, 3268, 1930, 3988, 2115, 2628, 3271, 504, 1560, 2863, 256, 1594, 1555, 2838, 1965, 3402, 799, 3149, 2679, 2288, 2187, 3363, 903, ...

LJ001-0023

and was in fact the kind of letter used in the many splendid missals, psalters, etc., produced by printing in the fifteenth century.

[ 904, 3213, 2487, 2547, 3331, 3680, 2501, 2309, 754, 1049, 3729, 225, 2252, 168, 3480, 868, 1307, 2313, 1371, 4048, 3654, 3233, 3850, 2985, 3204, 2113, 214, 84, 1853, 3434, 2766, 643, 3043, 2880, 3883, 1639, 1155, 2178, 457, 2326, 3645, ...

LJ001-0024

But the first Bible actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in the year 1462)

But the first Bible actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in the year fourteen sixty-two)

[ 1991, 2353, 39, 2554, 3957, 2598, 3555, 742, 2728, 2936, 3765, 2105, 3768, 1813, 1986, 3798, 2865, 1755, 3391, 3974, 1262, 476, 1326, 1362, 3610, 3746, 2642, 4086, 667, 3929, 1646, 1670, 3974, 1839, 385, 1163, 2165, 2810, 1132, 3555, 34...

LJ001-0025

imitates a much freer hand, simpler, rounder, and less spiky, and therefore far pleasanter and easier to read.

[ 3693, 2833, 885, 463, 356, 3133, 2483, 5, 1486, 1999, 4094, 815, 612, 3350, 3207, 2879, 3695, 250, 837, 1529, 602, 2805, 2595, 890, 1545, 1734, 2189, 1172, 131, 1332, 3107, 1827, 4059, 2297, 3547, 3316, 3034, 1015, 289, 3986, 3630, 35...

LJ001-0026

On the whole the type of this book may be considered the ne-plus-ultra of Gothic type,

[ 3827, 923, 2866, 134, 1728, 1288, 135, 3820, 237, 2226, 3282, 1139, 3982, 3743, 1729, 191, 2575, 547, 3141, 1479, 2249, 2767, 1135, 903, 1646, 3774, 2331, 2154, 1750, 3324, 1928, 2727, 1345, 2948, 2030, 2555, 2849, 2278, 3518, 4021, 388...

LJ001-0027

especially as regards the lower-case letters; and type very similar was used during the next fifteen or twenty years not only by Schoeffer,

[ 1537, 3804, 1451, 2603, 942, 2008, 492, 1458, 3311, 2166, 2817, 410, 354, 2503, 2803, 662, 1882, 1199, 3507, 2538, 3912, 3249, 2363, 1722, 1738, 2973, 230, 1791, 2559, 1199, 1710, 2570, 2432, 2692, 2254, 3222, 3008, 287, 2763, 605, 2686...

LJ001-0028

but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and other cities.

[ 2240, 880, 685, 3264, 3291, 2796, 2010, 1758, 1226, 2530, 2394, 1957, 1414, 1690, 1641, 2508, 3586, 2880, 3162, 3497, 514, 2695, 365, 1835, 4086, 688, 2840, 202, 367, 3752, 1577, 2454, 1520, 3833, 2082, 44, 543, 1562, 2811, 2010, 3756, ...

LJ001-0029

But though on the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter was most often used

[ 4023, 1428, 1021, 2081, 595, 601, 2204, 1214, 49, 2382, 3870, 2945, 1287, 338, 3354, 3665, 3734, 2727, 2972, 1186, 727, 2697, 266, 3769, 598, 159, 597, 1941, 1890, 1661, 3989, 1753, 7, 219, 3425, 81, 3664, 3724, 1918, 3932, 225, 191, ...

LJ001-0030

a very few years saw the birth of Roman character not only in Italy, but in Germany and France.

[ 2454, 2686, 3526, 3645, 2379, 641, 2284, 2341, 3568, 2055, 3169, 98, 3914, 1117, 3510, 512, 1561, 2509, 3998, 2662, 2779, 2714, 2131, 1599, 2941, 1706, 1624, 1667, 2512, 3833, 1474, 3989, 3524, 3935, 467, 158, 2929, 208, 2106, 3590, 161...

LJ001-0031

In 1465 Sweynheim and Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome,

In fourteen sixty-five Sweynheim and Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome,

[ 1624, 1841, 438, 291, 2809, 2692, 2723, 2980, 3354, 2247, 2818, 3147, 1768, 3702, 865, 739, 3348, 2830, 1491, 3917, 457, 1055, 103, 2853, 944, 3750, 2601, 3222, 1367, 2980, 1458, 176, 603, 2772, 2487, 3252, 2833, 2609, 1635, 2301, 2426,...

LJ001-0032

and used an exceedingly beautiful type, which is indeed to look at a transition between Gothic and Roman,

[ 2650, 397, 491, 3138, 888, 4006, 550, 2117, 1339, 3713, 2429, 1835, 2478, 2603, 3512, 2628, 2146, 176, 1900, 1328, 1882, 4037, 519, 2427, 1657, 3759, 3186, 2713, 1589, 1458, 542, 1307, 882, 1332, 1055, 1581, 3240, 2190, 486, 941, 3563, ...

LJ001-0033

but which must certainly have come from the study of the twelfth or even the eleventh century MSS.

[ 195, 2553, 3160, 1049, 49, 3249, 976, 3791, 3047, 3614, 1131, 2667, 3793, 12, 824, 500, 3226, 2154, 2558, 856, 1326, 1993, 3628, 3566, 3410, 3607, 516, 3082, 3466, 3205, 167, 620, 1060, 329, 3109, 125, 1921, 2126, 120, 391, 3695, 604,...

LJ001-0034

They printed very few books in this type, three only; but in their very first books in Rome, beginning with the year 1468,

They printed very few books in this type, three only; but in their very first books in Rome, beginning with the year fourteen sixty-eight,

[ 2534, 1070, 239, 1803, 3968, 2529, 2355, 3688, 1060, 3736, 2680, 3328, 2029, 2795, 3438, 3244, 222, 2557, 2888, 178, 3719, 3768, 3525, 2300, 1939, 2045, 3491, 59, 254, 3778, 2387, 3217, 3869, 1185, 978, 3827, 2542, 1690, 4039, 1893, 100...

LJ001-0035

they discarded this for a more completely Roman and far less beautiful letter.

[ 3046, 3085, 597, 3917, 3478, 3086, 511, 3147, 1156, 3162, 3164, 781, 2168, 942, 746, 2361, 2852, 3995, 2459, 3682, 1299, 3419, 3447, 3358, 1641, 3217, 3632, 3551, 548, 3649, 1858, 3398, 750, 972, 2580, 3712, 1890, 3888, 3539, 2720, 3595...

LJ001-0036

But about the same year Mentelin at Strasburg began to print in a type which is distinctly Roman;

[ 3424, 415, 3213, 2944, 586, 3558, 3203, 1158, 3289, 3713, 2238, 257, 3704, 2727, 3920, 3561, 2883, 2562, 2312, 2833, 974, 1374, 3949, 4017, 2391, 290, 4031, 693, 2073, 2501, 916, 2908, 3543, 549, 1783, 206, 2411, 1943, 3517, 1191, 4048,...

LJ001-0037

and the next year Gunther Zeiner at Augsburg followed suit;

[ 1091, 3314, 3878, 2713, 950, 381, 3403, 2546, 775, 2422, 1812, 2560, 2514, 1599, 3197, 2961, 2348, 333, 827, 828, 3615, 2019, 1193, 4093, 1510, 3743, 3491, 540, 597, 2261, 2085, 2261, 2089, 2163, 3845, 2498, 1852, 2220, 2793, 3324, 1927...

LJ001-0038

while in 1470 at Paris Udalric Gering and his associates turned out the first books printed in France, also in Roman character.

while in fourteen seventy at Paris Udalric Gering and his associates turned out the first books printed in France, also in Roman character.

[ 2230, 923, 3838, 442, 3802, 432, 4031, 2919, 1965, 3612, 3152, 892, 2312, 208, 2693, 868, 3312, 2115, 3878, 2419, 2602, 2950, 3897, 2467, 1032, 1517, 3999, 1271, 3160, 106, 522, 3585, 3629, 1966, 2535, 3548, 1601, 68, 828, 406, 240, 2...

LJ001-0039

The Roman type of all these printers is similar in character,

[ 2506, 2824, 527, 428, 2412, 2452, 226, 3779, 4018, 336, 3683, 899, 1728, 3066, 2108, 3750, 2847, 951, 3437, 3899, 2395, 1567, 3756, 1515, 2069, 3813, 3727, 3616, 1492, 2081, 1163, 1450, 1520, 1735, 3757, 1496, 2859, 2930, 2020, 3833, 79...

LJ001-0040

and is very simple and legible, and unaffectedly designed for use; but it is by no means without beauty.

[ 3444, 83, 1251, 1948, 291, 3746, 2347, 985, 3989, 3296, 1861, 2667, 2888, 2716, 513, 917, 1525, 2480, 1329, 1112, 3844, 3215, 4022, 450, 3335, 3874, 3263, 1346, 3914, 1866, 3083, 2610, 3722, 1515, 542, 2480, 131, 406, 240, 1213, 2839, ...

LJ001-0041

It must be said that it is in no way like the transition type of Subiaco,

[ 3293, 2810, 300, 3419, 3895, 3252, 3481, 4060, 3772, 668, 3038, 1791, 1139, 2842, 765, 856, 2942, 1567, 3614, 3130, 2114, 998, 2651, 1885, 1884, 176, 1307, 2480, 3693, 926, 260, 2083, 1735, 1390, 1142, 3465, 3028, 1905, 1587, 3680, 2937...

LJ001-0042

and though more Roman than that, yet scarcely more like the complete Roman type of the earliest printers of Rome.

[ 3525, 1373, 2496, 3799, 2613, 3575, 2790, 4003, 386, 658, 311, 3765, 1299, 2498, 3938, 3363, 3844, 3933, 2213, 1618, 2353, 3497, 1299, 3549, 3633, 1878, 1186, 2720, 916, 758, 2390, 1886, 765, 3750, 4045, 1309, 3973, 2319, 2819, 2584, 24...

LJ001-0043

A further development of the Roman letter took place at Venice.

[ 1459, 1333, 1101, 2902, 2628, 3057, 2917, 3874, 3621, 983, 2342, 1765, 2640, 2892, 559, 3415, 3706, 555, 3832, 1679, 2212, 1353, 247, 3794, 2828, 1740, 3919, 307, 799, 84, 3526, 671, 1420, 742, 3627, 2964, 1825, 1974, 944, 3654, 354, ...

LJ001-0044

John of Spires and his brother Vindelin, followed by Nicholas Jenson, began to print in that city,

[ 3683, 604, 154, 998, 2586, 64, 2689, 3872, 3964, 641, 3368, 3028, 2108, 1144, 2715, 2469, 1294, 808, 1733, 2480, 856, 604, 1174, 2105, 1946, 3974, 1277, 1731, 2235, 2881, 1434, 4030, 1422, 3786, 2632, 3482, 1018, 3421, 2612, 2422, 3374,...

LJ001-0045

1469, 1470;

fourteen sixty-nine, fourteen seventy;

[ 3080, 3597, 1138, 2166, 923, 2867, 1126, 688, 1596, 2984, 409, 1332, 944, 3117, 558, 3678, 4004, 1324, 3201, 935, 3250, 639, 946, 56, 391, 1589, 1738, 2807, 972, 2287, 3651, 842, 2857, 1310, 2758, 2641, 2601, 1970, 3879, 3120, 818, 26...

LJ001-0046

their type is on the lines of the German and French rather than of the Roman printers.

[ 3211, 623, 3083, 159, 403, 3196, 1062, 3042, 672, 1835, 822, 133, 47, 2468, 1206, 150, 1952, 637, 1022, 1969, 1226, 2703, 3344, 2489, 3259, 3162, 3912, 784, 2432, 915, 3719, 3500, 571, 74, 1570, 1084, 3369, 1569, 537, 3100, 3195, 2642...

LJ001-0047

Of Jenson it must be said that he carried the development of Roman type as far as it can go:

[ 1928, 593, 1981, 1147, 754, 893, 3561, 3805, 3821, 1489, 3551, 29, 2974, 437, 3399, 2898, 404, 3107, 2472, 1746, 3588, 868, 1566, 44, 2724, 3470, 214, 2873, 3314, 3387, 2376, 2081, 634, 3631, 3545, 2001, 3115, 1387, 3377, 1936, 2204, ...

LJ001-0048

his letter is admirably clear and regular, but at least as beautiful as any other Roman type.

[ 1698, 14, 1226, 1994, 3636, 1378, 1884, 391, 3452, 1644, 2957, 3702, 385, 2377, 1305, 3446, 2621, 2279, 71, 2760, 2161, 1319, 1985, 613, 2549, 1570, 2010, 1378, 245, 2778, 2833, 2469, 3525, 4060, 2696, 2485, 2514, 216, 1422, 3874, 2672,...

LJ001-0049

After his death in the "fourteen eighties," or at least by 1490, printing in Venice had declined very much;

After his death in the "fourteen eighties," or at least by fourteen ninety, printing in Venice had declined very much;

[ 2228, 833, 1414, 461, 101, 3143, 3934, 1711, 2459, 927, 2002, 1050, 3842, 1343, 2763, 3688, 3090, 3932, 254, 3541, 1210, 2004, 1930, 1332, 2657, 3311, 1604, 337, 2563, 623, 141, 1316, 1022, 3016, 1606, 2962, 3882, 3497, 2985, 3373, 2114...

LJ001-0050

and though the famous family of Aldus restored its technical excellence, rejecting battered letters,

[ 1998, 2686, 522, 381, 3533, 367, 755, 2822, 2906, 2253, 3666, 2796, 2794, 2552, 2001, 2339, 1345, 2852, 872, 1309, 2119, 64, 380, 2386, 254, 1362, 3422, 375, 3636, 3945, 1453, 2361, 3741, 3699, 3908, 805, 66, 1148, 3465, 569, 418, 195...

LJ001-0051

and paying great attention to the "press work" or actual process of printing,

[ 1771, 851, 307, 2484, 1769, 3393, 898, 2552, 2362, 3514, 764, 293, 3344, 2034, 3701, 3635, 3636, 3507, 1107, 2115, 283, 3946, 103, 3147, 2641, 2066, 3979, 2909, 2813, 3684, 3719, 273, 286, 2462, 1421, 1172, 2776, 278, 3594, 4077, 1416, ...

LJ001-0052

yet their type is artistically on a much lower level than Jenson's, and in fact

[ 965, 3112, 1210, 944, 685, 423, 3877, 241, 2458, 2902, 3499, 2508, 1420, 2767, 1475, 1999, 3594, 2716, 725, 3864, 2440, 620, 2164, 2608, 3125, 3372, 2146, 2113, 1872, 3878, 926, 3688, 2655, 2911, 1097, 1462, 2820, 2992, 366, 3401, 2582,...

LJ001-0053

they must be considered to have ended the age of fine printing in Italy.

[ 471, 580, 2903, 1859, 111, 3143, 3825, 3353, 306, 2637, 322, 3835, 2676, 68, 359, 3055, 3166, 3100, 303, 2874, 454, 556, 1897, 2278, 3864, 2110, 2380, 3490, 2875, 1734, 2921, 1332, 639, 176, 1249, 3688, 424, 561, 2491, 731, 1493, 3711...

LJ001-0054

Jenson, however, had many contemporaries who used beautiful type,

[ 2758, 1055, 1585, 2816, 685, 144, 2264, 393, 2958, 2026, 3771, 620, 1515, 391, 1252, 2341, 1294, 99, 3652, 3995, 3013, 3580, 2412, 3870, 1427, 66, 3657, 3775, 3140, 4012, 66, 3573, 981, 3963, 2047, 731, 3922, 3218, 2383, 1015, 774, 21...

LJ001-0055

some of which -- as, e.g., that of Jacobus Rubeus or Jacques le Rouge -- is scarcely distinguishable from his.

[ 940, 406, 333, 406, 942, 220, 49, 2088, 549, 499, 2676, 3588, 708, 362, 3267, 3713, 4056, 868, 4028, 2332, 2066, 1958, 3064, 439, 262, 594, 3901, 587, 3317, 2966, 2283, 3211, 14, 1756, 3538, 2318, 2465, 1523, 2868, 1898, 1194, 5, 15...

LJ001-0056

It was these great Venetian printers, together with their brethren of Rome, Milan,

[ 3683, 871, 3021, 2250, 1577, 620, 3671, 3858, 1414, 1950, 366, 3850, 604, 68, 1746, 3486, 3673, 2979, 954, 3743, 919, 3550, 262, 3713, 1879, 353, 3854, 1109, 334, 2287, 2645, 2938, 2225, 3345, 1878, 3670, 2255, 347, 2719, 4061, 1981, ...

LJ001-0057

Parma, and one or two other cities, who produced the splendid editions of the Classics, which are one of the great glories of the printer's art,

[ 2382, 1428, 678, 326, 3882, 1578, 4055, 1744, 3545, 1304, 3448, 2994, 3010, 2319, 4057, 2314, 2886, 3345, 3742, 1438, 3856, 2154, 2859, 2332, 3630, 2332, 253, 1387, 2811, 308, 602, 590, 1831, 1582, 4057, 1521, 3625, 4006, 879, 2013, 409...

LJ001-0058

and are worthy representatives of the eager enthusiasm for the revived learning of that epoch. By far,

[ 1091, 3155, 1236, 1037, 4056, 3208, 203, 2181, 3267, 791, 3962, 3143, 2202, 3166, 1018, 2199, 1516, 2477, 1910, 3661, 4044, 441, 3467, 2297, 1391, 2761, 3517, 3765, 493, 3866, 2812, 1158, 2052, 3767, 2000, 2154, 3643, 2153, 2953, 2065, ...

LJ001-0059

the greater part of these Italian printers, it should be mentioned, were Germans or Frenchmen, working under the influence of Italian opinion and aims.

[ 3380, 437, 3784, 1658, 3808, 825, 3110, 1801, 349, 3715, 1219, 105, 4038, 127, 654, 3552, 2627, 1658, 2266, 3988, 3507, 3408, 2798, 134, 3664, 2942, 1865, 2710, 3666, 2216, 802, 2290, 1287, 3207, 2144, 3637, 2981, 3863, 3655, 1310, 1868...

LJ001-0060

It must be understood that through the whole of the fifteenth and the first quarter of the sixteenth centuries

[ 2054, 220, 234, 3497, 76, 1903, 2769, 3324, 2478, 3603, 549, 1672, 1569, 888, 359, 620, 2892, 1999, 2972, 2267, 214, 1055, 3604, 1804, 640, 1397, 3604, 3085, 3115, 3416, 2161, 3791, 4005, 547, 857, 1804, 438, 2326, 3253, 112, 2174, 30...

LJ001-0061

the Roman letter was used side by side with the Gothic.

[ 3145, 4001, 1731, 2591, 2128, 3131, 2500, 641, 3903, 1481, 2839, 27, 3912, 428, 3226, 815, 1929, 3387, 4044, 2358, 2610, 3318, 3957, 249, 1520, 333, 3377, 3227, 3685, 3447, 2451, 2064, 4055, 1773, 2897, 1309, 3313, 20, 3749, 547, 1296, ...

LJ001-0062

Even in Italy most of the theological and law books were printed in Gothic letter,

[ 1916, 3037, 516, 222, 2734, 1014, 3756, 3888, 513, 1023, 1770, 1662, 1287, 2978, 3990, 3775, 1889, 2697, 969, 1905, 3579, 1559, 2165, 3447, 2118, 329, 1070, 86, 4087, 3384, 276, 2968, 3676, 2738, 1933, 3786, 1907, 2220, 1345, 1367, 3126...

LJ001-0063

which was generally more formally Gothic than the printing of the German workmen,

[ 1771, 2734, 2046, 420, 262, 856, 3975, 3469, 2686, 1385, 1046, 828, 1228, 2246, 3609, 1035, 1230, 2112, 89, 627, 2560, 884, 3027, 3421, 1354, 3370, 4078, 1670, 3836, 2016, 1600, 133, 1391, 2677, 1889, 4051, 1704, 3562, 3544, 2702, 1699,...

LJ001-0064

many of whose types, indeed, like that of the Subiaco works, are of a transitional character.

[ 163, 3479, 1580, 1373, 188, 893, 491, 1252, 3612, 1381, 1812, 4064, 2286, 788, 629, 1070, 1338, 3682, 2957, 2449, 76, 3702, 1211, 3450, 1403, 1740, 3998, 625, 1388, 2301, 4000, 3413, 1930, 155, 3269, 782, 1846, 1241, 2765, 2932, 1, 36...

LJ001-0065

This was notably the case with the early works printed at Ulm, and in a somewhat lesser degree at Augsburg.

[ 830, 3564, 3428, 95, 454, 472, 2424, 1332, 323, 2126, 2971, 3502, 3130, 894, 509, 257, 1798, 329, 2852, 2745, 1121, 3876, 1284, 1096, 3551, 77, 2505, 2088, 583, 373, 2917, 642, 4085, 2750, 237, 1972, 3345, 2401, 3335, 1329, 3672, 2217...

LJ001-0066

In fact Gunther Zeiner's first type (afterwards used by Schussler) is remarkably like the type of the before-mentioned Subiaco books.

[ 1826, 3983, 491, 436, 3933, 1949, 3692, 2115, 1170, 693, 3400, 1224, 647, 643, 1617, 423, 3507, 2037, 3710, 2607, 4022, 2154, 1287, 1733, 3986, 237, 3931, 3194, 2136, 1921, 1155, 2852, 1913, 3022, 1750, 3022, 88, 2070, 1825, 2543, 1659,...

LJ001-0067

In the Low Countries and Cologne, which were very fertile of printed books, Gothic was the favorite.

[ 3274, 2348, 491, 1987, 3678, 2750, 3426, 3896, 3533, 1619, 3112, 3719, 3742, 3177, 2331, 1664, 2715, 2022, 2270, 1379, 318, 1676, 3896, 1658, 2411, 2695, 3033, 3114, 2908, 437, 3832, 3155, 733, 3806, 1643, 842, 3723, 1376, 4035, 2236, 5...

LJ001-0068

The characteristic Dutch type, as represented by the excellent printer Gerard Leew, is very pronounced and uncompromising Gothic.

[ 35, 3154, 3618, 1903, 2558, 620, 1919, 4088, 1731, 1086, 3620, 641, 2958, 2823, 2049, 1906, 3424, 463, 3784, 2125, 506, 3762, 3824, 3691, 2098, 2161, 1196, 3871, 3594, 68, 1458, 1976, 740, 857, 1486, 1747, 3800, 346, 2951, 2681, 4038, ...

LJ001-0069

This type was introduced into England by Wynkyn de Worde, Caxton's successor,

[ 163, 2966, 3092, 690, 2268, 1753, 154, 2729, 542, 942, 1000, 1041, 2201, 416, 738, 2377, 1223, 652, 1153, 394, 2268, 2934, 1542, 2770, 2794, 688, 3545, 3364, 3580, 888, 3802, 406, 2480, 384, 1657, 3601, 3656, 3133, 3355, 2787, 3554, 3...

LJ001-0070

and was used there with very little variation all through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and indeed into the eighteenth.

[ 3088, 216, 1664, 3497, 3226, 3645, 4092, 903, 2192, 2589, 3034, 3469, 1112, 856, 2453, 2728, 2426, 3486, 1712, 3814, 2238, 2982, 4009, 3051, 2065, 2857, 2920, 876, 3816, 495, 1939, 3653, 1921, 1818, 4019, 311, 3056, 1033, 2152, 2698, 23...

LJ001-0071

Most of Caxton's own types are of an earlier character, though they also much resemble Flemish or Cologne letter.

[ 1315, 3925, 2226, 983, 2350, 1266, 1753, 3577, 528, 3009, 3501, 2112, 783, 57, 3388, 639, 4036, 1639, 4027, 1456, 2806, 2544, 22, 641, 440, 3128, 2594, 2770, 2869, 2738, 1000, 1804, 1830, 3058, 1894, 461, 1044, 3681, 855, 3500, 1993, ...

LJ001-0072

After the end of the fifteenth century the degradation of printing, especially in Germany and Italy,

[ 3263, 516, 1210, 1664, 715, 1578, 2753, 2416, 1040, 2217, 4017, 2348, 1760, 898, 2097, 1172, 3822, 1483, 3522, 2113, 3403, 1443, 4027, 607, 1353, 2460, 1826, 1540, 3625, 3164, 103, 2874, 2682, 3939, 1835, 2217, 3580, 3833, 3765, 805, 33...

LJ001-0073

went on apace; and by the end of the sixteenth century there was no really beautiful printing done:

[ 1703, 2702, 953, 241, 310, 64, 3226, 927, 3751, 1340, 602, 3904, 2964, 2865, 2753, 2091, 1241, 1753, 3974, 3318, 3279, 1769, 3474, 3542, 672, 2015, 1750, 2144, 3476, 2939, 3807, 981, 1202, 3392, 1549, 3087, 3076, 92, 3623, 293, 1120, ...

LJ001-0074

the best, mostly French or Low-Country, was neat and clear, but without any distinction;

[ 364, 1351, 343, 2170, 349, 3077, 1921, 3018, 1149, 3469, 2514, 650, 3648, 915, 751, 66, 60, 643, 2164, 605, 3572, 2126, 1232, 177, 2104, 2936, 2872, 194, 975, 2832, 3973, 2798, 2537, 2386, 2740, 1479, 3306, 158, 827, 3774, 2916, 3480,...

LJ001-0075

the worst, which perhaps was the English, was a terrible falling-off from the work of the earlier presses;

[ 3284, 4036, 1533, 1387, 911, 2982, 950, 679, 2772, 1419, 645, 3991, 2120, 470, 3433, 77, 4019, 3904, 546, 391, 2444, 333, 1930, 2297, 1287, 2246, 2999, 2318, 3640, 3250, 2376, 2367, 2964, 2431, 2195, 3224, 1438, 2230, 136, 2230, 872, ...

LJ001-0076

and things got worse and worse through the whole of the seventeenth century, so that in the eighteenth printing was very miserably performed.

[ 3443, 574, 47, 2461, 3204, 3441, 2222, 1903, 4028, 440, 254, 2112, 3442, 1625, 1877, 3324, 3636, 1014, 1884, 2004, 3109, 3932, 621, 2927, 465, 3662, 3565, 1776, 3209, 599, 2672, 3059, 1220, 472, 2605, 1015, 3738, 3107, 963, 240, 391, ...

LJ001-0077

In England about this time, an attempt was made (notably by Caslon, who started business in London as a type-founder in 1720)

In England about this time, an attempt was made (notably by Caslon, who started business in London as a type-founder in seventeen twenty)

[ 356, 1999, 214, 2223, 811, 57, 793, 2927, 2775, 2839, 3624, 707, 454, 3213, 702, 3066, 3627, 2212, 3060, 1667, 2771, 2312, 1821, 3483, 3270, 2280, 1477, 3454, 905, 2564, 676, 1257, 765, 2131, 2522, 1137, 2330, 2013, 2142, 2841, 463, 1...

LJ001-0078

to improve the letter in form.

[ 2755, 1332, 1327, 3453, 3213, 2875, 874, 4025, 3088, 3921, 736, 2930, 3593, 1893, 3936, 3093, 1479, 1481, 2068, 3404, 1650, 1560, 3487, 3466, 3852, 1310, 2846, 3414, 1368, 2362, 1503, 2925, 1734, 525, 860, 2580, 2742, 3033, 3683, 2716, ...

LJ001-0079

Caslon's type is clear and neat, and fairly well designed;

[ 3124, 3452, 491, 1299, 385, 1162, 1453, 2037, 2113, 1378, 1327, 106, 3087, 3713, 3928, 707, 2812, 3319, 3490, 2809, 1816, 1444, 3768, 176, 542, 2857, 2443, 3255, 475, 3168, 2715, 77, 4094, 441, 1384, 2917, 2450, 1582, 2605, 2826, 3543, ...

LJ001-0080

he seems to have taken the letter of the Elzevirs of the seventeenth century for his model:

[ 298, 402, 3142, 3174, 1650, 2966, 453, 942, 1199, 406, 2857, 3009, 454, 1570, 4074, 2260, 3226, 1924, 2098, 2743, 1315, 2633, 1503, 542, 1630, 1250, 3730, 29, 450, 3849, 2561, 2983, 3000, 3601, 1520, 1720, 2581, 934, 3931, 1172, 1633, ...

LJ001-0081

type cast from his matrices is still in everyday use.

[ 2681, 257, 3038, 1067, 3113, 1086, 1426, 3929, 1414, 1017, 550, 3358, 3646, 763, 3222, 2416, 3457, 2257, 1260, 2961, 3712, 2992, 2806, 2695, 3322, 704, 2871, 2579, 3589, 1259, 3555, 391, 359, 3653, 3403, 850, 245, 3061, 3818, 2876, 266,...

LJ001-0082

In spite, however, of his praiseworthy efforts, printing had still one last degradation to undergo.

[ 1985, 3474, 254, 2126, 4072, 2452, 4060, 2126, 2158, 842, 1327, 1271, 24, 2105, 156, 3384, 1251, 737, 1806, 173, 2458, 782, 1, 3503, 2348, 2879, 3751, 3553, 949, 3477, 528, 1839, 1796, 3612, 921, 1831, 225, 3743, 1949, 1468, 2536, 249...

LJ001-0083

The seventeenth century founts were bad rather negatively than positively.

[ 1386, 155, 2946, 1332, 2246, 406, 457, 808, 89, 2051, 2363, 2900, 2681, 2661, 3386, 3732, 3742, 3774, 282, 842, 1391, 4045, 857, 2961, 3341, 810, 1786, 1893, 1329, 2570, 1976, 406, 2238, 2644, 3385, 642, 3765, 2401, 3722, 2125, 1463, ...

LJ001-0084

But for the beauty of the earlier work they might have seemed tolerable.

[ 3816, 150, 110, 2560, 3270, 2235, 3816, 3434, 3728, 3497, 3071, 3562, 3026, 1174, 2723, 2662, 3269, 788, 3391, 2502, 4013, 2062, 622, 1914, 3142, 3732, 2634, 3592, 123, 1582, 3522, 209, 3761, 3950, 1857, 1321, 6, 1853, 3606, 2508, 2300,...

LJ001-0085

It was reserved for the founders of the later eighteenth century to produce letters which are positively ugly, and which, it may be added,

[ 3013, 638, 3959, 828, 1826, 2552, 3522, 226, 3551, 2667, 1581, 36, 3033, 3030, 3530, 2413, 3344, 2481, 2888, 36, 1061, 1733, 3260, 687, 3282, 3410, 2413, 3858, 3263, 226, 1302, 2966, 3610, 1625, 4069, 2449, 1194, 3147, 2215, 1743, 2498,...

LJ001-0086

are dazzling and unpleasant to the eye owing to the clumsy thickening and vulgar thinning of the lines:

[ 3263, 1682, 1446, 3011, 2479, 2217, 3297, 3089, 2278, 2456, 348, 2718, 445, 123, 3633, 193, 3954, 1014, 1000, 1174, 3811, 3292, 2702, 3507, 1051, 2889, 3375, 3677, 883, 4062, 2345, 2582, 2464, 3047, 1602, 2750, 1097, 3247, 2195, 1276, 4...

LJ001-0087

for the seventeenth-century letters are at least pure and simple in line. The Italian, Bodoni, and the Frenchman, Didot,

[ 3469, 3418, 4074, 2387, 3914, 1014, 1294, 1469, 3625, 1112, 620, 1813, 3103, 983, 2974, 2485, 3540, 3824, 2259, 3441, 1875, 1644, 3380, 604, 2881, 2280, 2903, 1744, 973, 2145, 2367, 1644, 3986, 105, 2879, 406, 1410, 2857, 958, 2427, 349...

LJ001-0088

were the leaders in this luckless change, though our own Baskerville, who was at work some years before them, went much on the same lines;

[ 1596, 2564, 352, 1093, 3548, 202, 2686, 2610, 4073, 1644, 3228, 1949, 349, 1834, 1217, 1709, 2390, 3345, 2843, 606, 2018, 2113, 3601, 4039, 3692, 1332, 2113, 1994, 1368, 2367, 3104, 3387, 1276, 3337, 672, 1144, 4054, 176, 1884, 842, 934...

LJ001-0089

but his letters, though uninteresting and poor, are not nearly so gross and vulgar as those of either the Italian or the Frenchman.

[ 4094, 147, 2102, 866, 3958, 2291, 2723, 3469, 4056, 379, 4013, 3133, 3129, 740, 3504, 1702, 2601, 336, 3768, 1014, 1000, 1879, 3304, 1648, 3485, 3190, 774, 3336, 3175, 3759, 2791, 2867, 534, 1645, 4076, 64, 1634, 3266, 1070, 176, 2158, ...

LJ001-0090

With this change the art of printing touched bottom,

[ 1666, 3292, 3780, 77, 262, 1625, 3185, 2245, 732, 3415, 188, 1070, 920, 3653, 1324, 1307, 662, 257, 2995, 3387, 2974, 1249, 630, 3654, 2947, 729, 3632, 1048, 2345, 162, 3869, 2621, 1085, 3143, 3571, 46, 3945, 210, 1238, 176, 2029, 199...

LJ001-0091

so far as fine printing is concerned, though paper did not get to its worst till about 1840.

so far as fine printing is concerned, though paper did not get to its worst till about eighteen forty.

[ 940, 3608, 604, 3074, 1919, 742, 2564, 2361, 2604, 2285, 3793, 419, 2183, 3922, 565, 2417, 1196, 3947, 1222, 1382, 1777, 257, 1194, 3055, 3640, 2662, 2556, 583, 326, 1693, 302, 1606, 1294, 651, 3171, 3372, 2827, 1934, 3756, 3183, 2938, ...

LJ001-0092

The Chiswick press in 1844 revived Caslon's founts, printing for Messrs. Longman the Diary of Lady Willoughby.

The Chiswick press in eighteen forty-four revived Caslon's founts, printing for Messrs. Longman the Diary of Lady Willoughby.

[ 4032, 524, 4009, 675, 2282, 2616, 2565, 604, 662, 353, 1738, 2671, 100, 1560, 1174, 68, 603, 3009, 3544, 3378, 3863, 1619, 968, 3038, 3298, 1896, 4030, 3951, 2312, 1658, 2534, 2738, 1600, 949, 3082, 1287, 1493, 1214, 3959, 3112, 1232, ...

LJ001-0093

This experiment was so far successful that about 1850 Messrs. Miller and Richard of Edinburgh

This experiment was so far successful that about eighteen fifty Messrs. Miller and Richard of Edinburgh

[ 91, 2386, 3368, 428, 1752, 695, 3704, 381, 2565, 2187, 2246, 56, 1278, 1024, 3693, 688, 3211, 2966, 1040, 942, 416, 406, 934, 176, 2468, 1713, 610, 3030, 1782, 1114, 3374, 2325, 3746, 2275, 4044, 3725, 1506, 2318, 408, 3277, 3604, 397...

LJ001-0094

were induced to cut punches for a series of "old style" letters.

[ 305, 27, 110, 1692, 2501, 3079, 3289, 853, 1780, 2195, 3024, 2543, 1579, 603, 13, 3486, 239, 3931, 2850, 2336, 3945, 2104, 559, 44, 131, 1544, 3006, 2158, 3650, 1732, 2809, 1278, 417, 3357, 3942, 1549, 2240, 3746, 941, 3307, 481, 1670...

LJ001-0095

These and similar founts, cast by the above firm and others,

[ 1814, 2702, 83, 3147, 765, 3919, 1268, 2676, 3116, 2226, 1650, 2481, 793, 625, 3666, 2877, 3804, 892, 1915, 2178, 2355, 377, 2970, 1630, 323, 406, 842, 808, 2487, 1911, 4008, 2750, 2597, 1591, 2841, 3674, 2855, 664, 2568, 3965, 2675, ...

LJ001-0096

have now come into general use and are obviously a great improvement on the ordinary "modern style" in use in England, which is in fact the Bodoni type

[ 589, 311, 2751, 2942, 3635, 455, 3338, 1735, 2440, 1490, 1849, 1997, 3304, 641, 3672, 3066, 1286, 2508, 1194, 2026, 20, 86, 2884, 1070, 396, 1744, 1964, 1309, 3829, 1766, 3652, 2285, 1741, 1743, 319, 1034, 1876, 450, 2248, 2669, 2132, ...

LJ001-0097

a little reduced in ugliness. The design of the letters of this modern "old style" leaves a good deal to be desired,

[ 1284, 1743, 2211, 3092, 2981, 2166, 3061, 441, 3422, 2921, 2558, 2561, 684, 1613, 4052, 1309, 88, 1355, 630, 3574, 2551, 3446, 1181, 810, 929, 1228, 2929, 1819, 1211, 2117, 3324, 3688, 1372, 44, 1061, 2857, 2148, 2652, 2487, 2267, 608, ...

LJ001-0098

and the whole effect is a little too gray, owing to the thinness of the letters.

[ 2349, 3618, 3838, 3023, 2243, 339, 2174, 3301, 4009, 2841, 2734, 1467, 593, 3169, 648, 3312, 2225, 3243, 2686, 3703, 3636, 2104, 3071, 2662, 2852, 2866, 349, 2686, 1871, 2369, 1376, 2506, 3760, 2948, 1284, 3387, 2634, 499, 1580, 3261, 3...

LJ001-0099

It must be remembered, however, that most modern printing is done by machinery on soft paper, and not by the hand press,

[ 3274, 2226, 254, 2700, 3493, 2485, 3362, 2875, 147, 175, 3202, 1379, 1733, 338, 569, 2591, 2555, 3033, 1780, 3622, 403, 3383, 3413, 2571, 3473, 2710, 236, 2000, 3403, 1950, 3594, 1373, 546, 2221, 3344, 3677, 4062, 641, 3622, 342, 1737, ...

LJ001-0100

and these somewhat wiry letters are suitable for the machine process, which would not do justice to letters of more generous design.

[ 2169, 660, 3366, 133, 3331, 3412, 955, 2728, 262, 3947, 1268, 3796, 2065, 3824, 3169, 1332, 603, 828, 2407, 1310, 2193, 1332, 359, 1332, 934, 2866, 3915, 641, 3536, 2038, 2450, 1479, 3618, 410, 4035, 1771, 2330, 3087, 2687, 2508, 733, ...